REPORT 4

Written by: Dian Kharisma Dewi

University of Riau
Student No: 2010241713

Lecture: Disaster Mitigation and Prediction

By: Prof.Fusanori MIURA
1. Background
According to data compiled in the Indonesian Disaster Information Data (DIBI)
-BNPB, it can be seen that from more than 1,800 disaster events in the period 2005
to 2015 more out of 78% (11,648) disaster events were hydro disasters meteorology
and only about 2% (3,810) were geological disasters (figure 1).
Hydrometeorological group disaster events in the form of floods, extreme waves,
land and forest fires, drought, and extreme weather. Meanwhile, geological
disasters that often occur are earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and
landslide. Trends in the total number of disasters for both types of groups relatively
continued to increase.
The number of disaster events caused by geological factors is not too significant
compared to the number of disasters caused by hydrometeorological factors.
Nonetheless, geological disasters, particularly earthquakes and tsunamis, in fact
cause quite large impacts both in terms of casualties and economic losses. The
effects of climate change have also contributed to this increased incidence of
hydrometeorological disasters. With a large number of occurrences, this group of
disasters also has a very large impact, especially on the economic and
environmental sectors, both direct and indirect impacts. Human activities also
contribute to worsening environmental conditions, such as forest encroachment for
plantations and settlements or development activities that affect ecosystems and
ecology in buffer zones.

Figure 1 Graph of the Number of Disaster Events 2005 – 2015

Source: (BNPB, Resiko Bencana Indonesia, 2016)
In view of the large number of casualties and the magnitude of the social and
economic impacts, it is necessary for Indonesia to have a comprehensive early
warning system.

2. Literature
One of the approaches adopted by Indonesia as a disaster early warning system is
community-based early warning. Early warning in the community can be developed
with reference to existing warning schemes at the national level where the official

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warning source comes from the agency that has the authority to issue warnings.
These institutions are:
1. National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB);
2. The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), is
responsible for providing early warning of weather, earthquake and tsunami
disasters;
3. Centre for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation, (PVMBG), the
Geological Agency is responsible for providing early warning of volcanic
eruptions and ground movement disasters;
4. Ministry of Public Works, Research and Development Centre for Water
Resources, responsible for providing warning of flood and drought disasters;
5. The Ministry of Forestry is responsible for providing early warning of forest
fire disasters.
Indonesia Disaster early warning schemes at the national level can be seen in Figure
2 below:

Figure 2 Indonesia Disaster Early Warning Schemes

Source: (BNPB, 2012)
In Indonesia there is an institution that performs governmental tasks in the field of
meteorology, climatology, air quality and geophysics namely the Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), where one of the tasks is to deliver
information and early warning to the community about natural disasters that will
Occurs due to meteorological, climatological, and geophysical factors. Early
warning of natural disasters is a warning to inform the public about natural disasters
that will occur without delay and simultaneously through several channels.
Unfortunately, the early warning system is not enough to decrease the impact of
disaster. Therefore, the paradigm of Disaster Risk Reduction should be taken in
advance to achieve its aim. The paradigm describes in the figure 3.

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 Figure 3 Disaster Risk Reduction Paradigm
Source: (Fathani, 2021)

Figure 4 Shift Paradigm in Disaster Mitigation Planning

Source: Fathani, 2021
The figure above describes the shifting paradigm about disaster mitigation plan that
should be done before take an action in disaster mitigation. Unfortunately, there
still socio-economic problems to plan face the most suitable disaster mitigation in
Indonesia, such as:
1. Poor community awareness and preparedness, due to:
a. Limited access to the information for DRR;
b. Limited capacity of the local community, government and
university/NGO;
c. Socio-economical-political conditions.

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 2. Uncontrolled land use management;
3. Technology innovation for disaster mitigation and;
4. Lack of socio-entrepreneurial approach in in DRR.
The picture below describes the Integrated Plan of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
by Fathani on International Webinar 71th: World Meteorological Day (WMD) 2021.

Figure 5 Integrated Plan of Disaster Risk Reduction by Fathani

Source: Fathani, 2021
The society resilience to disaster takes the most important part as a countermeasure
step in Integrated Plan of Disaster Risk Reduction. Fathani (2021) describe the
strategics program: DRM (Disaster Risk Management) in the figure 6 below.

Figure 6 DRM Strategic Program

Source: Fathani, 2021

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Early warning system also takes an important role on integrated plan of DRR. Based
on Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) for contingency plan there are 3 level of
disaster mitigation as describes on the table below.
Table 1 Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) For Contingency Plan Level

3. Conclusion
The participatory approach used to develop the Disaster Risk Reduction plans
has resulted in non-statutory multi-stakeholder standalone plans which have
influenced the content of regulations and legislation and may have led to increased
budget allocations for disaster risk reduction and preparedness activities. The range
of actions being implemented has substantially increased beyond traditional
awareness and response activities. There remain challenges to action plan
implementation, including the perception and status of disaster management as a

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unit of local government and therefore its ability to coordinate across other
government departments. Accreditation and professional development is helping
change perceptions and central government is reviewing guidance around staff
rotation. Good leadership remains a key success factor for action plan
implementation.

4. Reference

Bencana), B. (. (2012). Pedoman Sistem Peringatan Dini. Jakarta: BNPB.

BNPB. (2012). Pedoman Sistem Peringatan Dini. Jakarta: BNPB (Badan Nasional
Penanggulangan Bencana).
BNPB. (2016). Resiko Bencana Indonesia. Jakarta: BNPB.
Fathani, T. F. (2021). Multimodal Sediment-related Disaster Mitigation: A Socio-
Technological Approach. 71th International Web-Seminar of World
Meteorological Day.

5. Biodata

Name Dian Kharisma Dewi

Email dian.kharisma1713@grad.unri.ac.id
University University of Riau, Indonesia
Program Graduate School of Engineering
Research Interest  Water Resources Engineering
 Coastal Engineering
 Sediment Transport