42I12NE0302

42M2NE0302 83.
1-56 GARDINER
010
ORDER-OF-MAGNITUDE COST ESTIMATES

Of
DRYING S BRIQUETTING PLANTS
for
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
Prepared for
MANALTA COAL LTD.
Calgary, Alberta
by
TECHMAN LTD.
Engineers s Consultants
9th Floor - 320 - 9th Avenue S.W,
CALGARY, ALBERTA
t '
December 1975
TM 110
Kev. 3
l PHONE (403) 261-8710 9th FLOOR
320 - 9th AVENUE S.W.
TELEX: 038-2)733
CALGARY, ALBERTA
T2P 1K6
l November 14, 1975
l
Mr. J.A. McDonald
Manalta Coal Ltd.
l Box 2880
Calgary, Alberta
l Dear Mr. McDonald:

Enclosed are 6 copies of Revision No. 2 of the report entitled "Order-of-
Magnitude Cost Estimates of Drying 6c Briquetting Plants for Onakawana Lig
l nite", as requested.
The report has examined alternative methods of drying and briquetting

l Onakawana lignite for two levels of annual mine production, namely l million
tons and 1.5 million tons of raw lignite. Four methods of drying were
selected for presentation in the report, these being:
l a) fluid bed drying
b) indirect - heat drying
c) indirect-direct - heat drying
l d) flash drying.
Drying plants were sized for both levels of mine production to dry 70% of
l the mine output with the balance of the raw lignite being used for plant
fuel or direct raw lignite sales. Three types of briquetting plants were
costed with the four methods of drying to provide 12 basic costs for each
l level of mine production.
For a mining level of 1.0 million tons per year, the dried product costs
range from approximately $1.12 to $1.37 per million Btu's. or approximately
l $1.06 to $1.24 per million Btu's. for the average cost of combined dried
and run-of-mine products.
l For a mining level of 1.5 million tons per year the dried product costs
range from approximately $1.05 to $1.32 per million Btu's. or approximately
$1.00 to $1.20 per million Btu's. for the average cost of combined dried
l and run-of-mine products.
Complete product cost tables of the various combinations of drying and
briquetting plants are provided on page 50 of the report.
l
l (Cont'd
l
l
l Ir. J.A. McDonald -2- November 14. 1975
l It must be emphasized that there has been no recent operating experience

in the drying of Onakawana lignite. Tests carried out for the Ontario
Research Foundation in 1932 established that the lignite could indeed be
l dried to acceptable average levels in rotating kiln-type vessels of the

direct-heating type, but there was considerable overdrying of smaller
particles and consequently, an unacceptable level of dust produced.
l We have extrapolated from this experience and have examined theoretically,

two types of dryer whose drying modes do not entirely involve hot gas/
lignite contacting. We have examined as well the fluidized bed dryer on
l the basis of moisture removal capacity., and the flash dryer, the perfor
mance of which on German brown coal is well-documented and which is assumed
to offer parallel performance on Onakawana lignite.
l It is very difficult to say at this stage whether a particular method is

feasible in other than very broad terms. Operating tests for specific
l equipment are especially necessary before a realistic appraisal of costs

can be made. We have recognized this, and have recommended courses of action
involving the establishment of test programs suited to overall project
development requirements.
l Yours very truly,
l TECHMAN
l J.G. Bruce, P. Eng.

Manager of Operations
l JGB/dc
Encls.
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l TABLE OF CONTENTS
421! 2NE8302 83. 1 -56 GARD l NER (7110JO
l
l INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
l CONCLUSIONS S RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARIZED FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BENEFICIATION ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
5
7
l Gasification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
Solvent Refining . .. .......... .
. . ... . . . .. . . . . 7
........ .... .. 8
l Drying S Briquetting .. ... .....

Selection of Alternatives . . . . .
. .. ... . ...... . 9
. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 11
l SELECTED ALTERNATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drying Methods ........ .. ..... . . ... ... ... .. ..
13
13
l Rotary Steam Tube Dryer . .... .. .... . ...

Fluidized Bed Dryer . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ..
Indirect Heat Calciner ..... . . .... . ... .
. .. .
....
....
15
16
17
l Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner....... . ..

Flash Dryer .... .... ........ ... .. ......... . 19
.... 18
l Discussion . ... .. . . .. . . . .....

Briquetting Methods . . . . .... . . .
.. . . .. .. . . ...
. . .. .. . . .. . . .
.
.
20
21
l Drying and Briquetting Plants .

Simplifying Assumptions .....
....... .... ..
... ... .... ...
.
.
26
26
I Estimating Procedures ....... . ... .. ....... . 28

Capital S Operating Costs .... .... .... . ... .
Discussion ......... .......... ........... . .
32
37
l Case I . ...................... ..........

Case II ................. .. .............
37
43
l General . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .
Material Balances ..... .. ..... .... ...
47
47
l Thermal Value . .............. ...... . .

Sample Calculation of Product Cost-..
48
49
l SUMMARIZING COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
57
l
l
1 . '
1 *
1 APPENDIX
1 APPENDIX - Diagrams of Various Dryers

Addresses of Equipment Manufacturers
1
1 LIST OF TABLES
1 TABLE I - Proximate Analysis of Onakawana lignite.

Pagi
5
1 TABLE II
TABLE III
-
-
Ultimate Analysis of Onakawana lignite.
Optimum Moisture Levels for Binderless
5
1 TABLE IV -
Briquetting.
Estimated Capital arid Operating Costs.
22
35
1 TABLE V
TABLE VI
-
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Energy Consumption for Schemes Proposed.
Energy Balance for Schemes Proposed:
36
1 TABLE VII -
Case I and Case II.
Product Unit Costs for Alternative
Schemes.
42
50
1 LIST OF FIGURES
1 FIGURE I - Relationship of Briquetting Pressure to

Briquette Production Rate. 25
1 FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
-
-
Typical Plant Layout.
Typical Material Balance Flow Sheet.
53
54
1
1
1
1
1
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I Page l
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l INTRODUCTION
l It is proposed to up-grade Onakawana lignite so as

to produce an industrial fuel whose heating value is such
l as to allow it to be shipped to market and remain competi

tive with alternative fuels.
l
l A number of beneficiation schemes are technically
possible, but the primary purpose of any beneficiation plan
for the Onakawana lignite must be to reduce substantially
l its moisture level. Hence, this report, while presenting
order-of-magnitude capital costs for gasification and
l solvent refining of lignite, concentrates on the presen

tation of capital and operating costs of combinations of
l .*
various drying and briquetting processes.
l Two levels of production are examined: a quantity

of l MM tons per year of raw lignite delivered to the dry
l ing plant, and 1.5 MM tons per year. These are arbitrary
guidelines, bearing only an estimated relationship to the
l size of the market in the area.
l The market for Onakawana lignite is presumed to be
l split into three sectors: (1) purchasers of "as-mined"

lignite, (3) purchasers of dried, particulate lignite, and
(3) purchasers of lignite briquettes. No marketing guide
I lines as to the proportion attributable to each are
available at this time; hence it has been assumed that 3Q*
l of ra;: lignite mined will be either used as on-site energy

or sold "as-mined", while the balance of production will be
l processed, either by drying or briquetting, or both.
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l Study guidelines setting the upper limit of capital
cost for any scheme proposed at $50 MM-^75 MM have been
imposed following discussions with consultants in the
l field of solid fuels beneficiation.
l The report comprises four main sections. Following

a brief introduction and presentation of "Conclusions and
l Recommendations", the report proceeds to its major section

"Summarized Findings". Here, two main sub-sections have
l been set up "Beneficiation Alternatives" and "Selected

Alternatives", in which, respectively, beneficiation measures
are discussed, and then the most promising selected and
l studied further. The report concludes with "Summarizing
Comments".
I "Conclusions and Recommendations" are made which highlight
I the findings of the report and emphasize the need to ob

tain sound operating data from-the various manufacturers
l of the processing equipment discussed, before commitment

to any particular manufacturer. Probable costs of research
programs are outlined.
l "Summarized Findings" reviews, in its two sub-sections, the
l various means by which it may be possible to upgrade the

Onakawana lignite, but discards uneconomic or improbable
l methods and studies in detail those which appear to offer

most promise.
l "Summarizing Comments" are made which point up the need to

establish a modern technical basis for the successful
l exploitation and beneficiation of Onakawana lignite for
industrial markets. It is noted that this basis must be
l established before development can proceed.
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l
l CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I Conclusions
l It is concluded that:
l 1. uncertainties regarding the use of fluid-bed, indirect,

and indirect-direct drying methods in the Onakawana
application must be resolved empirically before these
l methods can be considered feasible and a realistic
appraisal of capital and operating costs made.
l 2. flash drying, already a proven concept in the drying
l of European brov/n coals appears to offer considerable

promise in the Onakawana application.
I 3. funds in the order of $160,000 to $175,000 (exclusive

of the costs of a sampling program) will eventually
l have to be spent on fundamental production research

to ensure a viable, well-engineered project.
I
l Recommendations
l 1.
It is recommended that:
if serious time constraints for the Onakawana development
l exist, steps be taken towards initiating a laboratory

testing program with, and through the facilities of, Lurgi
l Canada Ltd. and such other German companies as may be

recommended by Lurgi, in view of Lurgi 1 s solid techni
l cal background in the drying and briquetting of

European brown coals. Costs for this course of action
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l are estimated to be in the order of $35,000, exclusive
of the costs of a sampling program.
2. if sufficient time is available (12-18 months),

European and North American manufacturers of drying
I and briquetting equipment be contacted for informa-
tion respecting:
i) probable technical feasibility of processing

l Onakawana lignite in the equipment manufactured
ii) availability of test facilities

l
iii) timing and costs of testing program, if program
is available
iv) post-test plant design and engineering capability
M v) probable cost of post-test plant design and

engineering work.
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l SUMMARIZED FINDINGS
l The Onakawana area, some 600 miles north of Toronto

Ontario, and 60 miles southwest of James Bay/ contains
l mineable lignite reserves of approximately 190 million

tons.
l
l The reserves have been examined a number of times,
most notably by the Ontario Research Foundation between
l 1928 and 1932 (1) (2) and by Alberta Coal (now Manalta Coal)
between 1967 and 1970, and in 1972. The in-situ properties
l of the lignite are now reasonably well-established, with

average analyses as shown in Tables I and II, below:
l
l TABLE I
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
l Moisture
Ash
46.001
13.28
l Volatiles
Fixed Carbon
21.50
21.22
100.00
l Caloric Value 4,900 Btu/lb.

TABLE II
l ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
l Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Nitrogen
32.23%
2.20
0.51
0.23
l Ash
Oxygen
Chlorine
8.37
10.37
0.09
l Moisture 46.00
100.00
l
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l The moisture content of the Onakawana lignite is some

10 percent higher, and Btu values are some 16 to 28 percent
l lower, than most North American lignites; the Onakawana

material, however, ranks higher than many European coals.
l It is believed that substantial markets exist in the
l area for lignite as a direct-use energy source, for

instance as primary or secondary fuel for kilns and steam
plants, and as a reductant in the metallization of ores
l and concentrates. Other markets may exist, such as one
requiring a briquetted feed for small scale gasification
l systems used exclusively within industrial plant sites.
l The use of the lignite "as-mined" presents a host of

problems both for the shipper and for the user. Low "as-
l mined" value, as a result of essentially 10(^ excess

weight, materials handling problems, and loss of thermal
efficiency due to the high moisture content, penalizes the
l "as-mined" product severely. Clearly, the lignite must be
upgraded in one or more ways. The purposes of this report,
l then, are to examine ways in which the Onakawana lignite

can be upgraded, to select methods which may be applicable
l to the deposit, and to estimate the costs involved in imple

menting certain of the beneficiation measures.
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l BENEFICIATION ALTERNATIVES
l A number of beneficiation alternatives are techni

cally possible; a review and discussion of several of
l these is presented in the following section.
l Gasification
l
l A conservative estimate of economically recoverable
Onakawana lignite reserves places them at 145 MM tons.
Experts in the field of gasification state that, at an
l investment level of around $400 Mil, it is highly unlikely

that a central gasification plant could economically be
l built to use the Onakawana lignite, simply because the re

serves base is inadequate. As well, the $400^MM figure
l substantially exceeds the $50 MM - $75 MM capital invest

ment figures set out as "can-live-with" guidelines for
l the present study.
l The same experts, however, suggested an alternative

scheme whereby lignite briquettes would be gasified at
l point of use to a 300-400 Btu./SCF product in small gasif

ication units. The scheme would have several advantages:
l (1) an indigenous, secure source of energy would be utilized,

(2) total conversion of combustion equipment would not be
l necessary (it was assumed that the scheme would be most

attractive to those presently using gas, but having
difficulty obtaining new supply contracts), and (3) the
l gas produced would likely be competitive on a Btu valu~
with an estimated 1980 value for natural gas of $2.00/MMBTU
l It was suggested that the scheme would be highly
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l attractive to industrial gas users in the area, given the

rapidly rising costs and decreasing availability of new
natural gas supplies, particularly in Eastern Canada?
l however, no capital cost figures were presented to allow
an independent evaluation of the plan. It is felt, though,
l that the scheme has enough merit to warrant further dis

cussion with the firm concerned, if only to obtain infor
l mation that would be useful in a sales campaign oriented

in this direction.
l Solvent Refining
l
l Factors similar to those which disadvantage central
ized gasification exist in the consideration of any pro
l posal for the solvent refining of Onakawana lignite:
l 1. the reserves base is too small to support such a
l facility through its economic life if the facility

is to operate on a profitable scale, and
l 2. the investment required, now estimated at some
l $250 MM, is far in excess of the study guidelines of

$50 MM to $75 MM.
l
l In addition, no commercial-scale operation has been
built to date, even within a highly industrialized,
l concentrated market; pilot plant work is continuing in an

atteiupt to iron out problems in several different pro
cesses.
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l It is felt that, while solvent refining offers the

potential of a highly acceptable industrial fuel (a heavy
liquid with a heating value of some 16,000 Btu/lb.),
l solvent refining technology has not been developed to the
level of industrial feasibility, and cannot be considered
l for the Onakawana application at this time. Given the

strength and momentum of current coal utilization research
l programs in the United States, however, this picture may

change, and industrial scale processes may be proposed
l within the next five years. They might then be considered

in the context of the Onakawana project.
l Drying S Briquetting
l
l Removal of moisture from the lignite may be the
single most effective beneficiation measure possible,
l given the $50 - 75 MM capital investment constraint es

tablished at the outset of the study. Drying of lignite
l from 50% moisture to 20% would remove 750 pounds of water

per ton, and thermal value would be correspondingly in
creased. For example, suppose l ton of raw lignite at
l 50% moisture and 5,200 Btu/lb. were dried to 20% moisture,

or 1,250 Ib. of 201, moisture lignite. The new gross thermal
l value would be 2,000/1,250 X 5,200, or 8,320 Btu./lb. Now,

not only would the heating value of the fuel be enhanced,
l but a major reduction would result in the per-Btu cost of

shipping that fuel. Thus, drying appears to offer substan
l tial immediate benefits.
l Drying of the lignite would, however, generate large

amounts of fines, particularly if the method of drying in
l volved considerable agitation of the lignite, or excessive
l
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l contacting with fast-moving drying gases. Fines in them
^
l selves may not present severe problems for the end-user

(for example, suspension-firing combustion systems
(4)
l require 75-80?, minus-200 mesh for low rank coals)
not all of the potential buyers in the market will wish
, but
l to use the lignite in this form. Some may wish to go the

plant gasification route, some may have furnaces requir
ing l"xV feed, and still others may wish to have V'xV
l feed for their particular metallization processes. In
addition, large amounts of fines and dust create explosion
l hazards, and health hazards to unloading and handling
personnel.
l
l To eliminate most of the hazards and inconvenience of
handling particulate lignite, the raw lignite must either
l be dried without any agitation whatsoever, or else be

briquetted after drying.
l If dried "without agitation", the product would likely
l exhibit sizes distributed throughout the 2"XO range, and

would be extremely friable, breaking down into, say,
l V'XO under ordinary handling (loading into storage, load

ing into rail cars, and unloading at point of use). The
l presence of some fines material would necessitate dust

suppression measures, but the problem would not be as
severe as in the case above. The major problem is that,
l in its reduced size, it would not be acceptable to users
requiring larger sizes, and it would require further
l crushing by those using it in suspension firing systems.

In addition, there are severe limitations as to the drying
l methods which would be suitable for the scale of opera

tions proposed for the Onakawana project.
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l If the lignite is briquetted, it is assumed that the

largest portion of the market would receive lignite
briquettes and if necessary would crush them to their own
l specifications, while the portion of the market requiring
lignite fines would receive shipments of the briquette
l plant feed.
l Each segment of the market would receive a product
l either already tailored to, or readily modified to, its

own specifications. A briquetted product can thus be
l seen to exhibit flexibility, which is important when the

markets for it have so many different requirements.
l Selection of Alternatives
l
l The sections above have reviewed several beneficia
tion measures which might be applied in the development
l of the Onakawana lignite. It has been seen that techniques

which would yield premium industrial fuels in the form of
synthetic gas or fuel oil cannot be used at Onakawana
l because of insufficient reserves and excessive capital re
quirements . Methods of drying have been seen to yield
l products with troublesome handling characteristics and -

insufficient flexibility for the markets proposed, although
l the heating value of the product is acceptable. An addi

tional beneficiation step, that of briquetting, is thought
l necessary to reduce handling problems and to increase the

market flexibility of the lignite product.
l The following sections, then, will examine various
l
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drying and briquetting methods, and will estimate the

I capital and operating costs associated with drying and
briquetting plants of different types.
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l SELECTED ALTERNATIVES
l Drying Methods
l Although a thermal drying process will likely be the
l method chosen for the Onakawana development, it is thought

worthwhile to mention here one other measure which may
l supplement the principal drying process. Electro-osmotic

drainage, a measure used to stabilize saturated cut slopes
where all other methods employing gravity and pumping have
l failed, might have application in the in-place drying of

the lignite deposit. It is difficult to say, without
l tests, just how effective the measure might be, or what

the operating costs would be, but the concept is attrac
l tive. Basically, an electric field is impressed npon the

material between anodes and cathodes, and a water seepage
l pressure differential is set up so that water moves

through (soil) capillaries towards the well point cathodes
As Terzhagi * ' notes:
l
l "By an arrangement of electrodes ... and the
application of a suitable potential, seepage
l pressures due to electro-osmotic flow can be

created in directions away from the face of
l the excavation and toward the cathodes. The

stabilizing influence of these pressures is,
in many instances spectacular and occurs
l as soon as the current is turned on. In

addition there is a progressive decrease in
l the water content of the silt ... "
l
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l The method finds its most useful application in mat

erials whose permeability is so low that drainage by
gravity is ineffective. As mentioned previously, little
l can be guessed as to the effectiveness of the method in
this application; it has been noted here as a possible
l pre-mining measure which might (1) make mining of the

material easier, (2) reduce the problems of cold weather
l handling, and (3) reduce the evaporative load on the

beneficiation plant dryers.
l
l Five methods of drying lignite by applying heat
either directly or indirectly have been examined, and these
are as follows:
l
l (1)
(2)
Rotary Steam-tube Dryer (indirect heating)
Fluidized Bed Dryer (direct heating)
l (3)
(4)
Indirect Heat Calciner (indirect heating)
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner (indirect and
l (5)
direct heating)
Flash Dryer (direct heating)
l
l A discussion of the features and relative merits of
each method is included in the following sections. It must
l be made clear at this point that nothing has been estab

lished respecting the behaviour of the Onakawana lignite
l when processed by the methods described. Some of the

methods might prove entirely unsuitable for this applica
l tion; only actual tests can establish the viability of a

particular drying scheme.
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l Rotary Steam-Tube Dryer
l The rotary steam-tube dryer resembles a rotary kiln,

but is lined with steam tubes running longitudinally.
l Saturated steam enters the tubes through a specially-

designed manifold and is returned as condensate. The mat
l erial to be dried is fed into the dryer by a screw conveyor,

Cool sweep gases are blown counter-current to the drying
l material to help maintain an adequate evaporation rate.
l The time of passage of a particular unit volume of
l material and hence the "fill volume" are set for a partic
ular installation by adjusting the slope at which the
dryer rests. Typical "fill volumes" for efficient opera
l tion range between 10 and 20 percent; slopes may be up to
3/4 inch per foot, depending on the time of passage and
l "fill volume" desired.
l The steam used is saturated at 50 to 150 psig. for
l most applications.
l Perry notes : "Steam tube dryers are used for the

continuous heating or cooling of granular or powdery
l solids which cannot be exposed to ordinary atmospheric or

combustion gases. They are especially suitable for fine
l dusty particles because of the low gas velocities required

for purging of the cylinder. Steam-tube units represent
l the lowest-cost heat transfer surface of any indirect

rotating equipment. Tube sticking is avoided or reduced
by employing recycle, shell knockers, etc... tube scaling
l by sticky solids is one of the major hazards to efficient
l
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l operation." While there is no need to protect the lignite

from "atmospheric or combustion gases", the method is
particularly suitable for the drying of "fine dusty
l particles", and this has been the main reason for its
inclusion here. In addition, heat fluxes are relatively
l high, ranging from 600 to 1200 Btu./hr./sq.ft. for difficult-

to-dry and organic solids, and up to 2000 Btu./hr./sq.ft.
l for finely divided inorganic materials. Sizing calculations

indicate that even the use of a conservative figure for
available heat flux allows the selection of a reasonable
l number of drying units for the Onakawana plant. A sectional
diagram of a steam tube dryer is shown in Figure l, in the
l appendix.
l Fluidized Bed Dryer
l
l Fluidized bed dryers enjoy widespread use throughout
the North American coal industry. Several companies includ
ing McNally-Pittsburg, Dorr-Oliver, Heyl S Patterson, and
l Link Belt manufacture dryers which are comparable in prin

ciple, if not in actual performance.
l
l Essentially, wet coal is fed onto a grate through
which hot gases (from a combustion chamber just below) pass
l with a velocity sufficient to give buoyancy to, or

fluidize, the material on the grate. The gases contact
the wet material extremely efficiently, dry it in a few
l seconds, and discharge through dust collection cyclones
and dust scrubbers. Dried material flows from the grate,
l onto conveyors, and into storage bins. Dust and fines

collected are fed into the combustion chamber as supplemen
l tary fuel.
l
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l Perry states that "Economic considerations make

these units particularly attractive when large tonnages of
solids are to be handled. Fuel requirements are 1500 to
l 1900 Btu./lb. of water removed, and total power for blowers,
feeders, etc. is about 0.037 kw-hr./lb. of water removed.
l The maximum-sized feed ... is IV x O coal ... One of the

major advantages of this type of dryer is the close control
l of (drying) conditions ..."
l The drying of Onakawana lignite in a fluidized-bed

dryer may present severe problems, particularly in the
l generation of large amounts of dust and fines. A large,
efficient dust-entrapment system may be necessary, and
l there may be substantial product losses, to say little of

explosion and fire hazards. Beyond these highly qualitative
l cautions, little can be determined without performing tests

using the actual equipment proposed.
l Figures 2, 3 and 4 in the appendix show several types

l of fluidized bed dryers.
l Indirect Heat Calciner
l
l Indirect heat rotary calciners are used for heat-
treating and drying at higher temperatures than are
obtained in steam-tube rotating dryers. Heat transfer
l coefficients are roughly the same; however, total surface
area for heat transfer is much reduced. CalculaLions
l indicate that an unwieldy number of this type of dryer

would be required unless the heat transfer area in each
l were increased.
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l A basic modification, that of welding a number of

lifters inside the shell, would increase the transfer
area/ and reduce the number of dryers required by about
l 50 percent. This would have the effect, however, of re
ducing the average heat flux somewhat, and might lead to
l increased fines formation due to the increased tumbling

action of the material.
l
l The indirect-heat calciner differs from other rotat
ing drying equipment in that it is, in effect, contained
within the furnace supplying the heat. Like the steam-tube
l dryer, it requires "a minimum flow of gas to purge the
cylinder which, when handling granular solids, reduces
l dusting"
(8)
, and this is the primary reason it has been
included for consideration in the present study. A quan
l titative acccccmcnt of fines losses and other operating

problems can not be made until full-scale tests are performed
l Figure 5 in the appendix shows one type of indirect
l heat calciner.
l Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner
l
l The indirect-direct heat calciner is similar to the
indirect-heat type except that, as its name suggests, the
material is dried by direct heat as well as by heat trans
l fer through vessel walls. VThereas the principal'mechanisms
of drying in the indirect-heat calciner are that of
l radiation and conduction, convection plays the major role

in the indirect-direct dryer. Flue gases from the furnace,
l instead of being discharged directly to the atmosphere,

are introduced into the dryer shell,where they contact the
l
l
l Page 19
^
l material being dried, and then are discharged. The net

result is a greatly increased heat transfer efficiency, with
marked economies in furnace fuel. Dust problems would be
l slightly more severe than in the indirect-heat dryer, how
ever.
l Figure 6 in the appendix shows one type of indirect-
l direct heat calciner.
l Flash Dryer
l The flash dryer forces very hot flue gases (approxim

ately 18000F) into contact with a small portion (around
l 300 pounds at any given instant) of coal which is fluidized
in a small drying chamber. The water contained in the coal
l evaporates (or flashes) almost instantaneously, breaking

the coal into particles of relatively uniform size and
l moisture content. It is almost certain that the flashing

action will cause serious size degradation of the Onakawana
l lignite, and it will be necessary to modify the flash dryer

to burn fines only, rather than the mixture of fuel gas and
fines as it is designed now. However, operating effic
l iencies and related economies make this an attractive
alternative, particularly in view of the high probability
l that the product will be briquetted after drying.
l Two types of flash dryer are shown in Figures 7 and 8,

in the appendix.
l Given that the Onakawana lignite is similar in many

respects to European brown coals, it is likely that
l European technology, slightly modified, could provide well-
matched drying and briquetting operations for the Onakawana
l development, using flash dryers and either double-roll, ex-
l
l
l Page 20
l trusion, or ring-roll presses. In employing this technology,

the Europeans (in particular, the German companies) would likely
l design the plant very conservatively. This approach will appear

expensive in terms of time and money spent on research;
l however, the resulting sound design will pay benefits:

initially, in its acceptability before government regulatory
l and licensing agencies, and in the long run, in terms of

operating economies and enhanced profits.
l Discussion
l
l Several drying methods have been reviewed. In each
case it has been assumed that the method is applicable to
l the Onakawana lignite. Whether such assumptions are

correct can be determined quantitatively only by experi
l mentation with the equipment proposed, paying particular

attention to key points such as power consumption, fuel
consumption, product losses, and product characteristics.
l
l Product degradation (and the associated dust and
fines recovery problem) is most severe in flash and
l fluidized bed dryers, is less of a problem in the indirect-

direct heat dryer, and occurs least severely in the dryers
l which do not contact the product with hot drying gases.

One of these latter, however, depends on a simple, but
untried modification to be acceptable; the other requires
l a steam plant, which, with its low overall efficiency,
heavily penalizes the method's potential if that steam
l unit is built solely to supply the drying plant.
l
l
l
l Page 21
^
l Estimated capital and operating costs of beneficiation

plants using each of the methods described above are
presented in the section entitled Drying and Briquetting
l Plants.
l Briquetting Methods
l
l Two types of briquetting are applicable to the
Onakawana lignite: (1) with a binder, and (2) without a
binder. However, tests have been performed on the Onak
l awana lignite which show that a high proportion (some
101 by weight) of binder is required for successful
l briquetting. Thus, for each ton of briquettes which might

be produced, 200 pounds of binder would be required.
l Estimating the cost of binder at a very conservative $0.02

per pound, the cost of binder alone would be $4.00 per
l ton of briquettes. This is prohibitive. The present

study has therefore concentrated on binderless briquet
l ting techniques.
l In binderless briquetting, special care must be

taken in the preparation of the feed. For each type of
l press to be used there exists an optimum moisture level, as

shown in the following, Table III.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Page 22
l TABLE III
Optimum Moisture Levels for Binderless

_________Briquet t ing-
l Type Moisture Level Briquetting Pressure
l Extrusion
Press 12 - 2C^ 1400 kg./cm 2
l Double Roll
Press
Ring Roll
Press
*20 - 24%
6 - 151
1000 kg./cnT
5
1500 - 2000 kg./cm'

l
l *estimated - ordinarily a binder is used? if not, dusty
briquettes result.
l Feed temperature should also be regulated to 100 to

l 150OF. In many instances this will mean that the coal,
upon leaving the dryer, will require cooling.
l
l Three types of presses may be used, as noted above.
The double-roll press, while designed to be used for
l briquetting with a binder (because of its low briquetting

pressure) nevertheless has been used for binderless
briquetting. The briquettes were made from bituminous coal
l (which requires much higher pressures than does lignite),
and were found to be very dusty and stand up poorly to
l f Q\
handling l '. While extrapolation of this experience to
the Onakawana application should be done carefully, it is
l known that a lower rank coal will briquette more easily

than one which is more mature J ; hence, double-roll
l briquetting of the Onakawana lignite may yield an accep

table product.
l
l
l
l Page 23
i
l The Exter press, an extrusion press, has been used

in various forms for over 100 years, and at present produces
90% of the world's output of brown coal briquettes. An
l Exter press was used in the binderless briquetting of
Onakawana lignite in tests conducted in Germany in 1932
l for the Ontario Research Foundation . While results

obtained at that time were said to be poor, improvements
l in press design since then may have eliminated many of the

problem areas. For example, Landers describes the
l successful binderless briquetting of Indian lignite with an

extrusion press. Although the briquettes were retorted
after pressing to give them higher strength, feed for the
l press contained 10?; moisture, somewhat below the optimum
moisture level for the extrusion press. A similar gain in
l strength may be possible if feed moisture content is held

within the optimum range. Previous Onakawana experience
l indicates that the best binderless briquettes resulted

when feed moisture- was around 20 percent.
l The ring-roll press develops briquetting pressures of

1500 to 2000 kg./cm. 2 , and can satisfactorily briquette a
l feed containing 6 to 15 percent moisture. While not as
widely accepted as the extrusion press, the ring-roll
l press has been successfully matched with flash dryers,

which dry coal to between 8 and 15 percent moisture. The
I product is a hard, high strength, high-quality briquette

exhibiting good abrasion resistance, and suitable for
l gasification processes, charring, and other applications

where good bed strength is important.
l Assuming that throughput is related to briquetting

l pressures used, and knowing
(12)
that (1) double-roll pres-
ses, with pressures of 1000 kg./cm. 2 , produce up to
l 1000 tons per day, and (2) ring-roll presses, with pressures
l
l
l Page 24
m
2000 kg./cm. 2 produce up to 400 tons per day/ then

l of
extrusion press production, at 1400 kg./cm. 2 , is inter
polated at 700 to 800 tons per day, as shown in Figure 1.
l
l Three types of presses have been described, and each is
presumed to be applicable to the binderless briquetting of
l Onakawana lignite. Given that care in feed preparation is

required, it will be necessary for extensive tests to be
l carried out beforehand to determined actual operating con

ditions and moisture level requirements. For this reason,
and for the purposes of the present study, it has been
l thought expedient to employ a common basis of 20 percent
moisture content in the feed for each method, the published
l requirements for ring-roll presses notwithstanding. This

allows standard drying parameters to be set up independently
l of the briquetting method chosen, and simplifies calcula

tions greatly, while affecting levels of confidence very
l little.
l The following section will outline basic simplifying

assumptions used in sizing, quantifying and costing various
l drying and briquetting plant configurations.
I
l
l
l
l
l
Page 25
RING ROLL PRESS
EXTER PRESS
(INTERPOLATED)
200 400 600 760 800 1000
MAXIMUM PRODUCTION, ion* per doy
FIG. l
TECH M AW LTD.
MO*" l **-
AS SHOWN ' l.C. HGUkf
TM-MO
PEC., 1974
RELATIONSHIP Of RRIQUETTING PRESSURE
TO PRODUCTION RATt
VI 56-00
l
l Page 26
l DRYING AND BRIQUETTING PLANTS
l Simplifying Assumptions
l A number of simplifying assumptions have been made

concerning various aspects of drying/briquetting plant
l sizing and energy requirements. In general, the assump
tions have been made on the conservative side.
l
l Raw Lignite Production
l Arbitrary production guidelines were set at:
CASE I: 1,000,000 TPY

CASE II: 1,500,000 TPY
l Dryer Feed Quality
l Lignite @ 50% moisture (by weight)
l1 45 Ib./ft. 3 (loose density)

5200 Btu/lb. (caloric value, as mined)
l Fuel Quality
l Lignite @ 501 moisture (by weight)
l 45 Ib./ft. 3 (loose density)

4500 Btu/lb. *
l * Caloric value of fuel lignite has been set 4500 Btu/lb,
l to allow for variations in fuel quality and combustion

efficiencies.
l
l
l Briquetting Feed Quality
Page 27
l Standard moisture content of 2(^ is assumed, equivalent to
l the removal of 750 Ib. H2 0 per ton of raw lignite at

moisture.
l Operating Bases
l CASE I CASE II
l 1.0 MMTPY raw lignite 1.5'MMTPY raw lignite
l 24 hours per day

340 days per year
24 hours per day
340 days per year
l 2940 TPD raw lignite mined

2060 TPD to dryers
880 TPD to fuel and sales
4410 TPD raw lignite mined
3090 TPD to dryers
1320 TPD to fuel and sales
l Avg. fuel value $4.00/ton
Feedstock value $6.75/ton
Avg. fuel value $4.00/ton
Feedstock value $6.75/ton
l Briquette Production
l (assumed at 75% of maximum production rate)

DOUBLE ROLL PRESS 750 TPD per unit
l EXTRUSION PRESS
RING ROLL PRESS
570 TPD per unit
300 TPD per unit
l
l Capital Cost Escalation Rates
The following rates have been used:

l 1960 through 1970 3% per year
l 1971
1972
5*
S.5%
l 1973
1974
G.8%
12.0%
l 1975 - 1980 S.0% per year

l
l Page 28
^
l These figures have been applied broadly to all project

capital expenditures to arrive at 1980 costs, and are
thought representative of the probable labour/material
l escalations to be expected. Statistics Canada figures for
1972, 1973 and 1974* ' have been used as guidelines for
l these escalation data.
l Estimating Procedures
l Prior to commitment to any method it would be neces

l sary to contact the engineering departments of the manufac
turers concerned to discuss with them potential problem
l areas, and gain their assessment of the suitability of

their equipment for the proposed application. Following this
l step, raw lignite samples would be provided the manufactur

ers' research and development facilities so that tests could
l be conducted with the goal of obtaining empirical operating

data. Once operating data were available, it would be
possible to size the major elements of the plant, and also
l to size with some degree of accuracy the ancillary facili
ties: conveyors, silos, electro-static precipitators, build
l ings, heating plants, and electrical distribution systems.
l For the purposes of this study it has been necessary
l to rely on handbook estimating parameters, rule-of-thumb

estimates, estimates-by-inference, and guesstimates, since
l little has been established concerning the behaviour of

the Onakawana lignite in any modern drying process,
although in 1932 drying tests conducted in Germany for
l the Ontario Research Foundation it was shown that the

lignite could be dried in a rotating kiln-type vessel to
l acceptable briquette feed moisture levels by contacting

with hot flue gases.
l
l
l Page 29
*,
l Fuel and Power Consumption
l Fuel and power consumption quantities have been cal

culated according to handbook data and manufacturers'
l information. Actual energy consumption could lie in the

range of -103; to +2Q* of the estimated quantities for each
l scheme.
l Conveyors and Loaders
l It has been assumed that a front-end loader would be
l required in each case, for general conveyor-hopper loading

duties. More elaborate schemes for transferring material
l from stockpile to dryers, employing small bxicketwheel s and

bridges, can be envisioned but have been avoided since
l they involve specifics of plant layout.
l Conveyor requirements have been given an estimated

lump sum value only, and it is impossible to specify
l actual limits of confidence without performing a detailed

plant layout.
l
l Silos St Car Loading Facilities
l Silos and rail car loading facilities have been given

a lump sum value related to the storage of approximately
l 2*s days' production. The volume required would vary,

depending on the marketing plan and rail delivery schedules,
l The actual value of such facilities may lie in the range of
l
l
l 30
l -10% to +30% of the lump sum stated, given that 2Jj days 1
production storage is indeed required.
l Electro-Static Precipitators
l
l Electro-static precipitators are impossible to size
without some idea of dust loading and gas velocities to be
l expected, and hence costs estimated for this equipment may

have considerable error. Shawinigan Engineering Limited
estimates the cost of precipitators for each furnace of a
l power plant burning some 7 MM tons of lignite annually at
$2,160,000 and this figure provides the ceiling on costs
l of precipitators presented on this estimate, since the

Onakawana drying application is assumed to be far less
l severe. Actual costs may be.within -20* to +20* depending

on the operating conditions actually encountered.
l
l Buildings
l Buildings to house major equipment have been estim
l ated at 15% of the installed cost of that equipment.

This figure has been extracted from Perry. ', which states
l that "buildings increase the costs by 15 to 20 percent", in

reference to enclosures for steam generating plants.
l Heating Plants S Electrical Distribution System
l
l The costs of heating and electrical distribution sys
tems have been assumed to be included in the 30% contin-
l
l
l Page
^
31
l gency allowance in each capital cost estimate. They do

not represent a significant cost center, in any case.
l Major Equipment
l
l Rotary steam-tube dryers, indirect-heat calciners,
and indirect-direct heat calciners have all been priced
l using approximate 1960 prices from Perry escalated to

a 1980 value. Escalation rates assumed are outlined at the
beginning of this section.
l
l A "ball-park" quote received from Heyl St Patterson in
1971 is the basis for the cost estimate for fluidized-bed
l dryers.
l An assumed 1973 cost for one flash dryer of

$750,000 escalated to a 1980 value of $1,125,680 has been
l used. A variety of estimates for complexes which contain
flash dryers has been examined; it is not known whether
l $750,000 represents a "fair" value for such a unit, as
the information is proprietary.
l
l A "probable value" guesstimate has been used in the
pricing of briquetting equipment, given the time constraints
l of the present study. Prices were related to briquetting

pressures, so that the unit which had the lowest pressures,
and which gave the lowest quality briquettes in the largest
l quantities was estimated to be the least expensive, and so
on. Three types of presses were examined, and their costs
l extrapolated as described above, using a 1974 installed

cost for the least expensive unit as $100,000, with the
l
l
l Page 32
l most expensive, lowest capacity unit at ^200,000, 1974

installed cost. Costs were then escalated to 1980 levels,
l and incorporated into the capital estimates. Operating

costs were extracted from power consumption figures
published in Reference (12).
l
l Capital and Operating Costs
l It is necessary at this point to examine the "can-live-with"

capital cost guidelines of $50 to 75 MM, mentioned earlier
l in the report. These figures were mentioned by Lurgi

Canada Limited officials in brief discussions held
October 15, 1974 in Toronto, and were intended as very
l approximate estimates of the cost of installing a Lurgi-
engineered drying and briquetting plant at Onakawana.
l There is reason to believe that these very "broad-brush"

estimates contain considerable (25 to 851.) margin for error,
l and give the estimator a lot of room in which to negotiate.

For example, in Lurgi publication O 1092 / 8.73, Formcoke by
l BPL - Hot Briquetting ^ 16 \ specific costs of DM 90 to DM 110

per annual ton (or $34.60 to $42.30 per ton) for a similar
plant producing 800,000 to 1,000,000 tons per year of
l briquettes are estimated. Plant equipment includes 3 flash
dryers, 2 carbonizers (charring units) 4 double roll presses,
l and 2 thermal treatment shaft retorts, as well as ancillary

equipment. Total cost would range from $33.8 MM to
l $34.6 MM, assuming that economies of scale apply. Simil

arly, costs for a plant producing 200,000 to 265,000 tons
l per year of briquettes range from DM 120 to DM 160 per ton

(or $46.20 to $61.60), or a total cost of around $12.3 MM,
for a plant with 2 flash dryers, l carbonizer, l roll press
l and l thermal treatment retort.
l Admittedly, the estimates given are for a plant with
l
l
l Page
t
33
l features somewhat different than one which would operate

at Onakawana. It is felt that the differences are of
such a nature that their net effect on costs of a plant is
X
l almost negligible. A comparison of the Onakawana plant

with the larger of the two "Hot Briquette" plants is shown
l below:
l Onakawana Process Hot Briquette Process
l Type; Flash Drying s Binder- Hot Briquetting of Bituminous

erless Briquetting
Throughput i 0.613 MMTPY
Coal/Lignite Mix
(0.8 - 1.2 MMTPY briquettes)
l briquettes)
Dryers; 5 flash dryers* 3 flash dryers
l Carbonizers;
Presses; 6 ring-roll presses*
2 Lurgi carbonizers
4 double-roll presses
l A.T.Retorts; 2 shaft retorts
l Est.Cost $34-35 MM $ 34-35 MM
l
l An estimated maximum of $40 MM is projected for the
Onakawana application on the basis of this comparison with
l the BPL Hot Briquetting process.
l An alternative estimate is provided in following sections

showing the cost of the Onakawana plant at between $25.9 MM
and $23.3 MM for this level of production, depending on the
l briquetting method chosen.
l Capital costs presented in the following section
l *not including standby unit
l
l
l Page 34
H*
l differ substantially from those developed for the Progress

Report of November 21, 1974, as a result of extensive
l revisions of estimating bases. Selection of operating

conditions has been made from Perry^^^ ^5 ând from
other references* 12 ^ ( 17 ) *
l
l Capital and operating costs are summarized in Table IV
on the following page, and have been developed from cost
l estimate calculations.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ESTIMATED CAPITAL S OPERATING COSTS
IV A. CAPITAL COSTS
(dollars x 106)
Case I: 1.0 MMTPY Mined
Drying Scheme Briquetting Method
Type Capital Cost Type DR Press EX Press RR Press
Capital Cost 2.28 OF 4.11
Rotary Steam Tube Dryer 11.72 Combined 14.00 14.53 15.83
Fluidized Bed Dryer 4.28 coste 6.56 7.09 8.39
Indirect Heat Calciner 4.89 dhown 7.17 7.70 9.00
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 7.94 fct 10.22 10,75 12.05
Flash Dryer 14.11 right . 16.39 16.92 18.22
Case II: 1.5 MMTPY Mined Capital Cost 2.89 3.42 5.25
Fluidized Bed Dryer 7.05 costs 9.94 10.47 12.30
. . Indirect Heat Calciner 7.01 frhown 9,90 10.43 12.26
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 10.30 it 13.19 13.72 15.55
Flash Dryer 23.05 right 25.94 26.47 28.30
IV B. OPERATING COSTS
(dollars x 106)
Operating Cost
Operating Cost 0.36 0.39 0.46
1 . Rotary Steam Tube Dryer 2.89 Combined 3.25 3.28 3.35
Fluidized Bed Dryer 1.95 costs 2.31 2.34 2.41
Indirect Heat Calciner 1.75 shown 2.11 2.14 2.21
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 1.63 at 1.99 2.02 2.09
Flash Dryer 1.84 right. 2.20 2.23 2.30
"0^7"
Case II: 1.5 MMTPY Mined Operating Coat "oT43 "oTsT
Fluidized Bed Dryer 2.47 costs 2.90 2.94 3.04 DI
•Q
Indirect Heat Calciner 2.60
to
2.13 shown 2.56 2.70 W
01
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 1.91 at 2.34 2.38 2.48
Flash Dryer 2.35 right. 2.78 2.82 2.92
-Tj r
" "" ~ "" M M M jim "" ** "*l i mt wm H "
^'
Case I:
f
1.0 MMTPY Mined

TABLE V
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR SCHEMES PROPOSED
f
Drying Scheme Electricity Consumed Fuel Total Energy Consumed
kwh/yr x 10!* Btu/yr Btu/yr x 109
Type (Btu/yr x 10*) x 10*
DR Press EX Press RR Press DR Press EX Press RR Press
Rotary Steam Tube Dryer 0.011 0.011 0.013
(35.0) (38.0) (43.0) 2757.0 2792.0 2795.0 2800.0
Fluidized Bed Dryer 0.027 0.028 0.030
f (92.0) (96.0) (100.0) 1042.0 1134.0 1138 .0 1142.0
Indirect Heat Calciner 0.009 0.010 0.011
(31.0) (34.0) (39.0) 1311.0 1342.0 1345 .0 1350.0
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 0.009 0.010 0.011
(31.0) (34.0) (39.0) 813.0 844.0 847 .0 852.0
Flash Dryer 0.011 0.011 0.013
(35.0) (38.0) 143.0) 783.0 818.0 821 .0 826.0
Case II: 1.5 MMTPY Mined

Rotary Steam Tube Dryer 0.015 0.017 0.019
(51.0) (56.0) (63.0) 4096.0 4147.0 4152 .0 4159.0
Fluidized Bed Dryer 0.040 0.042 0.044
(137.0) (142.0) (148.0) 1555.0 1692.0 1697 .0 1703.0
, Indirect Heat Calciner 0.013 0.015 0.017
(45.0) (50.0) (57.0) 1941.0 1986.0 1991 .0 1998.0
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 0.013 0.015 0.017
(45.0) (50.0) (57.0) 1213.0 1258.0 1263 .0 1270.0
Flash Dryer 0.018 0.020 0.022
(63.0) (67.0) (74.0) 1168.0 1231.0 1235 .0 1242.0
B)
iQ
Q
U)
O
l Page 37
l DISCUSSION
l CASE I; 1.0 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l CAPITAL COSTS
l In order of increasing capital costs, the five schemes
l are arrayed as follows:
Scheme Using Capital Cost Range S x 10

l 1. Fluidized Bed Dryer 6.56 to 8.39
l 2. Indirect Heat Calciner

3. Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner
7.17 to 9.00
10.22 to 12.05
l 4. Rotary Steam Tube Dryer

5. Flash Dryer
14.00 to 15.83
16.39 to 18.22
l depending on the briquetting method chosen.
l OPERATING COSTS
l In order of increasing annual operating costs, the
l schemes are arrayed

Annual Operating
l Scheme Using

Cost Range ^ x 10
1.99 to 2.09
l 2. Indirect-Heat Calciner
3. Flash Dryer
2.11 to 2.21
2.20 to 2.30
l 4. Fluidized Bed Dryer

5. Rotary Steam Tube Dryer
2.31 to 2.41
3.25 to 3.35
l
l
l
l ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Page 38
*
l In order of increasing annual energy consumption, the
l array is
Annual Energy
l Scheme Using Consumption Btu x 1C 9
l 1. Plash Dryer
3. Fluidized Bed Dryer
818.0 to
844.0 to
826.0
852.0
1,134.0 to 1,142.0
1,342.0 to 1,350.0
2,792.0 to 2,800.0
l
l On a position-weighted basis, the various schemes can be
arranged in order of decreasing benefit, as follows:
l Scheme Using Position-Weighted Score
l Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner

Fluidized Bed Dryer
6
8
l Indirect Heat Calciner

Flash Dryer
8
9
l Rotary Steam Tube Dryer 14
l This comparison, however rough, nevertheless points up
l the fact that only one alternative, the rotary steam

tube drying scheme, can be easily eliminated from con
sideration at this time. A closer evaluation of the
l others would require assessment of the relative impor
tance of capital costs, operating costs, and energy
l consumption.
l
l
l Page 39
l Capital Costs
n
l Capital cost figures developed in the present study must
l be used with caution, since the data used to size the

drying plants have been extracted from "general" inform
l ation which may not be wholly applicable to Onakawana

lignite drying. For example, relatively low capital
l costs indicated for the fluidized-bed drying scheme may,

in fact, result from incorrect assumptions concerning
the number of drying units required, and these assump
l tions could be checked only after tests and discussion
with the manufacturers of this type of equipment. The
l operating assumptions used in calculating the number of

flash drying units required, however, stem from data
l based on parallel operating experience, that of proces

sing brown coals similar to the Onakawana lignite. The
l capital costs estimated for the indirect and indirect-

direct heat drying/briquetting plants are believed to be
l reasonable, given that the feasibility and effectiveness

of the suggested design change (that of welding longi
tudinal lifters, or heat transfer fins to the inside
l surface of the dryer) can be demonstrated in full-scale
equipment.
l
l Operating Costs
l Operating costs as developed in this study are comprised

of maintenance, fuel, electrical power, and labour costs,
l Since the plants examined in the study are presumed to

have a full-time maintenance staff, the "labour" portion
l of "maintenance" has been covered under the overall

plant "labour" category, as will be described later. A
l conservative estimating factor of 10* of capital invest-
l
l
l Page 40
l ment, per year, can be applied to cover a total (labour

plus materials) cost of maintenance (18) ; 4(^ of this, or
l 41 of total plant capital cost (before contingency
factors are added in) is used as the estimated cost of
l materials per year.
l Fuel costs have been assumed at $4.00 per ton for lignite
burned in the plant; feedstock lignite has been valued at
l $6.75 per ton. These are assumed direct mining cost fig
ures only and with field overheads assigned only to the
lignite available for sale. These costs may be substan
l tially increased when mining equipment amortization costs
and other indirect costs are added.
l Fuel use for each of the four most attractive schemes is
l shown below:
l Total
Annual
Raw Lignite
Fuel
Lignite
Used
Residual
For
l .Scheme Using Available as Fuel Sale
l (a) Indirect-Direct Heat

