Hello Class Lecture: 10.

5 Simple Poles
and Zeros

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Lecture 10.5
Topic: Simple Poles and Zeros (Time constant poles & zeros)
Prepared by
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farhan
Email: mfarhan@gcuf.edu.pk
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Hello Class Lecture: 10.5 Simple Poles
and Zeros

Simple Poles and Zeros

• The factor is represented as 1 + 𝑇𝑠 ±1 𝑖. 𝑒. 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑇 ±1

• Let start with simple pole −1

1 1
𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠) = 1 + 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔) =
1 + 𝑇𝑠 1 + 𝑇𝑗𝜔
1 2
−1
∴ |𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = = 1 + 𝜔𝑇
1 + 𝜔𝑇 2
−1
• Therefore in dB magnitude = 20log 1 + 𝜔𝑇 2
= −20log 1 + 𝜔 2 𝑇 2 𝑑𝐵
• Now instead of sketching magnitude plot exactly according to this equation we can
approximate this into two regions and can draw straight line approximated
magnitude plot and then by applying corrections we can modify it to an accurate
one if required.
• The approximation is
1
• For low frequency range 𝜔 << 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝜔2 𝑇 2 << 1 and hence can be neglected
𝑇
• Magnitude in dB = - 20 Log 1=0 dB So for low frequencies it is straight line of 0
dB only
2
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Hello Class Lecture: 10.5 Simple Poles
and Zeros

Simple poles and zeros

1
• For high frequency range 𝜔 >> ∴ 1 << 𝜔2 𝑇 2
𝑇
• Magnitude in dB = −20𝐿𝑜𝑔𝜔𝑇 𝑑𝐵
• It is a straight line of slope -20dB/decade
• Now it is necessary to find a frequency 𝜔, which separates the frequency range into two,
low and high. This is the value of frequency at which straight line of slope - 20 dB/decade
in high frequency range intersects with 0 dB line in low frequency zone.
1
−20𝐿𝑜𝑔𝜔𝑇 = 0 𝑑𝐵 𝜔𝑇 = 1 𝜔=
𝑇
• This frequency at which change of slope from 0 dB to - 20 dB/decade occurs is called
Corner Frequency, denoted by 𝜔𝑐
1
• The magnitude plot for simple zero is a straight line of 0 dB up to 𝜔𝑐 = and then
𝑇
straight line of slope + 20 dB/decade.
3
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Hello Class Lecture: 10.5 Simple Poles
and Zeros

Simple poles and zeros(Phase angle plot)

• Consider a simple pole
1
𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠) =
1 + 𝑇𝑠
1 00
𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = = ∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = = −tan−1 𝜔𝑇
1 + 𝑇𝑗𝜔 −1 𝜔𝑇
tan 1
• While for a simple zero
𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠) = 1 + 𝑇𝑠
−1
𝜔𝑇
𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑇 = ∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔)𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = tan = +tan−1 𝜔𝑇
1

4
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Hello Class Lecture: 10.5 Simple Poles
and Zeros

Simple poles and zeros(Phase angle plot)

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