Step by Step Process For Designing Weightless Space Habitats

STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS
FOR DESIGNING
WEIGHTLESS SPACE HABITATS
Brand Norman Griffin

Space Architecture Technical Committee
November 8, 2018
Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

STEPS
Introduction: What is a Space Habitat?
Step 1: Environmental Factors

Step 2: Sizing: Number of Crew/Mission Duration
Step 3: The Influence of the Transportation System
Step 4: Humans in Weightlessness
Step 5: Subsystems
Step 6: Configuration
Review
References

Introduction: What is a Space Habitat?
Salyut Skylab International Space Station (ISS)
• There has never been a dedicated space

“Habitat”…all modules have been
capsules or laboratories.
• The term “Habitat” is often used

interchangeably with “Laboratory.”
• This presentation will focus on habitats

for the weightless (zero-g) environment.
• Step-by-step presentation should not be

perceived as a linear process.
• Launched separately from crew
• Emphasis on integration.

Introduction: Many Configurations
Space Operations Center
Included assembly, servicing, and launching of spacecraft
Painting: J. Olson Painting: J. Olson

Introduction: Many Configurations
Power Tower Space Station Freedom Space Station Freedom

Dual Egress from Habitable Modules Habitat Module Lab Module
Paintings: P. Hudson
Early Space Station with Habitat Mockup Several Full-scale Mockups

Brand Griffin,Separate Haband Lab Technical Committee
Space Architecture
Introduction: Scale Comparison of Flown Space Stations
Habitats are composed of:
• Single or multiple elements
• Pre-integrated elements 1700 sq. ft.

(may be partially outfitted Rancher
for initial launch)
• Habitat may include all

necessary support systems,
such as power and thermal
control or be attached to
other elements that provide
these resources.

Introduction: Habitat Missions/Locations
Earth Orbit Cis-lunar Mars Transit and Orbit

Short stay 30 days 1000 days
to to (Multinational, Commercial)
Permanent occupancy Permanent occupancy
(ISS, Commercial Space) (NASA’s Gateway)
Mars Moon Transit

Mission dependent
Assume 1000 days
(Multinational)

Gateway: NASA’s Cis-lunar Outpost Contractor Concepts
NASA’s Concept August 2016 NASA’s Concept August 2018
Habitats
Habitat

Gateway: NASA’s Cis-lunar Outpost
STEP 1
Environmental Factors

Space Vacuum
Sphere Sphere Rigid/Expandable Cylinder Expandable Torus

Ideal Pressure Vessel A Challenge for Habitability Works better for humans and launch vehicles Circular cylinder
All Habitats are inflatable;

some are launched with
flexible membranes
Minimal
(Survival)
Most common
Earth like: Vertical tube
14.7 psi (101.3 kPa)
Pressure vessel for humans

Safety Factor = 2
Curved walls make
it difficult to outfit
Horizontal tube
Internal atmosphere of 14.7 psi (101.3 kPa) 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen
(Deep Space Interoperability Standards, Draft C, February 2018)

Radiation
LEO Deep Space
Protected Exposed
Sources
Solar Particle Galactic Cosmic
Event (SPE) Radiation (GCR)
30 min. – 2 hr. warning Omni present

Can last up to several days Omni directional
Omni directional Secondary radiation ISS Mars
Can be lethal
Human Sensitivity
Van Allen Belt
• Blood Forming Organs Radiation
• Skin Protection
• Eyes
• Reproductive Organs Protection
• Cardiovascular Disease SPE GCR
Comprehensive Dedicated
Requirements Protection Shelter
Reduced stay time
Measured by risk of getting Life-time dosage requirements
cancer due to damaged cells • Internal equipment as shield (beware of secondaries)
or DNA • Water (if water in stored food, don’t eat away protection)
• Polyethylene (properties similar to water)
Beyond LEO, include SPE storm shelter (may be combined with other habitable function such as crew quarters)

Micrometeoroid/Debris
Micrometeoroid Exposure
Low Earth Orbit Beyond Low Earth Orbit
Threat Exposure
2 pi steradian 4 pi steradian Solar Max Satellite
Habitats must have micro-meteoroid protection (add debris protection for LEO)