Calciner 300,000 90,000 209,600
l (b) Fluidized Bed Dryer

(c) Indirect Heat Calciner
(d) Flash Dryer
300,000
300,000
300,000
116,000
146,000
87,000
184,000
154,000
213,000
l The flash dryer is seen to provide not only low fuel con
l sumption, but also to benefit plant operations with a
large amount of surplus lignite, which can be sold.
l The labour portion of operating costs ranges from 46 to
l 65 percent. This is high, and results from the selec

tion of 24 hours per day, 7 days per week operations,
self-sufficient in their maintenance functions. Labour
l
l Page 41
l n
costs have been given a 10 percent "isolation" escalator

l to reflect the effect of Onakawana's remoteness on wages
paid.
l Maintenance crew have been assumed to be on permanent
l staff rather than hired "as required", given the remote

ness of the area.
l The operating and maintenance staff selected are thought

to represent a non-reducible work force whose capacity
l may be slightly greater than that required for Case I,
and perhaps slightly lower than that needed for Case II.
l Thus, for a given drying scheme, staff requirements have

been regarded as being equal in both Case I and Case II.
l
l Energy Consumption
l Lignite fuel consumed by the dryer furnaces accounts for

92 to 98 percent of the energy consumed by any particular
l plant, depending on the drying method and briquetting

process selected. The balance is used in the form of
electrical power for fans, blowers, conveyor motors,
l lighting, instrumentation, electrostatic precipitators,
crushers and similar equipment. No attempt has been made
l to detail electrical consumption, since the cost of elec

tricity for all requirements other than for the dryers
l themselves runs around 2 percent of total annual operating

cost for any given scheme. An overall energy balance for
l each scheme, as shown in Table VI, below, allows a com

parison of the "energy efficiencies" of the various drying/
briquetting schemes. In Table VI, "Energy Input" is the
l sum of the energy content of fuel-grade lignite plus
electrical energy plus the energy content of the dryer-fed
l lignite, and "Energy Consumed" is the sum of electrical

energy used by the plant and the energy content of the fuel
l
TABLE VI
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE FOR SCHEMES PROPOSED
Drying Scheme 'ress Energy Input Energy Consumed Net Energy Output Efficiency,
Type ype Btu/yr x 109 Btu/yr x 109 Btu/yr x 109 X
DR 10015 2792 7223 72.12
Rotary Steam Tube Dryer EX 10018 2795 7223 72.10
RR 10023 2800 7223 72.06
DR 10072 1134 8938 88.74
Fluidized Bed Dryer EX 10076 1138 8938 88.71
RR 10080 1142 8938 88.67
DR 10011 1342 8669 86.59
Indirect Heat Calcitier EX 10014 1345 8669 86.57
RR 10019 1350 8669 86.53
Indirect-Direct DR 10011 844 9167 91.57
Heat Calciner EX 10014 847 9167 91.54
RR 10019 . 852 9167 91.50
DR 10015 818 9197 91.83
Flash Dryer EX 10018 821 9197 91.80
RR 10023 826 9197 91.76
Case II: 1.5 MMTPY Mined

DR 15021 4147 10874 72.39
Rotary Steam lube Dryer EX 15026 4152 10874 72.37
RR 15033 4159 10874 72.33
DR 15107 1692 13415 88.88
Fluidized Bed Dryer EX 15112 1697 13415 88.77
RR 15118 1703 13415 88.74
DR 15015 1986 13029 86.77
Indirect-Heat Calciner EX 15020 1991 13029 86.74
RR 15027 1998 13029 86.70
Indirect-Direct . DR 15015 1258 13757 91.62
Heat Calciner EX 15020 1263 13757 91.59
RR 15027 1270 13757 91.55
DR 15033 1231 13802 91.81
Flash Dryer EX 15037 1235 13802 91.79 o
RR 15044 1242 13802 91.74
l
l Page 43
l burned. The balance, or "Net Energy Output", is the sum
*.
l of the energy contents of finished briquettes and sur- X

plus "as-mined", fuel-grade lignite. In Case I, the
l "Net Energy Output" has the following composition in the

four most attractive schemes:
l "As-mined"
l Scheme Using Briquettes

(tons)
Surplus
(tons)

Calciner
(b) Fluidized Bed. Dryer
437,500 209,600
l (c) Indirect Heat Calciner

(d) Flash Dryer
437,500
437,500
437,500
184,000
154,000
213,000
l
l
l CASE II; 1.5 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l CAPITAL COSTS
l In order of increasing capital costs, the five schemes

are arrayed as follows:
l Scheme Using Capital Cost Range $ x
2. Fluidized-Bed Dryer
9.90
9.94
to
to
12.26
12.30
l 3. Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner

4. Rotary Steam Tube nryer
13.19
18.59
to
to
15.55
20.95
l 5. Flash Dryer 25.94 to 28.30
l
l
l Page 44
l OPERATING COSTS
In order of increasing annual operating costs, the

l schemes are arrayed
Annual Operating
l Scheme Using Cost Range $ x 10^

2. Indirect-Heat Calciner
2.34 to 2.48
2.56 to 2.70
l 3. Flash Dryer
4. Fluidized Bed Dryer
2.78 to 2.92
2.90 to 3.04
4.08 to 4.22
l
l ENERGY CONSUMPTION
l In order of increasing annual energy consumption, the
l array is
Scheme Using
Annual Energy
Consumption Btu x
l 1. Flash Dryer 1,231.0 to 1,242.0

3. Fluidized-Bed Dryer
1,258.0 to 1,270.0
1,692.0 to 1,703.0
1,986.0 to 1,998.0
4,147.0 to 4,159.0
l depending on the briquetting method cho.sen,
l
l On a position-weighted basis, the schemes can be arranged
in order of decreasing benefit, as follows:
l
l
l Scheme Using
Page 45
^
Position-Weighted Score
l Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 6
\
l Indirect-Heat Calciner
Fluidized-Bed Dryer
7
9
l Plash Dryer
Rotary Steam Tube Dryer
9
14
l
l Again, as in Case I above, only the rotary steam tube
drying scheme can be eliminated from further considera
tion at this time; some evaluation of the remaining
l schemes, in which the capital, operating, and energy con

servation aspects of the project are placed in a realis
l tic perspective, would be necessary to come up with a

final choice.
l
l Capital Costs
Comments applicable to Case I are valid in Case II as

l well.
l It will be noticed that, on a position-weighted basis,

the fluidized-bed dryer scheme has moved to third place
l from second in Case I. This reflects the necessity of

installing two fluidized-bed dryers to handle the evap
l orative loads of Case II.
l OPERATING COSTS
l All comments regarding operating costs for Case I above

apply equally to Case II.
l
l
l
l Page 46
Fuel use for each of the four most attractive schemes in

^
l Case II is shown below:
l Annual
Fuel
Lignite
Raw Lignite Used
As
Residual
for
l Scheme Using Available
(tons)
Fuel
(tons)
Sale
(tons)

Calciner 450,000 134,800 315,200
l (b) Indirect-Heat Calciner
(c) Fluidized Bed Dryer
450,000
450,000
215,700
172,800
234,300
277,200
l (d) Flash Dryer 450,000 129,800 320,200
l Energy Consumption
l Discussion on "Energy Consumption" for Case I applies to

Case II as well, with the exception that "Net Energy Out
l put" is distributed as follows:
l Scheme Using
"As-mined"
l Briquettes
(tons)
Surplus
(tons)
l (a)
(b)
Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner
Indirect-Heat Calciner
656,250
656,250
315,200
234,300
l (c)
(d)
Fluidized-Bed Dryer
Flash Dryer
656,250
656,250
277,200
320,200
l
l
l
l
l Page 47
l
GENERAL
MATERIAL BALANCES (approximate)
Dried Moisture R.O.M. Surplus Total

H Product Evaporated Fuel R.O.M. R.O.M.
l Operation TONS/YR. TONS/YR. TONS/YR. TONS/YR. TONS/YR.
l CASE I: 1.0 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l l
Indirect-Direct
l Heat Calciner 437,500 262,500 90,400 209,600 1,000,000
b)
l Fluidized Bed
Dryer 437,500 262,500 116,000 184,000 1,000,000
l Indirect-Heat
Calciner 437,500 262,500 146,000 154,000 1,000,000
I d)
- Flash Dryer 437,500 262,500 87,000 213,000 1,000,000
CASE II: 1.5 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l a)
p Indirect-Direct
Heat Calciner 656,250 393,750 134,800 315,200 1,500,000
l Fluidized-Bed
l Dryer 656,250 393,750 172,800 277,200 1,500,000
* c)
Indirect-Heat
I Calciner 656,250 393,750 215,700 234,300 1,500,000
d)
l Flash Dryer 656,250 393,750 129,800 320,200 1,500,000
1
l Page 48
l
THERMAL VALUE OF R.O.M. SURPLUS St BRIQUETTED PRODUCTS
l
l R.O.M.
Briquettes Surplus Total
Operation . Btu .x 10* ...)
l
l CASE l: 1.0 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l a) Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner 7, 280 1 ,886 9 ,166

b) Fluidized Bed Dryer 7, 280 1 ,656 8 ,936
l c) Indirect-Heat Calciner l, 280 1 ,386 8 ,666
d) Flash Dryer 7, 280 1 ,917 9 ,197
l
l CASE II: 1.5 MMTPY raw lignite mined
l a)
b)
Fluidized Bed Dryer
10, 920
10, 920
2 ,837
2 ,495
13 ,757
13 ,415
c) Indirect-Heat Calciner 10, 920 2 ,109 13 ,029
l d) Flash Dryer 10, 920 2 ,882 13 ,802
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1 Page 49
1 *
1 SAMPLE CALCULATION OF PRODUCT COST
Processes Selected: Flash Drying 6 Ring Roll Briquetting
1 Mine Capacity: 1.5 MMTPY raw lignite mined.

Capital Costs: (from Table IV, Part A - 1980 dollars)
Drying plant plus briquetting plant - $28,300,000
1 Annual Operating Costs: (from Table IV, part B - 1980 dollars)

Combined plant operating costs 2,920,000
1 Plant Production:
Briquettes (656,250 s. t.) Btu.- 10,920 x 10 9
1 Residual R.O.M. (320,200 s. t.)

Annual Costs (Average) :
Btu.- 2,882 x 10 9
1 Operating
H.O. Ohd. 6 Admin @ 1552
Depreciation 25 yr . S.L.
- $ 2,920,000
438,000
1,132,000
1 Coal to be dried (1,050,000 tons @ $6.75)

Average interest @ 11/2 on 50/2 of debt
7,087,500
1,167,375
1 Operating profit (15/2 on 25/2 equity) after tax -

Income taxes (37/2 rate)
1,061,250
623,274
1 Product Cost:
$14,429,399
1 Plant cost of dried i briquetted product

(if Surplus R.O.M. is sold separately).
- $14,429,399
Btu.- 10,920,000xl0 6
- $1.321/MMBtu
1 Mine mouth Cost of R.O.M.
Btu.- 9.0 x 10 6
1 Combined or Average cost of sales of

- $0.75/MMBtu
- $14,429,399
1 Briquettes and R.O.M. * 6.75(320,200)

- $1.202/MMBtu
1 f .0 .b .
stockpile
1 A summary of product costs is shown in Table VII, page 50.
1
1
1
TABLE VII ^fe

W
PRODUCT UNIT COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES
1 A. Case 1-1,0 MMTPY mined B. Case II - 1.5 MMTPY mined

Dried Product Raw Lignite Combined or Dried Product Raw Lignite Combined or
Drying Alternative Cost Cost Average Cost Cost Cost Average Cost
Fluid-Bed Dryer S/MMBtu* $/MMBtu*
Press Type
Double Roll 1.14 0.75 1.07 1.08 0.75 1.02
Extrusion 1.16 .0.75 1.08 1.09 0.75 1.03
Ring Roll 1.19 0.75 1.11 1.13 0.75 1.06
'
Indirect Heat Calciner
A Press Type
Double Roll 1.12 0.75 1.06 1.05 0.75 1.00
Extrusion 1.14 0.75 1.07 1.06 0.75 1.01
Ring Roll 1.17 0.75 1.11 1.09 0.75 1.04

Press Type
Double Roll 1.16 0.75 1.08 1.07 0.75 1.00
Extrusion 1.18 0.75 1.09 1.08 0.75 1.01
Ring Roll 1.21 0.75 1.12 1.11 0.75 1.04
Flash Dryer
Press Type
Double Roll 1.31 0.75 1.20 1.28 0.75 1.17
Extrusion 1.33 0.75 1.2) 1.29 0.75 1.18
Ring Roll , 1.37 0.75 1.24 1.32 0.75 1.20 Jji
00
(t
Ul
o
' * R.O.M. lignite @ 9 x 106 Btu/s.t.
Dried and Briquetted lignite @ 16.64 x 106 Btu/s.t.
li
l
l Page 51
t
l SUMMARIZING COMMENTS
The present study is intended to provide an order of magni

l tude economic examination of alternative methods of drying
and briquetting Onakawana lignite. It offers no precise
l technical opinion on whether a particular method described

can indeed be used in the Onakawana application; this can
l be determined only after tests and proper feasibility stud

ies. Instead, the study offers estimates of "probable cost"
l for beneficiation plants comprising drying and briquetting

elements of various types.
l Five methods of lignite drying and three methods of briquet
l ting were examined. Operating costs developed were found to

be relatively insensitive to the type of briquetting used;
l the primary factor was the drying aspect of the operation.
l Four drying schemes have been selected as primary processes

for drying and briquetting plants. These alternatives are
l as follows:
l a) Fluidized bed drying
l b)
c)
Indirect-direct-heat drying
Flash drying
l d) Indirect-heat drying
l The fifth, that using rotary steam tube dryers, was removed
from consideration because of relatively high capital costs,
l high operating costs, and poor overall energy utilization.
l Both the flash dryer and the indirect-direct heat dryer have
l
l
l Page 52
*
l been seen to offer attractive energy economies; however, the

indirect-direct heat dryer utilizes an unproven, albeit
simple, modification. The fluidized-bed dryer and indirect-
l direct calciner have slightly higher energy consumption, but

attractively low capital costs; performance levels for the
l Onakawana application remain open to question. The flash

dryer possesses excellent energy economy and is relatively
l well-proven for Onakawana type applications; however, its

capital cost is high, and operating costs are only slightly
l lower than those of a fluidized bed dryer when the units are
installed in comparable plants.
l Three briquetting methods have been examined and are assumed
l able to process dried Onakawana lignite satisfactorily.
l A typical plant layout is shown in Figure 2, on the page
l following. A typical plant flowsheet is shown in Figure

3, page 54.
l Conclusions
l
l It is concluded that four of the five drying methods con
sidered in this studv should be evaluated further.
l
l These conclusions are qualified, in that certain assumptions
have been made concerning the suitability of the methods
for the Onakawana application, and these assumptions may or
l may not be valid. It v?ould be necessary to conduct tech

nical discussions with the manufacturers of the equipment
l concerned to judge whether a particular method is applicable,

and the time constraints of the present study did not allow
l this.
.Page S3
DRYER FEED STOCKPILE
FURNACES
t l l l i 4 l l l M l l l l l
. i i i i .f Tf II BRIQUETTE FEED UUNKERS

* DRV LIGNITE LOAD -OUT
V J^ A.
BRIQUETTE STORAGE
i LOAD'OUT
FIG. 2
TECH M AIM LTD.
fcONI ___l"*"*" t 6. I'O-iH t
TM-KC
TYPICA. PLANT LAYOUT

1457-00
TYPICAL MATERIAL BALANCE
FLOW SHEET
CASE HI 1.5 MMTPY lignite mined
Flash drying scheme
320,200
R.O.M. SALES
TPY
R.O.M.
450,000 TPY
129JOO————— T0 0|
?YERS AS FUEL -|
TPY
|
1
FI ASH DRYING
R.O.M. 1,050,000 i 656,250 "*". TO "DRIED" AND/OR
1,500,000 TPY TPY BRIQUETTING TPY "DRIED A BRrOUETTED"
PLANT -** SALES
IQ
Q
tn
1 '
393,750 TPY
H eO Removed J^PI TECHMAN LTD.
•c"" NONE MAWN " L.G. FIGURE ~—— TM-110
*w June , 7S *movw
TYPICAL MATERIAL BALANCE
FLOW SHEET 1458-00

l Page 55
l *
To develop a sound, practical operating basis for plants of
l the type studied it would be necessary to conduct tests with
the material to be processed, in the equipment proposed. It
l must be stated here that such a basis would be almost a pre

requisite for government approval of this sort of develop
l ment, in that government agencies would not certify a

scheme which was not proven at least on a "pilot" scale.
l Costs of experimental programs would vary, but indications
l are that expenses of at least $35,000* would be incurred for

laboratory and pilot-scale tests, exclusive of sampling
costs, and an additional $125,000 to $140,000* would be
l required for preliminary feasibility studies, with cost
estimate and major material and equipment list '.
l It can be anticipated that similar (or greater) expenses
l would be encountered in any attempt to use untested tech

niques to process the Onakawana lignite, in the event that
I such a project were approved by government regulatory bodies.

These expenses would be incurred in start-up problems,
delays, lost production, and generally inefficient operations
l during "de-bugging" of the plant. By then, of course, the
plant would have been committed to "sink or swim" on the
l probability that operating problems could be eliminated

relatively inexpensively. If problems could not be ironed
I out, the entire plant would have to be shut down for re

design, and expenses would soar far beyond the cost of
l neglected initial research.
Clearly, research must be done to establish an operating

l basis for any drying and briquetting development proposed for
Onakawana, both to protect the owner's interests and to
l convince government regulatory agencies that the energy

resource is being exploited in the most efficient manner.
l *based on prevailing exchange rate in effect January, 7975.

l
l Page 56
I
l Recommendations
l To this end, it is recommended that:
l 1) manufacturers of briquetting equipment be consulted, on

a technical level, as to feed specifications for their
l presses, and if they so indicate, samples be sent to

them for physical briquetting tests.
l 2) manufacturers of the various types of dryers be con

l sulted, again on a technical level, as to the suit
ability of their equipment for the lignite drying
l application.
l 3) if the manufacturers contacted in 2) above give favour
l able opinions, negotiations be entered into concerning

possible product development programs in the laboratory
l and pilot facilities of selected manufacturers.
l It is further recommended that, given the time constraints

on the overall Onakawana project and the relatively well-
l developed German brown coal drying/briquetting technology,

German consultants be commissioned to perform laboratory
l and pilot-scale tests on the Onakawana lignite.
l
l
l
l
11 ' Page 57
*
REFERENCES
1
1 ( 1) Ontario Research Foundation, A Technical 6 Economic
Investigation of Northern Ontario Lignite, Ontario
1 Department of Mines Annual Report 42, Vol. XLII, part 3,

1933 (pp. 1-45).
1 ( 2) Dyer, W. S. and Crozier, A. R., Lignite b Refractory Clay

Deposits of the Onakawana Lignite Field, Ontario Depart
1 ment of Mines Annual Report 42, Vol. XLII, part 3, 1933

(pp. 46-87) .
1 (. 3) Report of meeting with Lurgi Canada officials, November
1 18, 1974, (Attachment to inter-company memorandum dated

November 21, 1974, p. 3).
1 ( 4) Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Edition,

McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1963) p. 9. 19.
1 ( 5) Terzhagi, K. and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics in Engineer
1 ing Practice, John Wiley S Sons, Inc., New York (1967).

p. 391.
1 ( 6) loc.cit. p. 20-27.
1 ( 7) ibid. p. 20. 52.
I ( 8) ibid. p. 20. 28.
1 ( 9) Lowry, H. H. , Chemistry of Coal Utilization, John Wiley

& Sons, Inc., New York (1963) p. 703.
1 (10) ibid. p. 699.
I
1
W Page 58
* REFERENCES (cont'd.)
l
l (11) Landers, W.S., Binderless Briquetting of Indian Lignite,
Proc. Internat. Briquetting Assoc., Univ. of Wyoming
M Nat. Resources Res. Inst. Info. Circular Dec. 1959,
pp.30-37 (contained in U.S. Bureau of Mines OP 460).
l (12) Anon, Upgrading of Solid Fuels, brochure supplied by

mm Lurgi Gesselschaften, Frankfurt (1970) p. 1-2, p. 1-5.
(13) Statistics Canada Service Bulletin, Cat. No. 62-006,

Vol. 3, No. 13.
M (14) loc.cit., Perry, p. 26. 24.
flj (15) Perry, J. K. , Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Edition,

McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1963) pp. 20. 25-20. 30, 20.52.
lB (16) Anon. , Formcoke by BFL Hot Briguetting, Publication
No. O 1092/8.73, Lurgi Mineraloeltechnik GmbH, Frankfurt,
l pp. 13-14.
V (17) Seeley Mudd Memorial Series, Coal Preparation, pp. 13.30-

13.31.
(18) loc.cit., Perry, p. 26.31.
l
l
l
l
l
APPENDIX
l
l
l \
l
l
--Dutt drum
Section at 'A-A* Section through ittom monlfold
rSteaai
l i•* '
WU rf *"*j ft ,-aJ
material .
ttil In hert atet
J^
' :rs "*"m-— '
l material
dltctiorgt conveyor
l
QiMio-tub* roUty diyw. (Oowral Antriet* JVan*perlaKm Ctrp.)
Figure l
Rotary Steam Tube Dryer
l
l
l
l
Start-up flock-
l
l
l
l Fluldiied-bed coil drytr. (Cevrttty tf Dtrr-Oltitr, /M.)
l Figure 2
DORR-OLIVER
Fluidized Bed Dryer
l
l
l
l
l \
l
l FAN STACKv r F AN FEED
l
l
l
DUST
COLLECTOR f FLUID BED
-y. DRYING
CHAMBER .FEED
BIN
l
DUST
BIN
l
, SETTLING
CHAMBER
l
DUST SCREW
CONVEYOR
l
AUTOMATICALLY
CONTROLLED FEED
AND DISCHARGE GATES
l
DISCHARGE VALVE
l
l BY-PASS
l
STACK
l
l Figure 3
l
HEYL k PATTERSON
Fluid Bed Dryer
l
l
l \
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Figure 4
McNALLY-PITTSBURG
Fluid Bed Dryer
l
l
l
l
l
l Furnoc* Wng
l
l
l
l Motor drive Burners Discharge chute
. Oai-fired Indirect-beat rotary ealeiner with a water-ipray extended cooler and feeder auembly. {CourHty ef BariltU-
l Figure 5
Indirect-Heat Calciner
l
l
l
l
l
l argt Crots MCtten
ifcowtag fligM*
l Figure 6
Double^bell iodirect-Ulrect rotary dryer. (Hording C*.)
l Indirect-Diroct-Heat Dryer
l
l
l
l
l
1 \
1
1 iH
j
-
1 c
J 1
h
^^^- -—^^•^.
^?
1 ^ j^^-**
***
i**1*~
1 — raw coo) kvnk*r
4tr ^ M
— cod hid mtcKonlim
yy *
^y*2 r *" — (had Itirnoci tor dryinf cod
1 ^^
-- X
**
^
— f o humin o( dritr
\
w
?
— crctoni
\
— tlKlrotlolle dull •riciftllcior
1 l"Nt; M*
— cooling *iii*l lor culviriud (*o)
^
*-.
— sulvirlMd cool hetoir
^ a/
f\
10— •wlvirisid coal hidir
-
A
s. tt *^ finn*! wu vri^wvfiing privi
11 ^M rUlA^PAll brlAUAHtlkA Afm**
c ^
•** •^ ^ ^ It — fcrlavift* coAviyor
* f'
a
r
V V" 4/
f X
1
p
^^
^H P"
y
^^ ~
^
S.V W ,
'' 1 ~-^ ^^y
1 u" 1 *v1
1 f^^***^ m. lmm
Diagram ofx. Lurei flaih-dryine. pulverizing, and ring-roll briquetting plant for brown coal.
•J '
* Figure
LURGI
1 Flash Dryer in conjunction with Ring-roll briquetting press)
1
1
1
1
1
C-E RAYMOND FI^^SH DRYNQ
SYSTEM rt* COAL.
Figure 8
C-E RAYMOND
Flash Dryer
l APPENDIX
l DRYING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
l 1. General American Transportation Corp,

120 S. Riverside Plaza
Chicago, Illinois 60606
l 2.
Tel: 312 - 621-6200
Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
l Havemayer Lane
Stamford, Connecticut
Tel: 203 - 348-5871
06904
l 3. Heyl 6 Patterson, Inc.

Seven Parkway Center
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15220
l Tel: 412 - 922-3300

TWX: 710 - 664 - 4226
l 4. McNally - Pittsburg, Inc.

Third S Walnut
Pittsburg, Kansas
Tel: 316 - 231-3000
66762
l 5. Hardinge Co., Inc.

1-83 Industrial Park
l York, Pa. 17405

Tel: 717 - 764-1161
l 6. Lurgi Canada Ltd.

100 Adelaide St. W.
Toronto, Ontario M5H 1S3
Tel: 416 - 368-5354
l 7.
Telex; 06-23227_^________
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
900 Long Ridge Road
l Stamford, Connecticut
Tel: 203 - 329-8771
06902
l BRIQUETTING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
KG Industries, Inc.
l Process Equipment Group - Berwind Corporation

10231 Higgins Road
Rosemont, Illinois 60018
l Tel: 312 - 825-8010
l
l
l
l December 15/75
l LIST OF REVISIONS
l (REVISION #3)
l (1) Page 5 - paragraph l - alteration of total reserves

figure to 190 MM tons to reflect new information;
l deletion of out-dated 'economically recoverable' re

serves figure of 145 MM tons.
l (2) Table I - Proximate Analysis - figures changed as
l follows: "Moisture
Ash
46.00!?
11.28
l Volatiles 21.50
Fixed Carbon 21.22
100.00
l Caloric value 4900 Btu/lb", to conform with

new information.
l (3) Page 27 - paragraph "Operating Bases" -added "Feed
l stock value $6.75/ton" to complete the operating

information listed.
i (4) Page 32 - paragraph 2, line 10 - word change - "given"

changed to "give".
i (5) Page 40 - paragraph 2 - changed to read "Fuel costs
l have been assumed at $4.00 per ton for lignite burned

in the plant; feedstock lignite has been valued at
i 56.75 per ton. These are assumed direct mining cost

figures only and with field overheads assigned only to
i the lignite available for sale. These costs may be

substantially increased when mining equipment amortiza
tion costs and other indirect costs are added."
i (6) Page 49 - spelling error - "riquettes and R.O.M."
i changed to "Briquettes and R.O.M.",

\\ 42 l12NE8382 83.1-56 GARDINER 020
ONTARIO
DIVISION OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL BRANCH
Open File Report

5111
Onakawana Lignite Area

District of Cochrane
J.R. Trusler and others
1974
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the

Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference to
this report be made in the following from:
Trusler, J.R., and others
1974: Onakawana Lignite Area, District of Cochrane;
Ontario Div. Mines, OFR5111, 334p., and 7 maps.
SECTION A
Progress Report on Onakawana Lignite-Fireclay Deposits,

District of Cochrane, 1973, by J.R. Trusler
SECTION B
Drill Records
SECTION C
Correspondence, Documents, and Drill Hole Logs
SECTION D
The Onakawana Lignite Deposit

Report of the Fuel Commission of Ontario
March 15, 1944
Table of Contents
SECTION A
Progress Report on Onakawana Lignite-Fireclay Deposits,
District of Cochrane, 1973, by J.R. Trusler
Page
Summary l
Introduction 2
Tonnage Calculations 3
Recommendations 7
List of Maps (not included in OFR 5111) 8
SECTION B
Drill Records
"C" - Series, Drill Hole C-l to C-20 1-29
"B" - Series, Bore Hole No.l to B-182 30-211
Total 211 pages
SECTION C
Correspondence, Documents, and Drill Hole Logs
Correspondence, Statements of Expenses, Statements
of Work Performed 1-27
Samples and Testing 28
Report of Analyses 31
Key Map 42
Plan Showing Location of Drill Holes 43
Drill Hole Logs 44
Total 61 pages
- 111-
SECTION D
The Onakawana Lignite Deposit

Report of the FUel Commission of Ontario
March 15, 1944
Page
Introduction
Preface l
General Character of the Deposit 4
Properties of Raw Lignite 7
Properties of Processed Lignite 7
Northern Ontario Fuel Market 8
The Railway Market 9
The Industrial Problem 10
The Domestic Problend 11
Experimental Development 14
Nature and Extent 14
Commercial Development 15
Preface 15
Mining Costs 15
Hogg Report November 1932 16
Estimated Mining Cost 16
Gerow Report February 1942 16
Estimated Mining Cost ' 16
Processing Costs 16
Commercial Development 17
Estimated Selling Price at Consuming Centres 18
Summary 19
Appendix A 19
Appendix B
Appendix B
Appendix D
Appendix E
~ IV-
List of Maps
Master Explorations Limited, Onakawana Lignite Deposit.
2 Maps, scale l inch to 800 feet.
Onakawana Lignite Development, East and South-West Fields,
Surface Plan. Scale l inch to 200 feet.
Onakawana Lignite Field, Eastern Section, Ratio Map.
Scale l inch to 200 feet.
Onakawana Lignite Deposit, Drill Hole Location Map. Scale
l inch to 800 feet.
Onakawana Lignite Development, District of Cochrane, Ontario.
Scale l inch to 400 feet. To accompany Ontario Fuel
Commission Report.
Location Plan, scale l inch to 60 miles. To accompany Ontario
Fuel Commission Report.
- V-
Progress Report on
Onakawana Lignite-Fireclay Deposits
District of Cochrane
by
J.R. Trusler
1973
l
l 42 1 1 2NEe382 83 . 1 -56 GARD l NER
030
l
l
l
ONAKAWANA DEVELOPMENT LIMITED
l ONAKAWANA PROJECT
l LIGNITE MINE AND POWER PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Engineering Feasibility Study and Economic Analysis
l VOLUME I SUMMARY
l
l Signed:
D ,4 Clarke ^""
1 Thermal Power Consultant
D. Creamer
l Senior Studies Specialist
l H. W. S. Marshall
lI Vice-President and
Manager, Engineering Division
l Report 5366-4-73
l
October 1973
l
l
l 42M2NE0302 63. l-56 GARDINER
Volume l
030C
t Report 5366-4-73
l TABLE OF CONTENTS
l INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
l STUDY AUTHORIZATION AND SCOPE
l 4
METHODOLOGY AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIGNITE RESERVES AND THE MINING PROPOSAL
l THE POWER PLANT CONCEPT
5. l Plant Capacity
l 5. 2 Type of Power Plant
5. 3 Environmental Effects
5.4 The Construction Schedule
l
6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
B 6. l Building the Project

6. 2 Manning the Project
6. 3 Economic and Social Impact of the Project
f
COSTS
l 7. l Basis of Estimated Costs

7. 2 Capital Costs of the Power Plant
7. 3 Mining Costs
l 7.4 Cost of Power Produced by the Power Plant
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION

l
l DRAWINGS
l
l
l Volume l
l
Report 5366-4-7^
l l INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL

—————BACKGROUND—————————————
l The Onakawana area is in Northern Ontario, about 60 miles

southwest of Moosonee and 125 miles north of Cochrane, the closest
l major town. Cochrane is a rail junction between the Canadian National

and Ontario Northland railroads. The Ontario Northland Railway
connects Cochrane and Moosonee via Onakawana, which ie not itself
l a community but only a siding on the railway. The nearest communities

are Moosonee and Fraserdale. Fraserdale is about 60 miles south of
Onakawana and is the nearest road connection. Drawing l attached
l is a map of the area.
The presence of lignite in this locality has been known since
l the 18th century, and was officially confirmed by the Geological Survey
of Canada and the Ontario Bureau of Mines by the end of the 19th century.
Lignite is a type of coal, and initially interest was directed towards mining
1 it for use as locomotive fuel. The railway was constructed to Onakawana

by 1930, and the Ontario Department of Mines and the Ontario Research
Foundation carried out a major investigation of the lignite field between
l 1928 and 1932. This investigation concluded that with the mining tech
nology then available, and in the economic conditions prevailing, mining
of the lignite was not commercially viable. The scale of operation
t
envisaged in 1932 was an annual production of 300,000 tons of lignite.
The scale of operation under consideration at this time calls for an
annual production of the order of 4, 000, 000 to 7, 000, 000 tons of lignite.
l Further exploration of the lignite field was carried out during

the war years by the Temiskaming 81 Northern Ontario Railway
l Commission, but this was abandoned in 1947. No further developments

occurred until 1966, when Alberta Coal Limited {now known as
Manalta Coal Limited) was issued an exploratory licence covering an-
l area of about 400 square miles, which included the Onakawana lignite
deposits. This Company carried out a program of exploratory drilling,
sample testing and a test pit excavation between 1967 and 1970 to
l establish probable field boundaries, reserve quantities and the quality

of the lignite
l
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l Volume I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 2
l It is pertinent here, as background to this conclusion, to
l consider briefly the characteristics of lignite which, as has been

said, is a particular form of coal. The energy contained in fuel,
and hence its value as fuel, is expressed in heat units per unit
l weight (e. g. , Btu/lb or Cal/kg). In descending order of heat content,

solid fuels range from anthracite coal, through semi-anthracite coals,
bituminous coals, sub-bituminous coals, lignites, and peat to wood.
l The coals at the top of this range are generally described as high
quality coal; and coals and lignites at the bottom of the range as low
quality coal.
l Low quality in a coal is due to a high moisture content, high

ash (non-combustibles) content, or to a combination of both these
f characteristics. However, low quality in a coal does not necessarily

mean that it is difficult or undesirable to use as fuel. In most cases,
it is quite as usable as high quality coals provided that appropriate
l techniques are used to burn it. The major disadvantage of low quality
coal is that is is expensive to transport. For example, for the same
l
heat content, it would be necessary to transport more than twice as
much Onakawana lignite by weight as would be necessary with the
American bituminous coals presently used by Ontario Hydro in their
existing thermal power plants.
1 Lignites themselves vary widely in quality as defined by heat
t
content. North American lignites have heat contents of the order of
6000 to 7000 Btu/lb. This ranks them as high quality lignite, almost
equivalent on the coal quality ranking scale to sub-bituminous coal.
European and other overseas lignites, however, are generally of
i lower quality, ranging down to as low as 1800 Btu/lb. Onakawana -

lignite, with its heat content of the order of 5000 Btu/lb, is presently
unique in North America, ranking as a low grade lignite by North
i American standard, but as a high grade lignite by European standards.
i
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t Report 5366-4-73
Page 3
t Over the last two decades, the use of lignite in North America
t as a fuel for generation of electricity has greatly increased. Because

of the relatively low heat content of even North American lignites,
about half that of bituminous coal, the initial trend was to place the
l power plants immediately adjacent to the lignite mine to avoid the

cost of transporting the lignite. An example in Canada is the
Boundary Dam power plant at Estevan in Saskatchewan. Other
t mine-mouth power plants in Alberta are fuelled by sub-bituminous

coal of only slightly higher quality. However, in the light of the
changing world energy situation, concern for the environment
i (lignites usually are low in sulphur content), escalating demand for

electrical power and advances in mining, transport and combustion
technologies, there are already many instances in the United States
i where lignite is being, or will be, transported long distance to serve

as fuel for the generation of electricity.
t It is relevant here also to consider certain constraints that

exist related to using coals as fuel in large boilers for the purpose of
generating electricity. These are:
l a) Boilers designed and constructed to burn a high quality

coal, such as American bituminous coal, cannot burn a
t lower quality coal, such as, say, Saskatchewan lignite,

except at semi-prohibitive costs in the shape of increased
maintenance, reduced capacity and availability, if in fact
l b)
they can burn the lower grade fuel at all.
In general (this is not always true), boilers designed
i and constructed for a low quality coal can burn a

higher quality coal without undue difficulty. For
example, a boiler designed for a high quality lignite
i (such as Saskatchewan lignite) could probably burn,

or be designed to burn if desired, bituminous coal.
i c) In general, a boiler designed and constructed to burn

a low quality lignite (say Onakawana lignite) will
probably be able to burn, or could be designed to burn
i if desired, a higher quality lignite (e. g. , Saskatchewan

lignite). It may not be practical, however, for such a
boiler to burn bituminous coal.
i
i
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l Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
M Page 4
l The relevance of these constraints to consideration of the
t
Onakawana Project is:
i) existing bituminous coal-fired power plants in Ontario
l
will never be able to use successfully lignite as fuel,
whether this should be Onakawana lignite or any other
Canadian lignite:
f ii) a power plant designed and constructed to burn

Onakawana lignite should be able successfully to burn
f
any other Canadian lignite if required to do so.
l
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Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page 5
2____STUDY AUTHORIZATION AND SCOPE
Through 1971-72, discussions took place between Manalta Coal

Limited (and subsequently its affiliated company, Onakawana Development
Limited), the Ontario Government and Ontario Hydro on the prospects
for developing the Onakawana lignite field as a source of fuel for a thermal
power plant to feed the Ontario Hydro power system. In the summer
of 1972, the three parties decided upon an in-depth feasibility study of
what has become known as the Onakawana Project, encompassing both
lignite mining and power generation. The Shawinigan Engineering Company
Limited (SECO) of Montreal, in conjunction with the John T. Boyd Company
(Boyd), Mining Engineers, Pittsburg, submitted, in October 1972, a
proposal to execute this study, which proposal was formally accepted in
December 1972. By agreement between the three contracting parties
(the Ontario Government, Ontario Hydro and Onakawana Development
Limited), Onakawana Development Limited was designated as Project
Manager for the study, and it is to them that this report is directed.
The scope of the study was defined as:
a) To estimate the quantity, quality, and cost of production

of the lignite that could be made available as fuel for a
power plant situated on or adjacent to the lignite field.
b) To determine the capacity and type of power plant best

suited to utilize this lignite as fuel.
c) To determine the effect upon the environment of the

construction and operation of the mining facilities and
power plant, if built.
d) To estimate the capital and operating costs of the power

plant.
e) To determine what special restrictions, if any, might

apply to production of power from the power plant
(due, for example, to the type of fuel, remoteness of
the site, climatic conditions).
f) To estimate the cost of power that could be produced from

the power plant.
l
l Volume I
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 6
l Essentially, the study work in respect of mining, as defined in
l
item a) above, was undertaken by Boyd, acting in the capacity of sub-
consultant to SECO.
l The study terms of reference are specific, and confine the scope
of work to producing:
i i) an assessment of the technical feasibility of mining the

lignite and its use as fuel to generate electricity in a
power plant at the mine site;
l ii) an assessment of the effects upon the environment of such

a mine and power complex, if constructed;
l iii) an estimate of the cost of electrical power that would be

produced by such a power plant.
f
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Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page 7
3____METHODOLOGY AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During the summer of 1972, additional exploratory drilling

and sample testing were carried out by Onakawana Development, and
the data obtained has been studied and collated by Boyd in this report.
Mining studies concentrated initially on an assessment of lignite
quantity and quality to assist in early determination of power plant
capacity and the selection of a suitable type of boiler.
Initial power plant studies concentrated on selection of an

appropriate power plant capacity and a review of lignite combustion
technology. In connection with the latter, representatives of SECo,
Ontario Hydro and Onakawana Development visited Greece and West
Germany in November, 1972. Visits were made to various power
plants burning lignites similar to, and of lower grade than, the
Onakawana lignite, and discussions were held with various European
manufacturers of the lignite-fired boilers concerned.
Subsequent work included special concentration upon probable

environmental effects of the complex proposed, with particular reference
t© water resources. In May 1972, the Ontario Government, through
the agency of the Provincial Secretary for Resources Development,
had established "Task Force Onakawana" to prepare a preliminary
statement of the environmental impact of the proposed project. The
Task Force Report was published in February, 1973, and its contents
have been freely consulted and used in the preparation of this report.
This study is indebted to the cooperation and assistance of

many individuals and organizations. In particular, it is desired to
acknowledge the assistance received from: -
The Ministry of National Resources of the Ontario Government.
The Ministry of the Environment of the Ontario Government.
The Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario.
Ontario Northland
Onakawana Development Limited (and Manalta Coal Ltd).

l
l
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Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page 8
l
l
The contents of this report are the considered opinions of
SECO and Boyd and, except where specifically noted, are not
necessarily shared by the parties acknowledged above.
l The complete study report is presented in four volumes:
l
Volume I - Summary, this volume is complete in itself and
contains a brief description of the Onakawana Project and the
principal conclusions reached by the study.
l Volume II - Technical Report, arranged in seven major sections

covering:
l 1 Introduction
t
2 The Mine (summary only)
3 Power Plant Concept (overall design review)
l 4 Plant Systems Design (detailed design statement of

power plant components)
t 5 Supplementary Studies (on construction, operation,

environmental effects, etc)
A 6 Costs
7 Discussion
l Volume III - Power Plant Appendices, supplementary background
l
information accompanying the technical report.
Volume IV - Mining Study Report, the complete study report as
l
prepared by John T. Boyd Company.
l
l
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Volume l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 9
4_____LIGNITE RESERVES AND THE MINING PROPOSAL
The mining studies determined that the Onakawana lignite

deposits are located in three distinct mineable areas, referred to
as the Main, East and Portage fields, constituting an area of some
17 square miles. The Main Field area and the proposed power
plant are shown in Drawing No. 2 attached, which also indicates
their relationship to the railway and the rivers in the area.
Two main seams of lignite are present, the lower over the
whole mineable area, and the upper in a lesser area. Both seams
vary widely in thickness between four feet {assumed as the minimum
recoverable thickness) and as much as 58 feet. The average thick
ness is about 15 feet. The lignite.outcrops in the bank of the
Abitibi River. Overburden thickness varies from 66 feet to 160
feet.
Proven recoverable reserves (estimation accuracy H^Sô) are

estimated as about 96 to 106 million tons. Partially proven
recoverable reserves (estimation accuracy ;f20ô) are estimated
as about 56 to 83 million tons. Probable recoverable reserves
(estimation accuracy j^SOô) are estimated as about nine to 28 million
tons. Overall, it is estimated that the average recoverable lignite
available for a power plant should be about 189 million tons from a
total in-place quantity of about 221 million tons.
The method of mining proposed is that of strip-mining, a

mining technique in common use in North America in general, and
in Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada in particular. Overburden
is removed by large electric-powered draglines. Exposed lignite
is excavated by electric-powered shovels, and is hauled to the
power plant by diesel-powered bottom-dump trucks.
The mining operation proposed is, in terms of annual production,

extremely large by both Canadian and American standards. The physical
layout of the lignite seams and the site conditions pose considerable
problems to mining. These circumstances have been fully recognized
in the mining plan devised and a conservative approach was adopted with
the use of mining equipment with a record of proven operating experience.
l
l Volume I
t
Report 5366-4-73
Page 10
l Environmental considerations are reflected in plans to collect
l surface water run-off and pit water from the mine area, for routing
to sedimentation ponds for treatment before discharge into adjacent
rivers. The plans also call for continuous reclamation of mined-out
l areas as mining progresses, and envisage contoured grading of the

spoil heaps to minimize erosion, and revegetation by fertilization
and seeding.
t It is anticipated that mined-out areas, when they have been

reclaimed as planned, may constitute an environment superior to
l that which exists at present. This is because the area will then have
topographical relief, be better drained, and because the planned
mixing of overburden and organic material will provide a better
l growth medium for trees and other vegetation than the present
muskeg.
t
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Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page ll
THE POWER PLANT CONCEPT
5. l Plant Capacity
Essentially, there are two main constraints that govern the

capacity of the power plant. These are the quantity of lignite available,
and the practical considerations of transmitting the power generated
to the Ontario Hydro system to the south. Both these constraints
indicate a preferred power plant capacity of about l, 000 MW. Except
in Ontario, this is a thermal power plant capacity larger than pre
sently exists anywhere else in Canada. It is, however, a relatively
small thermal power plant capacity by Ontario Hydro standards.
The study considers two extreme modes of operation of the

proposed power plant. In one mode, as a base load plant, it would
be operated to full practicable capacity continuously for the whole
life of the plant. Operated in this mode, the plant would consume
about 6. 9 million tons of lignite per annum, and the estimated
reserves at the mine would last about 27 years. In the other extreme
mode (termed 2-shifting, i. e. operation for 16 hours a day, 5 days
a week), the plant would consume about 3. 8 million tons of lignite per
annum, and the estimated reserves at the mine would last about 50
years.
The economic or accounting life of a thermal power plant is

usually taken as 30 years, although it is prudent to consider that such
plants may have to be operated for a longer period. However, no
such plant is ever likely, in practice, to be required to operate con
tinuously in the base-load mode of operation for the whole of its
useful life, and to the extent that the proposed Onakawana power plant
departed during its useful life from this extreme mode of operation,
so would the life of the estimated lignite reserves be extended. On
this practical basis, it is considered, therefore, that the proposed
power plant capacity is a reasonable match for the estimated recover
able reserves of lignite.
There are several hydro power plants in the general area of

Onakawana, i. e. Kipling, Harmon, Little Long and Otter Rapids.
Power generated by these plants, a total of some 550 MW, is collected
by means of 230 kV power lines and brought to a substation at Pinard,
t
l Volume l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 12
t near Fraserdale, From Pinard, a single 500 kV power line carries
t the power to Hanmer substation, in the Sudbury area, where this

power feeds the main Ontario transmission grid.
l Pinard is about 55 miles from Onakawana, and the "construction

of a thermal power plant at Onakawana will require at least a second
500 kV power line from Hanmer to Pinard, and the extension of both
l the existing line, and the new line, from Pinard to Onakawana. These
two 500 kV circuits from Hanmer to Pinard and Onakawana would be
adequate to cope with the hydro generation in the area plus a 1000 MW
l (nominal) thermal power plant at Onakawana. A third 500 kV line

from Hanmer to the Onakawana area would, however, be under
l
utilized unless the thermal power station capacity was increased to
an extent that the estimated lignite reserves would not be adequate to
support.
l In this report, therefore, a power plant gross capacity of

1020 MW has been selected. Allowing for the mining load, the
l
auxiliary loads of the power plant itself, and possible other local
loads in the area, this plant would generate 900 MW for transmission
south from the area.
l 5. 2 Type of Power Plant
t
(a) Boiler Selection
As with the mine, the concept of the power plant has been
l
based upon using only plant and equipment already fully proven in
commercial operation. This constraint posed no particular problems
except in the related cases of boiler selection and unit size.
l North American practice in regards to using lignite as fuel

for large boilers is based exclusively upon extrapolation of the
l
combustion techniques successfully developed to burn bituminous
and semi-bituminous coals. These extrapolated combustion tech
niques have been applied with reasonable success to burning North
l
American lignites. It is a matter of opinion at this time whether
these techniques can be still further extrapolated to burn successfully
Onakawana lignite, which has a moisture content about lOô greater
l
than the highest moisture content of North American lignites.
The three major Canadian manufacturers of large boilers
t
were consulted on this point. Two agreed with the authors of this
l
l
l
Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page 13
l report that to extend North American combustion techniques to
l
encompass burning Onakawana lignite would likely result in a boiler
expensive and difficult to maintain, and unreliable in operation. The
third contended that that extrapolation of existing North American
l
techniques could be used successfully to burn Onakawana lignite.
However, this contention could not be supported by direct evidence
such as actual operating experience.
l Representatives of three European boiler manufacturers,

who were also consulted upon this point, were unanimous in con
t
tending that any attempts to extrapolate North American combustion
techniques to burn Onakawana lignite would not be successful.
l
The point at issue was an important one, because the cost
of a boiler using an extrapolation of North American combustion
techniques was estimated at only about 607o of the cost of a boiler
l
using the combustion techniques developed in Europe to burn lignite.
This difference in cost could amount to over $30 million in the case
of the proposed Onakawana power plant. However, to satisfy the
l
criteria of avoiding the use of any unproven equipment designs or
techniques in the concept of the power plant, the decision was made
to base the design concept upon a boiler using the European design
l
approach. Although the European design approach was selected,
manufacture of the boiler would still be done in Canada since commer
cial arrangements can be made by the manufacturers involved to
t
gain access to European technology.
The crux of this matter is the higher moisture content of
l
Onakawana lignite compared to North American lignites. North
American combustion techniques for burning coal use air to dry the
coal or lignite in the pulverizing mills before it is fed to the burners.
l The European combustion technique, developed.for use with fuels

with even substantially higher moisture content than Onakawana
lignite, uses flue gas for this purpose. This European technique
l does result in a much larger and more expensive boiler, but equally
appears to offer an availability and reliability in operation on low
grade coals such as lignite fully equal, if not superior, to that offered
l by conventional boilers in North America burning high grade coal.
l
l
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l Volume I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 14
l The decision to consider European practice only in the design
l
of a boiler led to consideration of appropriate unit size. The choice
lay between two units, each of about 500 MW net output, or three
units, each of about 300 MW net output. Two units would be less
l costly than three units. However, it was ascertained that while many
600 MW units were on order or under construction to the European
design, there was as yet no proven operating experience with units of
l this capacity. On the other hand, there are many units to the
European design in the 300 MW size class with many years of proven
satisfactory operation.
l Therefore, to satisfy the criteria of considering only designs

proven in commercial operation, the smaller size unit was adopted
t in the concept of the power plant for Onakawana. This has the added
advantages that the overall availability of a 3-unit station can be
expected to be better than that of a 2-unit station, and the smaller
l units may be easier to transport to, and erect at, a relatively remote
site such as Onakawana.
l (b) Cooling Water Supplies
The obvious method of providing cooling water for a thermal
l power plant at Onakawana would be to draw this water from the

