Reflection paper -2

Week 7: Presentation, disscuss frod boalt story(incrementalism)

The "frog in boiling water" syndrome is one of the types of emotional stress associated with
intractable situations in life that we cannot avoid, and we have to endure circumstances until the end,
until we completely burn out. Little by little, we fall into a vicious circle that drains us emotionally and
mentally and makes us practically helpless. What killed the frog: boiling water or inability to decide
when to jump out? When something bad is coming very slowly, we often don't notice it. We do not
have time to react and breathe toxic air, which, in the end, poisons us and our lives. When the changes
happen slowly enough, it does not cause any reaction or attempt to resist. That is why we often
become victims of the "frog in boiling water" syndrome at work, in the family, in friendly and
romantic relationships, and even within society and the state. Even when addiction, pride and selfish
demands go over the edge, it is still difficult for us to understand how destructive their influence can
be.

1.Moral cognition it does not reflect the phenomena of social life based on the laws and dependencies
that determine the logic of their development. It evaluates social existence from the standpoint of
human desires. Moral consciousness sets its own line of social life, built on the basis of what is
valuable and due. Moral cognition is the study of the brain’s role in moral judgment and decision-
making. As a social science, it involves understanding the rationalizations and biases that affect moral
decision-making.

2. Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental discomfort of an individual caused by the collision of

conflicting ideas in his mind: ideas, beliefs, values or emotional reactions. The concept was first
introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957.

3. Tangible and abstract describes how we react more to vivid, immediate inputs than to ones removed
in time and space, meaning we can pay insufficient attention to the adverse consequences our actions
have on others. The bias of tangible and abstract describes the fact that people are influenced more by
what is immediately observable than by factors that are hypothetical or distant, such as something that
could happen in the future or is happening far away.

4. Rationalsm - one of the types of psychological defense in which a person justifies his controversial
actions or feelings by explaining them with rational, logical reasons. Rationalization, in fact, is an
unconscious attempt by a person to avoid internal conflict and maintain his self-esteem. This type of
psychological defense occurs after the fact, so that a person has a feeling that he made a conscious
choice, while in reality his behavior was dictated by chance or a momentary desire.

5. Incrementalism A model of the decision-making process in the ruling structure, based on the fact
that decisions usually do not agree well with the real situation.

6.Framing - frame of reference, or point of view, refers to the way we look at a given situation. How a
person views that situation can affect her understanding of the facts and influence how she determines
right from wrong

7. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal
characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior. Because of the fundamental
attribution error, we tend to believe that others do bad things because they are bad people. We’re
inclined to ignore situational factors that might have played a role

Arslan Hajymov 1904954

8 Moral myopia refers to the inability to see ethical issues clearly. The term, coined by Minette
Drumwright and Patrick Murphy, describes what happens when we do not recognize the moral
implications of a problem or we have a distorted moral vision. An extreme version of moral myopia is
called moral blindness.

WEEK8-9 contractualism and utiliarianism

Contractualism: an action is wrong if its execution is not allowed by behavioral norms, for the
adoption of which there are sufficient grounds for each member of the moral community.
Contractualism says that there is no predetermined ethics. A set of ethical rules arises as a result of the
agreement of all participants. The contract should be such that each participant will be better off in
society with this contract than outside. Acceptable rejection There is a situation where you can break
the contract, but not be wrong. If your actions violate the contract, but you can give them this
explanation: the execution of the contract will bring me too much harm. For example, to fulfill the
contract, I will have to die or cut off my hand. Thus, it is useless to add a rule to the contract that
people will regularly reject with the help of an acceptable refusal.

Contractualism does not apply to the entire content of morality. Instead, it covers "what we owe each
other", or what is "social morality". These are generally accepted rules of behavior that determine not
only how we should treat others, but also the conditions under which others can hold us accountable or
accuse us of violating these rules.

UTILITARIANISM is an ethical system of views and actions, which is based on the desire for
benefits. Useful in this case is what contributes to the achievement of the goal set by a person.
Utilitarianism is focused on a socially active individual, flexible, tolerant, active, who firmly knows
that active activity is good; idleness, laziness is evil. But what does a person work for, what does he
strive for? The utilitarian attitude by itself does not answer this question.

At the end of week 9 we watch movie about Prisoners dilemma and Nash equilibrium

Arslan Hajymov 1904954