Thermal
Passive Thermal Control
Low-earth orbit Deep Space (Module cross section)
Coating
In and out of earth’s shadow Seldom eclipsed
(outer skin)
(ISS 90 min. approx. ½ shadowed) “Colder” environment
Multilayer
Environment “warmer” close to earth
Insulation
Nextel/Kevlar
(MMOD)
Pressure Hull
Habitat
Sun
Interior
Vacuum Pressurized
Space Environment requires Habitats to have both active and passive thermal control

STEP 2
Sizing: Number of Crew/Mission Duration

Number of Crew/Mission Duration
Logical Crew Sizing Process
Age, size,
Mission Tasks necessary Skills required Cross training or
Skills per health, strength,
Objectives to accomplish to conduct tasks redundancy
crewmember experience and
objectives approach
education
Number of crew
and duration are
Other Factors multipliers for
Habitat mass
and volume
Program Nationality, gender, Odd/Even Career or Life-time radiation Crew comradery

edict race Number tourist dosage Command structure
Most habitat studies have between 4 and 6 crew members

Volume
Sand and Habitable Volumes
140
120
Cubic Meters
100
80 Sand Volume
60 Habitable Volume
40
20
0
Node 1 US LAB US HAB NODE 2 JEM PM MPLM
Net Habitable Volume is the total remaining volume
available to on-orbit crew after accounting for the
Elements
loss of volume due to deployed equipment, stowage,
and any other structural inefficiencies (nooks and
“Sand” Volume: 52 + 98 + 104 + 122 + 42 = 418 m3 = 139 m3 / crew
crannies) which decrease functional volume.
“Habitable” Volume: 28 + 38 + 40 + 38 = 144 m3 = 48 m3 / crew
REF: Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Net Habitable Ratio “Habitable / Sand”: =~35%
Volume Assessments for 6-crew missions (TDS CEV-
05-002), August 31, 2006 Note: Does not include values for US Hab
SOURCE: Mission Integration Office, ISS

Volume per Crew Member per Duration
Pressurized Volume per Crew Member Versus Mission Duration: Historical Habitat Volume and Duration
Maxima for Mission Durations for Every Crew Size in Each Spacecraft Configuration
TOTAL VOL @ MAX
SPACECRAFT WHEN # OF DURATIONs PRESSURIZED PER CONFIG
CREW VOL CREW TOTAL
(m3)1 (m3) PRESSURIZED
VOL / CREW
(m3)2
SKYLAB 1973 3 28 – 84 361 120 120
SALYUT 1970’s – 2–3 17 - 237 90 30 - 45 30

80’s
MIR 1980’s – 2–3 73 – 365 90 – 380* 43 – 127

90’s 157
ISS 2000 – 2–3 128 – 195 221 – 425* 74 – 142

present 213
1
Total Pressurized Volume depends upon stage of construction from early to final configuration
2
Based on crew = 3 at final configuration
3
Mean volume = 105 m3
4
Mean volume (minus Skylab) = 100m3
…curve fitting is a poor method for designing human spacecraft and space habitats….
“Testing the Celentano Curve: An Empirical Survey of Predictions for Human Spacecraft Pressurized Volume,” M. M. Cohen, SAE 2008-01-2027

STEP 3
The Influence of the Transportation System

Transportation System-Geometry
Fairing Diameter
5m 8m+
Different Launch Vehicles

Different Fairing Sizes
Habitat Shell Diameter
Hab
Rigid Skin Rigid Skin Rigid Skin

(Suboptimal)
Expandable Rigid Skin with Expandable

(On-orbit) Deployable Structure (Unnecessary risk)
Pressurized Habitat may not always fill the Payload Envelope

Comparing Habitat Diameters
Sometimes a longer module provides a more efficient layout than larger a larger diameter

Habitat Mass-to-Volume Comparison
Skylab
ISS
Connecting endcones, docking hardware, and utilities result in heavier solutions

Transportation System-Mass and Center of Gravity
Delta IV Example Shuttle Example
Launch Payload C.G. Is An Important Factor For Equipment Location and Outfitting Strategy.