Abitibi River and return it to the river. In considering this, however,
three main points arose.
l The first was the irregular flow of this river due to operation
of the Otter Rapids hydro plant upstream. To ensure adequate supply
l of cooling water at all times to the thermal power plant, expensive

civil works (a weir or dam on the river) were indicated, or some
regulation of the discharge from the Otter Rapids hydro plant. The
t latter was preferred, and the probable cost penalty, which appears
small, was evaluated. Incidentally, the regulation of the Otter Rapids
plant discharge that would be required would improve the environment
l downstream of the plant as it would reduce fluctuations in river flow.
The second point was the question of ice formation in the
l river, and lack of data on this point. There are rapids situated in
the Abitibi River some 15 miles upstream from Onakawana.
l
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l
l Volume i
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 15
l In the winter, these rapids can be expected under certain conditions
l to promote the formation of frazil ice. It was questioned whether

this frazil ice would dissipate sufficiently in the stretch of river
between the rapids and Onakawana to rule out the possibility of
l blocking the inlets of any pump station providing cooling water for
a power plant at Onakawana.
l The third point concerned the environmental effects on the

river of discharging heated cooling water from the power plant into
the river.
l Because of the difficulty, or even impossibility, of resolving

satisfactorily these three points in the time available, it was decided
t to make the base concept of the power plant include the use of a
cooling pond. This was done because such a concept could be
designed and costed without the uncertainties attendant upon the
l alternative of direct cooling from the river, even though the cooling
pond concept is more expensive in capital cost and slightly reduces
the thermal efficiency of the power plant.
l (c) Plant Reliability
l As described above the design concept for the power plant

was based on the adoption, wherever possible, of proven solutions
to technical problems. As a result, the potential restrictions on
l the plant reliability and operational flexibility have been overcome

and the plant now proposed is considered to offer reliability and
l
flexibility of operation comparable to that associated with a conven
tional bituminous coal-fired power plant.
l
5. 3 Environmental Effects
The report includes (in Volume II) a summary of the known
l
or potential effects on the environment of the project. This description
should not be interpreted as comprising a complete "Environmental
Impact Statement". As commonly used, this term implies a more
l
detailed and exhaustive study of the ecology of the area than was
included in the terms of reference for this study. The recommenda
tions of Task Force Onakawana in this field have been noted and, in
l
most aspects accepted.
l
l
l
l
Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
Page 16
l Environmental effects are described under three somewhat
t arbitrary headings -- air, water and land. It should be noted that

the Onakawana area is at present put to almost no human use. There is
no permanent habitation nearby, and it is believed that only inter
l mittent trapping, fishing and canoeing parties ever visit the site.
Therefore the immediate physical, as opposed to socio-economic,
effect of the project on man should be minimal.
l (a) Air Quality - the use of efficient boiler combustion

techniques, highly efficient electrostatic precipitators
l (to trap fly ash or dust emitted), and a high plant stack
results in adequate control of the plant emissions.
The resulting effect on local air quality is considered
l to meet present air quality standards.
l
(b) Water Quality - the adoption of a cooling pond reduces
the effect of thermal pollution to an insignificant level.
Potentially harmful effluents from both the power plant
and mine will be treated to an acceptable quality
l standard before discharge to the local rivers. The

headwaters of a small river, Medicine Creek, and the
l
lower ten miles of the Onakawana River will be lost
through diversion since both rivers flow through the
mine area. This is virtually unavoidable if mining
operations are not to be severely limited and was so
l (c)
considered by Task Force Onakawana.
Land Disturbance - the reclamation plans devised for the
l mine are comprehensive and in line with the best of

current industry practice. Although up to 10 square
l
miles of land area will be mined-out, it is considered
that, after reclamation, the land surface is likely to
offer a superior environmental habitat than that
l
presently existing.
l
l
l
l
l Volume I
l
Report 536()-4-73
Page 17
l 5. 4 The Construction Schedule
l Certain assumptions on the timing of the project were

agreed with the three contracting parties at an early stage in the
l
study. These were: -
a) a final decision (if affirmative) to proceed with
l
the project would be made by June, 1974;
b) commercial delivery of power from the first unit
l in the power plant would be scheduled to begin in

October, 1979;
l c) commercial delivery of power from the second and

third units in the power plant would be scheduled to
begin in six month intervals thereafter.
l It has been ascertained that this schedule is feasible provided that

certain preliminary engineering is commenced prior to the decision
l date for the project.
l
l
l
l
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l Volume I
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 18
l 6_____SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
l 6. l Building the Project
l
The ownership and management organization of the overall
project is conjecture at this time. However, because of the
remoteness of the site area from any established communities,
l
because of the limited transport facilities to the site area (rail
but no roads), and because of the lack of any existing facilities
at the site (other than a rail siding), a somewhat unusual con
l
struction plan has been assumed. This calls for the owner
organizations to be responsible for the provision of the major
temporary on-site facilities and services that will be necessary
l
during development of the mine and construction of the power
plant. These in turn would be made available at no cost (or for
a nominal fixed sum) to the various contractors who would be
l
working on site during the construction period. This organizational
concept has many advantages in a situation of this kind, and is the
same as that adopted for other projects such as the Churchill Falls
l and Nelson River developments.
The temporary site facilities referred to include accommo
l dation and messing, supply of electric power, water supply, sewage

treatment and disposal, provision of construction storage and
working areas, provision of additional rail sidings, and provision
l of an air strip. During the construction period, these facilities

will be shared by the power plant and mine, and will be used by
all contractors working on the site.
l Muchof the construction labour force is expected to comprise

workers from outside the Cochrane District. Primarily for this
l reason, a temporary camp large enough to accommodate all the

workers required has been considered necessary. However, some
of the construction labour force (locally recruited) can be expected
l to travel frequently between site and their residence community.

The capital cost estimate includes for this regular travel by rail,
and also for the move in and out of the total labour force at regular
l intervals.
l
l
l
l Volume I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 19
l To allow for the above, and to accommodate transient
l
employees, visitors, etc. , a 1200 man camp has been considered
necessary. A portion of this construction camp, with associated
catering, recreational and other facilities would be designed and
l
constructed to be converted, as construction draws to a close, to
become permanent facilities at the site for the overnight accommo
dation of operating staff.
l 6, 2 Manning the Project
l
The labour force required to operate the mine is estimated
at 250 to 340, and for the power plant at 200 to 210, depending upon
the mode of operation assigned to the plant. Add a labour force of
l
40 to 50 to operate the permanent accommodation and messing
facilities at the plant, and the total on-site labour force estimated
for the project is between 500 and 600. Depending upon the employ
l
ment policies and training programs adopted, it is possible that up
to half the labour force required might ultimately come from
Moosonee, the remainder from the Cochrane area. The Moosonee
l
Education Centre is already providing a reservoir of trained staff
suitable for many of the jobs that would be created by the Onakawana
project.
l The Task Force Onakawana Report includes the following

recommendations on the management of the project labour force,
l
and these have been adopted in-toto: '
A new "permanent" townsite community should not
l
be established at Onakawana, and working conditions
should be such as to permit the labour force to
reside in established communities of their own choice,
l In line with the above, Onakawana should not be linked

by road with the provincial road network, but a
l
regular scheduled commuter rail service should be
provided to carry workers between Onakawana and
their place of residence.
l Preference should be given for employment to people

resident in the region and working conditions and
l training programs should be developed to accomplish

this.
l
l
l Volume I
Report 5366-4-73
l Page 20
l For evaluation purposes, the residence communities were
l assumed to be Moosonee and Cochrane. Fraserdale was considered

as an alternative to Cochrane but rejected as being a rather small
and artificial community (a so-called "company town"). A method
l of operation involving 12-hour work days, based on successful

precedents in similar situations, has therefore been worked out.
Essentially, the working week would be limited to 3 or 4 days, with
l correspondingly long off-duty periods. Maintenance staff would work

the same rota as operating staff, an arrangement that is facilitated
in a complex as large as the Onakawana Project. Cochrane-based
l staff would travel to Onakawana at the beginning of a series of shifts,

and return to Cochrane at the end of the series. Moosonee-based
staff might do the same, or elect to travel daily. Staff who stayed
l on the site during their series of shifts would use the permanent site
accommodation and messing facilities mentioned earlier.
l A rail commuter service between Cochrane, Onakawana

and Moosonee was devised and costed by Ontario Northland. With
the 12-hour work cycle proposed, and shift changes at 8:00 a.m.
l and 8: 00 p. m. , two trains would be required and a typical daily

schedule would be: -
l TRAIN A
leave Cochrane 4:30 a.m.

TRAIN B
leave Moosonee 6: 15 a.,m.
l arrive Onakawana 7:30 a. m.

leave Onakawana
arrive Moosonee
8:30 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
arrive Onakawana
leave Onakawana
arrive Cochrane
7:30
8:30
11:30
a. m.
a. m.
a. m.
l leave Moosonee
arrive Onakawana
6: 15
7:30
p. m.
p.m.
leave Cochrane
arrive Onakawana
4:30
7: 30
p.
p.
m.
m.
l leave Onakawana
arrive Cochrane
8:30
11: 30
p.m.
p. m.
leave Onakawana
arrive Moosonee
8: 30
9:45
p.
p.
m.
m.
l To provide this service, which would be free to workers

at the complex, the Ontario Northland Railway has proposed the use
of regular diesel locomotives pulling conventional 65-seat passenger
l coaches. The alternative of using self-propelled rail cars was

considered but rejected for reasons detailed in the text of Volume II
of this report.
l
l
l
l Volume I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 21
l The annual cost of providing and operating this service was
l estimated by Ontario Northland at |900, 000 at present cost levels,

and this annual cost has been taken as an operating charge to the
project.
l 6. 3 Economic and Social Impact of the Project
l To quote from the Task Force Onakawana Report,

"It bears reiteration that the fundamental justification for approving
the development of the lignite deposits is the favourable effect that
l this might have on the economic and social well-being of the local
people, many of whom are people of Indian ancestry. " Based on
the overall job multiplier as used in the Task Force Onakawana
l Report, for every two jobs created by the complex, one additional
job should be created in local established communities, such as
Moosonee and Cochrane, serving the complex. As a result, the
l total number of permanent (over the assumed thirty-year life of

the project) jobs created is of the order of 800 to 900. The total
population increase resulting in the area will depend upon how many
l of the new work force are obtained from within the area, by absorb
ing unemployment or under employment, and this in turn will depend
upon employment policies and training programs adopted. But the
l increase should certainly exceed a thousand.
The primary economic impact during the life of the project
l will be the disposable income received by the work force on the

complex in the form of wages and salaries. Based on assumed
1973 wage and salary levels, this is assessed at about $9 million
l annually. A secondary economic impact due to wages and salaries

for secondary employment generated by the complex, for trans
portation services, and for local purchases by the complex of goods
l and services may total in excess of S3 million.annually.
The short-term economic and social impact during the
l construction period of the complex is adequately covered in the

Task Force Onakawana Report.
l
l
l
l
l Volume
l
Report
Pago ^^
l COSTS
l 7. l Basis of Estimated Costs
l All cost estimates were prepared initially on the basis of cost

levels prevailing at mid-1973. Specifically: -
l a) Estimates include the cost of all on-site services

and facilities required with the exception only of the
500 kV power lines from Onakawana to Pinard, and
i the additional 500 kV power line from Pinard to

Hanmer. The cost of the power plant switchyard,
and of a 138 kV power line from Onakawana to Otter
l Rapids (required to provide construction power and,

subsequently, for black-start capability of the plant)
are included.
l b) Estimates include for all freight costs to Onakawana,

and also for the cost of the rail commuter service
l c)
required between the site, and Cochrane and Moosonee.
Estimates do not include the cost of any additional
l facilities that may be constructed at established

communities to accommodate any population increase
resulting from the project.
l 7. 2 Capital Costs of the Power Plant
l The estimated capital cost of the power plant, which does

not vary significantly with mode of operation adopted, is about |440
million, including estimated escalation of costs until completion of
l construction in 1980. The capital cost estimate includes;
FOB works cost of equipment.
l Cost of transportation of equipment and work force

to site.
l On- site labour costs and costs of construction
l
equipment and services.
l
l
l Volume
l
Report
Pago 23
l Cost of Federal and Provincial taxes.
l Cost of supplementary facilities, including campsite

construction and operation, rail service during
l construction, etc.
Engineering, including office and field supervision,
l administration, inspection and expediting of equipment,

owner's costs, and start-up expenses.
l Cost of escalation during construction (to end of 1980).
Cost of interest during construction (at 8^0 on escalated
l cost until October l, 1979, the date of initial power

deliveries).
l Contingencies, at 10*70 of the total plant capital cost.
With escalation excluded, the capital cost of the plant in
l mid- 1973 dollars is |357 million.
7. 3 Mining Costs
l The actual production costs for the mining operation vary

year by year tending to increase during the later years as operations
l move into areas of deeper overburden more remote from the power
plant. The resulting annual costs are quoted in the Mining Study
Report. The average cash production cost over the life of the project
l is estimated as about |2. 36/ton (in mid-1973 dollars) for either of

the production rates considered. This cash cost excludes the pro
vision of the necessary initial capital investment and subsequent
l capital equipment replacements totalling about $6O million and $90

million for the two cases considered. Straight-line depreciation of
these capital amounts adds approximately $0. 50/ton to the cash
l production cost. These costs include an allowance of lOô for

contingencies.
l It was assumed for costing purposes that the mine would

be owned, developed and operated by a private company. On this
basis, the basic production costs quoted above must be supplemented
l
l
l
l Volume I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 24
l by an allowance to provide an adequate return on investment and
l corporate income taxes. A gross return on investment of 18ô

before taxes was assumed reasonable. At this figure, the total
cost of fuel delivered to the power plant, i. e. - selling price, is:
l Operating Mode Base load T wo-s bif t
l Delivered lignite cost
Equivalent fuel cost

$3. 99/ton
40.6 cents
|4. 31/ton
44 cents
l /million Btu /million Btu
l
Total expenditure on fuel $750 million |484 million
(by the power plant) over
the life of the project
l All these figures are quoted in mid-1973 dollars, and fuel

costs are averages over the life of the mine.
l 7. 4 Cost of Power Produced by the Power Plant
l
The cost of power at the exit of the power plant switchyard,
i. e, available for transmission southwards is quoted in mills/kwh
and has been calculated for the two assumed operating patterns.
l
Several power cost figures have been calculated based on various
economic assumptions regarding escalation, price structure
between the mine and the power plant, etc. The most straight
l
forward cost is one based on mid-1973 dollars with no allowance
for future escalation and this produces the following results:-
l
l
l
l
Ijt
l
l Vohime I
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 25
l Operating Mode Base load Two-shift
l Case l Case 2
(power cost in mills/kwh)
l Capacity Factor
Power Plant Capital Cost Component
l (at 1357 million)
Power Plant Operation Cost Component

5. 32 10. 52
l (at fyl2. 8 and SlO. 6 million

for Cases l and 2 respectively) 2. 13 3. 51
l Fuel Cost Component

(purchased at $3. 98 and $4. 31/ton
for Cases l and 2 respectively) 4. 62 5. 66
l Total Power Cost

(mid 1973 dollars) 12.07 19.69
l These are average figures for the life of the project. Comparable
l power costs based on dollars escalated over the life of the project
are, for Case l, 17. 64 mills/kwh, and for Case 2, 28. 38 mills/kwh.
Costs are derived on the basis of the mixture of private and public
l financing assumed in the study.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Volume
l Report
Page 26
l 8____CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
l The principal conclusions reached as a result of the study work

undertaken are considered to be:
l a) The Onakawana lignite field contains a sufficient quantity

of lignite to support the construction of a power plant
l with an installed capacity of the order of l, 000 MW. At

this size, the proposed power plant can make a signi
ficant contribution to the Ontario Hydro system.
l b) The quality of the lignite as a power plant fuel is adequate

for effective combustion provided that appropriate
l c)
techniques are used in the design of the plant boilers.
There are no undue technical difficulties in the
l preparation of a design concept for either the mine or

the power plant, and the overall project is regarded
as technically feasible.
l d) As conceived by this study, the power plant is regarded

as offering reliability and flexibility of operation
l comparable to that associated with a normal bituminous

coal-fired power plant.
l e) Given proper design and control, the effect of the project

on the natural environment of the Onakawana area is
regarded as acceptable within the framework of existing
l f)
environmental guidelines and public opinion.
If managed and developed as described in this report,
l the project should generate a net social and economic

benefit for the inhabitants of Northern Ontario.
l g) The cost of energy generated by the power plant has

been assessed in a conservative manner and is in our
opinion, of the same order of magnitude as that which
l would be available from alternative thermal power

sources.
l
l
l
l Voltune I
l
Report 5^.6-4-7^
PaRo 27
l The policy of adopting proven solutions to technical problems
l has necessarily resulted in a conservative design concept for both

the mine and the power plant. This approach is reflected in the
costs quoted above. It is considered that, in general, these costs
l reflect realistic maximum figures, and in practice may be signifi

cantly reduced. This is particularly so in the case of fuel cost.
l It is now considered that, although the quoted total of 189

million tons for recoverable lignite reserves is in fact recoverable,
a significant proportion of this total may not be economically
l recoverable. A more realistic economic reserve figure would be

of the order of 145 million tons. This is still adequate to support
the 1020 MW power plant proposed but not at continuous base load
l operation throughout its life.
The assumption that the power plant would operate con
l tinuously at either a base load or two-shift operating mode is in

practical terms somewhat unrealistic and imposes a cost burden
on the mine. A detailed forecast of the role that the Onakawana
l power plant would fill in the Ontario Hydro system was outside
the scope of this study. It is considered likely, however, that the
plant would operate initially as a base load plant but at a gradually
l reducing annual capacity factor thereafter. If this is so, the

capital equipment (draglines) required for the mine can be utilized
more efficiently and a corresponding reduction in fuel cost should
l result.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l ONAKAWANA DEVELOPMENT LIMITED
l
ONAKAWANA PROJECT
LIGNITE MINE AND POWER PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Engineering Feasibility Study and Economic Analysis
l
m VOLUME II - TECHNICAL REPORT
l Signed:
D. G^Clarke .x-""""'
m Thermal Power Consultant
D. Creamer
Senior Studies Specialist
l
l
H. W. S. Marshall
Vice-President and
l Manager, Engineering Division
l Report 5366-4-73
October 1973
l
Volume II
Report 5366-1-73
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1*1 Location
1.2 Background History
1.3 Study Authorization
1.4 Purpose of the Study
1.5 Study Outline
1.6 Report Format
1.7 Acknowledgements
2. THE MINE
2.1 General
2.2 Geology and Field Description
2.3 Recoverable Reserves
2.4 Lignite Quality Characteristics
2.5, Mine Development Plans
2.6 Mining Costs
2.7 Discussion
3. POWER PLANT CONCEPT
3.1 Plant Capacity

3.1.1 Lignite Reserves and Plant Capacity Factor
3.1.2 Transmission Capability
3.1.3 Cooling Water Supply
3.1.4 Conclusion
3.2 Combustion Technology and Boiler Design
3.2.1 Onakawana Lignite
3.2.1 Lignite Combustion Practice
3.2.3 Technology Investigations
3.2.4 Criteria for Boiler Selection
3.2.5 Boiler Proposals
3.2.6 Boiler Selection
3.2.7 Unit Size
l
l TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
l 3.3 Site Selection

3.3.1 Abitibi River Sites
l 3.U
3.5
3.3.2
3.3.3
Site Layout
Onakawana Pond Site
Summary
.^team Cycle Design
l 3.6 Schedule and Cost Assumptions
l 4. PLANT SYSTEMS DESIGN

4.1 Boilers and Auxiliaries
l 4.2
4.3
Turbo-Generators
General Mechanical Plant
4.3*1
4.3.2
Condenser Circulating Water System
Condensing Plant
l 4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
Feed-Water Heating Train
Boiler Feed Pumps
Make-Up Water Treatment Plant
l 4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
Service Water System
Fire Protection System
Plant General Arrangement
l 4.3.9
4.3.10
4.3.11
Auxiliary Bay
Administration Building Annex
Air-Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation and
Combustion Make-Up Air Units
l 1.4
4.3.12 Control Room and Office
Cooling Water Supply
l 4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
General
Cooling Water Requirements
Once-Through Cooling on the Abitibi River
Onakawana Cooling Pond
l 4.5
4.4.5 Summary of Alternatives
Licrnite Handling System
l 4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
Plant Fuel Consumption
Lignite Handling Characteristics
Operating Hours and Delivery Rates
l 4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
Stock pile Requirements
Alternative Handling Systems
Description of Selected System
l 'i.6 Ash Handling System

4.6.1
4.6.2
Ash Production
Ash Disposal Methods
l 4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
Bottom Ash System
Fly Ash System
Design Considerations
l
l
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
4.7 Electrostatic Precipitators and Stack Design

l 4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Air Quality and Sulphur Dioxide Removal
4.7.3 Combustion Techniques and Nitrogen Oxide
l 4.7.4 Particle Emission and Electrostatic
Precipitators
4.7.5 Stack Emissions and Design
l 4.8 Switchyard
4.9 Electrical Equipment
4.10 Instrumentation and Controls
I 4.11 Civil Works
4.12 Plant Modifications for 2-Shift Design
l 5. SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES
5.1 Construction Plan
l 5.1.1 Transportation Access
5.1.2 Temporary Site Facilities
5.1.3 Construction Schedule
l 5.2 Plant Operation
5.2.1 Working Hours and Conditions
l 5.2.2
5.2.3
Labour Requirements
Rail Commuter Service
5.3 Plant Reliability
l
5.4 Environmental Effects
5.4.1 Air Quality
l 5.4.2
5.4.3
Water Quality
Lend Disturbance
5.4.4 Economic and Social Impact
l 6. COSTS
6.1 Basis of Estimated Costs
l 6.2 Power Plant Capital Cost
6.3 Power Plant Operating Cost
6.4 Total Project Costs
l 6.5 Cost of Energy
7. DISCUSSION
l
7.1 Conclusions
7.2 Review
l 7.3 Discussion
REFERENCES
l DRAWINGS
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
l INTRODUCTION
l 1.1 Location
The Onakawana site area is located in the Cochrane
i District of Northern Ontario approximately 60 miles south-west of

Moosonee. The Onakawana name refers to a rail siding on the
Ontario Northland Railway, and there is at present no community
l at this location. To the south, the nearest road connection and

significant settlement is at Fraserdale - a distance of about 60
miles. The closest major town is Cochrane, a rail junction
(Ontario Northland and Canadian National) 125 miles away.
l Drawing No. 1 shows the location of the Onakawana area within
Ontario, and Drawing No. 2 shows the immediate site area.
l The known lignite deposit covers an area of

approximately 10 square miles and lies between the Abitibi and
Matagami Rivers. The Onakawana River flows in a north-easterly
l direction across the eastern margin of the field. The eastern

edge of the deposit extends below the Ontario Northland Railway
and outcrops in the bank of the Abitibi adjacent to Blackstone
Rapids. At present the only access to the area is the Ontario
l Northland Railway, a single track line from North Bay to
Moosonee. In the general vicinity are several hydro-electric
power plants owned by Ontario Hydro on the Abitibi and Matagami
l Rivers to the south and west - these plants are connected by a

500 kv transmission line to the Sudbury area. The closest power
plant is at Otter Rapids, on the Abitibi 30 miles upstream from
l Onakawana.
1.2 Background History
l The presence of lignite in the general locality has

been known since the 18th century and was officially confirmed by
the Geological Survey of Canada and the Ontario Bureau of Mines
l by the end of the 19th century. A major investigation and

exploration of the potential of the lignite field was undertaken
by the Ontario Department of Mines and the Ontario Research
foundation between 1928 and 1932, the railway having been
l constructed to Onakawana in 1930. At that time the principal
market for Onakawana lignite was considered to be as locomotive
fuel. The investigations were terminated with the essential
l conclusion that Onakawana lignite was not commercially viable

under the prevailing economic conditions and with the available
technology. The mining plan conceived in 1932 envisaged mining
l some H million tons of lignite at an annual rate of 300,000 tons

and a cost of 88 cents per ton. Overburden depths were of the
order of 70 feet and the largest piece of equipment was a 6 cubic
yard stripping dragline. This description affords an interesting
l comparison with the present mining plan, and is an illuminating
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 1-2
l
l
commentary on the changes that have occurred in the last forty
years.
Further exploration and investigation work was
l undertaken by the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway

Commission during the war years but was abandoned in 1947. No
further developments occurred until 1966 when the Alberta Coal
l
Company Limited (now known as Manalta Coal Limited) was issued an
exploratory licence covering an area of 375 square miles
including the Onakawana lignite deposits. The company carried
l
out a program of exploratory drilling, sample testing and a test
pit excavation between 1967 and 1970 to establish field limits,
reserve quantities, and lignite quality characteristics.
l 1.3 Study Authorization

Through 1971-72, discussions took place between Manalta
l
Coal (and subsequently its affiliated company, Onakawana
Development Limited), the Ontario Government, and Ontario Hydro
on the prospects for developing the Onakawana lignite field.
l
These discussions were primarily orientated towards the
construction of a lignite-fuelled electric power plant at
Onakawana with power transmitted southwards for use within the
Ontario Hydro system.
l In the summer of 1972, the three parties concluded that

an outside consultant should be engaged to conduct an in-depth
l
feasibility study of the proposed Onakawana Project, encompassing
both lignite mining and power generation. The Shawinigan
Engineering Company Limited, Montreal (SECo), in conjunction with
l
John T. Boyd Company, Mining Engineers, Pittsburgh (Boyd) were
requested to submit a proposal for the study. The proposal was
submitted by SECo in October 1972 and formally accepted in
December 1972. By agreement between the three contracting
l
parties, (Onakawana Development Limited, the Government 6 Ontario
Hydro) Onakawana Development Limited were designated as Project
Managers for the study and it is to them that this report is
l
directed.
1.4 Purpose of the Study
l The proposal on which this study report

included the following statement: "The purpose
engineering study and economic analysis will be:
is based
of the
l a) To estimate the quantity, quality, and cost of

production of the lignite that could be made
l
available as fuel for a power plant situated on or
adjacent to the lignite field.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 1-3
l
l b)
c)
To determine the capacity and type of power plant
best suited to utilize this lignite as fuel*
To determine the effect upon the environment of
l the construction and operation of the mining
facilities and power plant, if built*
l d) To estimate the capital and operating costs of the

power plant.
l e) To determine what special restrictions, if any,

might apply to production of power from the power
plant (due, for example, to the type of fuel,
remoteness of the site, climatic conditions).
l r) To entirntf: the coot of povjer
nroduced from the power plant."
that could be
l Essentially, tho study work in respect to mining, as

defined in item a) above, was undertaken by Boyd, acting in a
l ûb-consultant capacity on behalf of SECo.

The study terms of reference are specific and confine
the scope of work to producing
l i) an assessment of the technical feasibility of
Mining the lignite and its use as a fuel to
t ii)
generate electricity in a power plant at the mine
site;
an assessment of the effects upon the environment
l of such a mine and power complex, if constructed;
iii) an estimate of the cost of electrical power that
l 1.5
could be produced by such a power plant
Study Outline
l During the summer of 1972, additional exploratory

drilling and sample testing were carried by Onakawana
Development, and this most recent work has been studied and
l collated by Boyd in this report. In May 1972, the Ontario
Government, through the agency of the Provincial Secretary for
Resources Development, established "Task Force Onakawana" to
l prepare a preliminary statement of the environmental impact of

the proposed project. The Task Force Report was published in
February 1973 and its contents have been freely consulted in the
l preparation of this study report.
l
l
l . Report 5366-a-73
Page 1-U
l
l Preliminary work by SECo and Boyd began in September
1972 with visits by staff to the site area during the latter
stages of the exploration program. Mining studies concentrated
l initially on an assessment of lignite reserve quantities and

quality in order to assist the early determination of power plant
capacity and discussions on the selection of suitable boilers.
Alternative mine development plans were then conceived and
l costed. J separate report on the mining aspects of the project
was prepared by Boyd and completed in preliminary form in May
1973.
l Initial power plant studies concentrated on the

selection of an appropriate plant installed capacity and a review
l of lignite combustion technology. In regard to the latter,

representatives of SECo, Ontario Hydro and Onakawana Development
visited Greece and West Germany in October 1972. Subsequently,
intensive discussions were held with boiler manufacturers. A
l broad review of alternative plant site locations and a more-
detailed study of the cooling water system were carried out.
conceptual design for the power plant was then completed and its
A
l capital and operating cost estimated. In addition, parallel

studies were completed in such areas as environmental effects,
plant reliability, and the plant labour requirements and
l availability.
Progress meetings were held in Toronto on January 25th,
ripril 6th, and May 29th, at which SECo and Boyd reported on the
l status and progress of the study to the three contracting

parties.
l 1*6 Report Format

The study report is presented in four volumes covering
the following subjects:
l Volume I - Summary Report
I This volume is complete in itself and includes an

abbreviated description of the Onakawana Project, and
principal conclusions reached.
the
l The main
volume II - Technical Report
technical report volume is arranged in seven
l major sections:
1. Introduction
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
rage 1-5
l
l 2. The Mine - a brief summary prepared by SECo of the
Mining Study Report with specific reference to the
interface with the power plant.
l 3. Power Plant Concept - an overall review of the

factors governing the general design concept for
l the power plant including combustion technology,

selection of plant capacity, plant site, and
layout.
t U. Plant Systems Design - a detailed statement of the

design concept adopted for each major plant system
or component such as boilers, turbo-generators,
l cooling water system, lignite

handling, etc.
handling, ash
l 5. Supplementary
construction
requirements
Studies - on such subjects as
methods
and
and schedule,
availability,
effects, plant reliability, etc.
labour
environment
l 6. Costs - Presentation of the estimated capital and

operating costs for the plant and calculation of
l 7.
the cost of energy.
Discussion - A review and discussion on the study
and statement of conclusions.
l References and Drawings follow.
t Volume III - Power Plant Appendices

Supplementary information accompanying the technical
l report including:
A. Combustion Technology and Boiler Design
l B.
C.
Cooling Water Supply Studies
Detailed Presentation of Capital Costs.
l D. Miscellaneous Supporting Data.
l Volume IV
The complete mining study report by John T. Boyd
Company entitled "Lignite Reserves and Mining Program - Onakawana
l Lignite Deposit".
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 1-6
l 1.7 Acknowledgements
l This study is indebted to the cooperation and

assistance afforded by numerous organizations and.individuals who
are acknowledged where practical in the report test. SECo and
l Boyd in particular winh to acknowledge the assistance received

from the following:
Ontario Government
l ministry of Natural Resources - general study guidance

and regional development policy.
l Ministry of the Environment - environmental criteria

particularly for thermal pollution control.
l Onakawana Development Limited (and Manalta Coal

Limited) - mining operations and costs.
l Ontario Hydro - cooling water sutdies, power plant

switchyard and transmission considerations, plant
operating staff requirements and wages.
l Ontario Northland Railway - railroad

commuter passenger service costs.
freight and
l Mumerous equipment suppliers and manufacturers assisted

'?ith the submission of budget prices and design data.
l The contents of this report are the considered opinions

of SLCo and Boyd and, except where specifically noted are not
necessarily shared by the parties acknowledged above.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Reoort 5366-4-73
l
l This section of the report describes the interface
l between the study work undertaken by SECo and Boyd and summarizes
the contents of the Mining Study Report which is reproduced in
full as Volume IV. A brief discussion of the impact of the
mining study on the power plant and particularly the cost of
l delivered lignite is also included.
2.1 General
l The parallel studies of the mine and power plant were

logically interelated in a number of areas.
report presents its conclusions in four steps:
The Mining Study
l a) Lignite Reserves - total recoverable lignite

reserve tonnage was estimated on the basis of
l '
appropriate reserve categories, and supplied a key
input to the selection of the
caoacity.
power plant
l b) Lignite guality - analysis of sample test results

and consideration of the practical effects of
mining operations produced a statement of the
l expected quality and variability of the fuel as
delivered to the plant. Fuel quality was a
decisive factor in the review of combustion
l technologv and selection of suitable toilers for

the power plant. The "materials handling"
characteristics of the lignite as assessed by
l c)
Boyd, were also used in the design of the plant
lignite handling system.
Mining Plans - selection of plant capacity and
l operating pattern enabled SECo to calculate the
required annual lignite consumption for the plant,
and this was used as the basis for Boyd to
l establish appropriate mining plans and operating

methods. Tv.'o alternative cases were considered:
l Case 1: for a power plant operating throughout its

life (30 years) at base load, 77% capacity
factor, and requiring a mine output of about
6.9 million tons per year.
l Case 2: for a power plant operating throughout its

life (30 years) on two-shift duty, 39%
l capacity factor, and requiring a mine output

of about 3.8 million tons per year.
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 2-2
A separate mining plan was developed for each

case. The mine layout was an important factor
influencing the selection of the power plant site.
d) Fuel Costs - the cost of lignite as delivered to
the power plant was estimated and is detailed with
a breakdown into capital and operating costs. The
mining costs, which vary with time, were levelized
to obtain a constant (neglecting escalation) cost
per ton over the life of the project. Since it
was decided to dispose within the mine, all ash
produced by the power plant, the cost of ash
haulage and disposal was estimated by Boyd. The
cost of certain services common to both the mine
and power plant were estimated by SECo and
subsequently allocated between the two. However
the total cost was charged to the plant. The fuel
cost therefore does not include the cost of common
services.
The Mining Study includes specifically an analysis
of the results obtained from the recent
exploration and testing program undertaken during
the summer of 1972. Boyd also consulted with
"lanalta in order to supplement their experience of
Canadian mining practices (particularly under
winter conditions), and operating costs.
2.2 Geology and Field Description
The Onakawana lignite was deposited in a swampy
environment which prevailed throughout the Moose River Basin some
millions of years ago. Subsequently the deposits were
alternately covered and eroded by extensive ice sheets, and as a
result only local pockets of lignite now remain. Onakawana being
oy far the largest of these. The glacial till left by the
receding ice was finally overlain by relatively shallow marine
deposits to produce the topographical profile existing today.
The lignite does not outcrop on the surface (except marginally in
the bank of the Abitibi River), and is overlain by overburden in
depths of between 60 feet and 160 feet. The field is subdivided
into three distinct mineable areas, viz, the Main, East and
Portage Fields, enclosing an area of some 17 square miles. Two
main lignite seams are present, the lower (No. 2) over the whole
mineable area, and the upper (No. 1), which has been extensively
eroded, in certain sections only. Both seams vary widely in
thickness between 4 feet (assumed minimum recoverable thickness),
and as much as 58 feet, averaging about 15 feet. Associated with
the seams, and separating them, are beds of clay.
l
l He port S 36 f, -4- 7 3
Pacje 2- i
l
l 2.3 Recoverable Reserves
l
The total recoverable lignite reserves are summarized
in the following table showing tonnages by field, seam, reserve
category, and overburden depth:
l Field
RECOVERABLE RESERVES (millions of short tons)
No. l Seam No. 2 Seam Total
l East
Main
3.1
41.5
8.6
121.5
11.7
163.0
l
Portage 5.4 8.9 14.3
Total: 50.0 139.0 189.0
l Reserve Category (accuracy) Assumed

(Potential)
Minimum Maximum
l Proven ( 5%)
Partially Proven (± 2(H)
Probable (± 50 %)
101.1
69.5
18.4
96.0
55.6
9.2
106.2
83.4
27.6
l Total 189.0 160.8 217.2
l
Overburden *
Overburden Depth (feet) Reserves Strip Ratio (Bey/ ton)
0-60
l
6.9 2.8
60 - 100 45.7 4.7
100 - 140 92.5 6.2
4- 140
l
-43?-?. -9-JL
Total 189.0 6.56
l
* TnrO nrH nrj ti;**"i-ino ^ rvhftTval hat-WAAn seams, but Axcludino
rehandling of overburden.
l
The total in-place reserves are estimated as 221
Million tons on the basis of an in-situ density of.75 pounds per
cubic foot, and an allowance of 5% for out-of-seam dilution. Pit
recovery was considered variable depending on in-situ conditions,
l
but averaged about 85% over the entire field, i.e., 189 million
recoverable tons from 221 million in-place tons. The maximum
quantity of lignite available to the power plant was assumed to
l
be the average recoverable tonnage of 189 million. The total
aroa of the mineable field is approximately 6400 acres.
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 2-4
2. 4 J lignite Quality Characteristics

Considerable laboratory testing of samples from drill
holes, test pits and shafts, most recently in 1972, has defined
the in-situ properties of the Onakawana lignite. Typical average
analysis (percent by weight) :
Proximate Analysis
Moisture
Ash
Volatiles
Fixed Carbon 10 O %
Calorific Value - 5246 Btu/lb.
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon 32.23
Hydrogen 2.20
Sulphur 0.51
Nitrogen 0.23
Ash 8.37
Oxygen 10.37
Chlorine 0.09
Moisture 46,00 1001
The quality and expected variability of the lignite as-
delivered to the power plant is of prime importance to boiler
design and depends on an assessment of the effects of:
mining dilution (out-of-seam materials)
*
intrinsic variations within the field and between

the upper and lower seams
the degree of averaging attained by the
simultaneous mining of more than one pit area
The anticipated as-delivered quality ranges are:
Quality Variance
Long Term Interim Short Term
Element Average (6 months) (Daily)
Drv Ash 20.9 23.5 to 19.0 27.0 to 13.0
C.V. (dry) Btu/lb 9,075 8,750 to 9,300 8,320 to 10,120
Moisture ^) 46.0 50.0 to 42.0 55.0 to 42.0
C.V. (wet) Btu/lb 4,900 4,375 to 5,395 3,744 to 5,870
l
l
l 2. 3 ' line De ve Ippmen t Plans
l To satisfy the power plant fuel consumption

requirements two separate mine development plans were conceived.
doth plans are based on the use of conventional strip-mining
l techniques as used elsewhere in North America. Overburden

stripping is handled by large, long-range , electric-powered
-,'alkiny draglines advancing progressively in parallel strips.
l The exposed lignite is excavated by electric shovels and hauled

by bottom-dump coal haulers to a receiving hopper adjacent to the
.power plant. Parting material in the two-seam areas will be
l removed by smaller draglines or scrapers. The principal features

of the tvjo mine development plans are shown in the following
table:
l Basic Annual Production

Case l;
6.9
Case 2;
3.8
l (millions tons/year)
Total Production-30 year life,
(millions tons)
overall Average Stripping Ratio
187.9 112.0
l including rehandling
(BCY/ton)
lumber of Pits in simultaneous
8.6 6.1
l operation
Principal Equipment:
Stripping Draglines
3
2 at 75 cy
2
2 at 54 cy
l Loading Shovels
Goal Haulers
Typical Total Ho. of Employees
l at 85 cy
3 at 11 cy
19 at 120 ton
255
l at 24 cy
2 at 11 cy
12 at 120 ton
150
l Average Labour Productivity
(tons/manhour)
Approximate Area of Mine Exausted
11
6,500
10
4,500
l (acres)
Both olans anticipate the maintenance of a reserve of
l atripoed lignite in the mine ready for loading of about 750,000

to 1.0 million tons. Mining operations begin initially along the
eastern margin of the field adjacent to the selected power plant
;ita and nrogress in a generally north-westerly direction.
l Knvironmental considerations are reflected in plans to
collect surface run-off and pit water from the mine area in
l sedimentation ponds for treatment before discharge to the

adjacent rivers. The proposed reclamation plan for the mined-out
area calls for a continuous operation as mining progresses. It
l
l
Keport 5366-4-73
Paqe 2-6
envisages contoured grading of the spoil heaps to minimize

erosion, and re-vegetation by fertilization and seeding.
2.6 lining Costs
Capital and operating costs for Case l and Case 2 are
oresented in detail in the Mining Study Report. They can be
riefl/ summarized as (all figures in 1973 dollars):
capital Costs (millions):
Case 1: Case 2:
Initial Requirements 47.8 29.7
Add to reach full production 9.5 G.O
Sub Total 57.4 35.7
Capital Cost per annual ton 58.31 $9.40
Further costs for extensions,
replacements and re-builds 32.3 23.0
ir and Total Capital Cost 89.7 58.7
Capital cost per total ton
produced (depreciation) $0.48 $0.52
All the above figures contain a 10t contingency allowance
Operating Costs (in $/ton, averaged over the life of the mine)
office and Supervision S 0.164 $ 0.230
Stripping 0.700 0.633
Lignite Loading 0.186 0.186
Lignite Haulage 0.249 0.215
Roads 0.100 0.081
Reclamation 0.083 0.099
Miscellaneous 0.136 O.144
General Expenses O.S41 0*549
Sub Total 2.159 2.137
Contingency {10%) 0.216 0.214
Total Operating Cost 2.375 2.351
Straight-Line Depreciation 0.477 0.524
Total Production Cost $ 2.852 $ 2.875
excluding taxes, profit and financing
The true production cost per ton varies somewhat over
the lifa of the mine, tending to increase in later years as
operations reach areas of deeper overburden farther away from the
oower olant.
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 2-7
l
l The total cost of fuel at the power plant based on an
rate of return including interest and income taxes is:
l Levelized Cost covering

Case 1: Case 2:
l investment return
s. taxes
Eauivalent Cost at
$4.00/ton $4.35/ton
l 4900 Btu/lb 40.8 cents/million Btu 44.4 cents/million

Btu
l Grand Total Expenditure

for fuel (by the
power plant) over
l the life of the

oroject $768 million 5487 million
These costs exclude certain services common to both
l mine and power plant. The treatment of escalation is explained
in the Mining Study Report and is described further in Section 6
of this reoort.
l 2.7 Discussion
The following comments express the opinion of SECo and
l are not necessarily shared in full by Boyd whose views are
expressed in the text of the mining studyf particularly on pages
6r, 6s and 6t.
l The proposed Onakawana mine requires a greater
production rate (for Case 1) and a more adverse combination of
l mining problems than any existing comparable mine in Canada or

the U.S.A. These circumstances have been fully recognized by
Boyd and are reflected in the estimated cost of mining. The
quoted mine costs represent necessarily a conservative approach
l both in their component parts and in total. In SECo 1 s opinion,
the quoted raining cost should be interpreted as representating a
realistic maximum cost, and in practice may be significantly
l reduced. Further discussion of mine costs is included in Section

7.
l The mining plan and associated cost, particularly for

Case l, are perhaps unrealistic in two specific areas i
l
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 2-8
a) During the early part of the joint study, there

was considerable f and perhaps undue , emphasis on
maximizing the total recoverable reserves. It now
seems clear that, although the quoted total of 189
million tons is in fact recoverable, a significant
proportion of the total may not be economically
recoverable. As a result, for Case l where the
total recoverable reserves are exhausted, the
overall average cost per ton is inflated somewhat
by the inclusion of marginal reserves. The
Portage Field reserves, for example, are mineable
only at a cost almost twice that of the majority
of the Main and East Field reserves. To sum up, a
reduction in the total mined reserves (for Case 1)
without significantly altering the economy of
scale inherent in a high basic production rate,
should reduce the overall average cost per ton.
b) The adoption of a constant annual capacity factor
for the power plant imposes a cost burden on the
mine. The requirement for a constant annual
production rate was selected primarily as a
convenience to ease the ultimate economic
comparison of power costs and does not necessarily
reflect the realities of power plant operation
{this matter is discussed further in Section 3,1).
The principal variable factor in mine operating
costs is the overburden stripping ratio. This
ratio varies throughout the field area, being
highest at the southern, and western limits, and
in the Portage Field (all relatively remote from
the power plant site). Practical operation and
economic common sense dictate that overburden
ratios and consequently mine operating costs will
increase during the life of the mine. As a result
of the adoption of a constant annual lignite
production rate, the annual stripping requirement
increases substantially and can be met in theory
in either of two ways - by deliberately adjusting
the mine plan to allow the mining of some
relatively high stripping ratio areas during the
early years thus reducing the annual stripping
requirement in later years, or alternatively by
the purchase of additional stripping dragline(s)
as required during the life of the mine. Boyd has
adopted the former solution and avoided the later
purchase of equipment. This means that the
stripping equipment is under-utilized during the
first 20 or so years of the mine life and requires
l
l Report 5366-4-7
Pago 2-
l
l a very heavy initial capital expenditure. From
the point of view of mining economics an alternate
solution is to maintain a relatively constant
l annual stripping requirement by gradually reducing

lignite production as mining progresses
deeper overburden areas.
into
l studies
ns a general conclusion it is important to recognize
that the circumstances under which the two (riine and Power Plant)
xvere conducted has prevented a thorough economic
l optimization of the combined project. In this regard, it seems
clear at the conclusion of the study work that the optimum size
of the mine recoverable reserves should be of the order of 145
l million tons. At this level, the reserves are still adequate to

support a 1000 MW power plant operating for a considerable time
at base load, provided that the plant capacity factor is reduced
l towards the end of its life. If this approach were adopted,

annual strippinq requirements from the mine would be larqely
stabilized, and an overall saving in the lignite delivered cost
oer ton would be realised.
l
t
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
?f-,'ori. L. i'.f H-
3. POWER PLANT CONCEPT
The overall power plant design concept has been based

on the premise that it should be as reliable and flexible a^ a
bituminous coal-fired station of similar output and unit size.
This assumption was taken to facilitate a comparison of
alternative energy sources by putting them on a common basis an
regards these two factors - reliability and flexibility.
In selecting the various equipment items, the above
requirement was given precedence, and, as far as possible,
equipment was selected with a record proven successful operating
experience. In the case of the boiler, this merited particular
attention because of the special nature of the fuel. (See
Section 3.2).
3* 1 Plant Capacity
The ria in factors considered in the selection of an
appropriate plant capacity were the total recoverable lignite
reserves, plant life-time capacity factor, practical transmission
capability, and cooling water supply potential.
3.1.1 Lignite Reserves and Plant Capacity Factor
The relative isolation of the Onakawana area
and its remoteness from potential alternative fuel sources means
that the lignite reserves set a finite upper limit to the
electrical energy that can be generated by a power plant at the
site.
The total quantity of fuel available governs
the amount of energy generated by the plant during its operating
life. Actual installed plant capacity is a function of total
energy and life-time capacity factor, i.e., the operating regime
of the plant. For the purpose of evaluation, the operating
economic life for both power plant and mine was assumed to be 30
years. Total recoverable lignite reserves are assessed as 189
million short tons, equivalent to a constant annual production
for 30 years of 6.3 million tons. At the forecast average as-
received calorific value of U900 Btu/lb., this gives a constant
annual fuel energy of 61,900 billion Btu's. The thermal
efficiency or heat rate for the plant is dependent to some degree
on the operating regime and capacity factor. For baseload
operation, a capacity factor of 77X was recommended by Ontario
Hydro, and a typical net plant heat rate is 11,000 Btu/kWh. On
this basis, calculation gives the following results:
l
i Report 5366-4-73
Page 3-2
i
i Annual Net Energy Generated - 61.9 x 10
11,000
12
5627 GKh
i **t 77" capacity factor (6750 hours a year at full output) ,
t Net Plant Capacity - 835 MW

/allowing for 855 station service loading,
t Gross Plant Installed Capacity ~ 900 MW

Comparable figures for different life-time capacity
i factors are:
Equivalent Net Heat Rate
i Capacity Factor
ff
t-
100
Hours/Year
at full Output
8760
Btu/kWh
10,800
Installed Capacitv
_____MW,-
710
-B iiiii
i 77
60
50
6750
5250
4380
11,000
11,100
11,750
900
1120
1300
i 39 3420 12,300
The actual life-time capacity factor for a
1600
i thermal plant is extremely difficult to forecast with accuracy.

