Acknowledgement

We would like to express our gratitude towards

Prof. Gaurav Vashistha and our honourable
principal Dr. Gurmohinder Singh, of Shri Guru
Nanak Dev Khalsa College for his support in
accomplishment of our project on Topic Solid
Waste Management.
I would like to extend my deep appreciation to all
my family members, without their support and
coordination we would not have been able to
complete this project.
subheading

Ikjot Singh
3070
 Certificate
This is to certify that Ikjot Singh of course
B.Com Program has successfully completed
his project on topic Solid Waste Management
as prescribed by Prof. Gaurav Vashistha
during the academic year 2021-2022 of
Semster II Roll No. 3070 as per the guidelines
given by University Of Delhi (Department of
Environmental Science)

Sign Of Teacher
 Project Report

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Shri Guru Nanak Dev Khalsa College
B.Com Program
Environmental Science
1st Year (Semster II)

Ikjot Singh
3070
Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from human activities in residential, industrial or
commercial areas. It may be categorised in three ways.
According to its:

○origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or

institutional)
○contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc)
hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive,
infectious etc).
Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by
residences or businesses over a certain amount of time (day, year, ec.). Waste
generation includes all materials discarded, whether or not they are later
recycled or disposed in a landfill.

Waste generation rates for residential and commercial activities can be used
to estimate the impact of new developments on the local waste stream.
The generation of solid waste is the inevitable consequence of all processes
where materials are used. Extraction of raw materials, manufacture of
products, consumption, and waste management all generate wastes.
Street Waste means any street sweepings, dirt, leaves,
contents of litter, receptacles, bird excreta and any other
discarded matter which rest on public roads and public
premises
Urban waste means household waste, waste from administrative, social
and public facilities. This term also describes waste resulting from
commercial, recreational and similar activity the amount and composition
of which enables treatment as part of urban waste.Urban waste generation
is massive and the process of collection and disposal requires huge
expenses as well as being time consuming.

Municipal waste is defined as waste collected and treated by or for

municipalities. It covers waste from households, including bulky waste,
similar waste from commerce and trade, office buildings, institutions and
small businesses, as well as yard and garden waste, street sweepings, the
contents of litter containers, and market cleansing waste if managed as
household waste. The definition excludes waste from municipal sewage
networks and treatment, as well as waste from construction and
demolition activities
Managing waste properly is essential for building sustainable
and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many
developing countries and cities. Effective waste management
is expensive, often comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets.
Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated
systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported.
Solid waste management should be embraced by each and
every household, including the business owners across the
world. The industrialization has brought a lot of good things
and bad things as well. One of the adverse effects of
industrialization is the creation of solid waste.
 Importance Of Solid
Waste Management

In communities where appropriate sites are available, sanitary landfills usually provide
the most economical option for disposal of nonrecyclable refuse.

However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find sites that offer adequate capacity,
accessibility, and environmental conditions. Nevertheless, landfills will always play a key
role in solid-waste management. It is not possible to recycle all components of solid waste,
and there will always be residues from incineration and other treatment processes that
will eventually require disposal underground. In addition, landfills can actually improve
poor-quality land. In some communities properly completed landfills are converted into
recreational parks, playgrounds, or golf courses.
The hierarchy ranks the various management
strategies from most to least environmentally
preferred. The hierarchy places emphasis on
reducing, reusing, recycling and composting as
key to sustainable materials management. These
strategies reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
contribute to climate change.
Waste collection is a part of the process of waste
management. It is the transfer of solid waste from the
point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or
landfill. Waste collection also includes the curbside
collection of recyclable materials that technically are not
waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program.
Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting
and treating solid wastes. It provides solutions for recycling items that do not
belong to garbage or trash. Solid waste management can be described as how
solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource.

Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions,

and these conditions in turn lead to pollution of the environment. Diseases can be
spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid waste disposal management
are complex technical challenges. They can also pose a wide variety of economic,
administrative and social problems that must be changed and solved.
In industrialized countries, municipal liquid waste is funneled through sewage
systems, where it undergoes wastewater treatment, or sewage treatment. This
process removes most or all of the impurities from wastewater, or sewage,
before they can reach groundwater aquifers or surface waters such as rivers,
lakes, estuaries, and oceans.
COMPOSTING
Steps Done By Me For Composting
1. Segregate your household waste into dry and wet—right in your kitchen. Fruit peels, teabags and
leftovers of food are wet waste, while paper, plastic and packaging are dry waste.
2. Put the wet and dry waste in two different containers in the kitchen.
3. Once the wet waste container is full, put its contents into the first compost pot.
4. Add dried leaves of the same quantity as the waste.
5. Add semi-composted material, buttermilk or cow dung to start off the decomposition process.
6. Turn the pile around every other day.The pile has to be kept at the right level of dampness. If it is
too wet, add dried leaves and stir. If it is too dry, add water and stir.
7. Once full, leave the pot open for 30–45 days for the composting to happen.
Once the container is full, move the semi-composted matter into a larger container or bin.
8. After two months, the waste will turn into rich compost that can be used or sold as manure.
Composting By Me At Home
4. Handling/Disposal of Construction Waste
Special care and caution must be taken when handling certain types of construction waste.
Large amounts of concrete may require the use of a loader. Steel, re-bar, pipe and wire
bent in unconventional shapes my require cutting to conform to the shape and size of the
waste container—and certainly warrant extra care when loading. Nails, glass and tile that
are exposed can cause injury. Wood, drywall and carpeting in large pieces may need to be
cut smaller before safely lifting into a dumpster. Other items may contain dust particles—
fiberglass and insulation being the primary culprits. A mask is essential in these situations
to eliminate or reduce the risk of inhaling harmful airborne particles. Always be aware of
materials that you suspect as asbestos bearing. These will require a qualified/certified
asbestos abatement team for disposal.
5. Involvement of organized sector:
For improving MSW collection efficiency and source segregations, rag-pickers can be
engaged through organized sector. However, due to lack of recycling industries and
acceptance of society this vast potential has been ignored.
 Conclusion
Following are various recommendations that evolve from this study to
improve the existing SWM practices in India:

1. The community should pay to augment inadequate resources for MSWM

of municipal bodies. Community participation in SWM is the key to sustain a
project related to management of solid waste. Till date no such tax has been
levied for SWM.
2. The people should be educated to realize the importance of source
segregation at generation point as biodegradables, inert and recyclable
material for proper waste management.
3. Viable decentralized composting plants should be ins talled to reduce
the load on ULBs for collection and transportation of MSW, which
subsequently culminates in reduction of the pressure exerted on the
landfills.
4. For large cities, zone-wise decentralized composting units should be
setup. Through community participation, segregated biodegradable waste
from individual community/units should be collected and disposed into
these decentralized composting units.
5. Characterization of waste at collection and also at disposal point should
be made and be available in public domain. Government should take
initiative to encourage Universities, technical Institution to take up waste
management in its curriculum. Assistance of academic institutions should
be solicited in characterization of waste in their vicinity. Thereby most part
of India would be covered and location-specific appropriate solutions for
waste management can be developed. It can also help to select suitable
waste-to-energy technologies for particular regions.
6. Manufacturing of non-recyclable polyethylene bags should be banned or
research should be initiated to develop biodegradable polyethylene.
7. In most parts of India, sweeper and rag-pickers are still considered
inferior class of citizens despite several laws in place to bring dignity to their
profession. To change people’s views and perspective, awareness
regarding this important service to community should be initiated and
manpower engaged in such activities should be named as Green
brigade/Crew, and so on
 Bibliography
I have Taken help from
following Sites

Sites : ● Google.com
● Wikipedia.com
● Youtube.com
Books : ●'Perspectives in Environment
Studies' by Anubha Kaushik, CP
Kaushik
● 'Environmental Studies' by Erach
Bharucha

PEOPLE : ● Parents
● Sister
● Garbage Collector Worker