ISS Internal Layout Rack-Based Modularity
ISS Rack/Standoff Packaging Internal View of ISS Destiny Module
Rack loading beam

(non flight)
Standoffs with
Utilities (4)
Rack Packaging Is a Heavy and Complex Layout Approach

ISS Racks
Influence of Hatch Sizing Hatch
Opening
Docking/Berthing mechanism
determines hatch size
(Rack Heritage Sizing,
ISPR
Robotic Arm Required)
(ISS Rack)
ISS Common
Berthing Mechanism
RETIRED
Non-rack Modularity
(Exploration architecture commonality,
Sub-rack logistics philosophy)
International Docking System
ISS Rack Modularity is product of Shuttle Era CBM Hatch size Oceaneering/NASA

STEP 4
Humans in Weightlessness

Historical Significance of Neutral Body Posture
Vitruvian Man Architectural Standards LeCorbsier’s Modulor Dreyfuss’ Measures of Man Neutral Body Posture
(1st Century BC) (originally pub. 1932) (1945) (1950’s) (Skylab 1973-1979)
Variations on 1-g
NEW
Humans to Built Form
More than anthropometry

Anthropometry
Neutral Body Posture Stature Comparison Context
Vertebrae
unload
(can be 2 in.
taller)
0.37 m (14 in.) Difference
For anthropometry, usually design to the “largest” dimensions

The Design Population US Spaceflight (Historic)
Apollo: 10th to 90th percentile male
Shuttle: No factors
Sizing Filters ISS: 40 year old US male to 40 year old Japanese female (IVA)
Launch Zero-g Space Entry

Vehicle Habitat suits Vehicle
Prospective
Crew
Population
Reach Suit Fit
Strength
Couch size, crew weight
Example
NASA Standard 3000 Section 3.3 Anthropometric and Biomechanical Related Design Data
All crew launch, reenter and use the Habitat. Not all Habitat crew need EVA space suits.

Physiology Humans are exposed to
different levels of acceleration
on each spaceflight
Cardiovascular
Long term weightlessness Design Implications:

• Muscle atrophy (especially gravity muscles) • Exercise equipment for zero-g countermeasures
• Schedule for all crew to exercise
• Bone demineralization
• Equipment location
• Vison issues (intraocular pressure)
One Design Posture for Zero-g Habitat

Physiology
Intervertebral Extension/Compression Line of Sight
Design Implications: Design Implications:

• Approximately 2in. Extension of • Position of displays and controls
vertebral column • Widow viewing
• Foot restraint and work envelope
• Sleep restraint
Gas Exchange Body Fluids
Design Implications:
Design Implications:
• Provide air (oxygen)
• No pooling in lower extremities
• Remove carbon dioxide and
• Abnormal vestibular function
humidity
• Body eliminates “excess” fluid
• Crew temperature control
• Replenish fluid before reentry
• Number of crew in close proximity
• Dulled sense of taste (food selection)
• Flow rate control
• Exercise

Weightless Environment
RACK ZONES
Functional
Local Vertical Subsystems
Crew Activities
Crew quarters
Galley
Wardroom
Overhead
Wall Wall
Deck
Crew Activities
(local vertical)
Functional
Subsystems

Crew Schedule
Guidelines Crew of Four
Hour of the Day

Two hours exercise per crew member per day (ISS 2.5 hrs/day)
Crew 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
One exercise station A
One shared meal per day B

C
All sleep at same time D
Eight hours “sleep”
Sleep
Off duty time coupled with “sleep” Work
Exercise
Eight hours work per crew member per day
Dinner
Exercise and sleep do not conflict with one another Off Duty
Schedule is tied to number of crew, equipment usage, sizing of common spaces, and activity adjacency