The actual plant operating time and capacity factor in any given
year depends on its relationship to other power plants within the
system. To obtain minimum system generation costs, power plants
i are generally "stacked", or dispatched, in accordance with their
incremental operating costs, primarily fuel; plants with lower
fuel costs are assigned to base-load duty, and higher fuel cost
t plants operate for peaking or as standby reserve. By the time

the Onakawana Plant is in service, nuch of the base load portion
of the Ontario Hydro system load will be supplied by nuclear
i plants and run-of-river hydro power, and this trend is likely to

increase in the future.
load.
It is therefore unlikely for the
Onakawana Plant to operate continuously for 30 years on base-
However, the Onakawana Plant is almost certain to offer
i lower incremental fuel costs than any other thermal plant within
Ontario, and would, therefore, be dispatched in preference to
them, and thus operate at a higher capacity factor. The plant
i annual capacity factors will depend on the amount of nuclear

uower available relative to the system load. A thorough
assessment of life-time capacity factor would require a detailed
study of the probable long-term future generation expansion
i schedule within Ontario, and is beyond the scope of this study.
However, it seems reasonable to assume that the plant would
i
Ueport 5366-a-73
Page 3-3
operate initially at close to base load, and at gradually

reducinn capacity factors thereafter. A representative life-time
schedule might be:
5 years at base load 77?i capacity factor
10 years close to base load 65S capacity factor
10 years at two-shift 395! capacity factor
5 years standby and peaking 10J5 capacity factor
resulting life-time capacity factor H'3%
Acting on the recommendation of Ontario Hydro
and with the intention of expediting progress on the study, it
v;as decided to arbitrarily assume two alternative capacity
factors based on a constant operating regime throughout the 3C
year plant life. These are:
77 K - continuous operation at base load duty
39/I - operation for 16 hours per day, 5 days per
week, referred to as two-shift operation.
In either case, the plant should be capable
of operating at the alternative pattern, i.e., the base-load
designed plant should be capable of operating on two-shifts, and
the two-s'iift plant should be capable of operating at base load
(for up to two tenths). At these capacity factors, the
theoretical *naxirum installed plant capacities are 900 ?!W and
1600 ' i r respectively, for complete consumption of the lignite
reserves.
3.1.2 Transmission Capability
The existing transmission ^'st; - to t.-.s
!:r;r.\c i' Oro -x;v.T 3r nlantn in the area i'-s shovn the follo'-ing
4: etch.
REPORT 5366-14-73
PAGE 3-4
NORTHERN ONTARIO
EXISTING 60Hz LINES
500KV
230KV ft LOWER
20 40 60
SCALE OF MILES
l
l Report 5366-tl-73
Pare 3-5
l
l Po'-.'er from these slants, a total of! sone 550
T, is collected 'r* 230 kV lines to a au):station at Pinard.
l
v itarir yy'-dro supplier; the following guidelines on transmission
line caoQcitv: ov.'cr to the Hanger substation in the Sudbury
-'rea -/.-hore the râin transmission qrid is joined. The addition of
-. -lajor oower -)lant at onakawana v.'ill require construction of
t extra 500 kV circuits from Pinard. Ontario Hydro supplied the

followinc? cmidelines on transmission line capacity:
l
..o. of '.iQO kV Circuit? Total Line Capacity Available for Onakawana*
(figures are in net Ml: at n inard sub-station).
l 1 (existing)
2 (1 additional)
')
(1 additional)
850
1150
1U50
(maxiuuri)
(preferred)
(iraximum)
300
600
900
l
j^
3 (2 additional) 2050 (preferred) 1500

3 (2 additional) 2350 (maximum) 1300
t
* Capacity available for Onakawana is total
line capacity less existing hydro plant capacity using this line,
i.o., 550 'r .'.
t Since the capital cost of additional 500 kV

circuits is likely to be allocated against the Onakawana Project
in an economic evaluation, it is desirable to select a plant
t
capacity which uses the available transmission potential to the
fullest. The existing single-circuit line does have surplus
load-carrying potential. This is partly fortuitous, and in part
1
due to the fact that present Ontario Hydro planning envisages a
substantial increase in the future to the installed capacity of
the "atagani îver hydro plants. This extra capacity, of the
order of 300 -IK, must also use the 500 kV line and provision for
l it accounts for the difference between the quoted "preferred" and

"maximum" line capacities.
capacities are not
The
absolute
Ontario Hydro guideline
standards and depend on a
l
considerable nunber of factors. One significant consideration is
the reliabilit" of supply maintained during an outage of one of
the 500 kV circuits. The maximum line loading under emergency
l
conditions of a single-circuit is about 1100 MW. In the case
.'here two circuits were carrying a total of 1150 MW, if one of
the circuits were to trip out, it would be necessary immediately
and automatically to shed some 350 MW of generation at the
t
existing hydro plants.
3.1.3 Cooling Water Supply
l Two alternatives for plant cooling were

studied: once-through cooling on the Abitibi River, or a cooling
l
l
l r'.eport 5366-4-73
Page 3-6
l
l pond on the Onakawana River. Both alternatives have fairly
definite economic limits to their cooling potential.
l The upner limit on the cooling capacity

of the Abitibi i'iver is set by the reliable ivinimum river flow
that can be attained, and the degree of thermal pollution
t regarded as acceptable. Two possibilities can be identified:

construction of a relatively costlv regulating storage reservoir
on the river would nermit cooling a total plant capacity of the
order of 1500 "M; alternatively, less costly measures to imorove
t ninirmm river flovrs by adjusting discharges from the Otter Rapids

hydro plant upstream would allow for a 1000 f!W plant.
l The limits to the cooling potential of a

cooling oond are established nrimarily by the economics of
constructim; a pond of sufficient surface area. The topography
t and ground conditions at Onakawana are such that capital costs

incre?se rapidly for a cooling nond larger than that required for
coolincr a nlant of the 1000 to 1500 :1W size.
t 3.1.4 Conclusion
A review of the three prime factors leads to
t the conclusion that, in general

capacities miaht be considered:
either a) 900 - 1000 MU, which:
terms, two alternative plant
l can be operated at base load or lower

capacity factors on the recoverable lignite
t reserves
fully utilizes one additional 500 kV
l transmission circuit
can be cooled at reasonable cost by either
cooling water supply alternative considered.
l or b) 1500 - 1600 HW, which:
l can only be operated at a relatively low

lifetime capacity factor
recoverable lignite reserves
(40X) on the
t fully utilizes two

transmission circuits
additional 500 kV
l can be cooled by either supply alternative

but at auite substantial cost.
l
Report 5306-4-73
Paao 3-7
other factors that were considered before a

]ant capacity was selected included nine output limitations, and
unit sizes. Mine output at an annual rate of 6 to 7 million tons
(which would be required by a 1000 MW plant at base load)
represents a mining operation comparable in size to the largest
in North Aiierica, and it was considered prudent to eliminate at
this tine consideration of riant capacities requiring a larger
rine output. The available commercial sizes of boilers suitable
for burning Onakawana lignite are 300 or 500 '-IW, and
considerations of reliability and proven performance strongly
favour the adoption of the smaller size (unit size selection is
described nore fully in Section 3.2.6).
All the above considerations strongly
favoured the selection of a plant capacity of about 900-1000 MW
for both selected plant capacity factors. The exact size of the
olant v;as determined by transmission capacity on the basis that
the plant should deliver a net capacity of about 900 MW to the
Pinard sub-station for transmission southwards. To establish
cross installed plant capacity, the following must be added:
line losses between Onakawana and Pinard
capacity required to supply peak loads for
mining operations
capacity absorbed in supplying station
service requirements
In total these three items amount to some 100
to 120 .\\i t and the total plant capacity was thus established as
1020 MW comprising three units of 3UO MW. A precise statement of
the distribution of power is included in Section 6.5. This
analysis of plant capacity should not be regarded as absolute,
since a full study of the economic factors and the Ontario Hydro
system requirements has not been attempted. A more complete
study may, for example, conclude that a fourth unit of the same
capacity is a viable proposition.
3.2 Combustion Technology and Boiler Design
Of prime importance to the technical feasibility of the
plant is the combustion technology in relation to burning the
Onakawana lignite, which is a fuel differing from all other North
American lignites.
l
l Report 5306-4-73
l Paqo 3-8
l 3.2.1 Onakawana Lignite
l The characteristics of the Onakavrana lignite

(summarize*'' in Section 2) show it to be unlike other lignites
presently burned. in North Anerica. The major differences are the
t lov.-er calorific value (C.V.), averaging only 4900 Btu/lb and a

nigh moisture content, averaging 46K. Uhilst the lau calorific
value call*-. Eor no different combustion technique than at present
practised in iorth Anerica, the high moisture content requires
l close examination of drying and railing techniques.

Typical ash characteristics are as follows:
l Pio
Mineral 7\nalvsis
37.46
l A.I 0
2 3
2
17.95
t J1 'e O
r:'iO
2 3
9.32
0.97
l ^
2 5
CaO
0
2
0.43
17.65
l f'.aO
P6
3
4.40
14.51
l i'iSL
K 0
2
O 1.53
1.07
l fusibility
2
Reducing (decj.F) Oxidizing (deg^.F)
t al Deformation Tenp.
ninq Tarr.perature
Temperature
2075
2175
2280
2145
2255
2360
l Relative characteristics
lignite are contrasted with those of lignites from various
of the world, in the following figures.
of the Onakawana
parts
t
l
l
FIGURE l
REPORT 5366-H-73
PAGE 3-6
l UJ
tO W 60 70
VOLATILE MATTER VM
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIOUS SOLID FUELS
MOISTURE CONTENT OF RAW-COAL
tst
i *"
i
s
O*
-HEATING VALUE (BTU/lb)

Report 5366-1-73
Paqe 3-11
It can be seen from these figures that

Onakawana lignite is a fairly average lignite by European
standards, many of the lignites containing a very high ash
percentage or a higher moisture percentage? some of the lignites
being burned, in Greece for example, have only one third of the
heating value of the Onakawana fuel.
The relatively low ash fusion temperature
calls for a large combustion chamber and low gas inlet
temperature to the superheateri othen/ise, slagging difficulties
would undoubtedly occur. A preliminary examination of the fuel
characteristics indicates that combustion stability must be
ensured by careful supply of air to the burners and carefully
chosen air velocities. Care in selection of fuel pipe
temperatures is also indicated. The silica percentage of the ash
indicates that it will not be particularly abrasive in the gas
passes and therefore erosion of heat exchanger surfaces will not
be unduly high.
Kith the low calorific value, the lignite
throughput will be high, and the pulverizing mills require
careful selection to give reliability and long life of the
grinding elements with reasonable maintenance costs. Grindability
is very variable, being in the range 48 - 115 Hardgrove Index. A
representative average of 80 has been taken. This is somewhat
higher than European lignites, but not excessively high.
3.2.2 Lignite Combustion Practice
An examination of North American lignite-
fired boilers 'shows that their design ' is based on an
extrapolation of bituminous coal-fired techniques. There is
evidence that this has not always been successful and slagging is
a particular problem with many lignites. The cyclone-fired
boiler is a fairly recent development in lignite burning and has
produced favourable results from the point of view of combustion
and slagging. These must, however, be treated with reserve due
to the fact that at the înnkota Power Station, the only
operating example in North America of a lignite-fired-cyclone
boiler, the lignite has a low sodium content. Two large cyclone-
*ired lignite boilers are under construction in the USA at Leland
Ids and otter Tail, each of USO f!W capacity. These will, when
coruisrd-oned, provide valuable back-up operating experience.
Unfortunately, the cyclone boiler inherently produces high
auantities o* 'lox v?hich is likely to prove an embarrassment in
relation to today's stringent environmental requirements.
l
l Report 53G6-U-73
Page 3-12
l
l In Europe and Australia, where many lignites
are of even noorer quality than Onakawana lignite, other
corobustion methods have been used with a high degree of success.
l 3.2.3 Technology Investigations

In 1971, a burn test was conducted at Thunder
l Bay Power Station of Ontario Hydro. The report on the results of

this test is included in Appendix A. The tests shoved that the
lignite could be pulverised efficiently on the type MB
pulverizing mills installed there, and that, although combustion
l wan far from perfect, it could be burned in the Thunder Bay
boiler with a support fuel, oven though the preheated air
temperature and the burner air velocities were quite unsuited to
l this grade of lignite.

After examining available literature on
l "uropean designs, a visit was made to Europe in November 1972 by

representatives from SECo, Ontario Hydro, and Manalta Coal.
'lotes on this vist are included in Appendix A. The visit, which
included trips to several power stations in Greece and boiler
l manufacturers in West Germany, confirmed the practicability of
burning Onakawana lignite with European methods.
l Following these initial investigations,

several boiler suppliers were consulted in depth on the design
aporoach they would adopt to burn Onakawana lignite. Samples of
l Onakawana lignite were given to all suppliers for laboratory

testinq.
3.2.4 Criteria for Boiler Selection
l The
selecting the boiler:
following criteria were uced for
l proven performance, )
)
)
These two
items were
considered
l reliability,
)
)
the most
important
l flexibility of operation,
availability in suitable size,
l Canadian manufacture,
operational costs,
l
l
Report 5366-U-73
Page 3-13
boiler efficiency,
capital costs.
3.2.5 Boiler Proposals
The designs offered followed two different
approaches, the North American approach and the European
approach. The nain design parameters and layout drawings are
given in Appendix A. The basic comparison of the approaches is
shown below.
BASIC BOILER DESIGN
llorth /unerican European

Design____ Design
Furnace Small Large
Heat Release/Unit Volume High Low
' lill Drying and P.F.
Transport Medium Air Gas
Mill Type Bowl Hammer
Jo. of "ills Eight Six
Final Gas Temp. High Average
Efficiency Low Average
The North American deisgn offered is an
extrapolation of North American practice which has for many years
been applied to the burning of bituminous coals and more recently
to North American lignites. The removal of the moisture in the
fuel is effected by hot air. This air is supplied from
regenerative air heaters at a temperature of 800-825 degrees F.
In order to attain this high air temperature, it is necessary to
exhaust the flue gases to the stack at a high temperature (100
degrees F) resulting in an increased efficiency loss. The
efficiency of the boiler in consequence is given as only 74.5)5 at
full load. Gas inlet temperature to the preheaters is approx.
QOO dearees F, which is about the limit for mild steel elements.
The Worth American design does not use any
recirculated flue gas for lignite drying. The combustion chamber
is small compared with the other two designs offered and the heat
release correspondingly high. The temperature of flue gases
l
l Report 5366-H-73
Page 3-14
l '.-nterinn t h o superheater, first hank, is approximately 2,200

l denrees F, which is in the order of 300 degrees P above the other
designs offered. This is higher than the initial deformation
temperature (21U5 degrees F in an oxidizing atmosphere) of the
l onakawana ash. Fouling of the superheater could therefore be a

problem with this boiler design.
l level.
The boiler is equipped with eight Raymond
bowl-tyoa pulverizing mills, each supplying four burners on one
Corner firing is used. Eight levels of burners are
supplied. Exhauster fans withdraw the lignite/air mixture from
l tne mills and discharge it to the burners.

The superheater and reheater are self-
l draininq and circulation in the water circuits is controlled by

boiler circulating pumps.
Two vertical spindle primary regenerative
l .lirheaters are proposed and one secondary regenerative airheater.
Approximately 50J5 of the air supply is primary and 50JJ secondary.
h separate gas duct is taken from the main economizer outlet to
l the secondary airheater. A small section of economizer is placed

in this pass to optimize performance and cost of the boiler.
l Pulverizing mill size is predicated on the

noifiturc content of the lignite, grinding capacity being ample
'ith drying requirements as the criterion. Design is based on
the worst moisture of 5S&. maximum continuous rating can be
l carried on seven mills with 50fc moisture.
Bottom ash is collected in a conventional
l water filled bottom hopper.

The European approach uses a different
l concept - -las drying of the lignite, hammer mills and tangential

{not corner) firing with combustion air supply at a number of
levels.
l Both suppliers offering a European design,

use a liberally sized combustion chamber. The six mills are of
the German I'GS hammer type. The unit is capable of producing MCR
l n fivn mils with the lowest expected calorific value of U375

tu/lb. ;\ fan driven off the same shaft transports the fuel/gas
ir.ture to the burners.
l Flue gas is extracted at six points from the

'"urnace exit, before the superheater inlet. The hot gas (1850
degrees V in one design and 1940 degrees F in the second) is
l '-..n'-.en via six seoarate refractor^' lined ducts to the mill inlets.
l
l
l 'Mn o
5366-4-73
3-15
l "-H.litir-' rxi^t ôr teroeratinn this ras with cold air. 'i'he
l li' nite ir. f od into the hot gas ducts prior to the rill inlets
n corijmsnces to dry out at this point. By the time the lignite
.an reached the nil l inlet, temperatures are in the order of 500
l decrees? r or so. The hanmer mills are very robust and repairs
p.nd inspection are facilitated by large access doors.
consumption is relatively low.
Power
New hammers are required
approximately every 2,000-3,000 hours, and replacement consists
l of welclina in carbon steel replacement pieces. Fuel line
temperature to the burners was given as 218-284 degrees F by one
supplier and 265-355 degrees F by another.
l The burners are arranged for tangential

firing, aach mill supplying one burner bank which consist of two
l groups of burners.
three levels.
Each burner group is supplied with air at
One supplier offered a "tower" design in

l vhich the major heat exchangers are arranged one above the other.
The second supplier also offered a "tower" design but as his main
proposal offered a two-pass design with the convection section of.
l the reheater and the economizer in the rear (downward) gas pass).
The European designs have been developed
l following extensive research and the development of boilers to

burn a wide range of lignites. These lignites, successfully
burned, include fuels in various countries - Greece, Germany,
Vastralia and others - and also include many with calorific
l values down to 1,800 Btu/lb. or less. Different methods have

been employed, including vapour separation and the firing of rich
and weak fuel/air mixtures simultaneously at different levels of
l the furnace for the poorer lignites. However, for Onakawana

lignite neither of these methods was thought necessary by the
designers.
l 3.2.6 Boiler Selection

The two approaches taken by the different
l boiler manufacturers are fundamentally different. On the one

hand, the North /unerican design has extrapolated North American
technology, but their design is not based on actual experience of
l burning lignites of the Onakawana type. The boiler offered, in

consequence, has a relatively snail furnace and high heat release
rate with the consequent potential for trouble with slagging on
side walls - a frequently encountered problem with low ash fusion
l temperature fuels. In addition, the boiler offered is
considerably less efficient than the other two proposed designs,
due to the selection of hot air for drying. This results in high
l inlet and exit gas temperatures in the airheaters. This
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 3-16
l particular des inn also incorporates a wet pit bottom ar.h hopper
l ami separate airheaters for urimary and secondary air - these
features are less desirable than other alternatives.
l The cost of the North American designed

boilers was quoted as approximately 519.5 million for the
complete installation of three. This is only about 60S of the
l budget price for the European designs, In fact the price quoted
for the North American design was about the same as prices quoted
recently for bituninous coal fired boilers. A lignite boiler
should be ôre expensive due to the low calorific value and
l special nature of the fuel.

The other two proposals offer designs based
l on current European practice where lignites of various qualities

are presently burned extensively. Both designs offer relatively
large furnaces and lower heat releases, and slagging troubles on
l the water wall should therefore be minimal. The boiler

efficiencies are 3.5-4i? higher than the llorth American design,
air temperatures being lower due to the use of hot gas for drying
and transportinc the lignite. In one European design design in
l particular, considerable care has been taken in designing the

proportions of intermediate, overfirc and underfire air, and the
respective velocities at which they are injected into the
l fuel/air/flame envelope. The importance of controlling fineness?

of the pulverized fuel so as to control the rate of burning in
the vicinity of the burner mouths was stressed by this European
designer.
l Both European designs use German DCS
l pulverizing mills and similar gas

temperatures.
inlet and fuel/gas outlet
l the other.
Bottom ash is collected by twin Rotograte
stokers in one design and by a submerged drag-link conveyor in
The Rotogrates were included to allow for the burn-
off of combustibles. The other supplier of a European design
l said this feature is not needed and quoted a carbon-in-ash loss

of 0.4?! which is acceptable.
l Both designs are suitable for incorporating

either axial flow or centrifugal fans.
l It
The three designs were carefully examined in
relation to the background of experience of each manufacturer.
is clear that the only place where proven successful
combustion of lignite of the required quality exists is in
l Europe. In particular. German nanufacturers lead the field
l
l
l Paqe
53G6-U-73
3-17
l having supplied boiler equipment for lignite (or brown coal) to a

l large number of other countries including Greece, Australia and
Turkey. In each of these countries lignite is of lower quality
than that at Onakawana.
l Although nore expensive than the North

American design, a European design was selected for the following
l reasons:
(a) The North American designed boiler budget
price is considered unrealistically low.
l (b) The European design is based on proven
operation on similar fuels and similar size
l (c)
units.
The European design is considerably more
l (d)
efficient.
The Worth Aiaericaning furnace is small, and
the gas exit temperatures are considered too
l high to ensure the avoidance of possibly

serious slagging
superheater.
in the furnace and
Reliability would probably be
l (e)
adverse!" affected.
The North American boiler uses hot air to dry
and transport the lignite. This does not
l allow maximum use of secondary air in the
form of intermediate, overfire or underfire
air - an essential . "actor in reducing burner
l zone temperature. As a consequence, the

incidence of slaqcing and NOx generation will
be increased.
l In comparing the two European designs, it was

noted that costs *.;ere similar, but the two-pass design was chosen
in preference to either "tower" design for the following reasons!
l (a) The tower design was rejected mainly on
account of the extra 100 ft, required on the
l building height. Besides increasing building

volume and foundation requirements,
vould increase stack height and costs.
this
l (b) The tower design offers the advantages of:

evenly distributed flue gas velocity
l profile;
l
l
l i'ncre
!J366-U-73
3-1 Q
l
l less wear due. to retardation of fly ash;
easier removal of deposits by soot-
l blowing.
However, vrith a noderate ash percentage and
good furnace and burner design, these
l advantages are somewhat minimized and it is

considered that they do not outweigh the
reasons given in (a) above for adopting the
l (c)
two-pass design.
The "tower" design aopears to offer no price
advantage over tne two-pass design.
l (d) The two-pass design was considered superior
in the design of the air supply, choice of
l temperatures, heat release and general

approach to the combustion aspect.
l designed boiler.
The capital cost of the selected boiler is
hiah compared with the price quoted for the North American
The fuol savings, however, with the more
efficient European design chosen counter balance this to some
l extent (see Table below) and result in a net additional cost of

:;:21.5 million.
l Boiler Price Used in Study

North American Boiler
$85.0 Million
l Price Quoted
Difference
949.5 Million
$35.5 Million
l Net Annual Heat Rate using

Combustion Engineering Boiler 11,443 Btu/KWH
l Annual Penalty for Increased

Heat Rates
Present Worth of Annual Heat
91,150,000
l Rate Penalty
let Additional cost
$13.0 Million
l 935.5 M - $13,0 M
" 922,500,000
l Note; All costs are quoted in 1973 dollars

and do not include overheads.
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
Page 3-19
l
l reliability,
In summarizing, the boiler selected is the
one considered most likely to give good performance and high
based on actual operating experience. German
statistics quoted below* indicate, in fact, that the availability
l of lignite-fired boilers in West Germany is higher than that of
bituminous coal-fired boilers.
l Bituminous
Coal
Lignite
_____
Oil/Natural Gas
^——-——————.
l Boiler Availability
*Source
95 - 96)5 96 - 98X 97 - 100X
- West German statistics for 18 power units of 300 - UOO
MV7 capacity, year ending March 31, 1972.
l The selection of the European designed boiler

does not inply that the boiler would be manufactured in Europe.
l On the contrary willingness was expressed to arrange for

'manufacture in Canada by a local supplier using the European
Suppliers' design technology. Present word economic conditions
are such that this may well produce a lower price than that for a
l European-manufactured boiler.
3.2.7 Unit Size
l With a plant capacity of approximately 1,000

MU, there are three practical alternatives - the selection of 2,
l 3 or 4 units. The section of 4 units would result in a high

capital cost - units being small by present standards and the
cost per kilowatt relatively high with no particular advantages
to offset this. Eliminating this alternative, the choice lay
l between either 2 or 3 units. The 2-unit scheme offered the
economy of size with a probable saving of approximately IX in
capital cost. However, the largest units at present in operation
l on lignite are in the 250 and 350 MW range, although units of 600
:"V7 are under construction in West Germany and two units of 450 MW
are under construction in the United States. Although there is
l avery reason to be confident in the successful operation of these

new designs, they are as of yet unproven and it was not thought
orudent to consider a prototype design at Onakawana with possible
low availability.
l The above factors led to the decision to
install three units at Onakawana. For the required total plant
l installed capacity of 1020 MW (derived in section 3.1), the

nominal unit size is 340 MW.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Paqe 3-20
l 3.3 Site Selection
l The principal
suitable power plant site are:
factors influencing the selection of a
l access to cooling water supply

proximity to the lignite mine
spatial requirements for the plant facilities
l access to the Ontario Northland track

suitability for transmission access and switchyard
l .since little is at present known about soil conditions

in regard to plant foundations, this factor was disregarded.
3.3.1 Abitibi River Sites
l The initial design concept for the plant was

1-ased on the use of once-through cooling from the Abitibi River.
l Hence a site on the west bank of the river was preferred and a
site visit v/as made at the end of September 1972 with this
objective; the report on this site visit is included in Appendix
Access to relatively deep water in the river channel was the
l main criterion, and on this basis, two potential sites were
identified. The site visit report refers to these as sites 1 and
3, subsequently re-named as South and North Abitibi sites
l respectively. The location of these sites is shown in Drawing

-to. 2. Roth sites were regarded as comparable in regard to area
"or construction and access to the railvray. Topographically, the
l ôuth site has the advantage in requiring less excavation work to

establish a plant area at a minimum level above the river -
desinble to miniriiza cooling water pumping. The main difference
is the site's relationship to the mine, and the total lignite
l aaulane requirements from mine to plant. Lignite haulage is a
-unction of the detailed plan for mine development.
,oth sites are a comparable straight-line distance from the
Although
l centre of qravity of the mine, preliminary indications were that

an -ne c e-j table mine development scheme would require an additional
30 million ton-miles of haulage for the r.outh Site (excluding the
l p ortacv* ricld). The north Site is in addition closer to the East

iclc area '.*hich will be mined out during the early years of
operation, and nay permit a sharing of facilities between the
cine and pover plant. The probable reduction in lignite haulage
l vas considered sufficient justification for the adoption of the

"lorth site as the preferred Abitibi River site.
l 3.3.2 Onakawana Pond Site

Later developments during the studies of
coolino --atcr sunply suggested an alternative site based on the
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Paqe 3-21
l use of a cooling yond on the Onakawana River. This site is known

l a r, the Pond fJite and ir, also shown in Drawing No. 2. The actual
position of the pover plant v;as selected to suit the location of
the cooling pond. .Adequate area and access to the railv:ay is
l available and in this respect the Pond Site is comparable to the

/abitibi River Sites. Apart from the obvious differences due to
the; cooling water supply system which are described fully in
l Section 4.4, the main difference between the Pond and Abitibi
sites is their respective relationship to the mine and its
operations. The Mining Study Report includes a list of the
comparative features of the Pond and North Sites on Page 67. The
l most important items are in favour of the Pond Site.

The reduction of 20 million ton-miles for
l lignite haulage, although offering a potential cost saving of the

order of two million dollars over the thirty year life of the
project is discounted to some extent by the fact that haul
distances during the early operating years favour the North Site*
l In fact, expressed in terms of present value, the reduction in
haulage is worth only about a quarter of a million dollars. The
haulroad bridge referred to in the Mining Study Report is for
l linnite transport across the Ontario Northland track.

Abitibi Piver sites require the construction of a permanent
bridge over the railway {possibly two bridges depending on the
The
l rine haul road pattern adopted). The Pond Site however being
located on the same side of the railv/ay as 958 of the lignite
reserves needs only a temporary crossing (probably at grade) to
provide access to that portion of the East Field east of the
l railway.
3.3.3 Summary
l On balance, mining considerations offer a

small but significant advantage in favour of the Pond over the
l Abitibi River Sites. However, the over-riding factor governing

site selection was cooling water supply, and the decision to
select a cooling pond method made adoption of the Pond Site
essential. Apart from those differences inherent in the cooling
l -ater supply alternatives, all three sites considered are
regarded as closely comparable, and a more-detailed review of
-oil conditions and alternative mine development schemes would be
l necessary to establish a clear preferance.

3.4 Site Layout
l The site layout is shown in Drawing No. 3. The

position of the power plant is largely dictated by the location
of the cooling pond and, to a lesser extent, by the railroad, and
l the lignite deposits.
l
l
l Report 5366- H- 73
Page 3-22
l
l The coolinn nond has been located at a convenient point
on the Onakawana niver and the power plant is located at its
northeast corner. The cooling water intake and discharge have
been positioned to minimize the length of cooling water piping,
l ' ut at the sate tiiê the use of a discharge canal gives the
facility cf separation of the discharge from the intake, thus
minimizing recirculation. By the use of single pass condensers,
l the route of the cooling water discharge piping has been

fi: nlified and pipe lengths minimized.
l The plant has been oriented so that the turbine house

is on the railroad (east) side. This allows the switchyard to be
laced in a convenient position for transmission line access. It
also locates the switchyard at a maximum distance from the
l cooling water discharge canal and minimises potential problems
under fogging conditions which can lead to icing in winter.
l Rail spurs are shown giving access to the turbine house

loading bay and the main power transformer bay. These permanent
rail spurs will be used for construction purposes and, later, for
l transuortation of heavy materials for maintenance purposes. An

additional temporary rail suur can be taken into the boiler house
if this is reauired for construction purposes.
l The boiler house occupies the west part of the main

.'Uiloina and the electrostatic precipitators, ducting and stack
lie to the v.'est of the boilers. The lignite handling plant is to
l the northeast of the power plant, the most convenient position in

order to minimize the lignite haulage distance. An inclined belt
conveyor serves the boiler house, entering the building at Unit
l 1. This will allow operation of the first section of the

internal conveyor initially. The conveyor can then be extended
for Units 2 and 3 as required.
l The construction storage area and camp site are placed

to the south of the nower plant and additional storage space is
available on the opposite side of the rail spurs. By locating
l these areas at the Unit 3 end, construction staff will have

access to units under construction without having to pass through
areas vhere there is running equipment.
l The ash handling plant is shown to the north of the

ower olant. ;,t this point, fly ash and bottom ash will be
collected by road truckn from storage containers. A waste pond
l i.~, sho'/n to the east of the site. This consists of a large dyked
ares which "ill be utilized for any effluents from the plant
hich can not bo disposed of via normal drainage processes, due*
l to thfi nature o' the dissolved or suspended solids.
l
l
l Report 5366-ft-73
Page 3-23
l
l ' system of site roads is shown connecting all
i'Vortant operating areas and the construction and permanent camp
l ,-' : tear' Ode
Jn choosing the main ~tean cycle parameters - steara

l r, t e air. superheat and reheat temperatures, and feed-water
ter.-.erature - the following factors were considered:
l -)
b)
operating reliability and flexibility;
manufacturer's standard designs for units of the
l c)
selected size;
two-shifting capability, even when considering the
base load design;
l Ontario Hydro's suggestions were to consider two

nodes of operation, viz J
l "(i) Continuous operation at maximum output, for

as many hours as possible throughout the
year. This will likely result in average
l annual capacity factors of about 7 7 Jo.
(ii) Continuous operation at maximum output for 16
l hours per day, five normal working days per

week. This will likely result -in average
annual capacity factors of about 3955. Under
l tli i s mode of operation, the plant and mining

and lignite storage facilities should be
capable of supporting continuous operation at
full output for two months during system
l emergency
two months
conditions. And after such
operation, the plant should be capable within
of repeating such emergency
l d)
operation during the ensuing two months."
economic assessment relating capital cost and
l e)
efficiency;
requirement to minimize staffing,
l The two main steam parameters suited to the size of

unit selected were first considered. These alternatives are:
l
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l Report 53(i6-4-73
Page 3-24
l
l and
2,400 p.s.i.g./1 ,000 deg.F/1,000 deg. F Reheat
1,800 p.s.i.g./1,O00 deg.F/1,000 deg. F Reheat
l The hicher pressure cycle gives a better thermodynamic

cycle efficiency and results in a saving of between 2 and 3J! on
turbine heat rate. The pressure variation has only a snail
l effect on boiler efficiency, mains loss, and auxiliary power

(mainly feed-pumn power). The improvement in heat rate by using
the higher pressure can therefore be taken to be in the same
l order of magnitude (2-3X).

This represents a considerable yearly saving on fuel
costs - in the order of $720,000 - and represents a present worth
l of about $8 million based on a 30-year life for the plant at 77X

GF. The capital cost penalty for a 2,400 p.s.i.g. plant against
an 1,800 p.s.i. design of similar capacity would be considerably
l less than this figure, and the higher pressure can be justified
on this basis alone.
l Against this must be considered the possibility that

the 2,400 p.s.i. units would be less flexible, more difficult to
operate and require more skilled operators than a 1,800 p.s.i.
unit. From the boiler ooeration aspect there is no less
l flexibility, the major criteria being governed by temperatures

which are substantially the same for each application.
Reliability appears to be of the same order for each cycle.
l with turbine operation there is a somewhat better case

for usino a lower pressure as it affords the opportunity of
constructing the high pressure casing with smaller metal
l thickness, resulting in a subsequent reduction in differential
expansion problems when starting up or operating the unit under
varying load conditions. The general opinion of turbine
l manufacturers was that good turbine design and attention to blade
clearances would allow the higher pressure set to be just as
flexible as the 1,800 p.s.i, unit. In connection with this, it
l was noted that there has been considerable trouble with some of
the 500 "lw unit turbines in the UK, but manufacturers pointed out
that this was mainly due to the very fine turbine blade
clearances used for the purpose of achieving maximum efficiency.
l (A CEGB policy occasioned by high fuel costs.)
The 2,400 p.s.i. cycle is more of a manufacturer's
l standard for this unit size and has the advantage, therefore, of
allowing major components to be relatively "off the shelf. More
data is available on the higher pressure cycle, due to it being
l more standard.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 3-23
l
l There is also some advantage from the operational
"know-how" angle since all the latest Ontario Hydro plants are
designed for the 2,400 p.s.i, cycle.
l After considering all these factors, the 2,400
p.s.i./1,000 deg.F/1,000 deg. F reheat cycle was selected as a
l basis for this study. The makers standard of 480 deg. F

(approx.) feed-water temperature was adopted, because it enabled
the adoption of standard feed-water heater trains which match the
l turbine designs' optimum heat balance,

If it is eventually decided that the power plant shall
be operated primarily for two-shift (peaking) operation, then the
l 1,800 p.s.i. cycle should be reconsidered if it can be shown that
capital cost savings (and possibly more suitable performance on
varying loads) outweigh the smaller fuel cost savings at low
l capacity factors.
3.6 Schedule and Cost Assumptions
l Certain key assumptions on the timing of the project

development and the methods of deriving costs were made at an
early stage in the study with the concurrence of the three
l contracting parties:
(a) The final decision to proceed with the project
l would be made by June 1974, and that commercial

delivery of power from the first power plant unit
would be scheduled to begin on October 1, 1979,
l (b)
with subsequent units following at 6 monthly
intervals.
The planned operating life for the mine and power
l plant for economic calculations would be 30 years,
beginning in 1979.
l (c) The net energy generated by the plant would be

calculated as at the exit from the switchyard for
transmission to the south. Energy used for
station service and mine operation would thus be
l excluded, and the net cost of energy for the plant
would be estimated on this basis.
l (d) Capital and operating costs for the project would

include all on-site facilities, freight to the
site, applicable taxes and the cost of providing a
l rail commuter service. The cost of the main

transmission line to the south, and for any
l
l
Report 5 36 6- U- 73
Paqe 3-26
l
l services reauirecl nt the permanent
communities would be excluded.
residence
Tor estimating oower plant costs (but not necessarily

m the mine), the following assumptions were made:
(e) Long-term interest rate - Sft
m (f) Escalation rates in accordance v/ith an Escalation
forecast dated April 1972 and supplied by Ontario
j Hydro.
(g) Method of depreciation - sinking fund.
l
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l Report 5366-U-73
l
l 4________PLAN? SYSTEMS DESIGN
In order to expedite study progress and reduce
l duplication of design effort, the basic conceptual design

oreoaret! was for base load operation (Case 1), and is described
in the following sections of the Report. A complete list of
l statistical data for the plant is included in Appendix D. For

Case 2, tvro-shift operation, only minor design alterations are
necessary and these are described in section 1.12.
l 4.1 toilers and Auxiliaries

The boiler selected for the purpose of this study has
l already been briefly described. A more detailed description is

niven below.
l The boiler is a natural circulation single drum design

with balanced draft. Both forced draft and induced draft fans
are used to give a balanced furnace pressure considered essential
when burning a fuel of this nature.
l Six DGS hammer mills are each supplied from an

individual bunker of 150 tons capacity. Lignite is transported
l from the bunker to a Stock volumetric feeder by a drag link

conveyor. Two of these drag link conveyors are used where
necessary. The mills are positioned circumferentially around the
l boiler, each providing pulverized lignite to an individual burner

bank. Burners are arranged to fire tangentially.
Lignite is dried by hot gas extracted from the top of
l the combustion chamber immediately in front of the superheater,

at a temperature of approximately 1,940 degrees F. Each mill is
supplied by a refractory lined duct which also has facilities for
l tempering the hot gas with cold air. About 2/3 of the way down
the gas duct, the lignite is fed into the hot gas stream, thus
allowing some of the moisture to crack off. The removal of the
moisture from the lignite lowers the temperature of the
l transporting gas, and at the inlet to the hammer compartment of
the mills the temperature is reduced to approximately 500 degrees
r. TO prevent overheating of the mill in the event of a fuel
l failure, which would remove the cooling effect, an automatic

emergency valve operates to admit cold air into the duct as a
safety measure.
l The DGS mill is of the hammer type and contains three

rows of beater hammers approximately 11 ft. in dia. Driven from
the sane shaft is a fan which serves to transport the fuel/gas
l mixture to the burners. No classifier is fitted, the

classification being effected by means of careful selection of
the diameter of the last row of hammers. The mill is provided
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-2
l
l with large, easily removable inspection doors, for the purpose of
inspection and maintenance. These mills have a low power
consumption and a moderate noise level. Maximum coal size
required at the inlet is 4". Mill power consumption is estimated
l at 10 KWH per ton. Mill maintenance is required as follows:

at 3,500 to 4,500 hours for change of wearing plates-8 hours
l at 6,000 to 8,000 hours for changing hammer -8 hours
l The above maintenance frequency has been estimated for

Onakawana lignite.
l Despite the relatively high operating temperatures,

fires in this type of mill have not been experienced. This is
due to the fact that the carrying medium, flue gas, is relatively
inert. Grinding would be kept fairly coarse to prevent too big a
l heat release close to the burner orifices. The boiler is

designed to give MCR with one spare mill at the six-month low
calorific value of 4,375 Btu per Ib.
l The fuel gas mixture at mill outlet is at approximately

265 to 355 degrees F, sufficiently above the boiling point of
l water to ensure that there is no corrosion in the duct due to

moisture. The burners are arranged in two banks in vertical
line, each bank consisting of three burners with intermediate air
l supply, over-fire and under-fire air is also provided. Air

velocities have been carefully chosen to keep the ignition line
reasonably close to the burner orifices. These velocities are
given in the main parameter list shown ih Appendix A.
l With the system of using inert gas as a transport

medium for the pulverized lignite, almost the entire air supply
l is available for use as intermediate over-fire or under-fire air.

The careful selection of air velocities, plus control on grinding
fineness, results in a low temperature in the combustion zone
l (approximately 2140 degrees F) and minimum slagging. The claims

on this point have been substantiated by inspection of several
installations burning low grade lignite, where soot blowing was
not required in the combustion chamber. Blowers were only
l occasionally used in other parts of the boiler.
The boiler is fitted with pendant superheaters and a
l combination convection and pendant re-heater. The economizer is

in the second pass and of conventional plain tube design. The
boiler is fitted with twin regenerative air heaters of horizontal
l spindle type. The boiler selected is of a conventional two-pass

design.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-3
l
l Bottom ash is collected by a water submerged drag-link
conveyor. Bottom ash is not expected to exceed 8?6 of total ash.
All superheater, reheater and economizer surfaces are equipped
I with steam operated soot blowers. Forced draft and induced draft
fans are not included in the boiler supply, but axial flow fans
have been selected for these duties and have operating
l characteristics as follows:
Forced(Draft) Induced
l Van Capacity (per fan) c.f.m.

(2 each)
507,000
(2 each)
930,000
l Static pressure ins. w.g. 28.6 17.1
l Design Termperature deg. F

Horsepower (per fan)
86
3,040
320
3,620
l Temperature control of superheat and reheat is by means

of spray attemperator, with full temperature available down to 70
l to 15"fc MCR. Auxiliary fuel is No. 2 oil and burners are provided
sufficient for 30 to 3596 of total boiler heat input.
l The boiler supplier stated that the flexibility of the

boiler will be comparable to an equivalent unit burning
bituminous coal. This point is supported by the operating
l experience at the Greek stations which was examined in some

detail during the visit to Europe by SECo, Manalta and Ontario
Hydro representatives (see Appendix A).
l Heat Release is given as a conservative 30,000 - 37,000

Btu/sq. ft./hr., based on the cross-sectional area of the
l combustion chamber. Flue gas velocity through the convection

passes is approx. 35 f.p.s.
l The boiler heat balance is estimated as follows, at 8096

of MCR, based on a lignite of 4,000 Btu/lb., moisture content of
l
l
l
l
l I'oport 53G6-4-73
"ane H-i\
l
l Iloat lorsra in dry '"lue gas 5.3
l Heat lop:s duo to moisture in fuel

Font loss due to il in fuel
10.9
y.3
l 2
I'oat loss due to carbon in ash/dust 0.4
l
Radiation 0.25
Unaccounted and manufacturer's margin 1.25
l Efficiency 77.6
l The schedule for manufacture and erection was ouoted as:

Months
l Date of order to conrcsnceroent of erection 20
l
\rection to boil-out/aoid clean
tirê between units
l
'uring the final ^reparation of this Report,
information v/as received indicating that the pulverizing mill
-otor horr.eoower and the dust loading at precipitator inlet may
l
both be greater than the fiqures oreviously given and used as a
tarsia for this Report. However, as these parameters will vary
';ith the iranufacturer, it was not considered necessary to adjust
l
results at the study stage.
l
l
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l Report 53G6-U-73
Paae 1-5
l
l ".2 Turbo-Generators
Quotations received from different turbo-generator
l manufacturers suggest a seven-stage regenerative reheat cycle at

2,400 n.s.i.g., and 1,000 degiF/1,000 deg.F reheat. A steam
cycle at 1,800 p.s.i.q. v/as also studied, but selection of 2,400
p.r,.i.g., 1,000 deg.F/lfOOO deg.F reheat cycle was adopted for
l the reasons riven in Section 3.5.

In the initial stages of the study when river cooling
l was envisacred, a turbine back pressure of 1.5" Hg was selected.

Due to uncertain river flow during winter conditions and the
possibility of thermal pollution of the river, several
alternative arrangements were studied and cooling by the use of a
l cooling pond was finally adopted. The size of the pond was
optimized at 700 acres. The summer maximum average temperature
of the pond at the cooling water intake with the station at full
l output is estimated at 80 deg. F during the month of July, and

the temperatures in June and August are 86 deg. F. The winter
minimum monthly average temperature of the cooling pond is
l estimated at 56 deg.F at the cooling water intake in the month of

January. Further details of pond temperature are given in
Appendix B.3.
l With pond cooling it is not possible to operate with

as hicjh a vacuum as with river cooling due to the higher
temperature of the cooling water. A figure of 75 deg.F was taken
l as the design parameter for the cooling water intake temperature,

v.'hich gives a corresponding back pressure of approximately 2.0"
Hg for condenser operation. This is in line with general
l engineering desion in which the selection of a somewhat lower

temperature than the maximum cooling water intake temperature is
made to avoid selecting too large a condenser. Although the
condenser back pressure will exceed 2.0" Hg during the summer
l months of June, July and August, during the greater part of the
year the vacuum will be better than the design condition with a
consequent improvement in heat rate for the plant.
l During the engineering of the project, it is possible

that this cooling system may be revised when full data is
l available, and further research into direct cooling, cooling

tower operation, or combination systems can be carried out.
Detailed enquiries for turbo-generators were sent out
l to eleven turbine manufacturers. Four manufacturers gave all the

information requested.
l
l
1
1 0 Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-6
1 iUl
conpound machines.
Turbo-Generator manufacturers offered
Particulars are shown in the following table:
tandem
1
TURBO GENERATORS - TECHNICAL DETAILS
1
Supplier I II III IV
1 1. Gross generator out- 340,000 340,000 340,000 340,000
put (kW)
1 2. Generator voltage (kV) 18 19 22 22
3. Power factor 0.85 0.9 0.9 0.9
1 4. Steain pressure at MEV 2115 2415 2400 2415
(FSIA)
1 5. Jesign Condenser back 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.8"
pressure (inch Hq
1 Abs )
fi. Type of B. F. P. in- Electric Steam Electric Steam
eluded in heat ba
1 lance
7. Main steam flow (PPH) 2,191,839 2,253,440 NA 2,284,305
1 at 1000 deg.F
3. Reheat steam flow PPH 1,973,822 2,005,294 NA. 2,036,701
1 at 1000 deg.F
9. Reheat steam pressure 545 528 NA 541
FSIA
1 10. Number of f .w. Heater s
Low pressure 4 4 4 4
1 High pressure 2 2 2 2
11. No. of cylinders HP/ 1/1/2 1/1/2 1/1/1 1/1/1

1 IP/LP
12. Steam flov; to 1,493,104 1,439,412 NA 1,486,979
1 Condenser {PPH) * 81,733
*(B.F.P.)
* 62,800
MB. F. P.)
1
1
l
l Page
5366-4-73
4-7
l
l 13.Heat rate (1.5 Ins.
Hg Cond. Pressure)
7594 7632 7735 7913
l 14.Heat rate (2.0 Ins.