STEP 5
Subsystems

Subsystems
Subsystem Description Design Considerations
Structures/Mechanisms Pressure shell, airlock, windows, secondary support structure, tertiary Atmospheric pressure and launch loads usually size most structure;
structure, internal/external handrails, Berthing/Docking mechanisms, Access to pressure hull; Smooth interior for cleaning (isogrid exterior)
hatches, deployment mechanisms, pointing mechanisms Few mechanisms inside weightless habitats
In Space Propulsion Typically not considered as part of habitat. Attitude control with If included (e.g., Gateway) structural, mechanical, electrical and data
thrusters or control moment gyros is sometimes included interface
Electrical Power Generation and storage, cabling to all users Life critical resource. If solar arrays then pointing is important. Energy
storage used during eclipse periods
Avionics Communications, Data management, Command and Control, Guidance Capability required early in buildup. Usually not a volume or mass
and Navigation concern, but provide for cooling and maintenance
Thermal Control Active and passive, coupled with ECLSS. Crew and some equipment air Internal and external loops connected by heat exchanger. External
cooled. Some equipment water cooled with cold plates. radiators like to point to deep space (normal to arrays)
Environmental Protection Micrometeoroid/Debris protection, Radiation Protection LEO = MMOD; BEO = MM + SPE radiation protection
Environmental Control Atmospheric Revitalization System (ARS), Atmospheric Control and Requires access for maintenance. No convection in zero-g so air
and Life Support Supply (ACS), Temperature and Humidity Control (THC), Water Recovery handling important for gas exchange and cooling. Duct work design is
Management (WRM), and Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) design driver
Crew Systems Galley, ward room, personal hygiene/waste management, crew These are considered the habitation elements
quarters, lighting, clothing, crew health care, exercise, restraints,
translation aids, controls and displays, storage
Extravehicular Activity Typically space suits and support equipment. Single-Person Spacecraft is Suited EVA has both internal and external requirements. (Note, the
option airlock is bookkept in structures
Science Accommodations Internal and external science equipment Skylab had a big solar telescope

Subsystems (Example)
Structures ECLSS
Pressure Vessel
Carbon Dioxide Water Reclamation
Removal Assembly ISPR Rack

Electrical Power Thermal

Avionics Protection
Water Wall

Flight Deck?
Early Science Fiction Space Shuttle
ISS
(No Flight Deck)
Contemporary Science Fiction
Habitats are more like this

Eating and Crew Gathering
Skylab Dining ISS Dining ISS “Wardroom”
For Gathering Areas consider Air Flow Design for Removal of CO2 and Cooling

Personal Hygiene and Waste Management
Personal Hygiene Commode
Skylab Shower* ISS Sponge Bath ISS Waste Hygiene Compartment
Squirt water into towel Number One
Air flow used
to direct water Air flow
Wipe down face Number Two
Collapsible membrane
contains water Air flow
* No other space habitat has had a shower

Sleeping, Translation and Restraint Translation/Restraint
Sleeping
Zero-G Sleep Restraints ISS Crew Quarters
Load path “Gravity” Muscles

Skylab triangle cleat ISS seldom used foot restraint

Difficult to Compact Rubber Flaps keep Rubberized Cloth
ISS trash
Trash inside
Food and Trash In Zero-g Food Waste Bag
Food Packaging
(meal size, shelf-stable, rehydrate, minimize crumbs)
For 6 Astronauts on a Mars Mission:

26,450 lbs., 1095 cu. ft. Waste Management for Lunar Surface Missions, 9/25/2009, J. Fisher, NASA AMES

Break Even Analysis (Baseline Clothing)
Clothing (Laundry Trade)
4 Crew, 1 year, Clothes life 100x, Sanitize 5x
Equivalent System Mass kg

Baseline
Clothing
Duration (yr.)
Conclusions and Recommendations
Advanced • 180 day ISS: Disposable
Clothing • Exploration less than 180 days: Disposable
• With Simple or Vacuum Sanitation
12 months 130 kg (mass saved)
24 m 660 kg
36 m 1180 kg
Laundry Trade Study Summary Results, F. Jeng, M. Ewert, July 30, 2014, AES Logistics Reduction Project, Jacobs

Exercise: Zero-g Countermeasure Vibration isolation will
help keep the solar
arrays from flapping
• Exercise is on critical path (necessary for earth and Mars entry) T2 TVIS
• Counter act muscle and cardiovascular atrophy; bone demineralization
• Schedule driver because each astronaut needs to exercise
• Approximately 2-2 ½ hrs. day (1 hr. aerobic, 1 ½ hr. resistive)
ISS Exercise Equipment
Workout Envelope
CEVIS ARED
T2 COLBERT
NASA’s new exercise device
T2 Second Treadmill (COLBERT) CEVIS Cycle Ergometer Vibration Isolation System

TVIS Treadmill Vibration Isolation System ARED Advanced Resistive Exercise Device
The number of exercise devices and location(s) is an important consideration in Habitat layout

Extravehicular Activity
Lunar Gravity Weightless Minimal Minimal
Shuttle (external)
Airlock + Crewlock
Shuttle (internal) ISS (separate module)
Support
Elements
SAFER Tools
Apollo A7-LB Extravehicular
Extravehicular Orlan DMA Pre-breathing
Mobility Unit
Mobility Unit
On-orbit sizing inventory LCVG Translation Aids Foot Restraints
Support
Elements
Anchor Points
Berthing Vestibule (SPS WIF)
Single-Person Spacecraft

Windows/Viewing Skylab
ISS
Cupola Window Observational Research Facility
What to see?
Skylab (270 mi. altitude)

Solar inertial pointing
Earth angle constantly changing
Earth
ISS (254 mi. altitude)
Earth oriented
Copula is earth facing
WORF is earth facing (instruments)
Earth viewing is an
Gateway (240,000 mi. approximate distance from earth) Important recreational
activity
Solar inertial pointing Earth
Near rectilinear Halo lunar Orbit
Elliptical orbit (close and distant viewing of Moon)
Distant viewing of earth
Windows are heavy, present thermal issues and require impact protection

Storage: Accessibility Front
Random Access
Frame
Prioritized Access
Zone Access
A Immediate Physical & Visual

Center Hinged
B Indirect
C Infrequent
ISS Stowage Refrigerator Door

Side Hinged
Combo
(upper wedge
access)
Howe and Polit-Casillas

No immediate access to hull

STEP 6
Configuration
6.1 Assembly, Growth, and Logistics
6.2 Maintainability
6.3 Creating an Internal layout

Sizing the Habitat to the Mission
Single Element Multiple Elements Habitat Trade Flow

(Skylab) (ISS) (Example)
Internal vs. external equipment location better for servicing
B. Sherwood and S. Capps, Out of this World, The New Field of Space Architecture

Growth-What Subsystems When?
End-state determines initial launch configuration
Initial Operation Capability Assembly Complete
What Systems are Essential for Occupancy? What can be added later?

Logistics is Critical for Habitat Sizing
Logistics Estimates Trash Estimates
In spite of the impact, this is usually a low priority with inadequate accommodations

Subsystem Packaging ISS Rack
Mass Comparison (Overhead)
International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR)
250 lb
Pallet (example) Pallet

(Deep Space Habitat)
35 lb * Part Number 683-50243-4

**w / ARIS Part Number 683-46052-1
*** NASA, Advanced Concepts Office calculation
SLS-Derived Subsystem (12 pallets)

12 ISPR (Structure) = 2988 lb
12 Pallets (structure) = 420 lb
2568 lb Savings
Other options possible

Maintainability
DESIGN FOR:
• Both hands free (foot restraints)
• Neutral Body Posture (can’t bend over)
• One layer deep packaging
• Captive fasteners
• Minimal tools (manual fasteners)
• Visibility and lighting important
• Tether everything
• “Dropped” items end up at return air filter
• Design for isolation (electrical and plumbing)
• Work while system is running?
• Replacement unit strategy (on-orbit sparing)
Difficult to access Utilities
Smooth
Internal Hull
(cleaning/repair

Accessibility
Local Vertical
ISS Strength and Reach Restraints, visibility, reach, and packaging
Important for zero-g servicing
Inverted
For reach and strength, usually design to the minimum value

Modularity of Internal Outfitting Same ISS module
diameter with
two internal layouts.
ISSUE:
Same size racks do not accommodate different functions
• Crew activities package differently than subsystems
• Enclosures
• Multiple crew
• Subsystems have different access requirements
• Single layer (don’t have to remove a component to get to
another)
• Service while functioning
• Large aisle way
• All rack swing against long axis
• Designed around infrequent operation