Kg and Cond. Pres
sure
76M7 N.A. 77UO(Est) N.A.
l 15.Machine dimension
length
119*0" 105*0" 91 110*0'
l 16.Ptator weight (tons) 210 231 185 268
l *These manufacturers offered a

turbine-driven boiler feed pump.
standard cycle incorporating a
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-8
l
l Information was relayed to all manufacturers to submit
revised figures for a 2" Hg absolute back pressure when a
decision was taken to use a cooling pond for cooling water.
l Comments from manufacturers were received as follows:
l SUPPLIER I
1. The worsening of the vacuum form 1.5" to 2" will
give a Q.7% worse heat rate.
l 2. Increases to 2" vacuum or above enables Brown

Boveri to reduce the number of L.P. cylinders from
l two with 26" LSB's, to one with 30" LSB, with a

corresponding worsening of the heat rate of 1.8^.
The worse heat rate is off-set by a corresponding
l reduction in the cost of each unit of

approximately 5900,000 to $1,000,000.
l SUPPLIER III
1. If constant output is maintained in going from
1.5" Hg absolute to 2.0" Hg absolute, the throttle
l flow will change less than 1,OOOPPH and the heat

rate will remain substantially unaltered.
l For the purpose of this study, no specific individual

turbine proposal was used as a basis for design, layout, or
costing. When tenders are invited it is considered likely that
l additional alternatives will be presented. For design, layout,

and costing composite data has been used.
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-9
l 4.3 General Mechanical Plant
l 4.3.1 Condenser circulation Water System
l The heat rejection will be approximately

1,470 million Btu/hr. per unit. With a design temperature rise
through the condenser of 15 deg. F., 196,000 US gpm of cooling
l water is required per condenser.
The cooling water system alternative adopted
l uses a 700-acre cooling pond with make-up from the diverted

Onakawana River and also provides for make-up through the river
water supply pumps on the Abitibi River. The cooling capacity of
l this pond will allow a vacuum corresponding to a back pressure of

less than 2" Hg absolute for all but three months of the year.
During the three summer months the back pressure should not rise
l appreciably above 2 1/2" Hg absolute, which is an acceptable

figure for the turbine and condenser designs considered.
There are two 50?6 capacity pumps per
l condenser each of 500 h.p. of the vertical propellor type and

developing 15' head.
l The cooling water supply from the pumphouse

is via a 108" diameter concrete pipe. Each condenser has two
inlet pipes of 72" diameter which enter the inlet water boxes
l through valves and expansion joints. Two 72" diameter outlet

pipes from the condenser water outlet boxea run into a 108"
diameter concrete discharge pipe, through valves and expansion
l joints. This is routed through the station beneath and between

the bunker supports. This arrangement entails no cross-over of
cooling water piping, and minimizes excavation. The discharge
box in the pond includes stop logs for sealing the cooling water
l pipes in order to isolate and drain the lines for inspection or

maintenance.
l Although the cooling pond water is

recirculated, the blowdown could otherwise contaminate natural
surface waters with chlorine. It is therefore not proposed to
l chlorinate the condenser cooling water in order to prevent any

effect this may have on the environment. The condensers will be
fitted with "Amertap" on-load tube cleaning equipment to prevent
l algae build-up.
t.3.2 Condensing Plant
l Steam at the rate of approximately 1.5 MPPH

ir, condensed in a single pass 142,500 sq. ft. condenser. The
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-10
l
l Admiralty brass tubes are 39'O" long, l" in diameter and of 18
gauge construction. The cooling water temperature through the
condenser is designed for a rise of 15 degrees F. Heat rejected
l in the condenser per unit is approximately 1,470 million Btu/hr.

The condenser is of single shell and twin water-box construction.
An alternative tube metal of stainless steel can be considered
when all factors are known. Cooling water requirements are
l 196,000 US gpm per unit for full unit load. The design cooling
water velocity has been taken as 7 ft./sec. and a cleanliness
factor of 85%. Design back pressure is 2.0" Hg.
l The condenser is connected to the L.P.

turbine exhaust flange through a stainless steel expansion joint.
l For the cooling water temperature rise

selected (15 deg. F) the choice of a single pass condenser was
shown to have the following advantages;
l 1) Simplified plant layout.
l 2)
3)
Less cooling water piping and fittings.
Less excavation.
l 4)
5)
Less pumping head and pumping costs.
Less overall capital cost.
l 4.3.3 Feed-Water Heating Train
l Seven stages of feed-water heating are

provided, comprising four horizontal low pressure heaters, one
deaerating heater, and two horizontal high pressure heaters.
l Initial feed-water heating is carried out in the gland steam

condenser. Two 10096 duty extraction pumps take the condensate
from the condenser hotwell and pump it through the gland steam
condenser and four low pressure heaters to the deaerating heater.
l The deaerating heater storage tank provides suction to two 55')(,

duty electrically-driven boiler feed pumps which supply feed-
water through the two high pressure heaters to the boiler. The
l final feed-water temperature is 481 degrees F..

High pressure heater drains are cascaded and
l are pumped to the deaerating heater from the No. 6 high pressure
heater. Drains from the low pressure heaters are cascaded to the
next lowest heater and finally to the condenser. By-pass lines
and control valves are provided in the heater drain lines which
l discharge to the condenser under conditions of start-up and low-

load operation. The normal feed-water make-up to the feed system
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-11
l
l is provided from the demineralized water-storage tank.
Demineralized water can be fed to each condenser hotwell at a
rate of 150 US gpm to make up for boiler blowdown and
miscellaneous losses.
l Low pressure feed-water heater tubes are
stainless steel construction. High pressure feed-water heater
l tubes will be of carbon steel and nitrogen blanketed during

shutdown. Permanent facilities for nitrogen blanketing are
installed.
l is included.
A condensate polishing unit of 2596 capacity
l Drawing 8.
A simplified steam flow diagram is shown in
l 4.3.4 Boiler Feed Pumps

As a design concept, two 5596 electric-motor-
l driven boiler feed pumps were selected. Though the use of

electric motors for boiler feed pump drives of this size places a
high burden on nominally sized electrical supply equipment on
l start-up, cost factors favour installation of two half size pumps

over a full size turbine-drive pump which would require a 4096
(approx.) electrically-driven start-up pump installation.
l During the final design of the station, the

following arrangements should be investigated to optimize the
selection of boiler feed pumps.
l 1. Full size turbine-driven pump with 40-5096

electric start-up pump(s).
l 2. Two half size turbine-driven pumps, plus

electric start-up facility.
l 3.
4.
Turbine shaft mounted pump.
Variable speed electric motor driven pumps of
l 5096 nominal capacity.
The evaluation should consider the following
l factors;
(a) Capital Cost.
l (b) Thermal Cycle Advantage.
l
l
l Ueport 5366-'l-73
Paqe a-12
l
l (c)
(d)
Flexibility in Operation.
Reliability.
l (e)
(f)
Operating Cost.
Maintenance.
l (g) Plant Capacity Factor.
l 4.3.5 Make-Up Water Treatment Plant

The capacity of the water treatment plant has
been sized at 450 US gpm based on 3J5 plant make-up requirement.
l Normally the supply source for the water treatment plant will be
the Abitibi Paver with a tie-in to the service water system
supplied from the cooling pond.
l chemical feeds,
The plant includes a clarifier, filters,
clearwell pumping station, two-bed
denineralization train followed by mixed beds. Equipment and
l controls furnished allow semi-automatic operation of the water
treatment plant from a local control panel.
l An outdoor demineralized water tank is

provided to hold approximately 250,000 gallons. During winter,
recirculation and steam heating will be used to prevent freezing.
l The plant also incorporates a waste water treatment plant to

neutralize regeneration and rinse chemicals from the water
treatment plant before discharge into the waste pond.
l 4.3.6 Service Water System

During the construction and initial stages of
l operation, adequate fire protection facilities must be provided,

r. river-water pumphouse must be erected to supply the necessary
water. The source of water will be the Abitibi River.
l When the cooling pond is commissioned,

service water will be drawn from the pond. Additional security
has been provided in that during low flow periods of the
l onakawana River, pond make-up and service water can be provided
from the river-water pumphouse. The service water system
therefore has been made capable of operating either with river-
l water, or with water from the cooling pond, whichever the

situation warrants.
Drawing 8 shows a simplified service water
l system designed for the Onakawana Power Plant. A permanent
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page a-13
l
l river-water pumphouse is installed on the Abitibi River with one
pump initially, to supply water for fire protection requirements.
This pumphouse will ultimately have four pumps to supply the
l service water pumnhouse located near the plant approximately

6,000 ft. away from the river pumphouse.
The service water pumphouse contains b x 100X
l service water pumps and motor driven and diesel driven fire
pumps. The pumps for service water and fire protection are
separated by a wall. Discharge from the river water pumphouse
l supplies water to the two pumps separately. Cooling pond supply

to the pumps is tapped from the three cooling water pipes going
to the plant.
l The water treatment plant receives water from

the service water heater or directly from the river water
line.
supply
l All service water surplus is led to the

cooling water discharge canal and serves as make-up for the
l cooling pond.
4.3.7 Fire Protection System
l This consists of a storage well located in

the service water pumphouê, two 1008 vertical fire pumps of
"actory Mutual approved type, one electrically driven, and the
l other by a diesel engine. The veil is connected to the fresh

river water system with tie-ins to the service water system well
and cooling pond. To maintain system pressure a storage tank
l vith a jockey pur ip is located in the power plant building and is

connected to the underground main loop, branch connections from
this main connect to outdoor hydrants and indoor systems
including automatic dry-type deluge systems, hose cabinets and a
l ranually-operated sprinkler system. To supplement the fire water
systems portable dry chemical extinguishers are also provided as
required.
l Protection of the exterior areas of all

buildings and equipment contained in the switchyard and stockpile
l area is provided by means of fire hydrants.

The turbo-generator and oil storage areas are
protected by manually operated sprinklers of the fog-nozzle type.
l Less hazardous areas inside buildings are protected by fire hose
cabinets.
l
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
Page 4-1
l
l Protection of unit auxiliary and main power
transformers is by means of a dry type deluge sytem. Deluge
valves located inside the building are electrically operated.
l 4.3.8 Plant General Arrangement
l and 5.
The arrangement of major equipment and
auxiliaries selected for the power plant is shown in Drawings H
The turbo-generators are arranged in line along the
l length of the turbine building and symmetrically placed with

rospect to each boiler.
The boilers are tangentially fired and
l arranged for natural circulation. The furnace is 51' wide, 5U 1
deep and 24 O 1 high. The pulverizers are located around the
boiler furnace and supply fuel to the burners located on the four
l vails of the furnace. The bunkers are located on the sides of

the boiler? eliminating a bunker bay along the front of the
boilers which is a common practice.
l The boiler house and the turbine building are

separated by the 35' wide feed-heater and auxiliaries bay.
top floor of this bay accomodates the lignite conveyors which
The
t feed the lignite bunker tripper conveyors on each side of the

toilers.
l The regenerative air heaters are

outside the nain boiler-house building and are enclosed.
located
l The boiler
vidth and 250*0" in height.
house is 516* in length, 180* in
The turbine building is 100'O" wide, 105' in

1 height, and 516' in length. The turbine room operating floor is
36' above the grade level and will serve as a common oyierating
^"loor with the boiler house. The turbine blocks are located so
l as to leave enough space on the east side for condenser tube

v.ithdrav;al, laydown and maintenance, and unloading of equipment
from the rail cars in a common space.
1 Two half capacity cranes have been selected

v.'hich, in combination, will lift the stator.
weigh about 240 tons.
The stator will
l Two half capacity cranes were chosen because

of the tirr.it construction schedule v?hich envisacss .d;--: onth
l interval". '.etveen units. The availability of two travelling

cranes facilitates a faster rate of construciton, but will still
handle the heaviest lift - the electrical stator.
l
l
l Report 5366-U-73
Page H-15
l
l 4.3.9 Auxiliary Bay
On the grade floor of the auxiliary bay the
l boiler feed pumps, condensate polishing units, bearing cooling
v;ater heat exchangers and pumps, battery room, etc., are
accomodated.
l The second floor (elevation 210') houses the

two lowest temperature F.w. Heaters (1 and 2) and provides the
l space required for withdrawal of the tube bundles.

The control room for all units is located on
the operating floor level (elevation 227') between the No. 2
l boiler and turbine, as shown in Drawing 3. The computer and
relay rooms are adjacent to the control room.
passenger/freight elevator serving all floors up to the boiler
A
l drum level is located on the boiler side of the control room on

the station centre line.
l All the t.16 kV switchgear and motor control

centres are installed in the auxiliary bay above the operating
floor at elevation 245'. The F.W. heater bays, at elevations
261' and 276', contain the low pressure F.W. heaters 3 and H and
t high pressure heaters 6 and 7 respectively. The deaerator and
storage tank are located at elevation 291'. The lignite conveyor
is situated at elevation 321'.
l A lifting well is situated at the north end

of the auxiliary bay, to serve all floors.
a 4.3.10 Administration Building Annex

This annex is situated at the north end of
t the plant. The grade floor of this annex contains the auxiliary
boiler, water treatment plant, machine shop, emergency diesel,
generator synchronizing breaker compressors, etc. Grade-level
i machine shop facilities are centrally located so that equipment

parts can be moved to the maintenance area through an accessway
inside the plant and lifted to any auxiliary bay through a hatch
i provided on each floor. The administration building is served by

a passenger elevator.
In the event of loss of normal A.C. auxiliary
i power, supply to essential auxiliaries is assured by means of a

750 kW diesel generator set.
i The top two floors of this annex provide air-

conditioned administrative offices, canteen, electrical
instrument shops, laboratory and personnel service facilities.
and
i
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-16
l
l t*.3.11 Air-Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, and
Combustion Make-Up Air Units^.^^.^..^^^.^
l The F.D. fans for the boiler are located in

the boiler house with the suction duct near the top of the
toile-s wl ere warm air is taken by the fans. During normal
l operation, the combustion air required is provided by make-up air

units mour ted on top of the boiler house. These supply the
required f uantity of air at room temperature by means of
l thermostatscally controlled air heating units. These units are

heated by f team supplied by the nain boilers through a pressure-
reducing ftation during normal operation, or by the auxiliary
boiler during shut-down and start-up. Make-up air units are
l equipped v ith intake filters to prevent dust entering the
building. The make-up air units also provide a positive pressure
in the building to prevent ingress of dust laden air through
l openings ir the building. Relief louvers are installed in order

to protect the building from overpressure. Arrangement for
free20 projection of heating coils is also provided. During
l rummer, lcuvered windows at the rear of boiler building provide

cir to the F.D. fans and thus ensure ventilation as well as
adequate combustion air. The ventilating air fan units are
installed on the roof of the turbine house for winter and summer
t ventilation.
't.3.12 Control Room and Offices
l These have year-round air-conditioning units

comprising a self-contained climate changer supplying a filtered,
l cooled, he?*.ted and humidified outside and return air mixture.

The administration building offices are
supplied with a self-contained multizone climate changer unit via
l zone supp'.y ducts. The temperature of each zone is modulated on
the demand of its zone thermostat. The air intake for the unit
is located inside the turbine building and the offices are
t slightly pressurized to prevent ingress of dusty air.

U.4 Cooling Water Supply
l '.'his section of the report deals with the supply of

cooling water required by the oower plant and describes the
ilternativn methods considered. The design of the in-plant
l circulating water system is described in Section 4.3.

a.4.1 General
t An early examination of the availability of

an adequate cooling water supply is essential for any technical
l
l
l uoport 5306-1-73
Paqe 1-17
l
l feasibility study of a thermal power plant, and a considerable
portion of the overall study effort was devoted to this problem.
The increasing public awareness of the potentially harmful
l environmental effects of thermal pollution must be recognized at

the conceptual design stage. This is evidenced in the report of
Task J'orce Onakawana which includes the following statements:
l "The major specific concern of the Task Force

relates to the water of the rivers of the area" and
l "Thermal effects unquestionably constitute the

nost serious problem which has to be resolved relative to water
quality considerations."
l In general, two basic cooling methods are in common use:

a) One-Through or Direct Cooling
l In this method, the cooling water is
extracted from a natural supply source (lake, river or sea) at
l ambient temperature, flows through the plant condensers with an

increase in temperature (condenser temperature rise) and is then
returned to the natural supply source. In effect, the dispersal
of the heat rejected by the plant is accomplished by natural
l conditions in the cooling water supply source. This method is
therefore acceptable, only if, firstly the required quantity of
coolino water can be extracted, and secondly when the natural
l ; ource can absorb tJ i o heat rejected without unacceptable side

t: f êcts.
l h) Closed-Circuit Cooling
with this approach the cooling water flows in
r. closed cycle. Leaving the plant condensers at an elevated
l temperature, it then passes through an artificial cooling medium
(cooling pond or towers) which lowers the temperature before the
water is returned to the plant. Ultimate heat dispersal is to
l the atmosphere via the cooling medium and is normally

accomplished by the evaporation of a portion of the cooling water
cori)ined with radiation and convection where a cooling pond is
l used. A separate supply system is therefore necessary to replace

evaporated water {with make-up water) from a natural source.
To sum up, once-through cooling uses a
l ralatively large quantity of water, whereas closed-circuit
cooling consumes a relatively small (about 5JC of the total once-
through requirements) quantity. This description of the basic
l cooling methods is a simplified one, and in practice numerous
l
l
l Report 5366- H- 73
Page 4-18
l
l modifications and combinations of the two general approaches
used.
are
l The James Bay Region of Northern Ontario

has, by Canadian standards, relatively abundant natural water
resources and the cold climate materially eases cooling problems.
l The Onakawana lignite deposit is fortunately adjacent to a number
of major water courses. Both once-through and closed-circuit
cooling approaches were evaluated for the Onakawana power plant,
l and each is described in following sections of the report. The

impact of cooling water supply on the selection of plant
capacity, plant site and plant layout is also briefly described
l in the relevant report sections.

4.t,2 Cooling Water Requirements
l The total cooling water flow required (at

constant plant output) is a function of the condenser temperature
rise. Condenser rise ia a design variable dependant in economic
l terms on the cooling water intake temperature (at source), the

higher the intake temperature, the lower the preferred condenser
rise for optimum thermal efficiency of the plant. A high
condenser rise is also preferred since it reduces cooling water
t flows, with cost savings for pumping and channel and pipe runs.
For protection of the environment, a low condenser rise is
preferred since "thermal shock" at the discharge point is
l potentially damaging to aquatic life. Although condenser rise is

a variable, the total heat rejection from the plant (at constant
output) is not, which means that the overall thermal effect at
l discharge remains constant. For Onakawana at full plant output

the heat rejection to the cooling water is some U,416 million
Btu/hour, which can be expressed in terras, more relevant to water
flows as 19,500 cubic feet/sec. deg.F. The following table
l illustrates the relationship between condenser rise and flow:
(all figures are quoted for full plant output):
l Condenser Rise deg.F

required Cooling Water Flow cfs
10
1950
15
1300
20
975
30
650
l This relationship holds true regardless of

vhether once-through or closed-circuit cooling is used, i.e., at
the same condenser rise, the same total cooling water flow is
l required for either cooling method. Heat rejection from the
plant is also almost unaffected by climatic conditions.
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 4-19
l 4.4.3 Once-Through Cooling on the Abitibi River
l The Abitibi River which flows immediately to

the east of the Onakawana lignite deposit is a substantial river
with superficially adequate potential for a once-through cooling
l water supply, and the initial cooling water studies concentrated

on this alternative. The Matagami River was not considered as a
cooling water source since its flow regime is less favourable and
l it is farther from the lignite deposit than the Abitibi. The

cost penalty involved in transporting lignite (or cooling water)
between Onakawana and the Moose River also eliminated this river
l as an attractive cooling water supply source.

In some respects, the adverse effects due to
thermal pollution of the river after cooling water discharge are
l of overiding importance. Adverse effects can be classified into

two areas:
l 1. Immediately adjacent to the cooling water

discharge point (outfall), where aquatic life is exposed to
relatively large thermal variations between the ambient river
vater temperature and the cooling water temperature (at arnbient
t plus condenser rise). This effect is local since rapid mixing of
the cooling water and river water occurs (or can be induced), and
can be reduced by the selection of a low condenser rise,
t 2. Downstream from the outfall after mixing has

occurred, the whole river flow has absorbed the heat rejected and
l is at a temperature above ambient. This effect is more wide

spread since, depending on climatic onditions, several miles will
be affected before river water returns to ambient temperature,
adoption of a different condenser rise does not alter this effect
l rhich is governed by the total heat rejected by the plant and the
river flow.
l This latter effect due to a rise in the

overall river v/ater temperature is normally considered to be much
the more serious of the two. The relationship of the various
l factors is illustrated in the following tables
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
Page 4-20
l
l assumed Total River Flow 2000 4000 6000 10000
l befor Ct\7 extraction (cfs)
(1) Overall River Rise above 19.5 4.9 3.25 1.95

l ambient after mixing
(dog. ?).
l (2) '4 of River T^low extracted

as ChT for the following
condenser rise:
l 10 dag. F
15 clog. F
iTA
HA
49
32.5
32.5
22
19.5
13
l 20 deq. P 49 2l\ 16 10
l 3'.) cLeq. r 32.5 16 11 6.5
l (1)
(2)
At full plant output .
Remaining flow remains for mixing at the discharge
l Without costly river control structures, the

maximum flow that can in general be extracted from a river is
l about 40 ft of the total river flow.

Discussions were held with representatives of
tlie ministry of the Environment to review guidelines for maximum
l ter-oeratures for overall river rise and cooling water discharge
(condenser rise), and SECo decided to adopt the following design
criteria for the deisgn of a once-through cooling system:
l Maximum Condenser Rise 15 deg. F
t rerruirod flows are:

Maximum Overall River Rise 5 deg. F
Reference to the above tables shows that the
l Cooling Water Flow 1300 cfs
l Minimum River Flow 4000 cfs
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
Page 4-21
l
l This means that under minimum flow conditions
approximately 1/3 of the river flow would be extracted as cooling
water, the remaining 2/3 acting to mix with the discharge water.
l In its natural state the Abitibi River flow

frequently drops below the required 4000 cfs minimum for periods
l of up to 24 hours. The first essential was thus to devise a

riethod of increasing the flow during dry conditions.
potential solutions were considered briefly:
Three
l a) Re-Regulating Reservoir - a storage

reservoir constructed by means of a dam across the Abitibi
upstream of Onakawana to regulate the discharge from upstream
l vydro plants and supply a controlled minimum flow. Although

affording a "guaranteed" solution, the high capital cost of the
control structure ruled out detail consideration of this
l alternative.
b) Storage Pond at Onakavjana - a control
\an located immediately downstream of the proposed Onakawana
t plant site would create a storage pond which would regulate river
'Discharges and could also act as a "heat sink" or cooling pond in
the area of the cooling water intake and outfall. However, flow
l re-circulation between outfall and intake could be a problem

unless physical separation was adopted. In view of the high
capital cost, and the fact that the raised water level could
t cause drainage problems within the mine, this alternative was

also rejected.
c) Otter Rapids Discharge Alterations - the
l -'.ost promising alternative, and that selected for further study,
was to alter the operating pattern of the Otter Rapids power
-olant (30 miles uostream from Onakawana) to prevent flows less
l than 1000 cfs from occuring.

The alterations required at Otter Rapids and
their impact on the Ontario Hydro system are described in detail
l in Appendix B.1. In summary, the studies conducted show that the
concept of altering Otter Rapids discharges is practical. During
low-flow conditions, and contrary to the normal operating regime,
t the plant must operate for relatively short periods at night in

order to supplement low flows which would occur at Onakawana on
the following day. Although no capital cost facilities are
l required, the alterations do reduce the value to the Ontario

Hydro system of the energy produced at Otter Rapids* This is
estimated as $49,000 annually equivalent to a present-day capital
sum of the order of $550,000 and this is a penalty which must be
l charged against the Onakawana Project.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-22
l An additional important consideration in the

l conceptual design of the once-through cooling system is the
capability of extracting the required cooling water flow from the
Abitibi River and this matter is examined in detail in Appendix
l B.2. in brief, there is a lack of "hard" factual data on river

flow conditions at Onakawana, particularly in winter. Although
it is regarded as unlikely ice problems may be sufficiently
l serious to reduce the cooling water intake capacity below the

1300 cfs required. Should this in fact occur, and depending on
the actual cooling flow available, either the Onakawana power
l plant must reduce output, or the plant condensers will operate at

a higher condenser rise which may produce unacceptable
environmental effects in the immediate locality of the river
outfall.
l The design concept for the once-through

cooling system is reviewed and compared with the alternative
l closed-circuit system in Section 4.4.5.

4.4.4. Onakawana Cooling Pond
l Because of the lack of sufficient data on

Abitibi flow conditions, it was considered impossible to
l guarantee an adequate supply of direct cooling water under winter

conditions, in view of the adverse effect on plant reliability
or environmental damage that could result, alternative cooling
water supplies were investigated for a closed-circuit system.
i The two basic alternatives are cooling towers or a cooling pond.

A detailed evaluation of the relative merits of each was not
attempted at this stage, but, in general, cooling towers are less
l re-liable than a cooling pond system, and are normally favoured in

areas where level space is limited or of high value. A cooling
pond design concept was therefore examined.
l There are no natural lakes or ponds in the

immediate Onakawana vicinity, and the terrain is essentially flat
l apart from the minor river valleys of the Onakawana River and
Medicine Creek. A cooling pond location adjacent to the mine
area was desirable and the Onakawana River Valley upstream of the
mine area is suitable. This stream is a tributary of the Abitibi
t River and flows parallel to the main river through its lower
reaches. It also traverses the eastern margin of the lignite
deposit and would thus be diverted into the Abitibi River in
l order to expedite mine operations and increase lignite

recoverable reserves. The shortest length for the diversion
canal occurs opposite Barebones Island in the Abitibi River about
l three miles upstream from the mining boundary. This three-mile

stretch of river valley was selected as the obvious site for the
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-23
l
l cooling pond.
No. 2.
The general area of the pond is shown in Drawing
l The design concept for the pond is described

in detail in Appendix B3. An "open" pond into which the
Onakawana River flows was selected in preference to a "closed"
pond surrounded by dykes on all sides. The optimum area for the
l pond was evaluated by considering the fuel cost savings which are
realized when a larger pond (with lower cooling water
temperatures) is used. The relatively adverse topographical and
l ground conditions result in a rapidly increasing capital cost as

the pond is enlarged. A relatively small pond of 700 acres
(useable) was thus selected based on a condenser rise of 15 deg.
l F and a cooling water flow of 1300 cfs (as for the once-through
cooling system).
l The Task Force Onakawana Report correctly

anticipated the diversion of the Onakawana River and noted that
"...this condition is not expected to have any detrimental
influence on the Abitibi River..." Other than the area of pond
l itself, environmental effects should be limited to the discharge

of Onakawana River flows into the Abitibi River {via the
diversion channel) at temperatures a little above ambient. This
l is expected to have an insignificant effect on the Abitibi River.

4.4.5 Summary of Alternatives
l The design concept for both alternatives is

inhibited to some extent by the paucity of physical data - river
l flows, temperatures, ice conditions, topographical contours, and

soil conditions. As a result both are "conceptual" as opposed to
"firm" designs, in comparison with once-through cooling, the
cooling pond:
t (a) offers a more certain solution since the data

deficiencies are less serious in this case.
l (b) provides potentially less adverse

environmental effects.
l (c) guarantees plant reliability comparable to

other thermal power plants in regard to
cooling.
l (d) by operating with relatively higher

temperature cooling water, is less thermally
l efficient and required more fuel for the same

plant output.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
t Page 4-24
l (e) will require

construction
a greater capital cost for
l (f) due to elevation differences, requires less

pumping of cooling water.
l Points (a), (b) and (c) are relatively

intangible and difficult to evaluate in economic terms. The
overall total of the points (d), (e) and (f) gives once-through
l cooling a significant economic advantage.

'ifter due consideration of the various
l factors described it was decided to adopt the cooling pond scheme

as the preferred alternative for the overall power plant design
concept. This decision was based primarily on the
intention to conceive a power plant design with emphasis on
broad
l reliability, minimal damage to the environment, and the avoidance

of uncertain design solutions.
economic penalty on the project when
This decision does impose an
the tangible cost
l differences between the two alternatives are estimated. The

value of this economic penalty is quoted below in 1973 current
dollars - all costs are of "order-of-magniture" accuracy only:
l Capital cost difference in favour of once-

through cooling, allowing for the complete cooling water systems,
i.e., cooling pond construction, Onakawana diversion, intakes,
l outfalls, piping, pumps and auxiliary water systems ** $7,700,000.

Annual values for:
l Net loss in thermal efficiency and

resulting increased fuel consumption
- add - 3200,000
l I7et saving in cooling water pumping

(cost of energy or fuel consumption)
l - subtract -
value of Otter Rapids alterations
$120,000
l (see Appendix B1) - subtract -
Net annual saving for once-

$ 49,000
l through cooling:
Expressed as a present worth cost
f 31,000
l at 85? this annual amount is equi

valent to: $350,000
l
l
l Report 53G6-4-73
Pace 4-25
l
l Hence the total economic penalty for the
adoption of a cooling pond is of the order of $8,050,000.
l The cooling water alternatives do also have

sorte influence on the selection of total installed
capacity, site area and olant layout and these matters are
plant
l described in the appropriate report sections.

4.5 Lignite Handling System
l The design concept for the power plant lignite handling

system was influenced by the following factors:
l (a)
{b)
Handling characteristics of the lignite,
Delivery schedule and rate from the mine.
l (c)
(d)
Shift cycle adopted for plant fuelling staff.
Climatic conditions.
l The required production rates, stockpile
handlincj method reflect consideration of these items.
sizes and
l 4.5.1 Plant Fuel Consumption
l The following table lists the respective fuel

consumption rates for the power olant:
Lignite C.V. - Lower Ranges Average Interim Shor t- Terr
l (Btu/lb.) 4,300 4,375 3,744
l -'uel Consumption (tons)

Annual at 7 7 'i CF 7.1 x 10
6
N/A H/A
l ônthly at 100?i CF
Rally at 100^ CF
770 x 10
25,300
3
860 x 10
28,300
3
N/A
33,000
l lM3ur.lv at 103 S CP 1,05x0 1,13.) 1,380
l l) Llanite an-clalivered C.V. variability is as quoted

section 2. - Interim is C ronthsj short-term is daily.
in
l *0 '"uel consumption based on a net heat rate of 11,000 Btu/kWh.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-26
l
l 3) i'or base load operation at 775 cpaapcity factor, this gives,
a net annual energy production of 6,330 GWh and an annual
fuel heat requirement of 69,600 billion Btu.
l The short-term daily variation in lignite

calorific value is most unlikely to be reflected in a comparable
l plant fuel consumption. Under such circumstances, mine delivered

liqnite would normally be stocked out for blending and higher
C.v. lignite reclaimed from stock to feed the plant.
l 4.5.2 Lignite Handling Characteristics

The run-of-mine (ROM) lignite will be
l delivered to the plant

Maximum lump size is
operation of this type.
by 120-ton bottom-dump coal haulers.
expected to be 48" - normal for a mining
The lignite grading required by the
l plant beater mills is

advised that the lignite
characteristics:
4" minus. As crushed to this size, Boyd
would exhibit the following handling
l Loose (uncompacted) density

Compacted density
-
-
45 Ibs./cu. foot
60 Ibs./cu. foot
l Stockpile angle of repose - 37 degrees.
l Angle of repose for

underground recovery
- variable, 45 deg,
a reasonable ave-
rage
v* a f* A
.
l Based on past experience with other lignites

and the behaviour of a small stockpile of Onakawana lignite at
Thunder Bay since 1971, spontaneous combustion is not expected to
l be a problem in a well-compacted stockpile. A loose or live

stockpile however should be turned over at regular intervals as a
safety precaution. The fact that the mine will be operated with
three distinct pit areas means that, with careful planning, a
l relatively uniform lignite product will be delivered, and special
provision for blending the raw lignite within the stockpile will
not be required.
l 4.5.3 Operating Hours and Delivery Rates
l The basic shift cycle for both the mine and

power plant is one of 12-hours duration. Lignite loading in the
nine is expected to be primarily a day-time operation with
delivery averaging about 72 hours per week. On this basis the
l average annual delivery rate to the plant will be approximately
2,000 tons/hour. Each of the three loading units in the mine
l
l
l Report 5366-H-73
Pnqe 1-27
l
l (case 1) has a basic output of some 750 tons/hour - a total of
2,250 tons/hour. In order to accomodate delivery surges, in
addition to the receiving hopper capacity, a stocking out rate of
l 2,500 tons/hour was selected for design*

At the plant, bunker fuelling can be arranged
for either 12-hour or 21-hour continuous daily operation. Both
l alternatives have merit, the 12-hour cycle permits a halving of
the operating staff, but requires relatively large bunkers* 21-
hour coverage was adopted since it offers substantial savings in
l cost through the use of smaller bunkers and a lower reclaim rate.
Design parameter include:
l Bunker Capacity:
6 at 150 tons per boiler - 8,100 tons
total
l Equivalent Pover
Full Output:
Plant Operating Times at
l - 7.7 hours, normal C.V. fuel
l - 6.9 hours, interim low C.V. fuel

-5.9 hours, short-term low C.V. fuel
l with one mill out of operation, these

capacities are reduced by 1655, giving a worst-conceivable
condition at the lowest short-teri" C,V, fuel of 1.9 hours.
l Selected design reclaim capacity - 1500 tons/

hour.
l Equivalent daily fuelling time at full output

with interim low C.V. fuel ** 18.8 hours.
l 4.5.1 Stockpile Requirements

Because of the close relationship between the
l nine and power plant, and the fact that lignite delivery from the
vnine will be on a year-round basis, a very large annual plant
stockpile is not considered necessary. The mine development plan
calls for the maintenance of an in-mine reserve of stripped coal
l ready for loading of approximately 750,000 tonsf i.e., one to two
months plant consumption. This reserve is planned to cover a
major breakdown to the stripping draglines. Ample spare lignite
l loading and hauling capacity has been allowed for in the mine,
and apart from temporary short-term interruptions, lignite
l
l
l Report 53G6-4-73
l Page 4-28
l deliveries should be relatively steady throughout the year.

Experience in coal mining elsewhere in Canada indicates that
l /inter weather need not seriously affect mine production rates.

?.n additional safety factor in ensuring regular deliveries from
the mine ir. the use of three separate working pits (and equipment
fleets). The principal need for an annual stockpile is to
l provide some safety margin for labour strikes, and to balance a
relatively steady rate of mine production with a variable power
plant output - the Onakawana plant will probably operate at close
l to 100J? output for some months during the winter and at lesser
output during the summer. It is conceivable that the annual
naintenance shutdown at the power plant could be planned to
l coincide with an annual holiday closure of the mine. After

considering all these factors, a target annual total stockpile of
jOO,000 tons was selected. Adequate space would be prepared for
:he stockpile to exceed thin quantity at certain times.
l As part of the annual stockpile, a smaller
Active stockpile is required to balance delivery and consumption
l on a regular basis; e.g., Sunclavs or overnight when deliver*,' from

the mine ceases. Active storage, depending on the type of
reclaim system adopted, is normally defined as that which can be
l reclaimed "at the touch of a button" regardless of weather

conditions, etc. While a large active storage is preferable for
olant operations, it has the disadvantage of requiring regular
turn-over to minimize the risk of spontaneous combustion when
l stocked in uncompacted form. A design figure of 50,000 tons,
approximately 40 to 50 hours full plant consumption, was selected
for active storage.
l 4.5.5 Alternative Handling Systems
l Brief consideration
following alternative systems:
(a) Underground reclaim
was
tunnels
given to the
v'ith a surface
l ('.)
stacker or trestle.
Bucket vheel stacker-reclaimer.
l (c) "obilc equipment vith .1 snail surge pile.
l The principal fuel handling system suppliers

-ere consulted before a system was adopted. Mobile equipment was
rejected because of its high operating costs and susceptibility
to short-terr.v outages in severe weather. A bucket wheel machine
l was ruled out primarily because of its high capital cost, need
for top-grade operation and maintenance under the
operating conditions likely at Onakawana, and the inherent
arduous
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page U-29
l possibility of an extended shutdown when breakdowns occur (a

reserve stockpile reclaim system would be essential). The
l potential advantages of the bucket wheel are also not too

applicable in this case since stockpile blending is not required,
and a major portion of the total annual lignite consumption can
be delivered directly to the plant without being stacked out or
l reclaimed.
An underground reclaim tunnel system fed by a
l rail-mounted stacker was adopted for these reasons?

1. Simple and proven operation.
l 2. Reduces double handling - lignite can readily

by-pass the stacking-reclaiming system.
l 3. More reliable and flexible than either mobile

equipment or a bucket wheel.
l 4. Rail stacker offers more access to mobile

equipment for stacking out, reclaiming,
compaction, etc., on the stockpile than an
overhead trestle stacker.
l 5. Although a cost comparison of alternative
systems was not attempted, the adopted design
l was considered to offer the lowest total

cost.
l 4.5.6 Description of Selected System

The layout of the lignite handling system is
shown in Drawing No. 6. The system is arranged with two parallel
l stockpiles 750' long, each with its own reclaim system. This
reduces handling distances and adds a margin of safety against
partial reclaim system failure. Live or active storage of 25,000
l tons is provided in each stockpile, reclaimed via 15 feeders in

an underground reclaim tunnel. The inactive outer portion of the
stockpiles will be built and compacted by means of tracked
l bulldozers which will also handle day-to-day stockpile

naintenance duties and reclaim from inactive storage as required.
The R.O.M. lignite is delivered by 120-ton
l bottom dump coal haulers to two receiving hoppers of 300 tons
each, located in the roadway from the mine. This roadway is
built in the form of a "turn-around", which allows one-way
l traffic at a 655 grade. The truck hoppers have feeders below

which deliver the minus 48" R.O.M. lignite to a ia'x28' Bradford
breaker. The breaker not only reduces the coal to a minus 4"
l
l
l Report 5366-H-73
l Page 4-30
l size with minimum fines and no oversize, but it removes all

debris such as fossilized roots, tramp iron and wood, as well as
l scavenging out all rock over 4". This reduces the ash content of
the lignite and protects the conveyors, pulverizers, etc.-, from
damage. The average maintenance cost of this equipment is very
l low. Since the final product size is minus 4", no secondary

crushing stage is necessary.
The minus tt" lignite is delivered to the
l transfer building by a 48" belt where an automatic sampler
removes samples from the R.O,M. lignite. It then is delivered to
one of the two stockpiles by the rail-mounted stacker or bypasses
l the stacker for direct delivery to the plant. Lignite is

reclaimed by a tunnel under each stockpile, and is fed to the
station bunkers directly or via the frozen coal crusher. These
l 48" conveyors, from the reclaim tunnels, and the main conveyor
by-passing the stacker, are protected by suspended magnets.
The station bunker feed system is made up of
l a 48" main belt with four transfer points and three fixed
trippers. The fixed trippers and the end of the belt feed onto
48" conveyors with travelling trippers which supply the 18
l bunkers arranged in 4 rows (1 double). The trippers deliver the

lignite by two spouts through self-sealing rubber slots in the
top of the bunkers. The bunkers are vented to cyclone dust
l collectors which discharge the dust back into the bunkers. The
four transfer points on the main bunker feed conveyors are vented
into the bunkers to prevent dusting in the main lignite gallery.
l The lignite handling system is designed for

fully automatic operation or remote manual control from the
station control room.
l 4.6 Ash Handling System
l 4.6.1 Ash Production

The design concept for the ash handling plant
was based on the following:
l (a) Plant capacity

period.
factor - 100)! over 24-hour
l (b)
(c)
Lignite consumption - 1,180 tons/hour.
Ash percentage - 14J! as fired.
l (d) Bottom ash - 10J5 of total ash produced.
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
l Page a-31
l (c) Fly ash

ced.
collected - 92J5 of total ash produ
l Item (b) above corresponds to the lowest

calorific value expected over the interim range (6 months), 4,375
l Btu/lb.
Item (c) above is based on the highest ash
l percentage expected over the interim range of 6 months (12X) to

which a margin of 28 has been added to allow for variations of
short duration in the ash percentage*
l The above data gives the following estimated

maximum ash production on which design was based:
l Bottom Ash (10X)

Per Hour(tons) 17
Fly Ash (92X)
152
Total Ash (100K)
165
l Per Day (tons) 400 3650

Overall, the quantity of ash produced is of
3950
l the order of 800,000 tons a year - a total of about 21 million

tons over the operating life of the plant.
l 4.6.2 Ash Disposal Methods

The two main methods suitable for disposal of
the two types of ash are:
l (a) Hydraulic disposal to a settling pond.
l (b) Trucking to a disposal area.

Hydraulic disposal of bottom ash and fly ash
l appears at first to be an attractive method, since it eliminates

the use of road haulage - a labour intensive operation. Mined-
out areas were considered for an ash disposal lagoon by pumping
directly to the mine. Initially, until a suitable area is mined
l out however, a temporary lagoon would have to be constructed.
This would entail considerable exnense as several feet of muskeg
"ould have to be removed and dykes constructed.
l Ash disposal pipes would need expensive

footings plus roadways for installation and maintenance purposes.
l In addition, in a climate such as Onakawana 1 s, ash lines would be

subject to freezing unless less than approximately 3,000 feet in
length, (site requirements would dictate a length of 9,000 ft).
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-32
l
l This length of pipe would also entail the use
stages of pumpinq.
of at least two
l Other factors
pipeline disposal for ash are:
militating against the use of
l (a) Need for recovery, treatment and

disposal of ash water to avoid polluting
local rivers.
l (b) Periodic necessity to re-locate

routes and potential interference
mining operations.
pipe
with
l (c) Scaling potential with this type of ash.
l (d)
(e)
High
ash.
friction
"Visual"
factor with this type of
pollution by a large ash
l disposal lagoon and the potential need

for its subsequent restoration.
l A more reliable and less costly method is the

second system - trucking to the disposal area. The ash can be
rixed directly with the spoil and used to enrich the soil for
reclamation purposes. Trucking was therefore chosen for the ash
l cisposal method. The system selected is described below.
4.6.3 Bottom Ash System
l The bottom ash from the boilers falls into

the bottom ash discharge trough, which is partially filled with
l water and which houses the initial (horizontal) part of the drag
link conveyor. The ash is taken automatically from the trough by
the continually moving drag link conveyor in the bottom of the
hopper. It elevates the ash up a slope to a discharge point
l outside the building, dewatering the ash in the process. The
three drag link conveyors (1 per boiler) deposit the ash on to a
36" rubber belt, which delivers all ash from the three boilers to
l two 200-ton truck hoppers. The truck hoppers provide storage for
approximately one day's output of bottom ash for the plant.
l 4.6.4 Fly Ash System

The fly ash collection system is made up of
?ix separate fly ash conveying systems, each serving eight
l precipitator outlets, one econmizer outlet, and one precipitator

outlet - see Drawing 7.Two separate systems are fitted per boiler
l
l
l Ueport 53o6-4-73
l Page 1-33
l to give an adequate margin for downtime due to operational

requirements and maintenance. These 50-ton per hour systems are
l arranged to convey fly ash under vacuum from each dust outlet in
turn, selected individually in automatic sequence, through an 8"
conveying pipe. The dust is discharge to two fly ash storage
l silos of approximately 1 day's total capacity. Each of the

conveying systems discharges through the three dust collectors in
series, consisting of two cyclones and a bag filter. The rotary
l vacuum nunps, v;hich provide the vacuum, discharge through noise-

eliminating snubbers. The discharge from these snubbers will be
clear, and negligible dust should be released with reasonable
dust collector maintenance.
l Each silo is of steel construction mounted on
n supporting tower to provide for truck removal of the ash. Each
l nerves three fly ash conveying systems and is provided with a

roof structure capable of supporting the three sets of dust
collectors. The bottom of each silo is provided with air slides
l for fluidizing the dust: fluidized dust feeders and Hydro-mix

dust water spray conditioners. These dust conditioners discharge
conditioned dust to trucks at 200 tons per hour. By conditioning
the dust with water during the loading operation, clean
l conditions are ensured.

t.6.5 Design Considerations
l The ash collecting system was selected on the

basis of reliability, ease of maintenance and cost. The bottom
l ash system is designed to operate continuously. However, the

bottom* ash hoppers have sufficient capacity so that the rsystem
nay be shut down for short periods for maintenance purposes.
Adequate capacity is provided in the two truck hoppers to allow
l for maintenance of loading equipment or occasional shortage of

trucks.
l The total fly ash capacity of the six systems

is 300 tons per hour, while the total fly ash produced by the
station ur?ing highest ash content lignite is expected to be in
the order of 150 tons per hour at M.C.R. The systems are
l interconnected for ease of maintenance, and to provide for
shutdown of individual system s due to malfunctioning or major
maintenance without affecting plant operation. Fly ash
l collecting systems can be a high maintenance item and this

conservative approach is considered to be justified.
l discharge.
Three sets of dust collectors per system are
provided to ensure removal of all dust from the vacuum pump
A vacuum system was selected as it eliminates the
inherent dusting from piping used in a pressure system. Its
l
l
l Report 5366-li-73
Page U-34
l
l cost, both in purchase and operation, is lower than that of a
pressurized system, the alternative system which could be
l provided. Two fly ash silos are provided with a total capacity
of approximately 1 day's fly ash production. Because of the
normal ease of loading fly ash, one day's capacity is considered
sufficient to provide for efficient operation of the haulage
l truck.
4.6.6 Ash Disposal and Haulage
l The system described above

handling up to and including the ash storage silos.
covers
Ultimate
ash
l transportation by truck and disposal of ash within the mine area

was assumed to be the responsibility of the mine operator and is
described in the Mining Study Report. The plan and associated
costs proposed by Boyd were based on an assumed requirement for
l continuous 24-hour, 365 days per year haulage. The detailed
design of the ash handling systen described above makes provision
for silo storage of a day's total ash production. Therefore, ash
l haulage and disposal can, and should be arranged as a day-time

operation with consequent cost savings.
4.7 Electrostatic Precipitators and Stack Design
l The criteria for tins design of electrostatic
precipitators and the power plant stack(s) are a function of the
l products o" combustion in the boiler, and the treatment necessary

to satisfy air cuality requirements.
l 4.7.1 General
The following table shows the principal
corbustion products and their effect on environmental quality:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page a-35
l Product Effect
l Gaseous:
Sulphur Dixoide SO t Above certain concen
l Nitrogen Oxide NO
2
trations, potentially
harmful effects on all
life forms.
l VJater Vapour Visual only as a stack

vapour plume.
l other Gases (CO , O , M ,etc.) Not significant
l Particulate Katter
(dust or fly ash)
)
)
Visual as a "dirty" stack
plume, and physical on
ground contact.
l Treatment of
classified under three headings:
combustion products can be
l 1.
2.
Minimizing, by careful
combustion techniques.
Removal, by physical or chemical means,
control of
l electrostatic
example.
precipitators are .an
l 3. Dispersal, to
concentrations -
design.
avoide harmful
by appropriate
local
stack
l All three
application at Onakawana.
of these techniques have some
l a.7.2 Air Quality and Sulphur Dioxide Removal

The legislated and desirable air quality
l standards in Ontario, and indeed in North America as a whole, are

currently subject to continual revision. Present standards
include the following for sulphur dioxide concentrations at
l ground level (quoted from the Air Pollution Control Regulations -

Air Pollution Control Act of 1967 for Ontario)s
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page a-36
l Prescribed Standard 0.30 ppm average over 30 min.
l Desirable Air Quality

Criterion 0.25 ppm average over 1 hour
0.10 ppm over 1 day
l 0.02 ppm average of 1 year

Regulations also prohibit in general the use
of fuel with a sulphur content exceeding 1.5X.
l The design standards for sulphur dioxide are
quite critical since at present its removal, as opposed to
l dispersal, is barely within the scope of commercial technology.