Air flow is important
Air Flow and Deck Arrangement and ducts are more
difficult to route than
other utilities
Horizontal
No Natural Convection
Flow to avoid CO2 build up

Rate for thermal control (crew/equipment)
Supply
CO2 Build up
Vertical
Return
Duct cross section affects power and noise

Must return to source to be reconditioned

Corridor Sizing and Location

Translation Corridor Sizing Rationale
Weightless Neutral Body Posture Translation Corridor

(Deck Spacing) (Width)
A “fly through” corridor is possible

Many Layout Options within Same Diameter
Space Station Module Interior Non-Rack Options for Deep Space Habitat
(Early Options)
D. Nixon and J. Okushi, Out of this World,

The New Field of Space Architecture

Subsystems: Distribution Across Multiple Elements Avionics Stor
TCS EPS
Topology ECLSS Crew Sys

Example Layout (Double-sided Subsystem Pallets)
Transverse Section AA Plan
Avionics
TCS Science\
Stor Galley Wardrm
Maint.
ECLSS
Stor Crew
Qrtrs
EPS
X
Crew Sys Ops
over CHECS
Stor WMC Flt
CHECS (exercise)
(med)
A Longitudinal Sections A
Port Starboard
PDU/RIU Avncs TCS ARS THC THC ARS TCS Avncs PDU/RIU
OGA TCC CDRA CDRA TCC OGA
Ops
CHECS Flt WMC Crew Crew
Stor Stor Science Galley
Qrtrs Qrtrs Ward
X
Stor over room
WPA UPA CRS-Sabatier CRS-Sabatier UPA WPA

Avionics Avionics
A A

SLS Propellant Tank (8.4 m) Used for Single Launch Habitat
SLS

Inflatable (Expandable) Habitat Concepts
No Core Rigid Core Rigid End Caps
ILC
Goodyear 1961 TransHab
• Attractive with small diameter launch shroud

• Consider complexity of on-orbit outfitting
• Functional allocation: what activities are
In the core and what activities are in
the expanded volume
• Make sure distribution of utilities (especially
air handling) is included in deployment
ILC Bigelow

ISS is a Laboratory with Awkward Habitation Layout Not a good model for
future habitats

Review
STEP TOPIC KEY POINTS
1 Environmental SPE radiation protection beyond LEO (H2, H2O, Polyethylene)
Factors Micro meteoroid/Debris for LEO (Whipple bumper)
Micro meteoroid BEO (Whipple bumper)
2 Sizing Habitats scale with number of crew
Duration is a factor in volume but must be tested by layout design
3 Transportation Heavy lift launch vehicles with large diameter fairing are most efficient
System Maximizing payload diameter does not always yield the best habitat
4 Humans in Use Neutral Body Posture as standard
Weightlessness Establish a common local vertical (overhead lighting, head-to-toe air flow)
Countermeasures for extended weightlessness must be included (Critical path)
5 Subsystems Structures are dominated by launch and cabin atmosphere loads
ECLSS and Crew Systems are discriminating Habitation subsystems
Multiple module habitats must consider utilities across connecting interfaces
Delivery sequence and distribution of functional subsystems is important for multiple module habitats
6 Configuration Design for on-orbit maintenance and repair (visual and physical access)
Determine functional adjacency (activities in close proximity or needing separation)
Rack level modularity is heavy (product of Shuttle era)
Logistic resupply varies per mission…plan for storage

References
• Out of This World: The New Field of Space Architecture, ed. A. S. Howe and B. Sherwood, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009
• Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design, ed. W. J. Larson, L. K. Pranke, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-23681-X
• Space Architecture Education for Engineers and Architects: Designing and Planning Beyond Earth, Sandra-Hauplik-Meusburger and Olga Bannova,
Springer International Publishing, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-19278-9
• “Testing the Celentano Curve: An Empirical Survey of Predictions for Human Spacecraft Pressurized Volume,” M. M. Cohen, ICES 2008-01-2017, 38th
International Conference on Environmental Systems San Francisco, California, June 29-July 2, 2008
• NASA Standard 3001, Volume 1, Crew Health, Volume 2, Human Factors, Habitability and Environmental Health, and the Human Integration Design
Handbook (HIDH)2011-2012, NASA, Houston, TX
• Anthropometric Requirements for Constellation, NASA Advisory Council, July 15, 2009, S. Rajulu, S. Margerum, J. Dory, and J. Rochlis.
• “SLS-Derived Lab: Precursor to Deep Space Human Exploration,” B.N. Griffin, R. Lewis, D. Eppler, and D. Smitherman, AIAA Space 2015, Pasadena, CA,
August 31-September 2, AIAA 2015-4453
• “Internal Layout for a Cis-Lunar Habitat,” Brand N. Griffin, D. Smitherman and A. S. Howe, AIAA Space 2013 Conference, San Diego, CA, September
10-12, 2012, AIAA 2013-5433
• “Deep Space Habitat Configurations Based on International Space Station Systems,” D. Smitherman, T. Russel, M. Baysinger, P. Capizzo, B. Griffin, L.
Hornsby, D. Maples and J. Miernik, Global Exploration Conference, International Aeronautics Federation, May 21-25, 2012, Washington, D.C. Paper
no. GLEX-2012.01.1.8x12219
• Alternative Packaging Study, Lunar Surface System BAA, Collaborative Technical Exchange, February 27, 2009, F. Eichstadt, Sr. Principal Engineer,
Oceaneering Space Systems
• Delta IV launch Services User’s Guide, June 2013, United Launch Alliance, LLC/United Launch Services, LLC P.O. Box 3788 • Centennial, CO 80155
• Space Launch Systems Mission Planner’s Guide, ESD 30000 Initial Baseline, Release Date April 12, 2017, NASA
• Waste Management for Lunar Surface Missions, 9/25/2009, J. Fisher, NASA AMES
• Laundry Trade Study Summary Results, F. Jeng, M. Ewert, July 30, 2014, AES Logistics Reduction Project, Jacobs
• “Random Access Frames (RAF): Alternative to Rack and Standoff for Deep Space Habitat Outfitting,” A. S. Howe, R. Polit-Casillas, 44th AIAA
International Conference on Environmental Systems; 13-17 Jul. 2014; Tucson, AZ; United States, ICES-2014-038
• Historic Spacecraft.com

Step by Step Process For Designing Weightless Space Habitats

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Step by Step Process For Designing Weightless Space Habitats

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STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS

Brand Norman Griffin

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Introduction: What is a Space Habitat?

Step 1: Environmental Factors

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

• There has never been a dedicated space

• The term “Habitat” is often used

• This presentation will focus on habitats

• Step-by-step presentation should not be

• Launched separately from crew

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Painting: J. Olson Painting: J. Olson

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Power Tower Space Station Freedom Space Station Freedom

Early Space Station with Habitat Mockup Several Full-scale Mockups

Habitats are composed of:

• Single or multiple elements

• Pre-integrated elements 1700 sq. ft.

• Habitat may include all

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Earth Orbit Cis-lunar Mars Transit and Orbit

Mars Moon Transit

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

NASA’s Concept August 2016 NASA’s Concept August 2018

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Sphere Sphere Rigid/Expandable Cylinder Expandable Torus

All Habitats are inflatable;

Pressure vessel for humans

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

30 min. – 2 hr. warning Omni present

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

2 pi steradian 4 pi steradian Solar Max Satellite

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Logical Crew Sizing Process

Program Nationality, gender, Odd/Even Career or Life-time radiation Crew comradery

Most habitat studies have between 4 and 6 crew members

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Sand and Habitable Volumes

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

SALYUT 1970’s – 2–3 17 - 237 90 30 - 45 30

MIR 1980’s – 2–3 73 – 365 90 – 380* 43 – 127

ISS 2000 – 2–3 128 – 195 221 – 425* 74 – 142

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Different Launch Vehicles

Rigid Skin Rigid Skin Rigid Skin

Expandable Rigid Skin with Expandable

Pressurized Habitat may not always fill the Payload Envelope

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Connecting endcones, docking hardware, and utilities result in heavier solutions

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Delta IV Example Shuttle Example

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Rack loading beam

Rack Packaging Is a Heavy and Complex Layout Approach

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee

Brand Griffin, Space Architecture Technical Committee