Fortunately, the sulphur content of Onakawana lignite, averaging
about 0.5)5, is low in comparison with other coals and lignites.
l Even allowing for the greater pro-rata rate of combustion due to

its lower calorific value, the equivalent sulphur throughput at
Onakawana is low by comparison with Ontario's present coal-
burning power plants.
l The Task Force Onakawana Report noted that
......."Using the range of sulphur content reported, the
l anticipated concentration of S02 from a 500-foot stack would be

0.07 to 0.17 parts/million (ppm) at a distance of 13,000 feet
downwind. Mixing of lignite from the high and low sulphur
l content seams may be worth considering to maintain minimum SO2

concentrations. Under the design conditions assumed, it is
unlikely that the vegetation, including lichens, will
adversely affected by the S02 concentrations anticipated.".....
be
l SECO is in agreement with this statement and considers it valid

in the present design context. The Mining Plan anticipates the
simultaneous mining of several distinct seam areas which,
l together with judicious use of the plant stockpile, will reduce

the delivery of relatively high-sulphur lignite to the plant*
The ground level S02 concentrations noted will of course vary
considerably, subject to ambient climatic air conditions, and are
l regarded as acceptable within the present framework of air
quality standards. No sulphur removal equipment is therefore
considered necessary.
l a.7.3 Combustion Techniques and Nitrogen Oxides
l Nitrogen oxides (termed NOx) in flue gases

have recently become a source for concern, largely due to the
large scale emission of this pollutant from automative sources.
nitrogen oxides in boiler flue gases comprise HO (nitric oxide)
l 1102 (nitrogen dioxide) and N20* (nitrogen tetroxide) f but for
practical purposes nitric oxide constitutes the only significant
nitrogen oxide formed in a boiler furnace. In the atmosphere, NO
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-37
l
l breaks down readily to form N02. Research has shown that N02
will undergo reactions with a number of organic compounds in the
presence of sunlight, resulting in the effect of photochemical
l smog. nitrogen dioxide in concentrations of 6 ppm can produce

lung injurv and oedema.
l Power plant boilers, as designed in the past,

could produce upwards of 1000 ppm of Nox in flue gases. With
modern techniques, this figures can be reduced to 200 ppm or even
below. The techniques include:
l (a) Modifying the burner equipment to mix
fuel and air at a lower rate, resulting
l (b)
in a lower peak flame temperature.
Lowering the temperature of the
l (c)
combustion air.
The use of two-stage combustion. In
this process the amount of air
l introduced into the primary combustion
zone with the fuel is reduced to below
the theoretical value. Following this,
l the final combustion air is introduced

into the combustion gases several feet
above the top row of burners to complete
l the combustion process. This results in

a lowering of peak and average flame
temperatures.
l (d) The recirculation of part of the cool

flue gas and mixing
combustion air.
it with
This results in a
the
l lowering of the
combustion-gas
furnace.
peak and
temperatures
average
in the
l By using one, or a combination of two or more

of the above techniques, the temperature of the combustion
products is reduced, less time is available for reaction at high
l temperatures, and oxygen concentration in the combustion products
is minimized. These conditions reduce the tendency to form
nitrogen oxides. Modern boiler design may be expected to achieve
l this and has been applied in the Onakawana boiler design to give
acceptable MOx figures.
l
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page H-38
l
l 1.7.4 Particle Emission and Electrostatic Precipitators
It is estimated that the dust concentration
l in the boiler flue gases from the Onakawana plant would be in the
neighbourhood, of 6.6 grains/cu.ft. at the air preheater outlet.
The Air Pollution Control Act, 1967, refers only to ground level
concentrations and these are not easily co-related to stack gas
l dust concentration. However, the standard used by Ontario Hydro
is a figure of 0.02 grains/cu.ft. at dust arrestor outlet,
corresponding to a dust arrestor (electrostatic precipitator)
l efficiency of 99.755. This standard is also designed to ensure
"no visible stack plume" in as far as plume discolouration is
concerned.
l Because of its low sulphur and sodium
content, the Onakawana dust is expected to have high electrical
resistivity making it difficult to collect. However, experience
l with similar fuels has shown that good efficiencies can be
achieved if the electrostatic precipitator is designed with extra
large collecting surfaces and low particle migration velocities.
l It is not possible to predict accurately the sizing of the dust
collector without establishing the resistivity of the dust by
burning and testing the fuel under conditions as close as
possible to actual operation. It is therefore recommended that
l before any engineering design commenced, a test should be,
conducted on an existing boiler of similar size range with a full
size precipitator on line. This test would establish the
l parameters for proper selection of the Onakawana electrostatic
precipitators. It would also determine if SO3 conditioning is
required, or if consideration should be given to locating the
l precipitator on the hot side of the preheaters. At this stage
the precipitator has been located after the air preheaters - the
normal procedure.
i
l In the absence of reliable dust resistivity
tests, in sizing the precipitators, the highest ash resistivity
at which electrostatic precipitators can collect consistently has
l been assumed. To obtain a collection efficiency of 99.7JS, two
precipitators are provided per boiler, each with 4 chambers, 6
fields, 9'x30* collecting curtains, and 25 gas passages at 9"
l spacing. This design is expected to reduce the stack emissions
to 0.02 gr. per cu. ft.
U.7.5 Stack Emissions and Design
l On the basis of the proposed combustion
techniques and electrostatic precipitator design, stack emissions
l with the oower plant at full output are estimated as follows:
l
l
l Report 5366-a-73
Page U-39
l
l Compound
Concentration
____(ppm)
Mass Flow
(Tons/Day)
l C02
H20
02
132,000
188,000
28,900
20,000
11,600
3,150
l H2
S02
S02
NOx
650,000
780
200
62,500
173
31
l CO
Particulate
50
0.02(gr./cu.ft.)
5
8
l Although the eioitted quantities of nitrogen

oxides, carbon monoxide and particulates have been minimized by
good design of combustion techniques, careful operation, and the
l selection of high efficiency precipitators, the stack must be

carefully designed to give good uplift to the flue gases, a wide
dispersion of effluent in the upper atmosphere, and minimise the
risk of downwash of the flue gases during adverse atmospheric
l conditions.
Stack height has been selected at 500 ft.
l above grade. Research elsewhere has shown that this bears a

correct relationship to the maximum building height (250 ft.) to
nininize downwash. Flue gas efflux velocity has been selected at
relatively high figure - 80 ft.sec. Although efflux velocity
l does not play a major part in thermal uplift, it is felt that a
hiah fiaure gives an influence in the right direction, and also
tends to minimize downwash. These parameters conform to the
l recommendation of the Task Force Onakawana.

A single multi-flue stack has been selected
l to give the maximum thermal buoyancy to the plume. Research,

notably in the U.K., has shown that plume rise is more positive
with this technique which ensures all flue gases from a station
are discharged into a common illume.
l characteristics:
The stack selected has the following
l
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 4-40
l Height
Number of Flues
500 ft.
3
l Dia. of each Flue

Material of Flues
Material of Outer Shell
12 ft.
Mild Steel
Concrete
l Efflux Velocity
Internal dia. of Outer Shell
External dia. of Outer Shell
80 ft./sec.
28 ft.(top),
30 ft.(bottom)
30 ft.(top),
l The internal flues

38 ft.(bottom)
are insulated with
l fibreglass and protrude approx. 12-15 ft. above the top of the
concrete shell tp give the optimum aerodynamic effect on the
plume.
l 4.8 Switchyard
The single-line diagram for the Onakawana switchyard is
l r.hown in Drawing 10, and the layout in Drawing 11.

The basic single-line diagram was established with the
l participation and agreement of Ontario Hydro. Initially,

consideration was given to the use of 230 kV as the transmission
voltage via Otter Rapids to the Pinard Station, at which point
additional transforming capacity to 500 kV was required.
l Relativaly high 230 kV line loss and the limited reactive kVA
support at Pinard, especially under the emergency conditions of
one circuit out of service between Pinard and Hanmer, were
l factors in the rejection o* this aporoach and the adoption of 500

kV as the transmission voltage from Onakawana to Pinard.
double-circuit 500 kV transmission line from Onakawana to Pinard
A
l vas adonted to insure adequate reliability.

Located north-east of the powerhouse and relatively
close thereto, the switchyard contains two ring buses, at 500 and
l 138 kV. The 500 kV ring bus accommodates the three incoming
generating units and provides for two line circuits to the Pinard
Station; 500 kV air blast circuit breakers are assumed used. The
l 138 kV rinq bus accommodates the incoming line from Otter Rapids,
•i circuit to the f line, and supply to the reserve station service
transformer; 138 kV bulk oil circuit breakers are assumed used,
l To orovide "black start" capability for the plant, it

vas agreed with Ontario Hydro that the optimum method would be
the provision of a 138 kV transmission line from the existing
l Otter Rapids Power Plant, a distance of some 40 miles. Early

construction of this line ensures its availaibility for providing
construction power to Onakawana and preliminary power supply to
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Paoe 4-'
l the nine for initial stripping and stockpile construction, etc.,
l prior to anerqizinq of the 500 kv lines and switchyard.

Interconnecting the 500 and 138 kV buses is a tie
transformer bank consisting of three single-phase units each
l rated 20/26.6/33.3 MVA r with a spare unit"located alongside and

provision made for its ready substitution for any unit in the
event of failure. Should a fourth generating unit be installed,
l it is visualized that a second tie transformer might

this bank. On load tap changing facilities are provided on the
tie transformer bank (s). The estimated cost for the tie
be
established, in which case the spare unit would be used a part of
l transformer is high, due primarily to the use of the auto-

transformer connection with the LTC feature. It is believed
likely that a star/star connection with delta tertiary on 3-
l ' 'inding units would prove more economic.

The lines to Pinard and Otter Rapids are shown turning
l through approximately 90 deg. immediately upon leaving the

switchyard, to parallel the tracks of the Ontario Northland
Railway on the west side. The costs of these transmission lines
and turning towers are not included in the cost estimate for the
t switchyard.
The switchyard facilities would be remote controlled
l from Pinard via a microwave link. The cost of a 300 ft. self-
supporting
estimate.
microwave tower has been included in the cost
t 'l * 9 Electrical Equipment

The electrical system adopted for the power facility is
l shown in the single-line diagram of Drawing 9.

discussion centred around the Ontario Hydro
Considerable
Operating
j department's requirement for synchronizing breakers, breakers not
l normally associated with a plant feeding into a ring bus. Such

breakers, of course, can be provided either on the HV side of the
-nain unit transformers or at generator voltage, and there are a
number of factors favouring the latter arrangement, i.e.:
l (a) They are, in general, cheaper (especially when
compared with 500 kv breakers).
l (b) They permit continuous service of each unit

auxiliary service transformer during machine
l start-up and shutdown, thereby eliminating the

necessity for "start-up" transformers and load
transfer between start-up and unit auxiliary
transformers;
l
l
l .Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-42
l
l (c) compared with the provision of synchronizing
breakers at 500 kV, the breakers at machine
voltage provide faster clearance of faults
l involving the main unit transformers and

significantly reduce the likelihood of fire
developing at the point of fault.
l Only recently have breakers suitable for this

application on large thermal sets become available. Whilst none
l are in use in Canada, there have been numerous applications in

Europe, especially in nuclear stations, and their performance has
been satisfactory. It was agreed that the use of breakers at
i generator voltage was technically and economically viable, and

that the single line diagram and layout should be based thereon.
The generators are 20 kV, 0.9 lagging p.f. units rated
i at 378 MVA. They are conventional machines with water-cooled

conductors, hydrogen cooling at 45 p.s.i. and equipped with
static excitation utilizing rectifier transformers at generator
i voltage with SCRs, etc.

The 20 kV connections between generators and main unit
i transformers are made in 12,000 A isolated-phase-bus-duct via

synchronizing circuit breakers rated 12,000 A current-carrying
capacity, and 3,500 MVA interrupting capability, and tee-offs are
i provided to:
1. Unit auxiliary transformer, 20-4.16/4.16 kV, 40
i 2.
MVA, water cooled.
Metal-enclosed switchgear containing surge
protection, potential transformers for metering
i 3.
and control, etc.
Rectifier transformer for excitation system.
i It should be noted that Drawing 9 shows the rectifier

transformer for excitation directly associated with its
i generator, and hence requiring "field flashing" on each machine

run-up. An alternative location is on the "main unit
transformer" side of the synchronizing breaker, in which case
t field flashing is obviated.

The 20-500 kV main unit transformers are provided with
i off-load taps and are water cooled. They are rated at 375 MVA
for a temperature rise of 65 deg. C. A spare main unit
transformer is provided.
i
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l .Report 5366-4-73
Page 4-43
l
l The station auxiliary load is high by virtue of the
type of fuel being burnt and the physical size of the boilers.
The unit auxiliary transformers are correspondingly large, being
l provided with two 20 MVA secondaries. 3,000 A 4.16 kV switchgear

rated at 350 MVA is therefore required for all main infeeds. The
normal mode of operation would be for each unit auxiliary
l transformer to carry the load of the associated boiler and turbo

generator, and the reserve station service transformer to carry
the station auxiliaries (such as pumphouses, lignite and ash
l handling, aux. boiler, etc.). By virtue of the 4.16 kV

interconnections and switching the reserve station service
transformer would also need to be rated at 20 MVA for each of two
l secondaries.
No auxiliary generation has been allowed for "black
start". Instead, as mentioned in Section 4.8, the 138 kV line
l from Otter Rapids is intended to provide the required start-up

capability in the event of the simultaneous loss of the two 500
kV circuits. However, a diesel generator rated at approximately
l 750-1000 kw has been included in the layout? this diesel would

provide emergency supplies and also ensure continued availability
of the uninterruptible power supplies for safe unit shutdown and
l for the auxiliary boiler.

4.10 Instrumentation and Controls
l The instrumentation and controls are designed for

operation of the three units from a central, air-conditioned
control room with a minimum of staff. A U-shaped control board
l is provided, with a separate section for each boiler/turbine

unit. Each section contains boiler controls, burner management
equipment, and turbine supervisory and run-up equipment.
l Controls for fuel and ash handling are housed in a single special
section.
l No provision is made for control of the switchyard from

the control room. These controls are located in a separate
building in the switchyard.
l Controls for combustion, boiler draft, steam

temperature and feed water are of the electronic analog type with
t final drive elements pneumatically operated. A remote light-off

and shut-down system is provided for the lighters and lignite
burners, together with flame safety equipment.
l generators.
Automatic run-up equipment is provided for the turbo
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l Report 5366-1-73
Page 4-44
l
l A computer-type scanning, alarming, and data logging
systerc is provided as an operating aid. This incorporates analog
and digital inputs, and is provided with tele-typewriters and
l cathode ray display type units to provide information for

records, alarm conditions, first-up trip annunciation, and review
of data.
l Plant auxiliary analog controls requiring

surveillance are brought back to the control room.
operator
i r.amples.
An enclosed test station is provided for the automatic
conditioning, monitoring, and recording of boiler water and steam
Samples are monitored for conductivity, pH and
f dissolved oxygen, and an alarm will alert the operator in the

control room when off-normal conditions are detected.
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Pnqe 4-tl
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l 4.11 Civil Works
l Soil conditions at the plant site relative to

foundation design have not been specifically investigated.
However, the extensive exploratory drilling within, and adjacent
to, the lignite field area suggests the following general soil
l profile:
3' to 4' of muskeg material on the surface
l 5 1 to
clay)
15' (averaging less than 10') of marine
l considerable depths of boulder clay or till above

the lignite seams.
t Bedrock in the area is at very substantial depth*

although there is no specific knowledge of its bearing capacity,
the till was considered suitable as foundation material at an
t allowable static ground pressure loading of some 5000 Ibs. per

square foot. Foundations for the plant bulding and major
equipnient loads were therefore designed as isolated spread
footings founded on the till layer.
l Wind and snow loadings were based on published climatic

data for Moosonee. The major plant buildings were assumed to be
l of steel-framed construction clad with insulated double-skin

metal cladding. The severe winter climate in the area was
reflected in weatherproofing and insulation and heating of the
olant facilities. The FD fans, for intance, have been placed
l inside the building. An allowance of 9 feet was made for frost
oenetration and excavation for foundations and underground
pipework reflects this. Construction areas for the plant proper,
l lignite handling system, campsite, and construction storage are

prepared by removing the surface muskeg layer and backfilled with
till from the mine area.
l The civil design aspects of specific plant structures

such as the cooling pond and the stack are described under the
relevant report sections.
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Page 4-46
l
t 4.12 Plant Modifications for 2-Shift Design
l For 2-shift operation, Ontario Hydro's suggestion was:

"Operation at maximum output for sixteen hours per day,
t five normal working days per week. This will likely

result in average annual capacity factors of abour 39K.
Under this mode of operation, the plant and mining and
l lignite storage facilities should be capable of

supporting continuous operation at full output for two
months during system emergency conditions.
l And after such operation, the plant should be capable

within two months of repeating such emergency operation
during the ensuina two months".
l The above conditions represent a normal 2-shifting

requirement for a power plant. The plant must be capable of
supplying full output for an extended period even if it is to be
l basically a 2-shift plant. Any modifications necessary will be
for the purpose of facilitating the more frequent load changes,
run-ups and shut-downs which will be occasioned by 2-shifting.
l These will include modifications to make the plant sufficiently

flexible to deal with 2-shift operation, speed controls to
conserve auxiliary power at part loads and remote controls to
l assist the operators on load changes, run-ups and shut-downs. It

is also important to maintain main and reheat steam temperatures
which drop at lower boiler loads. With units of the size
envisaged, 340 MW, more care has to be taken with the selection
l of equipment suited for 2-shifting, compared with, say, a unit
size of 100-150 MW. This is, apart from sheer physical size
effect, due principally to steam turbine characteristics under
l running up and load-change conditions. The units will have to be

run UP and shut down at least five times each per week and load
changes may be frequent.
l Large turbine units operating at high pressures and

temperatures have relatively massive high pressure cylinder
casings. Load changes, run-ups and shutdowns, cause temperature
I changes in the turbine and consequent differential expansions

between the rotor and the cylinder. In order to keep these
differential expansions from causing problems, close attention
l has to be criven to the blading clearances.

Tn addition, because of the, throttling loss at partial
loads, it may be advisable to consider the use of nozzle
l governing on the turbines.
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
l
l Care has to bo exercised in the selection of condenser
tubo materials, to avoid tube erosion at low cooling water
l velocities when on low unit loads.

As far as the boiler is concerned, the design adopted
should oo capable of dealing with low loads providing the
l superheat and reheat control ranges are increased. For the base
load unit, full superheat-reheat temnerature is available down to
7O-75f, full load. To extend this range downwards, for a 2-shift
l plant, the superheater and reheater area needs to be increased,

and the size of the attemperators increased to allow the extra
attemperation requirement at higher loads on the unit. It is
unlikely that full superheat and reheat could be maintained below
l 50-55ft full load, due to the size of superheat, reheater, and
attenperator involved.
l With six mills per boiler, it is considered that turn

down (ratio of maximum load to minimum load) on the millls is
adequate to aive the required flexibility of operation. Some
l form of speed control may be considered for the boiler fans,

however, to economize on power consumption. The gas supply to
the pulverizers nay have to be supplied with an alternative
tapning point lower in the furnace.
l With regard to the boiler feed pumps, speed control by

hydraulic couplings was selected, together with pump capacities
l of 55S nominal throughput. These features make them suitable for

2-shift operation.
l The circulating water pumps, of 50J5 nominal capacity,

would be suited for 2-shift operation and speed control does not
appear warranted v;ith the fuel cost anticipated.
l At low loads, airheater exit gas temperatures are

likely to be depressed below the dew point. This can result in
corrosion in airheaters and stack linings, but with the low
l sulphur content of the Onakawana lignite this can be disregarded.

Stack gas exit velocity will be
kinetic uplift consequently reduced. It
low (circa 35 fps) and
may be advisable to
l install a remotely operated exit damper
velocity - at least one stack manufacturer
design.
to each flue to adjust
can offer a suitable
l With regard to the common services - lignite handling,

ash and dust handling, water treatment plant, compressed air,
l auxiliary steam system, etc., no change in design is involved

since these services must be capable of supporting full power
nlant output for a two-month period.
l
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Page t- HB
l
l Summing up, the modifications required are few and
relatively inexpensive compared with the over-all plant cost.
They includes
l (a) Attention to turbine design and blading clearances
l (b)
(c)
Possible nozzle control on turbine inlet
Larger superheater and reheater surfaces and
l (d)
increased attemperation
Possible speed control on boiler fan motors
l (e)
(f)
Possible alternative pulverizer gas tap-off point
Control dampers on stack flues
l (g) .Remote controls rsquired on certain valves.
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l Report 5366-4-73
l
l 5________SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES
5* ^ Construction Plan
l The ownership and management organization for the

development of the overall project is conjecture at this time.
The basic assumption made was that construction and operation of
l the mine and power plant would be the responsibility of separate

owner entities? with a limited degree of cooperation in the
sharing of certain common facilities.
l Because of the remoteness of the site area from

established communities and the industrial areas of the province,
and the relatively limited transportation facilities, a somewhat
l unusual construction plan was assumed. The owner organizations
were assumed to be responsible for the provision of the major on-
site temporary facilities and services, which would in turn be
l made available at no cost (or for a nominal fixed sum) to the

various construction contractors working on site.
organizational concept is the same as that adopted for the
This
construction of projects of a similar magnitude such as Churchill
l Falls and the Nelson River Development. It reduces site and
transportation congestion and cost, by eliminating the need for
construction of separate on-site services by each on-site
l contractor.
5.1.1 Transportation Access
l The only access to the site at present is via

the Ontario Northland Railway. No road connection exists, nor is
one planned, and all materials, equipment and personnel required
l for the project will be delivered by rail. Rail sidings will be
constructed at site for off-loading supplies, and a system of
site service roads will provide for local movement.
l It was considered prudent to allow for the

construction of a permanent airstrip adjacent to the site to
l permit the rapid movement of urgently-needed supplies and

personnel. The load carrying capacity of the railway was
examined and found to impose no particular restrictions on the
plant design in so far as the heaviest or largest unit loads were
l concerned. Ontario Northland supplied this information which is
included in Appendix D. In essence, their comment was that
Ontario Northland can handle any loads that can be delivered by
l the major rail carriers to North Bay.

5.1*2 Temporary Site Facilities
l earlier include
The temporary site .facilities referred to
camp-site accommodation, supply of electric
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-2
l
l power, water supply, sewerage treatment, preparation of
construction storage and working areas, and the airstrip. During
construction these will be shared by the power plant and the mine
l and used by all contractors working on-site.
The major proportion of the construction
l labour force is expected to comprise non-local workers from

outside the Cochrane District. For this reason primarily, a
temporary construction camp will be built to supply accomodation
l for all the workers required. In practice, a proportion of the

total labour force (locally recruited) can be expected to travel
on a more or less frequent basis, between Onakawana and their
residence community. The capital cost estimate includes an
l allowance for some regular travel service by rail, and also for
the move in and out of the total labour force at regular
intervals. The employed labour force during construction is
l forecast to peak at about 1200 men. To allow for some daily

travel and for accommodating transient employees, visitors, etc.,
a 1200 man camp was considered necessary. A portion of the
l construction camp, and associated catering, recreation and other

facilities, will, as construction draws to a close, be converted
to provide "permanent" accomodation for the operating work force
for the plant and the mine.
l Electric power for construction, and also for

initial mine operation until the power plant begins operation,
l will be supplied by the 138 kv transmission line from Otter

Rapids (built primarily to supply "black start" capability to the
power plant as described in Section 4.6). A small stand-by
diesel generator would also be on hand to supply emergency
l lighting and service during a transmission line outage* Potable
and service water needed during construction will be supplied by
the early installation of the permanent power plant river water
l pumphouse on the Abitibi River. A septic tank system will handle

domestic sewerage from the construction camp.
l Drawing No. 3 shows the areas allocated for

the camp site and construction assembly and storage. The working
areas would be cleared and graded in readiness for occupation by
the construction contractors.
l 5.1.3 Construction Schedule
l The proposed preliminary

schedule for the power plant is shown in Drawing 12.
construction
This
schedule is based on the assumptions described in Section 3.6,
l i.e., decision to proceed with the project, June 1974; and
commercial power delivery beginning in October 1979.
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 5-3
l Although these assumptions are regarded as

reasonably valid for study purposes, they do result in a
l relatively tight schedule with almost no potential for recovery

of time lost due to any unforeseen events. A much more detailed
study, based on a more refined plant design and knowledge of site
l conditions, must be undertaken before a definitive schedule for

actual construction is established.
Although firm commitment of the project is
l not scheduled until June 1974, certain preliminary engineering
steps must be taken in advance of this date if the subsequent
schedule is to be maintained. As far as the power plant is
l concerned, preliminary conceptual engineering studies must be

completed by June 1974 sufficient to confirm by this date the
overall design concept, including plant capacity, unit size,
l cooling water supply, etc. Site investigation to check

foundation qualities and fix the location of the plant should be
undertaken in the summer of 1974.
l The total duration of the schedule for a

thermal power plant is invariably governed by the time required
to design, solicit tenders, award, fabricate, deliver, erect and
l commission the two major equipment items - boilers and turbines.

The isolation of the Onakawana site, and the severity of the
winter climate, do not alter this criterion, and the
l construction schedule is accordingly baaed on it. The lead time

for boilers, as advised by the manufacturers who submitted
proposals, varied from 20 to 29 months for manufacture, with
erection and commissioning requiring an average of about 16
l months more. Since recent experience shows that lead time is
increasing, 26 months was allowed in the schedule from contract
award to the commencement of erection, 15 months for erection
l (initial unit), and a further 6 months for tests, boil-out, and

commissioning. similarly, turbine manufacturers are capable of
meeting the proposed schedule, though a few commented that the
time interval of 6 months between units was tight, the limitation
l being the use of the turbine house craned In response to this
comment, two half-size turbine house cranes have been provided to
handle the numerous small lifts required during construction and
l oermit concurrent erection of two turbines.
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l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-4
l
l A list of the key schedule dates assumed for
the purpose of the study and incorporated in the construction
schedule is:
l Start Engineering February 1974
l Decision to proceed
Issue first tender documents (turbines)
June 1974
September 1974
l Award first major contract (turbines)

start construction of 138 kV line from
March 1975
l Otter Rapids
Award boiler supply contract
July 1975
August 1975
l Start preliminary site preparation

(camps, grading, etc.) April 1976
l Start cooling pond construction

Start building structural steel work
October 1976
l (Units l and 2)
Close in building (Units l and 2) and
April 1977
l begin boiler erection

Close in building and begin boiler
erection for Unit 3
October 1977
October 1978
l Start boil-out and testing boiler
(Unit 1) April 1979
l Start test operation of complete plant

(Unit 1) July 1979
l Delivery of commercial power (Unit 1)

Delivery of commercial power (Unit 2)
October 1979
April 1980
l Delivery of commercial power (Unit 3) October 1960
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l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 5-5
l Probably the most critical on-site

construction activity is the work required between initial
l mobilization on site (preparation of camp facilities, power,

services and site grading) in April 1976 and the closure of the
plant building in October 1977 to permit erection of the first
two boilers during the following winter. If a more-detailed
l study shows this time allowance to be inadequate, an earlier
start to the construction of the initial on-site camp facilities
and services could be made. However, excavation and construction
l of the plant building foundations cannot begin before the summer

of 1976 since time must be allowed for foundation design based on
the loadings supplied by the boiler and turbine suppliers. As a
l result, foundation design must be such as to permit rapid

construction and allow erection of steelwork to begin by April
1977.
l The initial development of the mine is

described in some detail in the Mining Study Report. Overburden
stripping begins in July 1978, and lignite excavation at the
l beginning of 1979. Dragline assembly, and construction of

service plant facilities, access roads etc., would begin before
the end of 1977. Pre-drainage of the surface muskeg layer should
also begin in 1977. Prior to these activities, further
l exploratory drilling and the excavation of a test pit are
recommended, which work might be undertaken in 1974.
l
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Page 5-6
l
l 5-2 Plant Operation
The plan proposed for operation of the power plant and
l the mine was developed to provide adequately attractive working
conditions for the project work force, and to encourage the
employment of people resident in the region. In line with this
l policy, key assumptions were made regarding working hours , living

accommodation and travel facilities*
5.2.1 Working Hours and Conditions
l power pian11
There are three basic working regimes in a
l a) Operation - mainly or entirely covered by

shift work, twenty-four hour coverage
l b)
required on the majority of duties.
Maintenance - can be covered by day work
(with overtime as required for contingent
l maintenance), or shift work or a combination
of the two.
l c) Supervisory and Administration

covered by day work.
- normally
l In the case of plants where personnel travel

considerable distances frora home to work, there is some precedent
for the use of 12-hour shifts. By working 12 hours instead of
the more normal 8-hour shift, approximately l spell of duty is
l saved per week and travelling time reduced accordingly. Research
has shown that it is fundamentally sound from an economic and
safety angle for a man to work up to a maximum of 12 hours in any
l one day.
Probably the most important factor governing
l the selection of a shift cycle roster is the need to produce a

working environment attractive to the work force. It was decided
to adopt the Task Force Onakawana recommendations and avoid the
creation of a "permanent" town site at Onakawana. It was further
l assumed that the work force would be accomodated in the
established communities of Moosonee and Cochrane and would travel
to Onakawana via a regularly scheduled rail service for work
l only. Under these conditions, it was decided to select a 12 hour

shift for work at the power plant and the mine. An average work
week of 36 hours was assumed for power plant staff.
l staffing
A practical solution to the operation
requirement would be to staff the plant for all
l
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l Report 5366-4-73
l Paae 5-7
l operational duties, including fuelling, by 2 shifts of 12 hours

per day. This would entail a shift rota whereby each man would
l .;ork approximately 3 shifts one week and 4 shifts the following

week. Actual shift rotas can be very readily adjusted to conform
with the preferences of the employees and could include long
periods off-duty, if this was preferred. To give 168 hours a
l ":eek cover, 5 separate groups of shift staff would be required,
allowing for sickness and vacation time.
l Because of the long distances involved, it is

not considered likely that personnel living in Cochrane would
travel to-and-fro each day. In addition, many of the personnel
l at Moosonee might prefer to stay between shifts at the power

plant. Site accomodation for personnel, incorporating canteen,
individual bedrooms and some recreational facilities would be
provided by a conversion of part of the construction camp,
l It is considered that the optimum way to
cover maintenance at a remote site such as Onakawana would be to
l place all maintenance staff on shift in addition to the operating

oersonnel. There are already many plants operating a shift
maintenance system, and this practice has largely developed
l because of the increasing difficulty of getting maintenance staff

to turn up for duty on weekends and holidays when maintenance is
so frequently carried out. Maintenance staff would work the same
rota as the operation staff. This arrangement is facilitated in
l a large power plant, such as Onakawana, where the size of
staffing allows it to be fragmented into 5-man increments.
l With regard to the supervisory and

administration staff, there is normally no need for weekend or
holiday work, and attendance during normal week-days should
suffice. However, due to the transport limitations, it would be
l necessary for a 12-hour day to be worked and the working week
would be limited to either 3 or 4 days. Such an arrangement
vould entail use of overnight site accommodation, except for
l possibly some Moosonee domiciled employees, but would offer

attractive off-duty periods.
l labour
5.2.2 Labour Requirements
The
requirements
following table lists the estimated
for administration, operation, and
l maintenance of the power plant when operated at base load, 77
percent annual capacity factor - unit figures refer to total
plant staff after each unit is on-powerj
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Page 5-8
l
l At Supervision A Engineering
l Unit 2 Units 3 Units
l Station Manager
Assistant Manager
1
1
1
1
1
1
l Operation Engineer
Maintenance Engineer
Chemist-Engineer
Station Administrator
1
0*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
l Subtotal
1
5
1
6
1
6
l 3. Operation Staff
Shift Supervisor 5 5 5
l Senior Operator
Unit Assistant (TG)
Unit Assistant (Boiler)
Plant Attendant
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
l Lignite Plant Supervisor
Mobile Equipment Operator
Lignite Plant Attendant
5
5
5
10
5
5
10
5
5
10
l Chemical Technician
Subtotal
5
50
5
70
5
90
l C. Clerical Staff
Stenographer - Typist 1 2 2
l Pay Clerk
Stores Clerk
Store Keeper (shift) 5
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
5
l Subtotal 8 9 9
l Maintenance Staff
Mechanical Maintenance Foreman
Mechanics
5
10
5
15
5
20
l Helpers
Electrical 6 Instrument Foreman
Mechanics (electrical)
5
5
5
10
5
10
15
15
5
l Helpers
Mechanics (instruments)
Helpers
Janitors/Labourers
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
5
5
l Subtotal 50 70 95
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Page 5-9
l
l E. Ash Disposal* 5 8 10
l TOTAL PLANT STAFF

*
118
Ash disposal by truck haulage handled by the mine, for
163 210
l details refer to the Mining Study Report, and Section 4.6.

For a plant operating on a two-shift basis,
l 39?; annual capacity factor, the only changes to this staff list
are a reduction in the lignite handling plant and ash disposal
staff, the revised total for all three units being 200 men.
l These labour requirements

the basis of the following priniciples:
were assessed on
l (a) since the operating organization for the

power plant is unknown at this time, the
staff list does not necessarily reflect
l the staffing policies of any particular

electric utility. Such practices vary
considerably within the industry, and
the above list represents, in SECO's
l opinion, a "middle course" between the
maximum and minimum staff used by
operating utilities.
l (b) A crew module of five men was adopted to

provide continuous coverage of a single
l worker. This results in an effective

working time of 33.7 hours per man week.
Nominal working time to attain this
might be 36 hours per man week - the
l difference being due to vacations and
sickness.
l (c) The staff list covers permanent staff

only. During the early operating years
of the plant particularly, additional
staff will be present and undergoing
l (d)
training.
In line with present utility industry
l policy,
automation
a trend
of
towards
plant
maximum
operation was
assumed, and the staff list for the
l power plant reflects this.
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Page 5-10
l
l (e) Maintenance is organized on a shift
basis and reflects the assumption that
major maintenance tasks would be handled
l by bringing in outside labour on an "as
required" basis.
l (f) Although in some respects, the isolation

and essential independence of the
Onakawana plant places an increased work
load on the labour force, there is a
l countervailing reduction in the number
of "cosmetic" employees, e.g., security
and reception staff.
l In practice, operating hours and labour

requirements will depend to a considerable extent on the
l agreements negotiated with the employees union, and the above

assumptions must be viewed in this light.
The labour requirements for the mine, as
l tabulated in the Mining Study Report, average some 255 men for
Case l (base load plant), and 190 men for Case 2 (two-shift
plant). Those figures are based on a nominal 48-hour work week.
l It is perhaps debatable to assume that the mine employees will

x'ork a longer work week than those working in the power plant.
)n the basis of a nominal 36-hour work week, as used by the
l olant, labour requirements for the mine total about 340 and 250
men for Cases l and 2, respectively.
Additional labour is required at Onakawana to
l operate the camp site and catering facilities provided during the
operating life of the project. The total demand on these
services depends on the proportion of the total labour which
l stays at Onakawana, as opposed to travelling daily from Moosonee.

A reasonable assessment of the labour force required to operate
the camp was considered to be some 50 men for Case l, and 40 men
for Case 2.
l In total, the estimated labour requirements
at Onakav;ana, all based on a nominal 36-hour week are:
l
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Page 5-11
l
l Case l Case 2
(base load plant) (two-shift plant
l Power Plant
:line*
Camp
210
340
50
200
250
40
l Total 600 490
l * Approximate average figures throughout the operating life of

the mine, an additional 103; to cover contingencies is not
included.
l For Case l, an approximate breakdown of the

total labour force into somewhat arbitrary skill levels is t
l Power Ash
Plant Disposal Mine Camp Total
l Management (supervisory,
engineering St office staff) 25 - 50 5 80
l Skilled technical staff

(plant operators) 120 - - 120
l Maintenance (mechanics,
welders, electricians,etc)
lobile equipment operators
40
5
5
5
80
130 -
125
140
l General labour (pumpmen,
cleaners,cooks,storemen,etc) 10 - 80 45 135
l Total 200 10 3TO"" "CTT 600
l Onakawana Report.
The availability of local labour in the
Cochrane District is discussed in some detail in the Task Force
The tentative conclusions reached include an
opinion that the whole of the required labour force might be
l drawn from Northeastern Ontario. The Report also notes that up
to 300 workers with vthe kind of skills required are located in
the Moosonee general area, many of whom are presently unemployed.
l There is, in Canada, an increasing body of

evidence in support of the opinion that workers of native
(Indian) origin can be trained to a level sufficient to enable
l them to take skilled employment in many trades. Statistics
quoted in the Task Force Onakawana Report show the level of
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-12
l
l .skills available within the toosonee local labour force and
indicate that this source can supply workers for jobs up to the
level of skilled tradesmen (electricians, etc)* For work above
l this skill level, power plant operators, for example, extensive

on-the-job training would be necessary. In line with the policy
of maximizing employment for local residents, it is recommended
l that the construction and initial operating years for the

Onakawana plant be used as a training period, during which time
non-local skilled personnel would be gradually replaced by local
people as they become proficient. The existing Moosonee
l Education Center is already providing a reservoir of trained
personnel suitable for many of the jobs that would be created by
the Onakawana Project.
l The ultimate source of the total labour force

emoloyed by the project - Moosonee, Cochrane or from outside the
l immediate area - is almost impossible to assess, since it depends

strongly on the employment policy and training programs adopted
in addition to the local labour availability. For the purpose of
economic impact calculations only, the Task Force Onakawana
l assumed a contribution of only 100 workers from Moosonee, the
remainder from Cochrane. If a vigorous policy of encouraging the
employment (and training) of Moosonee area residents is adopted,
l this figure would be too low and upwards of half the total labour
force (600 in Case 1) might be drawn from the Moosonee area.
5.2.3 Rail Commuter Service
l As described above, a rail commuter service
operated by Ontario Northland was devised to meet the following
l conditions:
1. Offer the alternative to project workers of
l travelling to and from Onakawana either every

day or at the beginning and end of their
series of shifts.
l 2. Provide an equal service from Onakawana to

both Moosonee and Cochrane.
l In order to provide the absolute maximum

travelling flexibility, it was decided to provide a service with
trains arriving at, and leaving from Onakawana, every morning and
l evening (from and to both Moosonee and Cochrane) - 365 days a

year. Ontario Morthland were consulted on the practical aspects
and costs of providing the required service and their comments
are included in Appendix D.
l
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-13
With a 12 hour shift cycle and shift changes

at 8iQO a.m. and 8:00 p.m., a typical train schedule would be:
TRAIN A TRAIN B
leave Cochrane 4:30 a.m. leave Moosonee 6:15 a.m.
arrive Onakawana 7:30 a.m. arrive Onakawana 7:30 a.m.
leave Onakawana 8:30 a.m. leave Onakawana 8:30 a.m.
arrive Moosonee 9:45 a.m. arrive Cochrane 11:30 a.m.
leave Moosonee 6:15 p.m. leave Cochrane 4:30 p.m.
arrive Onakawana 7:30 p.m. arrive Onakawana 7:30 p.m.
leave Onakawana 8:30 p.m. leave Onakawana 8:30 p.m.
arrive Cochrane 11:30 p.m. arrive Moosonee 9:45 p.m.
Travelling times are 3 hours for the 126 mile
trip Cochrane - Onakawana, and l 1/4 hours for the 60 mile
Moosonee - Onakawana journey.
The Cochrane - Onakawana leg of the journey
passes through Fraserdale and would enable staff resident in
Fraserdale to be picked up if desirable. The above schedule
effectively rules out the possibility of men resident at Cochrane
travelling every day, but this is a possibility for those living
in Moosonee.
The total labour force working at Onakawana
is assessed as 600 (for Case 1). On the assumption that the
average overall working week is some 36 hours with a 3-shift work
,;eek, with each man averaging one series of shifts per week, the
minimum number of man-trips to Onakawana per week is also 609.
The proportion of men who may elect to travel daily is not known,
but as an absolute maximum should not exceed about 300. In this
case, the total number of man trips per week is some 300 4- 300 x
3 - 1200. The olanned service provides a total of 28 train trips
oer week, thus the average train occupancy may vary between 22
and 43 men. A substantial margin of capacity above these figures
is essential to accomodate staggered shift changes at certain
times of the week, and a nominal capacity of 65 men per train was
selected. At this level, a maximum of 130 men can be transported
to and from Onakawana each morning and evening, equally divided
between Moosonee and Cochrane.
To provide this service Ontario Northland has
DroposGd the use of regular diesel locomotives each pulling a
conventional 65-seat passenger coach. An alternative approach
using self-propelled rail cars was considered, but rejected on
the following grounds:
l
l Report r) 3G6-4-73
Pane 5-1-1
l
l the rail cars required are not owned by
Ontario Northland and are not presently being
manufactured.
l rail cars would probably be usable only for
this specific service, whereas the
l locomotives and coaches proposed could be

utilized efficiently within the remainder of
the Ontario Northland system.
l rail cars, although offering a less-costly

basic service, cannot at short notice handle
increased passenger loadings that might be
l required (an additional coach could readily
be added to the proposed service).
l levels.
The annual cost of operating this service was
estimated by Ontario Northland as $90Q,900 at present cost
It was assumed that this rail service would be supplied
free to the project labour force and as a result this annual cost
l is an operating charge to the project*
In conclusion, the rail commuter service
l proposed is regarded as the ultimate service that might be

required. In all probability, when the project working
conditions and labour force requirements are more accurately
l defined, the frequency of service and its cost can be reduced.

The regular train service also enables the rapid shipment of
small quantities of materials e.g., spare parts, that may be
required and in this respect compliments the allowance for an
l airstrip.
l
l
l
l
l
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-15
5' 3 Plant Reliability

The plant design concept is based on the requirement
that the use of Onakawana lignite as a boiler fuel shall not
limit availability of equipment or affect adversely the
reliability, availability, flexibility or maintenance costs
normally associated with power plants utilizing bituminous coal.
In addition, the location and climate of Onakawana
shall not affect adversely the reliability or availability of the
cooling water system or lignite handling plant.
In the conceptual design carried out in this study, it
is felt the above requirements have been achieved. The major
decisions affecting this are enumerated below.
(a) Boiler Design
Care has been taken to research lignite boiler
design thoroughly and to select a boiler which
will give the required performance. A cost
penalty is doubtless involved, but there is
sufficient back-up data to support the considered
opinion that the selected boiler will be equal to
a bituminous coal fired boiler in all the
enumerated requirements*
Cooling Water System
By eliminating the once-through river cooled
system due to the lack of data on expected ice
conditions in the Abitibi River and selecting a
cooling pond, the cooling water source can be
expected to be predictably reliable and flexible
in operation. Icing problems will be obviated. A
capital cost and heat rate penalty, is however,
involved as shown in Section 4*4.5.
Lignite Handling System
The equipment has been carefully selected to
obviate trouble due to low temperature and make it
reliable and flexible. Particular attention has
been paid to the reclaiming system which
incorporates grade level hoppers and an
underground reclaiming belt. The quantity of live
storage is sufficiently large to ensure an
adequate draw-off of approximately 2 days' supply
under the severest weather conditions.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-16
l
l (d) Ash and Dust Handling System
A trucking disposal system has been adopted in
l preference to a pipeline disposal method, the

latter being considered less reliable in cold
weather conditions and also subject to scaling and
t erosion with lignite ash.

Items (a) to (d) above represent the major items
requiring special consideration to ensure reliability and
l flexibility similar to that of a bituminous coal-fired plant.
There is no reason to believe that maintenance costs will he less
favourable, provided suitably designed equipment is selected.
l The above comments apply to the reliability of the

oower fed into the transmission system from the Onakawana power
l plant. Any reliability factors pertaining to the transmission of

the power from Onakawana to the consumer must be separately
applied.
l 5.4 Envi ronmental Effects

This section of the report summarizes the known or
l potential effects on the environment of the proposed project.

The impacts of both power plant and mine are described, more
detailed comments on mining are included in the Mining Study
i Reoort. The following comments should not be interpreted as

comprising a complete "Environmental Impact Statement".
commonly used, this term implies a more detailed and exhaustive
study of the ecology of the area than was included in the terms
As
i of reference for this study. This review of environmental

effects is confined to a consideration of "primary" effects only,
e.g., the temperature rise associated with discharge water is
i identified, but its chain effect on the aquatic eco-system has

not been evaluated. The determination of desirable and
attainable environmental standards is necessarily an area
requiring the exercise of considerable judgement since statutory
i legislation in this area is in many respects incomplete.
recommendations of the Task Force Onakawana in this area have
Ueen noted and in general, but not necesserily in
The
every
i ârticular, have been followed.

Environmental effects are described under four somewhat
i arbitrary headings - air, water, land and socio-economic.

should be noted that tha Onakawana area is at present put to
virtually no human use. There is no permanent habitation within
It
the immediate vicinity, and it is believed that only intermittent
i trapoing, fishing and canoeing parties ever visit the site.
i
l
l Report 5366-'!-73
Pay e 3-1.7
l
l Therefore the immediate physical, as opposed to socio-economic,
effect of the project on man should be minimal.
l 5.4.1 Air Quality

At present it is probably reasonable to
l describe the quality of the air at Onakawana as "naturally

perfect". The operation of a 1000 MW power plant which consumes
vast quantities of air in this atmosphere must inevitably cause
l some local deterioration in air quality by the flue gases emitted

from the plant stack. Control of the quality of the stack
emissions is affected by the use of appropriate combustion
techniques, to reduce noxious gaseous products, and by the use of
l highly efficient electrostatic precipitators, to reduce dust (fly
ash) quantities. The total emissions from the plant stack are
tabulated in Section 4.7. In addition, dispersal of the
i emissions is afforded by the construction of a high stack with

good thermal uplift characteristics, which minimizes the ground
level effect. The recommendation of the Task Force Onakawana in
l regard to design of the stack has been adopted.

The gaseous compounds of most concern to
environmental quality are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
l The average concentration of these gases emitted from the stack
is 780 and 200 parts per million respectively* Occasional
increases above this level will occur due to the variable quality
l of the lignite burnt, but the mining plan and stockpile system
adopted should minimize these variations. A full-scale study
considering such factors as: stack design, plant building height
l effect, local topography, aerodynamics and climatic conditions,

would be necessary to provide an accurate estimate of ground
level concentrations. However, previous research indicates that
at Onakawana maximum ground level sulphur dioxide concentration
l under normal atmospheric conditions would be of the order of 0.1

parts per million (within a range of perhaps
Particularly adverse climatic conditions could increase this
50%).
l significantly for a short duration (hours). These ground level

concentrations would be local in extent and the Task Force
Onakawana states that "...it is unlikely that the vegetation,
l including lichens, will be adversely affected...". Nitrogen

oxides, being present in concentrations only about one quarter of
these for sulphur dioxide, should have no measurable effect.
l due to dust content.

The electrostatic precipitators have been
designed to produce a stack plume uith no visible discoloration
In effect the plume should be white in
l color but, because of the high water vapour content, will be

persistent under most climatic conditions, and visible for a
considerable distance.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-18
l
l conditions.
Water vapour,
form of fog, will also be present
from
under
the cooling pond in the
certain cold weather
l 5.4.2 Water Quality
l The report of Task Force Onakawana states s

"The impact of lignite development on ground water resources is
expected to be limited 11 ., and as a result only effects on surface
water quality have been considered. The surface water resources
l of the Onakawana area will be affected in three main aspects:
thermal effects, water quality changes due to waste water
disposal, and river flow modifications.
l a) Thermal Effects - due to the power plant cooling

water system.As described in Section 4.4, two
l alternative cooling water supply methods have been

evaluated in some detail. The alternative
actually proposed is the use of an artificial
cooling pond constructed on the Onakawana River
l upstream of the immediate mine area.
AS designed the cooling pond occupies about three
l miles of the Onakawana River valley between the

closure dike and the diversion canal. The need
to divert the Onakawana to facilitate mining
l operations means that this stretch of the valley

would normally be dry. The headwaters of the pond
will also extend a further short distance up the
valley from the diversion canal but no significant
l thermal effect should be experienced upstream.
Within the pond itself the calculations for the
cooling pond described in Appendix B.3 indicate
l the following operating temperatures (deg.F.)

Onakawana River
Water (Natural)
Pond Intake
to Plant
Pond Outfall
from Plant
l January
July (average)
33
63
55
88
70
103
l July (hottest)
(approximate only)
75 93 108
l Precise temperature profiles within the pond

are unknown at this time; normal behaviour
indicates the highest temperatures will occur in
the upper five feet of the pond with lower
l temperatures in the deeper water areas. At
sustained full plant output mean pond temperature
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-19
l
l should be of the order of 20 deg. F. above natural
ambient temperature, and in winter, a major
l portion of the reservoir will be ice-free. The

relative size of the pond will reduce diurnal and
transitory temperature fluctuations
climatic conditions and variations
due
in plant
to
l output. Except under the extreme low flow

conditions which can occur in winter, pond
discharge will equal the natural Onakawana River
l inflow. Pond discharge via the diversion channel

to the Abitibi River will be at a temperature a
little above ambient. This temperature rise can
be controlled by careful hydraulic design of the
l diversion channel spillway inlet and the outlet of
the cooling water discharge canal and should not
produce any significant effect on the Abitibi
l In
River.
the case of the Aoitihi River once-through cooling
l water concept, thermal effects are much more

pronounced and can be briefly summarized as:
immediately adjacent to the cooling water
l discharge outfall, the river will receive a
substantial (between 5(H and 5% of the river
flow at thi 1? point) inflow of cooling water
l at a temperature 15 deg.7. above the ambient

river water temperature. A "thermal shock"
will be induced in this area until adequate
l mixing and dilution takes place between

cooling water discharge and river water.
Careful hydraulic design of the outfall
structure to induce rapid dispersion and
l mixing can reduce the area affected.

downstream of the immediate mixing zone, the
a total river flow will be at a temperature up

to a maximum of 5 deg. F. above ambient; a
more typical average temperature rise would
i be 2 deg. F. A river stretch of several

miles will be required before the river
temperature returns to ambient.
i It is important to recognize that the the

temperature changes to natural river flows arising
from cooling water discharges can and will occur
i in both directions, i.e., temperatures will

increase when the power plant goes into operation
and remain at a higher level before dropping to
i
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-20
l
l ambient when the plant shuts down. A variable
operating pattern for the plant, as in the case of
two-shift operation for example, will produce
l corresponding temperature changes which can be

quite sudden.
l b) Waste Effluents
The water quality of the rivers in the area will
be affected to some degree by the discharge of
l waste effluents from the plant and the mine.
Waste water from the mine comprises
drainage and pit water.
surface
The drainage plans
l described in the
comprehensive and
Mining Study Report
generally provide for the
are
collection of all surface run-off and water pumped
l from the mine at settling ponds built adjacent to

the mine. Provision for adequate settlement of
suspended solids and chemical treatment if
necessary, should ensure that the water as
l discharged into the Abitibi River is of comparable
quality to the natural river water.
l At present chlorination of the cooling water is

not expected to be necessary and cooling water
quality should be unchanged. Waste effluents from
l the power plant include boiler blowdown water,

surface drainage, water treatment effluent, and
bottom ash water etc:
effluents will be
It is planned that all
directed to an effluent
l retention lagoon for settlement of suspended
solids and chemical treatment will be applied to
ensure adequate quality in the lagoon discharge
l water which will be returned to the Abitibi River.

Domestic sewage both from the temporary
construction camp and the subsequent permanent
l camp will be handled with standard biological

treatment provided for by a septic tank system.
The concentration of chemical constituents in the
l cooling pond is not expected to reach a critical

level since the Onakawana natural inflows are
normally well in excess of pond evaporation.
l c) River Flow Modification

The Mining Study Report describes how development
l of the mine will result in the loss of the
headwaters of Medicine Creek and the lower ten
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-21
l
l miles of the Onakawana River. The downstream
reach of Medicine Creek and the upstream reach of
the Onakawana River will not be affected. The
l Task Force Onakawana Report expresses some concern
that restoration of the lower reach of
Onakawana River might be desirable after the
the
l completion of mining activities. This study

concludes that ultimate restoration of the river
channel to any meaningful degree of environmental
a quality is impracticable. A decision is therefore

necessary on whether or not to preserve this
stretch of the river before mining plans are
finalized. The loss of recoverable lignite and
i additional mining costs are quite substantial if
destruction (by diversion) of this stretch of the
river is to be avoided. The Onakawana diversion
i channel because of its artificial nature and the

elevation drop is unlikely to provide an
environmentally desirable habitat for flora or
i fauna.
If a once-through cooling system on the Abitibi
River were adopted, additional river flow changes
i will be made to the Abitibi. Due to the proposed
alterations to Otter Rapids discharges, daily flow
variations (refer to Appendix Bl) in the Abitibi
i River between Otter Rapids and its confluence with

the Moose River (approximately 75 miles) will be
reduced, but not eliminated. Short-duration
i extreme low flows will not longer occur, and

improved flow regulation will be affected about
40% of the time in an average flow year. As
pointed out in the Task Force Onakawana Report
i this change should produce some positive

environmental benefit for aquatic life in the
river.
i 5.4.3 Land Disturbance
i Some disturbance to the existing land surface

is inevitable in a project of this magnitude.
terms the areas affected are:
In approximate
i Construction area, power plant, mine

facilities, services, camp accomodation
- 500 acres.
i Cooling Pond, diversion canal and

retaining earth structures - 1000 acres.
i
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-22
l
l dine area exploited and subsequently
reclaimed - Case l - 6500 acres, Case 2
- 4500 acres.
a The decision to dispose of all ash from the

plant within the mine area avoids the need for an ash
i disoosal lagoon, often a large and unsightly blot on the

landscape.
i The principal impact arises through mining

operations. Two measurers are planned to minimize disturbance -
firstly, permanent reclamation to an acceptable land condition
and secondly, reclamation as continuous process following closely
i oehind mining to reduce the area of disturbed (unreclaimed) land.

The reclamation plan is illustrated and fully described in the
.lining study Report. The plan to commence reclaiming operations
i as soon as practical after mining should reduce the unreclaimed

land area to less than 500 acras at any one time. The surface
contouring and the provision for the selective addition of
organic material (muskeg) and fly ash to the spoil areas should
i ensure the prompt growth of a suitable vegetation cover. Due to
the imnroved soil drainage through tha provision of topographical
relief in the area, it seems likely that the reclaimed mine area
i /ill in fact offar a different and superior environment that the

present one.
i 5.4.4 Scongraic and Social Impact

Because of the isolation of the Onakawana
site, the social and economic effect of the project on community
i populations will not be direct in the physical sense, but will be

realized through the medium of the nen employed by the project.
i detailed study in this area was outside the study terms of
i reference and this section of the report essentially reviews the

conclusions reported in the Task Force Onakawana Report. The
recommendations of the Task Force in this area have been accepted
i oy SECo in-toto as a basis for the planning and management of the

oroject. A particular comment by the Task Force is worth quoting
in this regard "It bears reiteration that the fundamental
justification for approving the development of the lignite
i deposits is the favourable effect that this might have on the

economic and social well-being of the local people, many of whom
are people of Indian ancestry".
i In accordance with this philosophy, the

following principal steps recommended by the Task Force have been
i adopted:
i
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l Page 5-23
l A new "permanent" tox*nsite community will not

be established at Onakawana, and working
l conditions will be such as to permit workers
on the project to
established
reside
communities of
in existing
their own
t choosing.
In line with the above, the Onakawana site
l will not be linked by

provincial road
road with the
network, but a regular
scheduled rail service will be provided to
carry workers between the site and their
l place of residence.
Preference should be given for employment on
l the project to people resident in the region

and working conditions and training programs
should be developed to accomplish this.
l These measures are regarded as both socially

desirable and in practice economically justifiable. Furthermore,
it is considered that they will result in the creation of
l employment opportunities which will be attractive to local

residents. Details of the work force, planned working hours, and
the proposed rail travel service are given elsewhere in the
l report.
a) Employment Created and Population Increase
t Based on the expected work force required for

operation of the mine and power plant, and
the secondary employment created by the
l project (as outlined in The Task

Report),
Force
in round figures the following
number of jobs should be created (for Case
l 1):
Operation of the mine - 340
l Operation of the power plant

Operation of the site accoroo-
- 210
l dation (bunk-house) facilities

Total working at Onakawana
-
-
50
600
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 5-24
l
l Secondary employment created in local
established communities for services, Ontario
Northland etc., due to population increases
l etc:
300*
l * Based on an
Grand Total
overall
- 900
job multiplier of 1.5 as used in The
l Task Force Report.
The total population increase resulting from
l the establishment of this additional

employment is dependant on how many of the
new work force are obtained from within the
l area -by absorbing unemployment or under

employment, and how many will be drawn from
outside the area. This is difficult to
assess so far ahead in the future, but the
l population increase should certainly exceed

1000.
l b) Economic Impact
The primary economic impact during the
operating life of the project is the
l disposable income received by the new work
force at the site in wages and salaries.
Based on 1973 assumed wage levels, this is
l assessed as a total, for the mine and power

plant combined, of some $9 million annually.
Secondary impacts due to the wages and
l salaries for secondary employment,

transportation services, and local purchases
of goods and services by the project may
total in excess of $3 million.
l The figures quoted above for employment,
l population and economic impact refer to the

Case l operating pattern for the mine and
power plant. For Case 2, which involves a
l lower level of on-site activity, they would

be lower by approximately 20%. This analysis
is confined to a consideration of the long-
term impact of the project during its
l operating life. The short-term impact during
construction is adequately covered by The
Task Force Report.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l COSTS
l This section of the report describes the estimates
prepared for the capital and operating costs of the power plant
l and collates these with the costs of mining. The net energy
generated at the plant and available for transmission is
calculated, and an economic analysis gives the effective cost of
l this energy at the plant. A more detailed breakdown of the cost

estimates, and explanation of their components, is included as
Appendix C.
l 6.1 Basis of Estimated Costs

As for the design portion of the study, the costs for
l the power plant were estimated by SECo, and the mine by Boyd.
The cost of certain supporting services common to the project as
a whole, such as the camp and rail commuter service, were
l estimated by SECo.
All cost estimates were prepared intially on the basis
of cost levels prevailing as at mid- 1973 (July 1st). The
l estimates were based on the assumptions listed in Section 3.6,
specifically:
l Estimates include
facilities required
the
at
cost of all on-site
Onakawana with the
exception only of the 500 kV transmission line
from the power plant. The cost of the plant
l switchyard and the 138 kV line from Otter Rapids
are included.
l Estimates include provision for all freight costs

to Onakawana and also the cost of the rail
commuter service required to transport workers to
l site from Moosonee and Cochrane.

Estimates do not include the cost of any
additional facilities that may be constructed at
l established communities to accommodate
population increase resulting from the project.
any
l For the power plant capital cost estimate specific

allowances were made to cover applicable Federal and Provincial
sales taxes (guidelines being supplied by Ontario Hydro) . ito
l such allowance was included in the mine costs but this deficiency
should have an insignificant effect on the quoted costs.
A cash flow forecast was prepared on the basis of the
l proposed construction schedule (Drawing 12) with appropriate
allowances for normal contractor payment provisions. Escalation
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Paqe 6-2
l
l of the cash flow amounts was calculated on the basis of an
Escalation Forecast dated April 1972 and supplied by Ontario
Hydro and used for both power plant and mine costs. In order to
l calculate a total capital cost for the power plant, a rate of 8

percent for interest during construction was used applied up to
the on-power date of the first unit (October 1,1979).
l 6.2 Power Plant Capital Cost

The cost of the major plant components was estimated
l after a review of budget prices submitted by several competent
suppliers. Particular care was exercised for such items as
boilers, turbo-generators, lignite handling, and ash handling.
l The cost of lesser items was estimated directly on the basis of

SECo's experience in this field. In general, the estimate was
subdivided into separate cost categories for:
l FOB works cost of major equipment items.

On-site labour costs including all service, super
l visory and engineering personnel.

Cost of all subsidiary equipment and materials
l including construction equipment.

Cost of transportation for all
personnel, source of origin for
materials
materials
and
was
l assumed to be Southern Ontario.
Cost of Federal and Provincial sales tax.
l olant is;
In round figures, the total capital cost for the power
l 1. Direct construction cost including

transportation and taxes $239.5 million
l 2. Supplementary facilities-camp site

construction and operation, con
struction power, rail service for
l personnel etc.
(certain of these facilities are
also used by the mine, the total
$ 18.4 million
____^_:___________
l 3.
cost is as quoted)
Sub-Total $257.9 million
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-3
l
l 4. Engineering (office and field
supervision), administration, ex
pediting, owners costs, and start
l up expenses - at J.0% of line 3 $ 25.8 million
l 5.
6.
Sub-Total basic plant cost
Allowance for contingencies -
5283.7 million
l 7.
at m of Line 5
Sub-Total cost in 1973 dollars

$ 28.4 million
5312.1 million
l 8. Cost of escalation during con
struction (until the end of 1980 74.9 million
l 9.
based on line 7)
Cost of interest during con
l struction - at 8%
until Oct. l, 1979, based
on escalated costs, line 7
plus line 8
53.8 million
l 10. Total estimated capital cost 5440.8 million
l With a total installed plant capacity of 1020 HW, this

is equivalent to a unit capital cost of
The above estimate was prepared for a power plant
l designed for the Case l operating condition (base load) , but is
also considered valid for the Case 2 operating condition (two-
shift) since cost differences between the two cases are
l insignificant.
The total estimated cost before the addition of
l contingencies etc:, of 5283.7 million includes an estimated

amount of 563.4 million as on-site labour cost* Labour cost in
this context includes all labour fringe benefits
burdens)
(payroll
and covers all on-site personnel (direct labour,
l supervisory staff, engineering staff, camp catering staff etc).
Based on the estimated labour and salary rates, this is
equivalent to some 6,875,000 working manhours and approximately
l s, 865 man years. The all-inclusive labour force for construction

was estimated to reach a peak of about 1200 men during 1978, and
tne capital cost includes the construction of camp accommodation
l for this total number of men.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-4
l
l Year
A summarized cash flow during construction follows:
Cost in 1973 $ Escalation Interest Total
l (Figures in millions of dollars)

0.1 2.3
l 1974
1975
1976
1977
2.0
9.2
45.0
93.6
0.2
1.2
7.5
19.6
0.6
3.2
10.0
11.0
55.7
123.2
l 1978
1979
1980
78.0
68.7
15.6
19.9
20.8
5.7
19.3
20.6
——
117.2
110.1
21.3
l Totals 312.1 74.9 53.8 440.8
l 6.3 Power Plant Operating Cost

The estimate of the operating cost for the power plant
l is based in part on the estimated labour requirements for the

plant as derived in Section 5.2.2. Ontario Hydro supplied
information on salary and wage levels for power plant staff
l prevailing in their present thermal power plants. These salaries

are based on the 40 hour work week presently used by Ontario
Hydro. The Onakawana plant was assumed to be operated on the
basis of a nominal 36 hour work week. The current Ontario Hydro
l salaries were adopted for the Onakawana plant staff, and because
of the work week differential, this results in effective premium
payment in excess of 10 percent. Actual salary levels will of
l course be subject to negotiations with the appropriate union

organization, but a mark-up of 10 percent was considered as a
reasonable allowance to cover any potential "isolation or remote
l area" premium that would be payable. In view of the provision to

the staff of free on-site accommodation and messing, and a free
travel service, no additional allowance was considered necessary
to cover possible payment for travelling time.
l Tlie annual payroll cost including payroll burden for
tha ooerating staff was estimated as $3,500,000 for Case l, and
l 53,400,000 for Case 2.
l
l
l
l
l Keport. S.V.n-.l-
raq i
l
l In total, the annual operating and maintenance cost for
the tvo plant operating cases is summarized as:
l Case l - -- .
(in thousands of 1973 dollar;
l 1.
2.
Basic Staff payroll
Routine maintenance materials
3,500 3,400
l 3.
and contract or pool labour
Sub-Total
3,000
6,500
2,000
5,400
l 4. Provision for administration

and overheads '^20% Line 3 1,300 1,080
l 5.
*i.
Sub-Total
Ash disposal (by the mine)
7,800
700
6,480
390
l 7. Provision for lignite stock-

oile handling (by the mine) 100 80
l 8.
9.
Sub-Total
Operation of camp accommoda
8,600 6,950
l tion and catering services

{inclusive of mine labour
force) 1,100 950
l 10. Provision of rail commuter

service by Ontario Northland
(inclusive of mine labour
l 11.
force)
Sub-Total
900
10,600
900
8,800
l 12. Provision for interim re

placement and insurances
@ Q.6% (Case 1) and Q.5%
l 13.
(Case 2') of capital cost
Grand Total Annual Cost
2,200
12,800
1,800
10,600
l The cost of the ash disposal which is assumed to be

operated by the mine was assessed as $ 0.9 O/ ton in both cases.
This is approximately 20 percent less than the figures quoted in
l the Mining Study Report due primarily to the fact that sufficient
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-6
l
l ash storage is included at the plant to enable ash to be handled
on day shift only, not on a 24 hour basis as assumed by Boyd.
l The provision for interim replacements and plant

insurance have been included as an operating cost* This was done
in order to aid the later calculation of the cost of energy. It
l is normal utility accounting practice not to consider such costs

as operating costs, but to allocate them as fixed charges on
capital.
l 6.4 Total Project Costs

The mine costs are shown in detail in the Mining Study
l Report and are summarized in Section 2.6. In combination, the

power plant and mine require the following total cash costs over
the life of the project - interest and escalation are excluded,
l and all figures are thus in 1973 dollars (millions):

Case l Case 2
l Mine Capital
Mine Operating
Power Plant Capital
89.7
446.4
312.1
58.7
263.4
312.1
l Power Plant Operating

Total Project Costs
361.8
1,210.0
305.0
939.0
l investment
The total
return
true
escalation, interest during
costs after due allowance for
construction for the plant,
and corporate taxes for the mine, are
l substantially higher.
6.5 Cost of Energy
l The cost of energy generated by the power plant and

delivered to the Ontario Hydro system at the exit of the plant
switchyard is the true measure of the economic value of the
l project. Detailed calculations of the plant energy generation
and the associated plant heat rate (thermal efficiency) are
included in Appendix C. The results are:
l
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-7
l
l Annual Lignite Consumption
Case l_________Case 2
6,900,000 tons 3,800,000 tons
l Net Plant Heat Rate 11,000 Btu/kWh 12,300 Btu/kVfr
l Installed Plant Capacity

Sent out to System:
1,020 MW 1,020 MW
l Capacity
Energy
Resulting Capacity
911.3 MW
6,063 GWh
917.3 MW
2,986 GWh
l Factor 75.9% 37.21

The actual capacity factor of the delivered output
l differs slightly from the nominal design criteria, 77 percent and

39 percent for Cases l and 2 respectively, because of the need to
meet power demands at Onakawana (for mining etc*) and the fact
l that the exact mine output was used.

The total energy sent out over the operating life of
the plant is 163,420 GWh and 87,090 GWh for Case l and Case 2
l respectively.
The cost of energy was determined by a present worth
l calculation on the cash flows for both the mine and power plant
costs; a sample calculation follows s
Case l escalation ignored, all cash costs quoted in
l 1973 dollars, present worth calculated as at
1979 {on power date for first unit),
appropriate conversion factor for 1979 cash
l costs is therefore
millions of dollars:
unity. Figures in
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-8
l
l Mine Costs
1. Total cash costs (Capital s. Operation) - 536.1
l 2. Present worth (PW) in 1979 at 18% " 152.8
l 3.
4.
Total lignite delivered to the plant
PW of lignite at m
"
-
187.9
million tons
38.4
l *5. Net price of delivered lignite (2t4)
million tons
" $3.98/ton
l (constant price for 30 years)

Plant Costs
l 6.
7.
Total cash capital cost
PW of capital at 81
-
-
312.1
349.6
l 8. Total cash operating cost - 361.8
l 9.
10.
PW of operation at 8*
Total cash fuel cost (3 x 5)
-
"
139.6
747.2
l 11.
12.
PW of fuel at 8%
Total PW of plant costs, capital,
- 303.0
l 13.
operation and fuel (7 + 94- 11)
Total energy sent out by the plant
792.2
163,420 GWh
l 14.
15.
PW of energy at 8i
Net cost of energy sent out (12 t 14)
65,640 GWh
l *
(constant cost for 30 years) 12.07 mills/kWh
Minor difference from Mining Study Report cost is
l due to using 18ft instead of 18.31 interest rate.

An alternative calculation method which is somewhat
l less accurate but is in common use in the utility industry is,

for the same conditions:
l
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-9
l
l 1. Annual fixed charges for the plant:
Cost of money - S.000%
l Depreciation (sinking fund for
30 years @ - Q.8831
l 2.
8.8831
Plant capital cost (including interest) - 3356.9 million
l 3. for 911.3 MW sent out - $391.6/kW

sent out
l 4.
5.
Annual fixed capacity cost (3x1)
Annual operating cost
- $ 34.79/kW
- $ 12.8 million
l 6. for 911.3 M'-T 14.05/kW
l 7.
8.
Total fixed cost (4+6)
Equivalent to 48. 84
8760 x 0.759CCF)
48.84/kW
7.35 kWh
mills/
l 9. Fuel - sent out heat rate

6
l 10.
67.62 x 10
Delivered fuel cost at $3.98/ton and

- 11,153 Btu/kWh
l 4900 Btu/lb. - 40.57 cents/

H Btu
l 11. Plant fuel cost (9 x 10) - 4.52 mills/

kWh
l 12. Net cost of energy sent out (8 + 11) 11.87 mills/
The minor difference betvreen the tv/o calculated energy

kWh
l costs is due primarily to the fact that the second method assumes
that the plant operates at a constant output for exactly 30
/ears. In reality, there is a start-uo period in 1979 and 1980
l and a period of reduced output in the years 2006 to 2008 (when

the lignite reserves are exhausted).
l A list of the calculated

various conditions follows:
sent out energy costs for
l
Report 5366-4-73
Page 6-10
Case l Case 2
(mills/kWh)
(a) Constant energy cost r no
escalation, in 1973 dollars 12.07 19.69
(b) Constant energy cost, allow
ing for cash cost escalation
throughout the life of the
project, constant lignite
price ex. mine. 17.64 28.38
Detailed calculations are included in Appendix C.
l
l Report 5366-4-73
l DISCUSSION
l This concluding section of the main report volume

includes a presentation of the principal conclusions, a brief
review, and a discussion on the study's validity, particularly in
l the area of economics.
7.1 Conclusions
l The principal conclusions reached as a result of the

study work undertaken are considered to be:
i a) The Onakawana lignite field contains a sufficient

quantity of lignite to support the construction of
a power plant with an installed capacity of the
i order of 1,000 MW. At this size, the proposed
power plant can make a significant contribution to
the Ontario Hydro system.
l b) The quality of the lignite as a power plant fuel

is adequate for effective combustion provided that
i c)
appropriate techniques are used in the design of
the plant boilers.
There are no undue technical difficulties in the
i preparation of a design concept for either the
mine or the power plant, and the overall project
is regarded as technically feasible.
i d) As conceived by this study, the power plant is

regarded as offering reliability and flexibility
of operation comparable to that associated with a
i e)
normal bituminuous coal-fired power plant.
Given proper design and control, the effect of the
i project on the natural environment of
Onakawana area is regarded as acceptable within
the
the framework of existing environmental guidelines
i f)
and public opinion.
If managed and developed as described in this
report, the project should generate a net social
i and economic benefit for the inhabitants of
Northern Ontario.
i g) The cost of energy generated by the power plant

has been assessed in a conservative manner and is
in our opinion, of the same order of magnitude as
that which would be available from alternative
i thermal power sources.
i
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 7-2
l
l 7.2 Review
Because of the considerable time constraints under
l which the study was completed and in order to emphasise the most
significant areas, the study effort was concentrated on the
following subjects (in general order of importance):
l Design and selection of suitable boilers to burn
the Onakawana lignite
l Mining: assessment
plan for development
of recoverable reserves and
l Selection of a suitable
source and system
cooling water supply
l Costing: preparation of estimates of capital and

operating costs for the mine and the power plant
to allow the calculation of the probable cost of
l energy as generated.
other subjects of less critical importance were
considered to be the selection of t'ie lignite and ash handling
l \yst9ms, and the assessment of the effect of the project on the
anvironment. other areas in respect to the conceptual design of
the pover plant were given a more cursory examination.
l Time limitations and certain assumptions made at the

outset of the study prevented a thorough economic optimization of
the mine and power plant as a combined overall project. A
l potential overstatement of the total project costs results and is
discussed below.
l As described in this report, the project involves the

development and operation of a mine with an annual production
greater than that of any comparable mine in Canada; the power
l olant is also substantially larger than any thermal power plant

currently operating in Canada outside of Ontario.
7.3 Discussion
l The policy throughout .the study was to emphasize
reliability and to adopt only proven solutions to meet technical
l oroblems. This necessarily has resulted in a conservative design

concept for both the mine and the power plant, and this approach
is reflected in the costs quoted in the body of the report.
l Examples of conservative design include the adoption of a cooling

pond, the criteria for boiler selection and the working
conditions assumed for mining the lignite.
l
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 7-3
l
l The labour wage rates used in estimating mine
operating costs (derived in Appendix A of the Mining Study
Report) reflect conservative cost assumptions. Starting with a
l wage rate based on that used in Timmins, the following amounts
were added to obtain the wage rate used for mining at Onakawana:
l a 12 percent premium
increases (now in effect)
for
a further 10 percent premium to allow

pending industry
l potential higher wage rate at Onakawana

an allowance to cover the overtime payments
for a
l resulting from the assumed working week of 4

twelve-hour days and to cover overtime due to
sickness and unusual maintenance requirements.
l The overtime
The overtime allowance
final form of the labour contract.
may change depending on the
l The 18 percent investment return before taxes allowed

for the mine is of the order of magnitude used in the industry.
l The return on investment over and above the ^cost of money is to a

degree a measure of the commercial and technical risk.
signing of a long term contract with an assured market for
The
I lignite, together with suitable allowance for escalation would

minimize the commercial risk.
Calculations done to derive the cost of energy include
l taxes on mining equipment. If comparison is made with other
sources of energy this should be taken into account.
l A thorough economic optimization of the mine and power

plant as a combined project was not made as it was outside the
terms of reference. If this were now done, the effective cost of
l energy from the plant would be reduced, although the capacity

factor of the plant output would be different than that assumed
for Cases l and 2.
l considered
The assumption that the project can be developed to
begin commercial delivery of power by October l, 1979, is
valid, but it does require a relatively fast
l construction schedule after the assumed project committment date

of June l, 1974 (see Section 5.1.3). Furthermore, a considerable
amount of preliminary engineering study work should be undertaken
at an early date in order to confirm by June 1974 the overall
l plant design concept. The preliminary engineering recommended
includes:
l
l Report 5366-4-73
Page 7-4
l
l 1. A survey in the winter of 1973-74 of icing
conditions in the Abitibi River, together with a
more detailed review of the feasibility of
l 2.
altering Otter Rapids discharges.
Confirmation of the acceptable environmental
l effect of thermal discharge of cooling water to
the Abitibi.
l 3. Completion of l and 2, together with a survey of

the potential of supplementary cooling towers wi.ll
enable a decision to be made on the cooling water
supply source, and thus the preferred plant site.
l 4. Optimization of mine output and Ontario Hydro
system requirements to confirm the plant capacity.
l 5. site investigation and soil testing in the summer

of 1974 to establish a plant site and design
l 6.
concept for the plant foundations and cooling pond
(if required).
Adequate samples of lignite should be obtained by
l 1974 to permit boiler suppliers to prepare design
proposals for tendering.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l Report 5366-1-73
l
l 1.
REFERENCES
Report of Task Force Onakawana, January 1973.
l Soils and Related Development Problems for the

Proposed Strip-Mining Operation at Onakawana
l (vrarking Paper No. 1)

Resources in the Onakawana area and the
anticipated impact of the proposed Lignite and
l Power Development (Working Paper No. 2)
Biological Studies of the Onakawana Area (Working
l Paper No. 3)
Economic and Social Impact of the Development of
l 2.
the Lignite Deposit at Onakawana (Working Paper
No. H)
The Air Pollution Control Act 1967 - Government of
l 3.
Ontario
Relative importance of initial velocity and buoyancy of
l chimney gases, S. G. D j ur fors, Ontario Hydro Research

Quarterly, March 1972.
l 1. Coping with NOx - A Growing Problem, D. W. James,

Power Division, Babcock s Wilcox Co., Baberton, Ohio -
"Electrical World", February 1971.
l 5. "Air Contaminants - Identifying the Enemy", D. P.

Costa, Actual Specifying Engineer, September 1971.
l 6.
7.
"Environmental Control in an Age of Change", Heat
Engineering, Foster-Wheeler, March-April 1971.
British Experience with Tall Stacks for Air Pollution
l Control on large Fossil-Fuelled Power Plants, G. N.
Stone and A. J. Clarke, C. E.G. 6., London, England, 1967
l 8. Symposium on Chimney Design, Institute of Fuel, London,

England, January/February 1966.
l 9. Design and Operating Experiences of Steam Generators

for low grade brown coal, Thomas Buch, Dr. Udo Schuler,
EVT Stuttgart.
l 10. An Economic Analysis of Generation Patterns on Future

Power Systems, Edwin A. Moore, National Energy Board,
June 1968.
l 11. Hydroelectric Power Evaluation, FPC P-35, Federal Power

Commission, 1968.
l
1
Ontario
Office of the Ministry Of 416/965-1301 Whitney Block

Jdinlster Natural Queen's Park
1 Resources Toronto Ontario
1
The Government of Ontario, Ontario Hydro, and Onakawana
Development Limited (Manalta Coal) , entered into an agree
1 ment in 1972 to undertake a feasibility study on develop
ment of the Onakawana lignite deposit, which was covered
by an Exploratory Licence of Occupation held originally by
1 Manalta. Such an approach was necessary in order to integrate
the resource planning responsibilities of the three parties as
it was felt that all three would have considerable interest if
1 the economics of power generation using Onakawana lignite could
be established.
A preliminary investigation of the environmental effects
1 of the development of the project was undertaken in 1972
by Task Force Onakawana; their conclusions were submitted
in January 1973.
1 The engineering cost study conducted by Shawinigan Engineering
has been received and studied by the three parties. While not
1 definitive, it does provide a sound basis for analysis of the
economics of the project. Integration of the economics of the
study with those of transmission and of alternative generation
concepts has been made by Ontario Hydro. While the concept
1 appears more expensive than nuclear plants, it compares
favourably with other fossil fuel projects under certain
conditions.
1 In view of this encouraging situation the government must examine,
in further detail with the other parties, the possibilities for
development of this important resource. The economics of this
1 and of alternative systems for use of the resource will of
course be reviewed, and if a favourable decision can be reached
on the power development concept, further engineering studies
1 and environmental impact studies will be required before the
project can be definitively outlined, and financing arrangements
f1 concluded.
1 ^
-S^l J
Leo Bernier
1 Minister
1
-I3000N
-HOWE
-9000E
-7000E
-5000E
-3000E
-IOOOE
COE
IOOOE
3000E
5000E
7000E
9000E
l IOOOE
"
® l 8
en
i
8 8
DRAWING 2
REPORT 5366-^-73
PORTAGE FIELD
ONAKAWANA DEVELOPMENT LTD.

ONAKAWANA PROJECT
SITE PLAN O p PROPOSED
THERMAL POWER PLANT
JAMES BAY
51
75
50 82
FRASERDALE
/\ \
KAPUSKASING
50
COCHRANE
OHAKAWAKA K.
so0
LAKE ONTARIO ;; /-
:?V-'v:-.-.. -/' /•••'.
.•'•..•:
MILES
DRAfMNG 1
51 REPORT 5366-1-73
82
ONAKAWANA K.
50"
ONAKAWANA DEVELOPMENT LTD

MILES ONAKAWANA PROJECT
SITE LOCATION MAP
rt
i -I3000N
i -HOOOE
-9000E
-7000E
-5000E
-3000E
-IOOOE
COE
IOOOE
\.
\
\
3000E \
JRIVER WATER o
*C PUMPHOUSE -*ty
5000E
7000E
9000E
IIOOOE
g g 8o
"l
® i o
CO
DRAWING 2
REPORT 5366-H-73
PORTAGE FIELD
ONAKAWANA DEVELOPMENT LTD,

ONAKAWANA PROJECT
SITE PLAN OP PROPOSED
THERMAL POWER PLANT
43II2NE0302 83.1-56 SARD l MER
040
WORK DONE - ONAKAWANA - 1972
SUMMER PROGRAM - JUNE THROUGH NOVEMBER
BY
JANUARY 10, 1973.

WORK DONE - ON 42ii2NEe3ea sa.i-ss GARDINER 040C
BY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAM

Pages
Introduction .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. ... . .. . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . ..'. . . . l
Portage Island Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . , . . . . . . l
West of the Portage Lignite Field. . .... .. .. . .. . .. . . ... . .. .. ... 2
East of the Abitibi River.. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . 2-3
Extensions of the Known Lignite Field
North End. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
South End. . . . .. . ... . . .. ... . .. .. ... . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. 3
West End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY DRILLING PROGRAM
Drill Holes H-l -72 through H-21 -72. .. . . ... . .... . .. . . . .. .. .. .. 4

Drill Holes ON-1-72 and ON-2-72. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Drill Holes HC-23-72 through HC-30-72.... .... .. .. ... . . . . . . .. 5
Drill Holes P-7-72 and P-16-72.. .. .. .... .. .. ... . ...... . . .... 5
DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
Nodwell Mounted Rotary Drill Producing Chip Samples... .. . . ... 5

Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 5
Qual ity Testing. . . . .. .... .. . . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 6
Nodwell Mounted Rotary Drill Using a V. T. M. Core Barrel. .. .. 6
Platform Mounted Diamond Drills (2) Using
Dual Tube Drill Rods and Moved by a Vertol Helicopter. .. .. 6-7
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Chip Samples. . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. .. . . ,. ...... .. .. .. . .. . .. ... 7

Core Samples. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... . .. ..... . . . .. ... . .. 7
ANALYSIS. . . . ... .. .. . . .. ........ .. .. ... ............... ......... 8
SURVEYING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . .. .... . . . . ... . .... . .. 8
MAP - Showing Drill Hole Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . Map Pocket

WORK DONE - ONAKAWANA -1972
EXPLORATION DRILLING PROGRAM
Introduction:
As a result of past investigative studies confidence was
generated that the Cretaceous Mattagami Formation around
Onakawana probably contained one or more deposits of lignite
coal in addition to the known deposit. A correlation, circum
stantial or otherwise and possibly generated by disseminated
pyrite occurring with lignite, of a magnetic high and the known
lignite field lead to speculation that a large deposit of lignite
might be located south of Portage Island and north of the known
lignite field.
The exploration field work conducted, commencing
July, 1972 was as follows:
Portage Island Area:
From a mosaic map drill hole number P-7-72 was spotted
at location 30, 000 N and -1,000 E. Using a tracked Nodwell vehicle
a line was pushed north to location 54,000 N and -1,000 E. P-7-72 drill
drilled August 10, 1972 become the discovery hole of a relatively
small deposit of recoverable lignite located north of the known lignite
field. Drill holes P-l-72, P-3-72 through P-6-72, were all drilled
north of P-7-72 and failed to penetrate any lignite horizons.

Page 2
Portage Island Area; (continued)
In addition to P-7-72, 13 exploratory drill holes were
put in the newly located Portage Field, of which 11 penetrated
lignite coal measures. The area of the Portage Field is about
one square mile.
West of Portage Lignite Field;
Two drill holes, P-29-72 and P-30-72 located westerly
of the Portage Field bottomed in deep glacial till, thus
eliminating the possibility that a field of similar size should
exist to the west of the Portage Field and east of the Mattagami
River.
To the east of the Portage Field the probability of
locating a lignite deposit was decreased by a drill hole drilled
in the 1930's and located near the mouth of the Onakawana River -
DH-94. This hole bottomed in Devonian beds at 48 feet from
surface, indicating that lignite beds in the vicinity had been
removed by glacial action.
East of the Abitibi River;
Drill hole EA-1-72 wasi drilled about 2j miles east of the
Abitibi River and its location coincided with the apex of an
aeromagnetic high. This hole intersected characteristic
interlayered brown and green Devonian beds at a depth from surface
of 90 feet. Similarily drill holes P-7-72 through P-16-72 located
more near the centre of the Cretaceous basin intersected characteristic

Page 3
East of the Abitibi River; (continued)
Devonian beds at depths greater than 150'. This fact suggests that
the beds are probably dipping consistently and gently to the West
and that a change in dip opposite the lignite outcrop on the west
bank of the Abitibi River did not occur, thus lignite east of the
Abitibi River would probably occur at an elevation above ground
surface. Although EA-1-72 drill hole did not eleiminate the
potential occurrence of a lignite deposit existing east of the Abitibi
River it did greatly reduce the probability thereof, and eliminated any,
chance of a sizeable volume.
EXTENSIONS OF KNOWN LIGNITE FIELD
North End
The possibility existed that the newly located Portage Field
might connect with the known field in the vicinity of drill hole
H-4-72. Drill holes P-18-72 through P-26-72, although extending
the known field in a north-westerly direction, failed to locate
continuous lignite between the north-westerly extension of the main
field and the Portage Field.
South End
Drill holes ON-4-72 through ON-13-72 explored lignite
potential of the south end of the known lignite field. Five of the ten
drill holes intersected lignite and a few million tons of recoverable
reserves were added to the known lignite field.

Page 4
West End
Five holes, P-32-72 through P-36-72 were drilled to
locate the subcrop of lignite at the western perimeter of the
known field. Four of the five holes intersected lignite and
defined the location of the lignite subcrop in this area.
In summary, although new large additions of recoverable
lignite reserves were not found, the exploration program was
successful in adding at least 20ô of the known lignite reserves.
DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY DRILLING PROGRAM
Drill Holes H-l-72 through H-21-72
To determine the physical properties and quantitative analysis
of the lignite field 21 drill holes were located throughout the known
lignite field and chip samples were collected every 5' - interval in
lignite. Results of analysis on these samples reflected a consistency
of quality over the field.
The average proximate analysis, B.T.U. value and ash
analysis agreed with acceptable tolerance to previously published
average values.
Drill Holes ON-1-72 and ON-2-72
These two drill holes maintained good lignite bed continuity
with a 1941 drill hole B-102. A bulk sample of lignite to be extracted
was proposed in July and August and analysis results with hole log
information confirmed this selected test pit site to be feasible.
However no bulk sample was taken and two holes with analysis results
were incorporated with the quality hole program including drill hole
H-l-72 through H-21-72.

Page 5
Drill Holes HC-23-72 through HC-30-72
HC-23-72 through HC-30-72 were cored holes, core being
recovered by a V.T.M. barrel recovering a 2-|" dia core. Core
recovery of lignite averaged about 80ô. These holes were
drilled throughout the eastern 2/3 of the known lignite field, some
in close proximity to chip sample holes as a means of a check.
The results obtained from analysis of the core were compatible
within tolerable limits to the results obtained from chip sampled
drill holes .
Drill Holes P-7-72 and P-16-72
Chip samples from the Portage Field obtained by dual-tube
drilling were analyzed and found to be higher in ash and sulphur
than averages over the known field. It is likely that these high
values are reasonable and the Portage Field is higher in ash and
sulphur than the known field.
DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
Nodwell Mounted Mayhew Rotary Drill

Producing Chip Samples
Exploration
These holes were uncased and as such two holes,
one quarter mile apart, could be drilled per day.

Page 6
Quality Testing
One hole could be drilled and sampled per day. A
large dia hole was initially drilled to allow the casing to
slide down the hole. The casing was often pounded
downward to the top of the upper seam. Clean water was
circulated to flush the hole. Then chip sampling commenced
in 5 1 intervals through the lignite seam(s). The coal chips
were bagged and transported via helicopter to camp.
Nodwell Mounted Mayhew Rotary Drill

Using a V.T.M. Core Barrel
One hole could be drilled and sampled every two days. Using
a large dia bit a hole was drilled to the top of the lignite coal and casing
inserted in the hole. The hole was flushed and a 5 1 long V.T.fvl. core
barrel replaced the large dia bit. Rods were pulled each 5' run.
Core was shaken from the inner core tube into a wooden holding-trough.
When coring with mud took place the core was washed in clean water.
The core was then placed in a 3' long wax-coated cardboard core box,
marked as to hole number, footage, date and recovery.
Platform Mounted Diamond Drills (2) Using

Dual-Tube Drill Rods and Moved by a Vertol Helicopter
Three samples from this equipment were analyzed from drill
holes P-7-72 and P-16-72. Water was passed downward between the
two tubes and both water and all hole cuttings were forced upward
Page 7
Platform Mounted Diamond Drills (continued)
through the centre pipe to surface. Five foot intervals of lignite
were collected in screens and plastic cans and transferred to
air-tight polyethelene bags. About two days were required for
each hole drilled.
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Chip Samples
At base camp 5' - interval samples were thoroughly mixed,
A measuring cylinder was used to take portions from the 5' - interval
samples and these portions were mixed to constitute an upper or lower
seam composite. This composite sample was split into three sections,
one sent for analysis, one sent for storage with Ontario Hydro in
Toronto and one sent for storage with Manalta Coal Ltd. in Calgary.
Observations of a 5' - interval of lignite was recorded.
Core Samples
Each core box was logged and where core recovery was poor
site notes and observations were used to complete the hole log.
In some cases grey muddy clay coated the outside of the lignite core
and had to be washed away. The core was then split, lengthwise,
by a hacksaw or improvised core-splitter, one half the core being
placed in a plastic bag for analysis, the other half being placed back
in the core box for storage with Ontario Hydro in Toronto.

Page 8
ANALYSIS
The samples submitted for analysis were sent to Commercial
Testing and Engineering Co. of Chicago, Illinois, with exceptions of
5 check-samples sent to the Fuels Research Centre in Ottawa.
The samples were analyzed for proximate-dry and as received,
ultimate, ash, silica value, oxidizing and reducing temperatures,
Hardgrove gindability and equilibrium moisture.
SURVEYING
In October, Talson Rody, Ontario Land Surveyors, completed
eight line-miles of survey that established vertical and horizontal
control in the lignite field.
NOTE:
All technical data covering drill hole logs, analyses, and
summary thereof have been forwarded to Mr. G. R. Guillet,
Director, Minerals Resources Branch. These progress
reports are dated - July, August, September and October.

^VNADA ) IN THE MATTER OF Exploratory Licence of
Occupation No. 13902 issued pursuant to Order
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA ) in Council OC5183/66 dated December 8, 1966
and extended pursuant to OC885/69 dated
TO WIT: February 27, 1969.
I, EDWARD JOHN PANCHYSYN, of the City of Calgary, in
the Province of Alberta, Professional Engineer, MAKE OATH AND SAY:
1. That I am an employee of Onakawana Development Limited
and as such have a personal knowledge of the matters
hereinafter referred to.
2. That the report attached hereto entitled Work Done - Onakawana
1972 by Onakawana Development Limited was prepared by myself
and is to the best of my knowledge and belief a correct account
of the work done by Onakawana Development Limited, during
the period June 1st, 1972 to November 30th, 1972 inclusive.
3. That I make this affidavit pursuant to the provisions of
Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13902.
SWORN before me at the Qity of

Calgary, in the Province *f
Alberta, this 1^day of f
Edward John Panchysyn
————y ^v -j /*, —\ \ rt ...y 1 L t^^s—J.————

A Notary T*uttlic in and for the
Province of Alberta.
83.1-56 GARDINER
050
BRIEF
ONAKAWANA POWER DEVELOPMENT
ALBERTA COAL LTD.
JANUARY 1972
l
l 431 12NE030a 83.1-56 GARDINER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
050C
l i.
Page No.
l
SUMMARY
1.1 The Onakawana Power Project l
l 1.2
1.3
Size of project
Project timing
l
l
l 1.4 Project finance 2
l
1.5 Advantages to Ontario 2
1.6 History 3
l 1.7 THE PROPOSAL 4
l
THE NATURAL RESOURCE CONCERNED 5
2.1 Onakawana lignite 5
l 2.2
2.3
Location
Coal characteristics
5
5
l 2.4 Utilization 7
l THE PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Pollution and thermal power plants

9
l 3.2 Air pollution 9
l
3.3 Water pollution 10
3.4 Use of land 11
i 3.5 Onakawana and environmental problems 11
i 4. THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT
4.1 Unit size and power plant capacity

13
13
i 4.2 The transmission picture 13
i
4.3 The economic picture 14
4.4 Finance 15
i
Page No,
5. THE ADVANTAGES TO ONTARIO OF THE PROJECT 16
5.1 Th'e use of an Ontario natural resource 16

5.2 Creation of employment in Ontario 16
5.3 Development of Northern Ontario 16
5.4 Alleviation of pollution problems 17
5.5 Use of Ontario land 17
5.6 Possible "supplemental" value 17
5.7 Increased utilization of the Ontario 18
Northland Railway
5.8 Financial 18
6. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX I - Lignite burning power plants 19

APPENDIX II - Historical background of 21
Alberta Coal Ltd. and assoc
iated companies.
l
l 1. SUMMARY
l 1.1 The Onakwana Power Project

It is a proposal to utilize reserves of coal
l that exist in Northern Ontario in the region of Onakawana,

60 miles south of Moosonee and some 500 miles north of
l Toronto. These reserves would be mined and burned to gen

erate electricity to help meet the ever growing power
l demands of the Province of Ontario.
l
1.2 Size of the Project
The presently known and inferred reserves
l should support a power plant of 1,000 megawatts, i.e. half

the size of the Lakeview Generating Station in Toronto.
l
The total capital investment required would be of the order
of $290 million. Construction would take 4 to 5 years;
l
would employ a peak working force of about 700 men; and
would generate more than $4 million in revenue for the
Ontario Northland Railway during the construction period.
l On completion, the project would provide perman

ent employment in Northern Ontario for about 180 miners and
i power plant staff. From the start, and to an increasing

extent, many of these would be inhabitants of Northern Ontario.
i 1.3 Project Timing
i The nature of this coal is such that the most

economical method of fully utilizing these reserves is
i burning the coal at the mine to generate electricity. However,

until quite recently, the proven technology to do this in
i
units large enough to suit Ontario's power market did not
exist.
i
A power plant of the type proposed has a normal
economic life of about 30 years. Over this period, if the
period starts soon, the power produced should be significant
i and competitive in the Ontario market. But, unless developed

soon, both the size of the project in relation to the power
i - l -
1.3 Project Timing (cont'd)
market, and eventual competition of nuclear power, as the
nuclear gap closes, may prevent the project from ever being
initiated. This could mean that this major Ontario natural
resource might then never be developed.
1.4 Project Finance

Private interests would arrange to provide the
capital required to develop the mine and construct the
power plant.
1.5 Advantages to Ontario

(a) The use of an Ontario natural resource to
meet part of Ontario's need for power.
(b) The creation of employment in Ontario, by
the mining operation, in place of support
ing employment outside the province or
abroad, by displacing fuel, whether coal,
oil or gas, imported into Ontario.
(c) The creation of a focus of industry and
training in Northern Ontario where there is
a need to increase permanent employment for
the local population.
(d) Alleviation of the problems of pollution of
the environment by the use of the low sulphur
content fuel.
(e) A more productive use of Ontario land by
relieving demand on the more valuable land
in Southern Ontario for the construction of
power plants.
(f) The provision of an Ontario source of low
sulphur coal that may, in addition, be suit
able for use in refining metallic ores
processed in the Sudbury area.
(g) Increased utilization of the Ontario North
land Railway.
— 2 —
l 1.5 Advantages (cont'd) *
l (h) Reduced requirement for future capital

committments in provincial borrowing, by
l permitting Ontario Hydro to pay for this

block of power out of operating revenue,
l without raising the capital required for

construction.
i 1.6 History
i From time to time, the generation of electricity

from Onakawana coal has been considered. Each time the
i
decision to proceed has been negative because it appeared
that power from Onakawana coal would not be less costly than
i
alternative sources of power. However, these decisions, when
made, do not appear to have been anticipated:
i
(a) The delays and increased costs associated
with the introduction of nuclear power.
(b) The escalating costs and increasing scarcity
i of non-polluting fuels suitable for burn

ing in the urban environment of Southern
t Ontario.
(c) The development of a proven technology to
i burn Onakawana type coal successfully in

sufficiently large generating units.
i Since acquiring rights to the Onakawana coal,

Alberta Coal Ltd. has carried out sufficient exploration work
i to indicate adequate reserves to support the 1,000 megawatt

power plant proposed. It is anticipated that there may be
i reserves in the area to support a much larger plant.

Alberta Coal has also commissioned preliminary
i studies and tests that indicate:

(a) That a power plant of the type proposed is
i technically feasible.
(b) That there is a market for the power that
i
would be produced.
t - 3 -
1.6 History (cont'd)
(c) That the cost of this power would be
competitive with the cost of the power
that it could displace.
1.7 THE PROPOSAL
Alberta Coal has expended approximately

$200,000.00 to date on exploration of the Onakawana coal field
and a preliminary feasibility study/ both of which indicate
that the proven and inferred reserves are probably sufficient
for a 1000 megawatt plant located adjacent to the mine and that
the proposed development is feasible.
Before a final decision can be made to proceed
with the development of the mine and the construction of a
1000 megawatt power plant the following additional estimated
expenditures will be required.
1) Exploration costs to prove reserves $ 150,000
in excess of 200,000,000 tons
2) Mine and recover sufficient coal to $ 150,000
carry out full scale burn test of
Onakawana lignite in a suitable wet
bottom furnace
3) Engineering Feasibility Study and $ 200,000
detailed cost analysis —-——-—
Total Cost $ 500,000
Before proceeding with the additional expenditures,
Alberta Coal requests some form of assurance that the Government
of Ontario is prepared to proceed with this project.
Providing the results of the above studies are
completely satisfactory and on the basis of mutually satisfact
ory take or pay contract to sell the power produced, Alberta Coal
Ltd. is prepared to arrange financing, construct and operate a
power plant at Onakawana, and to develop and operate an adjacent
mine to provide fuel for this power plant.
. 4 -
jtntt
ONAKAWANA
PLANT SITE
HYDRO-ELECTRIC
B E C
R co LTD ^ Q U
POWER COMMISSION
IROQUOIS FAll S W"*l
VAIN FAILS W".
OF ONTARIO
HYDROELECTRIC ONAKAWANA POWER PROJECT

PRELIMINARY PLANT SITE AND
POWER COMMISSION
TRANSMISSION LINE LOCATION
PROPOSED BY
OF ONTARIO
ALBERTA COAL LTD.
2. THE NATURAL RESOURCE CONCERNED
2.1 Onakawana Lignite

The natural resource concerned is coal. It has
long been known that major coal deposits exist in Northern
Ontario. Exploration to date indicates reserves of the order
of 170 million tons mineable by proven conventional methods.
However, only a small part of the area in which these coal
deposits exist has been explored. The geology of the region
suggests that the extent of the mineable reserves may be much
greater, but further exploration would be necessary to confirm
this.
2.2 Location
These coal deposits are in Northern Ontario in
the region of Onakawana, about 60 miles south of Moosonee on
the southern coast of James Bay. The Ontario Northland Rail
way, which runs from Southern Ontario to Moosonee, passes
through the coalfield and provides ready access to the area.
2.3 Coal Characteristics

Lignite coals such as Onakawana are generally
characterized by an inherent high moisture content. For this
reason, their heat content compared with other coals is gen
erally low. This in turn means that lignites are usually less
economic to transport long distances. In effect, in trans
porting lignite, as much as half the load being carried may
be simply water. Therefore, if it has to be transported long
distances, lignite is seldom competitive with bituminuous
coals which may have a heat content more than twice that of
lignite due to their lower inherent moisture content.
Much research has been carried out in Canada, in
Germany and in the United States to discover commercial uses
for lignite coals. This has been directed to drying the
lignite at the mine in order to make it more economical to
transport, to gasifying it to produce a fuel the equivalent
- 5 -
2.3 Characteristics (cont'd)
of natural gas, and to the best methods of burning it in
boilers to raise steam to generate electricity. As yet, a
practicable and sufficiently cheap method of drying lignite
to make it economical to transport it long distances has
not been discovered. There are proposals to gasify Canadian
lignite, but the estimated cost of the gas produced does
not yet look competitive with natural gas. However, consid
erable advances have been made, especially recently, in
discovering how to burn lignite successfully and efficiently
in large boilers for power generation.
Therefore, large scale commercial use of lignite
is presently confined almost entirely to the generation of
electricity. Also, almost all lignite fuel power plants
are situated adjacent to the mine producing the lignite. Such
plants have been increasing rapidly in number and size during
the last decade. Appendix I attached contains a list of
thermal generating stations in various parts of the world
which use lignite coal for fuel.
Lignites themselves vary in their suitability as
fuel for boilers. The two most important characteristics,
disregarding air pollution problems which are dealt with below,
are the moisture content and the fouling characteristics. The
moisture content affects the handling characteristics of the
lignite, its heat content and the boiler efficiency. The
fouling characteristics of the lignite affect the operational
availability of the boiler and its maintenance costs.
Onakawana lignite has a high moisture content,
and therefore, a low heat content. On the other hand, it is
generally accepted from experience that the fouling propen
sities of lignites depend upon their content of alkaline metals
and, in this respect, the alkaline metals content of the
Onakawana lignite is so low that no significant fouling
propensities would be expected, which is a major advantage.
- 6 -
2.4 Utilization
After consideration of possible ways in which
the Onakawana lignite would be utilized, it was concluded
that the most practicable and economic method to develop
the resources would be to generate electricity. This does
not preclude the possibility of using it to process metallic
ores, but this use on its own would not offer the prospect of
using more than a small proportion of the already known
reserves. However, it is obvious that a mine already pro
ducing lignite for a power plant could produce additional
lignite for ore processing purposes at a lower cost than
producing only the lignite required for ore processing.
In 1968 Alberta Coal Ltd. supplied six tons of
Onakawana lignite to the Department of Energy, Mines and
Resources, Fuels Research centre in Ottawa. Combustion tests
and fouling characteristics were reported in a publication,
which concluded, "While Onakawana lignite is a low-grade
energy resource, it is better than many in use throughout the
world, and there appears to be no technical obstacles to its
utilization that research and sound engineering cannot over
come . "
Subsequently, about 1,000 tons of Onakawana
lignite was mined and shipped to the Thunder Bay Power Plant
of Ontario Hydro. Here, with the co-operation of Ontario
Hydro staff, the lignite was tested. These tests were
satisfactory and indicated that no particular problems need
be anticipated in using Onakawana lignite as a fuel for
suitably designed large power plant boilers.
Boilers to uurn lignite, owing to its relatively
low heat content, are larger and more expensive to construct
and operate than boilers for bituminous coals. On the other
hand, lignite normally occurs close to the surface and is
usually relatively easy to mine in large quantities. With a
power plant adjacent to the mine, the lower cost of lignite
tends to offset the high cost and lower efficiency of the
boilers and other equipment required to utilize it provided
- 7 -
2.4 Utilization (cont'd)
the power plant is operated as a base load plant, i.e. is
run at full load more or less continuously.
Lignite deposits, unfortunately, are usually
distant from places where the power produced is required, and
the Onakawana deposits are no exception to this rule. There
fore, most power plants adjacent to lignite mines must incur
a transmission penalty, i.e. the cost of provision of power
lines to the power market, and the losses in these lines, are
an added cost of the power produced by the plant. Even so,
the number of lignite mine-mouth power plants built and planned
indicate that these costs are becoming increasingly acceptable.
This is due to the rising cost of alternative fuels, such as
bituminous coals, oil and gas, and because of increasing con
cern for the environment.
- 8 -
3. THE PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Pollution and thermal power plants

Thermal power plants generate electricity by
burning a fossil fuel such as coal, oil or gas. In the past,
such plants were normally placed as close as practicable to
the main load in order to minimize the costs of transmitting
the power. With high heat content fuels, such as bituminous
coal, oil or gas, it is generally cheaper to transport the
fuel than to transport the electricity, whereas the reverse
is generally true with low heat content fuels such as lignite.
Power requirements, however, are usually in urban areas, and
any thermal power plant in an urban area poses local environ
mental pollution problems.
Such effects, or pollution, can be minimized
only by costly expenditures as illustrated by the decision of
Ontario Hydro to convert part of their existing thermal gener
ating capacity in Southern Ontario to burn relatively expen
sive natural gas, and by the addition of costly extras such
as the tall smoke stack at the R. L. Hearn generating station.
Small consumers would be unable to bear the high cost of
pollution control devices, therefore, the use of the lignite
coal is limited to large scale steam generating plants.
3.2 Air pollution

Any thermal power plant produces air pollution
of three main kinds. These are the discharge into the atmos
phere of solids, of sulphur dioxide and of nitrous oxides.
Solids are produced when burning coal and, to a lesser extent,
when burning oil. The production of sulphur dioxide is a
result of the burning of fuel with a high sulphur content.
The high demand for low sulphur fuels has resulted in the
present day scarcity thereof, whether coal or oil. All three
fuels, coal, oil and gas, produce nitrous oxides.
Solids emission from thermal power plants can be
- 9 -
l
l Pollution (cont'd)
satisfactorily controlled, with one exception, by the pro
l vision of electrostatic dust collection equipment. It can

be also controlled to a lesser extent by provision of the
l much less expensive mechanical dust collection equipment,

but the control provided by the latter type of equipment is
l no longer considered acceptable in an urban environment.

The exception, oddly enough, is when a coal contains very
l
little sulphur which is a virtue from every other point of
view. In this case, it is very difficult to get the electro
l
static equipment to perform satisfactorily.
Coal fired power plants in Southern Ontario have
l
another problem. Since coal cannot be delivered in sufficient
quantities during the peak winter season, coal has to be
stockpiled. In high winds, such stockpiles in an urban
l environment produce a dust problem difficult and expensive to

control.
l The emission into the atmosphere of sulphur

dioxide can be minimized by certain techniques of operation,
l but in general, can be held down to acceptable levels only by

the use of fuels with a sufficiently low sulphur content. There
l are many proposed methods of removing or reducing the sulphur

content of the gases produced from large boilers, but none are
l yet proven commercially and all are expensive to construct and

operate.
l The only practicable way to combat the effects of

the emission of nitrous oxides into the atmosphere at present
l
is to use very high and expensive smoke stacks and rely upon
dilution by discharge of the boiler gases sufficiently high
l
above ground level. This problem is, of course, more severe
in an urban environment than elsewhere. Recent investigations
have concluded that coals, such as Onakawana lignite, with a
l low nitrogen content and a low flame temperature, have a lower

nitrous oxide emission than alternate coals.
l
l - 10 -
3.3 Water pollution
All thermal power plants discharge large
quanitities of heat to the environment in the cooling water
that is required for their operation. This can cause changes,
often undesirable, in the ecology of the rivers or bodies of
water into which the heated water is returned. Cooling towers
can be used to minimize this problem, but may have some or all
of the following disadvantages. They are always costly, are
normally considered unsightly, require a relatively large
land area, decrease efficiency of operation, may present a
noise problem, and may introduce their own particular air
pollution problems in the form of local fog or local precipi
tation.
Water pollution by heat is not normally a
problem with a thermal power plant provided that the river or
body of water utilized for cooling purposes by the plant is
sufficiently large in relation to the size of the plant.
3.4 , Use of land

Large thermal power plants require large areas of
land on which to build them. Moreover, these areas of land
must meet certain requirements as regards availability of
water for cooling purposes and accessibility for fuel delivery
and, in some cases, ability to store or stockpile the fuel
required. It is becoming increasingly difficult to meet the
land requirements of thermal or nuclear plants in urban areas
without encroaching upon land required for recreational,
industrial or residential use.
3.5 Onakawana and environmental problems

A mine and power plant at Onakawana would have a
minimal environmental problem. The area is sparsely inhabi
ted, is not suitable for either forestry or agriculture, and
is some 60 miles from the nearest community of any size.
As regards air pollution, the sulphur content of
Onakawana lignite is too low to present a problem of emission
- 11 -
l
l 3.5 Onakawana (cont'd)
l
of sulphur in the boiler gases, but is not so low as to jeop
ardize the performance of electrostatic dust collection
l
equipment. The preferred method of burning Onakawana lignite
would result in about 75?; of the ash in the fuel leaving the
boiler in liquid form. With only 25?; of the ash in the boiler
l gases, mechanical dust collecting equipment alone would provide

acceptable control of solids emission to the atmosphere.
l As regards water pollution, there are two rivers

in the area. With either river, their size in relation to
l the size of the power plant would ensure that any heating up
of the river water by operation of the power plant would have
l negligible effects.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l - 12 -
ONAKAWANA POWER PROJECT
PLANT SITE
PROPOSED BY
ALBERTA COAL LTD.
4. THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT '
4.1 Unit Size and Power Plant Capacity

Ontario Hydro/ in common with many similar
power utilities in North America and elsewhere, has stan
dardized on 500 megawatts as the largest useful size of thermal
power plant units. Larger units have been built and are in
operation, but experience has shown that, in the present state
of the art, the lower reliability of these larger units more
than offsets their slightly lower cost per unit of capacity.
Essentially, when a unit size of 500 megawatts has been
reached, the curve relating specific cost to unit size has
flattened out, i.e. while a 500 megawatt unit has a signifi
cantly lower specific cost than a 300 megawatt unit, a unit
larger than 500 megawatts has only a slightly lower specific
cost than a 500 megawatt unit. These circumstances, therefore,
other things being equal, dictate selection of a unit size
for Onakawana of up to 500 megawatts.
The technology of burning lignite has advanced
to the stage where 420 megawatt lignite fired boilers are
already on order. Therefore, a 500 megawatt lignite fired
boiler would represent only a small advance in technology. The
known and inferred reserves of Onakawana lignite are considered
adequate to support a 1,000 megawatt power plant for the normal
commercial life of such a plant when operated as a base load
plant. Such a plant would be tied to the Ontario grid by means
of a 500 kilovolt transmission line which would have a normal
maximum capacity of about 1,000 megawatts. In all these cir
cumstances a unit the size of 500 megawatts, with two units
in the power plant, becomes a good selection.
4.2 The transmission picture

The main power grid of Ontario is already
connected to the general area of Onakawana by means of a single
500 kilovolt transmission line. This serves to carry south
the power generated by several hydro power plants in the area.
- 13 -
4.2 Transmission picture (cont'd)
A second 500 kilovolt line into the area would serve not only
to carry the power from the Onakawana power plant to the
south but, in conjunction with the first line, should permit
more economic full development of the hydro power in the area
which, it is understood, is not yet fully developed.
4.3 The economic picture

On a straight economic comparison, it appears
that the cost at the plant of the power produced by the Onaka
wana power plant would be comparable with the cost at the
plant of power produced by an equivalent thermal power plant
in Southern Ontario, both plants being operated on base load.
This is based on an estimate of the probable cost of American
coal, or of oil, in Southern Ontario by the time such a plant
is in operation. However, future escalation in cost, and
even the future availability in sufficient quantities, of suit
able low sulphur fuels imported into Ontario for thermal power
generation purposes is most uncertain. The availability of
fuel for the Onakawana power plant would be assured.
The viability of the Onakawana power plant depends
on it being operated as a base load.-plant. The future nuclear
plants are also intended as base load stations. However, the
nuclear plants have not been developed as rapidly as was planned,
thus leaving a gap which is anticipated to remain until the
end of this century, therefore providing the necessary market
for the power from the Onakawana plant.
It is not suggested that the proposed Onakawana
power plant could produce base load power in the future more
cheaply than existing or proposed nuclear plants. The rationale
for the proposed plant is that it could provide power to
displace power that otherwise will have to be produced using
fuels imported into Ontario. In doing so, it would provide
employment in Ontario due to the mining operation, in place of
employment outside Ontario for the equivalent imported fuel.
- 14 -
4. 4 Finance
Ontario Hydro raises millions of dollars each
year to expand its electricity generation facilities to keep
pace with Ontario's growing demands for power. To do this
it pledges the credit of the Ontario government.
Provided acceptable contractual arrangements
can be made, private enterprise is prepared to provide the
l capital necessary to develop the mine, and to construct and
operate the associated power plant at Onakawana. The purchase
l of power from the proposed power plant would, in effect,

allow Ontario Hydro to pay for this block of generation out
of revenue without the necessity to raise the capital required
l to construct it. It would also represent a block of generation
where the security of supply of fuel required is entirely
l within Ontario's own control. While the size of the plant
proposed is small in relation to Ontario Hydro's overall
l requirements, the block of generation proposed is significant.
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l - 15 -
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l j Typical Coal Loading Process
l
l
l
5. THE ADVANTAGES TO ONTARIO OF THE PROJECT
5.1 The use of an Ontario natural resource

The lignite deposits in Northern Ontario
represent a major natural provincial resource and are the
only known commercial deposits in the province. It is sub
mitted that a serious proposal to meet part of Ontario's
power requirements by development and utilization of this
Ontario resource merits serious and careful consideration.
5.2 Creation of employment in Ontario

A thermal power plant creates temporary employ
ment during construction dnd permanent employment for opera
tion. The proposed Onakawana power plant would create this
employment opportunity in an area of the province of Ontario
where it is badly needed.
Also, the mining operation required to supply the
Onakawana power plant would create permanent employment in
Ontario that otherwise would not exist. It would do this by
displacing fuel that otherwise would be imported into the
province and Ontario coal miners, for example, would displace
American coal miners.
5.3 Development of Northern Ontario

A large mining operation and an associated major
power plant is a complex large enough to virtually support a
complete town. Examples of this are the towns of Estevan in
Saskatchewan and Grande Cache in Alberta. When such a complex
exists, it provides the opportunity to integrate training
facilities as well as a source of employment for local people
produced by the local training facilities.
Such training facilities already exist at Moosonee.
It is to be expected that these facilities would be expanded,
and their usefulness by substantially increased if a complex
such as is proposed came into being in the area. As time goes
- 16 -
l
l 5.3 Development (cont'd)
on, it could be expected that the mine and power plant would
l increasingly draw even the more skilled staff requirements

from the local population trained in the area.
l 5.4 Alleviation of pollution problems
l Every block of thermal power generation

placed from an urban environment to a less sensitive
dis
environ
l
ment is an alleviation of the problems of pollution. In
Southern Ontario it is already accepted that thermal power
plants must use only low sulphur fuels for which the compet
l ition is severe.
l
Not only would the Onakawana project alleviate
pollution problems by transferring a substantial block of
thermal generation away from an urban environment, but with
l its low sulphur content, it is essentially a non-polluting

fuel.
l 5.5 Use of Ontario land
l Any power plant in the urban environment of

Southern Ontario must occupy land for which there are other
l valuable uses. The Onakawana project, however, would occupy

land for which there is no foreseeable other use. In effect,
l
the Onakawana project would free an equivalent area of land
in Southern Ontario for other use.
l 5-6 Possible "supplemental" value
l
There is the possibility that the Onakawana lignite
may prove to be suitable for use in the processing of metallic
ores that are produced in the Sudbury area. If so, it would
l displace American coal imported into Ontario for this purpose.

And, should this prove to be the case, the amounts required
l could rise eventually to as much as a million tons per annum.

This again would be equivalent to replacing the
l employment of American coal miners by Ontario coal miners.

Moreover, the low sulphur content of the Onakawana lignite, should
l - 17 -
l
l 5.6 "supplemental" (cont'd)
l
it prove suitable for this use, would alleviate to some
extent the air pollution problem in the Sudbury area.
l 5.7 Increased Utilization of the Ontario Northland

Railway______________________________
l During construction of the proposed Onakawana

complex, it is estimated that revenues of more than $4 M.
l would be generated for the provincially owned Ontario North

land Railway, i.e. additional revenue of about $l million
l
per year. After construction of the complex there would
certainly be more utilization of the railway than if the
complex did not exist.
l Also, should Onakawana lignite in fact prove
l
suitable and economic to use in the Sudbury area for process
ing metallic ores, this would mean substantial and permanent
increased utilization of the railway.
l 5.8 Financial
l In common with all large power utilities, Ontario

Hydro must raise large amounts of capital necessary to keep
l pace with the rising demands for power. To the extent that
private enterprise is prepared to finance the Onakawana power
l plant, in the order of $290 million, Ontario Hydro would be

spared the necessity to raise the capital required for this
l
block of generation. Instead, it would be paid for out of
annual revenues.
i 6. CONCLUSION
l
It is submitted that the Onakawana power project
is a viable project, and that it is in the best interests of
the people of Ontario that it should be commenced forthwith.
l
l
l - 18 -
1 f)
1 *
1 APPENDIX I
1
LIGNITE BURNING POWER PLANTS
1
Name of Station Unit Size Year of Coal
Location MW Commission Type/% Mois./BTU/lb
1 1. U.S.A.
A. U.P.A. Stanton
1
North Dakota 175 1966 L /25-40/6800-7600
B. Leland Olds
North Dakota 216/248 1966 L /34-40/5600-7370
1 C. Center, Minnkota
Power Co-op
1970 L /35-40/6000
1
North Dakota 220/260
D. Big
Brown, Texas 2 x 543 71/72 L /25 /7590
1
E. Dave Johnson
Wyoming 360 1972 L /40 /6800
F. Leland Olds
1 North Dakota
'
420/440 1975 L /34-40/5600-7370
1
2. AUSTRALIA
A. Yallourn
Victoria 642(T.C.) 1962 BC/65-68/2600-3000
1 B. Hazlewood
Victoria 3 x 200 1966 BC/58-64/3250-3750
1
C. Hazlewood
Victoria 5 x 200 1971 —— ~~
D. Yallourn "W"
1
Victoria 2 x 350 1973 BC/65-68/2600-3000
1
3. CANADA
A. Boundary Dam 2 x 66
Saskatchewan 2 x 150 1970 L^35 /6500
1 B . Brandon
Manitoba 1 x 100 In. Op. ' L^35 /6500
1
C . Onakawana
Ontario
(proposed) 2 x 500 ? L/45-55/4800-5600
1 - 1Q .
1
1 * APPENDIX I
* LIGNITE BURNING POWER PLANTS

(continued)
1 Name of Station Unit Size Year of Coal
1 Location MW Commission Type/% Mois . /BTU/lb .
— 4. GREECE
1
* A. Ptolemais P. S.
Ptolemais 125 1965 L/55 /4250
1 5. FRANCE
1 A. Gardanne 250 - L/ ——
1 6. GERMANY
A. RWE
Goldenberg, Werk 100 1951 BC/ ——
1 B. RWE-KW
Frimersdorf 2 x 150 58/60 BC/50 /2700
1 C. Preag, KW
Bo r ken
D. RWE-KW
100 1961 BC/ ——
1 Frimersdorf
E. RWE
Nevrath
300
300
1963 -
1969
BC/50
BC/50
#700
/2700
1 F. BKB
™ Offleben 325 1969 BC/48 /3780
I G. RWE
Weiswetter 600 1970 BC/60 /2700
1 7. ITALY
A. Selt Valdarno
I
Sta. Barbara 2 x 125 1956 BC/ ——
8. RUMANIA
f A. Industrial
Import 330 1967 BC/43 /2880
* NOTE: L - Lignite BC ** Brown Coal * m Approx. Figure

T. C. s Total Capacity In. Op. - In Operation
1 - 20 -
l
l APPENDIX II
l Historical Background of Alberta Coal Ltd.
l
______And Associated Companies—.—.————.-
Background; Alberta Coal Ltd. is one of the Mannix Group of
l Companies, of which there are eight operating companies. The

Mannix Group is entirely Canadian owned and operates in a wide
l field of heavy construction, pipe lining, concrete, engineering,

etc., as well as coal mining. Alberta Coal Ltd. is the only
l major coal company in Canada which is entirely Canadian owned.
l
Experience; Alberta Coal Ltd. and its Subsidiaries account
for nearly 351 of Canada's present annual production of coal.
l
The Company operates six open pit mines, four
in Alberta and two in Saskatchewan. Three of the Alberta mines
and the two in Saskatchewan are located at thermal generating
l stations. Production this year for generating electricity will

be about six million tons, which represents 85% of the company's
l annual production. Total production necessitates the removal of

some 25 million tons of overburden annually.
l The overall Alberta Coal Ltd. operation involves

approximately 400 people, many with long experience in the coal
l
business and all highly qualified in their particular area of
work.
Continuous exploration to ensure adequate reserves
l for future demands is undertaken by the Company.

Included in Appendix II of this brief are recent
l issues of the house magazine of the Mannix Group of Companies,

which illustrates to some extent the scope of operation of
l Alberta Coal Ltd. as part of the group.
l
l
l - 21 -
42M2NE030a 83.1-56 GARDINER
900
P. O, Box 2880
Calgary 2, Alberta
29-March-72
Mr. G. T. Stevens,
Research Officer,
Ontario Department of Mines
cc Northern Affairs,
Whitney Block, Queen's Park,
Toronto 182, Ontario*
Dear Mr, Stevens:
Re: License No . 13, 902
Since 1969 we have done no drilling at Onakawana or other

work except:
In 1970 about 1,000 tons of lignite wao removed and chipped

to Thunder Bay (Ontario Hydro) for a test burn completed in 1971* This work
v/as described in a letter of January 27, 1971 to Mr. R. V, Scott, Director
of the Mining Lands Branch,
On V/edneaday, January 19, 1972 a brief on the Onakawana

Development titled "Onakawana Power Development" was presented to
members of the Ontario government. Should you request an additional copy
of this "brief" we will be pleased to forward one to you upon request,
Yours very truly,
MANALTA COAL LTD.
SM:pm •S. McKinnon

Secretary b General Counsel
/.
P.O. Box 2880
Calgary 2, Alberta
27-Jan-71
.Mr. R.V. Scott, Director

•Mining Lands Branch
DcpartfiTent of Mines
Whitney Block
Parliament Du M d Ings
Toronto 2, Ontario
Dear Mr. Scott:
Re: Exploratory Licence
No. iy)02
Enclosed are statements In the manner prescribed by

our Exploratory Licence outlining the details of expenditures and
a description of work carried out by Master Explorations Ltd. during
tho year ended 31"Dec-70.
Yours very truly,
MASTER EXPLORATIONS LTD.
W.R. Kenschel
Secretary 5- General Counsel
wrh :pf
ends.
/
-3-
CANADA
PROVINCE OF ALDERTA
l, VICTOR MICHEL 'SADQV/ICK, of the City of Calgary, In tho

Province of Alberts, Professional Engineer, HAKE OATH AMD SAY:
1. That l am Chief Engineer of-Master Dtplorations Ltd.
and os ouch have personal knowledge of tha matters
hereinafter referred to except where stated to bs on
Information and belief.
2. That tester Explorations Ltd. Is the present licensee
under Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13*902,
dated January 10, 19S? and granted to Battle River Coal
Company Limited by tha Minister of Mines'for Ontario.
That tho said Battle River Coal Company Limited amalgamated
with Alberta Coal Ltd. under tho name of Alberta Coal Ltd.
That Alberta Coal Ltd., In October of 1370, executed a
transfer In favour of Master Explorations Ltd, bf on
undivided lOO/i Interest In and to the said Exploratory
Licence of Occupation and to tho rights and privileges
thereto and thereunder.
5. That I prepared the report attached hereto as Exhibit "A"
and that tha contents thereof are true to tha best of my
That l mate this affidavit pursuant to tha terms of .
Exploratory Licence Occupation No. 13*902.
SWORN before m at the City )

of Calccry, in ths Province )
of Alfcerta, this 2J?th day of)
January, 1 97 1. /-— VICTOR MICHAEL SADOV/ICK
A HOT;.?,? PUDLIC i;: A;;D F

TOE roOVIIiCE OF ALDE.1TA.
/
EXHIDIT "A"
Work Carried Out Dy Master Explorcttons Ltd.

During the Year Ended December 31, 1970 With
Respect to Exploratory Licence of Occupation
f!o. J 3.3.02. .---Cnakswana . Qntr.rloL ^^^^
During a four (4) wccfc period In November end December of the yacr
1970, ono thousand (1,000) tons of coal W2ro excavated from ft
•location as shown on the attached plan on lends covered by the
licence aforesaid.
This coal described obove was delivered, by way of ths Ontario '
Northland Railroad to Ontario Hydro st Thunder Day, Ontario for
Power Plant test burn purposes.
Equipment used In procuring the coal consisted of:
l - 5 cyd, Front-End Loader
1 - D-8 Ooscr end Ripper
2 - End Dump Trudys
V/atcr Pumps .
tto furtlTor drilling v;as conducted during calendar year 1970,
however, a wctchrncn was employed to make periodic checlcs on our
camp throughout 1970.
This Is Exhibit "A" to tho affidavit

of VICTOR MICJiAEL SADOWICK, dsted
January 27, 1971.
A KO'TAT.Y PUDLIC if,' AND Fffii THE

PROVINCE OF ALBERTA.
X
-5-
CANADA
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA
i, JO! IK WARREN, of t ho City of Calgary, In the Province of

Alberta, Chartered Accountant, MAKE CATH AND SAY:
1. That l cjn Controller of Master Explorations Ltd, and as
such hova a personal knowledge of tho irvatters hereinafter
referred to except where stated to be on Information and
bollof.
2. That Master Explorations Ltd. Is tha present licensee under
Exploratory Licence of Occupation Mo. I3f^02 dated
January 10, 1S&7 sad granted by the Minister of Mines for
the Province of Ontario*
3. T!jet l prepared the report attached' hereto as Exhibit "B"
and that the contents thereof ere true to the best of my
4. That' l niska this affidavit pursuant to the terms of :
Exploratory Licence of Occupation No* 13*202. ,'
SWOn.'J before jro at tho City )

of Calgary, In tho Province )
of Alberta, this 27th~clsy )
of Janucpy JOKH/WARREN
A NOTARY FUC-LIC lil AIJD FOR

THE KXOVINCe OF ALDERTA.
EXHIBIT "B"
E,X?1. 07! AT i QMS LTD .
(Mado Under Exploratory Licence No, 13,902)
tfcscs fi- salaries

Equipment rental . 21,559.35
Materials fi- supplies 3,162.29
Exploratlo.i permit
$ 27,137.93
This docs not Include salaries and travel expenses for

our supervisory and administrative personnel*
This Is Exhibit "B" to the affidavit of

JOHN WAT^CfJ. dated Janucrv 2?, 1971.
A Nu'^RY PUOLIC IN AND FOR THE

A
P. O, Box 2880
Calgary, Alberta
30 -J an -70
Mr. R. V. Scott, Director,

Mining Lands Branch,
Department of Mines,
Whitney Block,
Parliament Buildings,
Toronto 2, Ontario
Dear Mr. Scott: Re; Exploratory License #13902"

- - - ,, ' X
Enclosed are statements in the manner prescribed
by our Exploratory License outlining the details of expend i-
* t
turee and a description of work carried out by Alberta Coal

Ltd. during the year ended 31-Dec-69. ' '
Yours very truly,
ALBERTA COAL LTD.
.f-
A. F. Collins
ejp: Executive Vice -Pre ?idmt
afc:jd and General Manager
end.
CANADA
2 OF ALCEPiTA
J, EDi:\RD JOHN P.VJCHYSYN, of'the City of Caloary, In tho Province

of Alberta, Professional Engineer; HAKE OATH AKD SAY: '
1. That, l cm V!co-?rcs Ident - Operations of Alberta Coal Ltd, and

cs such have a psrsonol knowledge of tho matters hereinafter
-, referred to except where stated to bo on Information end bolief.
2. That Albcrtn Coat Ltd. Is tho liconsoo undor Exploratory Licence
of CccupnUon t:o. I3,S02, detcd -Janvcry 10^ IJ5^7, and granted by
tho Hinistor of fUnes for the Province of Ontario.
3. That Alberta Coal Ltd. Is tho licensee of the êld Exploratory
Llcenco having eâ? garnet c*} v/ith Cattle R Ivor Cos) Ccwpany
Limited on Dcceniber 3U 1563.
kt ilvat f prepared tha report ettochod hereto cs Exhibit "A11 -end
that ths contents thereof are true to the best of ir.y Information
and bollef. - '
5. Tlât I roake th*is affidavit pursuant to tho terms of Exploratory
Licence of Occupation No. 13.502.
Sl.rOr.M before TO at the City )

of Caljpry, In tho Province
of Alberta, thi
1970. ) EDV/ARD/mOHff'PANCHYSYN
A NOTARY PUSH C IM AK'D FOR THE

P?xOV{?!CE 0;~ ALBERTA,
t'..*s* t
'-N-v \.*TF riv- 1 p A jj l -^ -- ^CO V/ItJl
4i^. .H.*M^*.~ *^.***~fc^ 3*-*Ll.^**a'*V .*.'*a.*..*J^*OTElrf'lJWtel fc
"lrsr,i';*-î''ti f fr"**v*'
-t-t..v-^— •w--*,i...rtj,. - ^- y.. ,
Having prevIouisTy cctsbHshod tho existence of cufc^tantlol

ralnecblc Ujprto coal reserves at Ona?:aw3ns, Alfcerta Coal Ltd. hos
tech endeavour ?ng throu^teut 1550 to establIsh o irarkct for the coal,
which wou!d justify tha ^3v^lopnent of o vfablo coal raining operation.
Alborfca Coal Ltd. has concentrated Its efforts on
tbo ostobHslCTcsnt of either, a ôol-barnlng tftcnnal p^-A'jr
station or, en Industrial complex with its avn Jntcorotcd
gonorctlns station using coal as Its fuol or, a con&foottoft of both.
It is the In tor, t that such a p J en t would bs located In that vicinity
of tho Onakawana coal flold In order to rolnlinljto coal transportation
costs; to provide pov-^cr for public uso In tho jjcnoral crca; and to
assist In tte scncral dsvclopfficnt of iNorthari* Onterfo, ^
In association with two rsajor Canadian Indus-trial corporations,
Alberta Coal ltd. Is assessing tJie feasibility of cstdbUsblng a hcovy
wstcr plant at Onakawana. En0In6erIn0 studies prepared by cur
consultants arc being reviewed end discussions ere
with various dcpr.rtir.onts of tha Province of Cntsrlo, end
*.
Atomic Energy of Ccnocki United In OttcAM. It Is currently contemplated

thr.t tho plant would Ir.cluda Its c*m generating station -burn I no
Ctw'tfwsna llcnlto - to provida tho pos-ssr and stecirs required In the
heavy water prccoss. '
•y.-..
ce 2
of tho obovQ operation, A&orta Coal ltd.

das biicn, r.ncl Is ccntinulng to'exploro the possibilities of
establishing o Usnlto-fueled pov.sjr scneratIng station et Onotenvona
with an Installed capacity In tho order of 500 rt,W. tnhfeh would
consuls between three end four mil)ton tons of lignite cool Annually.
, " "' ,*
TI'.c power so r.snoratod v.-oald be sold to tha public fcy Ontario Hydro
Electric Power Ccwmlsston through Its transmission systems. .
A nwvibcr of discussions hova teen 'hold with Offterlo Hydro
\ . : . . -
end various cutisoritfos ond agencies of tho ProvJnco of Ontario with

* - '
respect to such o proposed senoratlft0 station^ as a result of which

-, . .
rt Is anticipated thst Alberts Coal ltd. will ba iindertakln0 further
studies, with Its consulting engineers, In support of Its proposal. ;
Although no further exploratory drilling wzst carried out ;
et Onakawana during 1259 by Alberta Coal Ltd,Jt has enÎoyod o
watchman to raalntafn Its câ^j at the site, In order that exploratory
work inay fco resuRicd at any tiros, to tho oxtont that this boconxss
necessary, when a ciarkst for tho llgnlto coal Is established. '
-II-
C i\ M A D A
VIMCE OF ALDEfcTA
I, J0:i'{ WTJIEN, of t ho City of Calgary, In the Province

of Alberta, Chartered Accountant, KAKE OATH AMD SAY:
J. - That i cm CcntroHcr of Alberta Coal Ltd. -end cs such

bsva-o personal knowlfidco of tlc matters hero Inof ter
referred to except where oteted to ba on Information
end bo l lef *
2. That Alberta Coal Ltd. Is the licensoo under Exploratory
Licence of Occupation Ho. 13.*SJ02^ datod January 10, 1S6?
end flrcntod by t to Minister of flinos for tho Province of
Ontario.
3. Tliot Alharto Coal Ltd. Is tho licensee of tho said
Exploratory Llccnco having nrsalg^motcd v/Ith Dottlo River
Coal Company Limited on Docenibor 31 1 J968.
TJist l prepared tfas report attached hereto os Exhibit "B1
end ttot tho contents ths/sof ere true to tho best of Ky .
Information end belief*
5. That I iBoJca this affidavit pursuant to the tcras of
Explorctory Licence of Occupation No. 13*902.
S'.'Or.M before mo at the City )

of Calgcry, In tho Province )
of Albortn, this 2Sth day of)
John V&rren /'
i
t
A i;CTAftY*PUI3LlC HI AJJD FOR TH2

Kiovi:-:cfi OF ALBERTA.
EXH1DIT"B'
gyPLCTAT.!OM
Engineering 6-consul-ting fees S 25,325.^6
Masfcs and salari&s ^1,200.00
Repairs ft supplies . 566.70
Exploration porw 11 \l f OOQ:OQ

$ 28,052.16 \
This docs not Include salaries or travol oxpensea for cwr suporvlsory
arid odni in le t rat t va personnel* .
.i-.'î'-:-^
V J .j~~ -••4? .
P.O. Box 2880
Calgary 2, Alberta
21-Jan-69
Mr. R.V. Scot ,

Director
Mining Lands Branch
Department of Mines
Province of Ontario
Parliament Buildings -
Toronto 2, Ontario
Dear Mr.. Scot:
Ra: Exploratory Licence .13902
Enclosed are statements, In the manner prescribed
by our exploratory licence, outlining the details*of expenditures
and a description of work comp+eted-1 n~the-Onakawana
'il'^ - f' Yours very truly,
BATTLE RIVER COAL COMPANY LIMITED
WU y em R. Blain
Secretary 5- General Counsel
Encls.
CANADA
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA
l, GERALD E. THOMPSON, of the City of Calgary, In the

Province of Alberta, Chartered Accountant, MAKE OATH AND SAY:
1. That l cm Controller of Battle River Coal Company Limited

and as such have a personal knowledge of the matters hereinafter
referred to except where stated to be on information and belief.
i
2. That Battle River Coal Company Limited is the licensee

under Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13(902, dated
January 10, 19&7 and granted by the Minister of Mines for the
Province of Ontario.
3. That l prepared the report attached hereto as Exhibit "A"

and that the contents thereof are true to the best of my information
and bellef.
k. That i make this affidavit pursuant to the terms of Exploratory

Licence of Occupation No. 13,902.
SWORN before me at the City )

of Calgary, In the Province )
of Alberta t hi s JU)-*^ ay of )
January, 1969. ) Gerald E. Thompson
A NOTARY PUBLIC IN AND FOR THE

-IS-
BATTI.SRIV5S COAL COMPANY IfMITSO
STATEXSaT OF EXPLO.UT-IOHS EXPEHSES
.FOR Oftf.KAWAMA
YEAS E.'IDIMG OECEH3ER 31.
-
1-,'agcs snd so l dries -15,597.25
Equipment rental JO, 8.92.30
Repairs end supplies ^2,357.04
Fuel
Freight 2,235.72
Drilling fi. testing expense 5.138.68
Exploration permit 1.009,00
87*7*2.37
This does not includo salaries or travel expenses for our supervisory and
administrative personnel.
CANADA )
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA )
l, SHERMAN P. LANG, of tho City of Calgary, In the Province

of Alberta, Professional Engineer, HAKE OATH AND SAY:
1. That t am Chief Engineer of Battle River Coal Company Limited

and as such have a personal knowledge of the matters hereinafter
referred to except where stated to be on Information and belief.
2. That Battle River Coal Company Limited Is the licensee under

Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13,902, dated January 10,1967
and granted by the Minister of Mines for the Province of Ontario. '
* . " ,
3. That i prepared the report attached hereto as Exhibit "A" and

that the contents thereof are true to the best of my information and
belief. ;
k. That i make this affidavit pursuant to the terms of Exploratory

Licence of Occupation No. 13,902. t
SWORN before mo at the City )

of Calgary, in the Province )
of Alberta, this day Z^f )
January, 1969. ) Sherman P. Lang

•i. .4-
•ir'-'
-n-
P.O. Box 2880, Calgary, Alberta.

January 15, 1969'
WORK AND OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT AT

ONAKAWANA, ONTARIO BY LICENSEE -
BATTLE RIVER COAL COMPANY LIMITED -
EXPLORATORY LICENSE OF OCCUPATION
No. 13902 - DURING PERIOD JANUARY l, 1968
TO DECEMBER 31, 1968.
January 1968: H. Baragar, Engineer, and M, Lee, Driller,

were eent to Onakawana January 4th to complete
crew and commence drilling. ,
Winter trails were cut and test drill holes No's
68-01 to 68-12, l, 120 lineal feet of hole in the
aggregate, were drilled and coal sampled where
intersected. Copies of drill logs are attached.
Coal samples retained are stored in Alberta Coal
Ltd. warehouse, Calgary, Alberta.
160 bags (approximately 5 tons) of lignite, previously
stockpiled, were shipped to Canadian Combustion
Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Mines
fc Resources, Ottawa, for analysis and firing tests.
A fire on January 16th destroyed a warming shelter
and some essential equipment which was replaced.
February 1968: Test drill holes No's 68-13 to 68-41, 3, 823.5

lineal feet of hole in the aggregate, were drilled
and samples taken. Copies of drill logs are
attached. Samples retained are stored in Alberta
Coal Ltd. warehouse, Calgary, Alberta. .
Cutting of winter trails continued under adverse
conditions. Skids fabricated for moving drill and
water trucks over muskeg.
Report received from Research and Development
Department, Steel Company cf Canada, on ash
fusion tests on Onakawana lignite to determine
suitability for Stelco-Lurgi process.
Cont'd/2.
March 1968: Cutting of winter roads to drill sites continued.
Tect drill holes No's 68-42 to 68*55, 2, 330 lineal
feet of hole in the aggregate, were completed to
March 15th. Drill logs are attached. Samples
retained are stored in .Alberta Coal Ltd. warehouse,
Calgary, Alberta.
Moderating temperatures after March 15th precluded
any further work in the bush and drill equipment was
shipped out. The camp was left in care of a watchman.
It is the intention of Alberta Coal Ltd. to maintain*
a fully equipped camp at the site pending further
exploration or other work. , ^
April 1968 ' : ,:^-"-X ; iS:^:. -'K

to . :' ' — V ;" ' -^
December 1968: During this period a number of meetings were- -
attended by officers of Alberta Coal Ltd. concerned
with market surveys and research into possible uses
for Onakawana lignite, including:-
1 . ''"' i.."' "fi'" :- ' ~ *" "-'!.- -':- : '. "*.*"- " "*: "^
1) Research development in Northern Ontario.

2) Steam generation and power production-with
Onakawana lignite. i; ,. v-
3) Gasification of Onakawana lignite* ; ;.t.\. ^ :
4) Heavy Xvater production utilizing Onakawana
lignite. . . , , .:. ;.-.--.-^-.J*...;,-,^-, - v,X
Meetings were held with:- f -;
1} Ontario Economic Council. - ' '' " :''\'' -^.'- ''', ^ -'ri
'
Z} The Consumers' Gas Company Ltd. -;
3) Ontario Hydro Electric Power Commission.
4) Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. , ~^ ,* -•••"^
5) Cyanamid of Canada Ltd. j, '
-IV
v/
. 3 -
Reports were received of test work performed '

on Onakawana lignite, and from Companies and
Consultants relative to possible uses for the
lignite. Included in these were reports from:-
1) Fuels Research Centre, Department of
Energy, Mines 2t Resources, Ottawa, Ont.
2) Steel Company of Canada regarding use of
Onakawana lignite in Stelco-Lurgi process.
3) J. T. Edwards regarding "The Possibilities of
Onakawana Lignite for Steam Generation".
4) W. R. Riddell, former Power Production
Manager, Saskatchewan Power Corporation,
commenting on Ontario Hydro Electric Power
Commission report on feasibility, study of Onakawana
lignite for electric power production.
5) Lurgi-Chemie, Frankfurt/Mafc^ Germany,
giving results of bench tests on lignite sample
to determine suitability for use in SL/RN
process for pre-reduction of Iron ores.
*
Inve stigations are continuing through the above

listed Companies and through Consultants.
An exploration map reproduced from air photo-mosaic .
showing drill hole locations and connecting trails
is attached.
S. P. Lfeng, P.Eng,
Chief Engineer
-20-
P.O. Box 2880

Calgary, Alberta
January 9, 1968
Mr. R.V. Scott

Director
Mining Lands Branch
Department of Mines
Province of Ontario
Parliament Buildings
Toronto 2, Ontario
Dear Sir: RE; Exploratory Licence 13902
Enclosed are statements, in the manner prescribed by
our exploratory license, outlining the details of expenditures and
a description of work' completed in the Onakawana area*
If these statements meet with your approval, will you
kindly arrange for the release of the ^25,000.00 deposit being held
by your Department. - -" .
Yours very truly,
BATTLE RIVER COAL COMPANY
LIMITED
O.K. /Thompson
Controller
2nd.
GET:dm
CANADA
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA
I, GERALD E. THOMPSON, of the City of Calgary, in the Province,

of Alberta, Chartered Accountant, MAKE OATH AND SAY:
1. That t am Controller of Battle River Coal Company Limited and as

such have a personal knowledge of the matters hereinafter referred to
except where stated to be on information and belief.
2. That Battle River Coal Company Limited is the licensee under
Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13,902, dated January 10, 1967
and granted by the Minister of Mines for the Province of Ontario.
3. That I prepared the report attached hereto as Exhibit *'A" and
. that the contents thereof are true to the best of my information and x
belief.
*, '
h. That I make this affidavit for the purpose of inducing the Minister -
of Mines for the Province of Ontario to release to the licensee, Battle
River Coal Company Limited, the deposit of ^25,000.00 made by the licensee
pursuant to the terms of Exploratory Licence of Occupation No* 13/902.
SWORN before me at the City

of Calgary, in the Province
of Alberta this day of
January, Gerald S. Thompson

(
-22-
BATTLS RIVER COAL COMPANY LIMITED '

STATEMENT OP EXPENSES MADE UNDER
EXPLORATORY LICENCE 13902
FOR THE YEAR ENDING PEC&SER SI. 1967
Nelson Bros. Construction Co. Ltd. for work in -

uncovering and excavating coal ^0,122.23
Cost of shipping, setting up and maintaining
campsite - 8,997.02
Labour of watchmen and other personnel employed ,
by the Company 2,930.96
Travelling and other administration charges . 3.0,08^.59
562,13^.80
It should be noted that salaries of our engineers sent from

Calgary and the actual purchase price of the camp equipment have not been
included in the above. -
This is Exhibit "A" to the affidavit

of Gerald E. Thompson, dated January ,
1968.
A NOTARY PUBLIC III AKD FOR TK2

PROVINCE OP ALBERTA.
-21-
CANADA
PROVINCE OF ALBERTA
It SHERMAN P. LANG, of the City of Calgary, in ibhe Province

of Alberta, Professional Engineer, MAKE OATH AND SAY:
1.. That I am Chief Engineer of Battle River Coal Company Limited and as
such have a personal knowledge of the matters hereinafter referred to
except where stated to be on information and belief. -
2. That Battle River Coal Company Limited is the licensee under
Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13*902, dated January 10, 196?
and granted by the Minister of Mines for the Province of Ontario.
3. That I prepared the report attached hereto as Exhibit "A" and
that the contents thereof are true to the best of my information and
belief.
U. That I make this affidavit for the purpose of inducing the Minister
of Mines for the Province of Ontario to release to the licensee, Battle
River Coal Company Limited, the' deposit of ^25,000.00 made by the licensee
pursuant to the terms of Exploratory Licence of Occupation No. 13,902.
SWORN before me at the City

of Calgary, in the Province
of Alberta this day of
January, 1968. Sherman P. Lang
A NOTARY PUBLIC IN AND FOR THS

-11-'
•iff '
3ATTI-3 RIVER COAX, 'COMPANY

P.O. Box 2880, Calgary, Alberta. January 6, 1968
EXPLORATION PROGRAMME, ONAKAWANA, ONTARIO

1967 SEASON
Work performed during 1967 at Onakawana, Ontario, under Exploratory

License of Occupation No. 13902, issued by the Minister of Mines,
Province of Ontario, under date of January 10, 1967, is outlined as follows:-
1. May 1967 E. J. Panchysyn, Assistant General Manager, to

Kirkland Lake, Cochrane, Onakawana and Moosonee
to arrange for Contractor, Nelson Bros. Construction
'Co. Ltd., for men and equipment to unload camp
trailers, set up camp, pump out old pit, uncover fresh
coal at west end of pit, excavate and stock-pile 200 tons
of coal, channel sample coal, and build unloading ramp
at railroad.
2. June 1967 Complete camp equipment and auxiliary equipment

loaded and shipped from Calgary, Alberta.
Nelson Bros. Construction Co. Ltd. loaded 22B dragline
and backhoe, D 7 tractor, land rover and dump truck
at Kirkland Lake June 29th and 30th.
3. July 1967 Contractor unloaded his equipment and Battle River

Coal Company Limited camp equipment at Onakawana
July 4th to 8th. Roads were graded and camp located.
Pumping and stripping of the old pit started July 9th and
continued rest of month.
P. H. Shirley, Assistant Mine Manager, Whitewood
Mine t arrived Onakawana July 12th to assume charge for
Battle River Coal Company Limited. ^
4. August 1967 Stripping and pumping at pit continued'until August 13th

when stripping completed.
Approximately 200 tons of coal were excavated by
Nelson Bros, and hauled to stock-pile on August 14th
and 15th. Channel samples were taken by S.P,Lang.
22B dragline was'moved toeast end of pit and 50 tons
'of coal were cut from 16* of coal seam and stock-piled
on August 16th.
. S. P. Lang, Chief Engineer, Battle River Coal Company
Limited, arrived August 9th, cut and prepared channel
samples for shipment to Fuels Research Centre, Ottawa,
Cont'd/2
-15-
urae RIVU COAL COMPANY LIMITED
- 2 -
Warnock Hersey'Co. Ltd., Winnipeg, and National

Testing Laboratories Ltd,, Winnipeg,
Nelson Bros. Construction Co. Ltd. constructed an
unloading ramp at the railroad siding August 16th, 17th
and 18th, loaded his equipment and moved out on
August 21, 1967. Camp was left in charge of C, Wentland,
Watchman. ,
S.September Camp in charge of watchman.

1967
6. October 1967 Camp in charge of watchman.
7. Nov. 1967 Drilling equipment including truck-mounted Failing

Holemaster CFD-1B drill, water truck, D7 tractor,
Bombardier, loaded and shipped from Calgary, Alberta,
November 23rd. '
Drill foreman, A. Meyers and helper P.Altwasser,
arrived at Onakawana November 27th to unload equipment
and check all camp equipment for winter operation.
8. Dec.1967 S. P. Lang, Chief Engineer and H. Baragar, Engineer,

Battle River Coal .Company Limited, went to Toronto -
to meet with Mr. Jan Butters, Ontario Economic Council,
Mr. G.R. Guillet, Geologist, Ontario Department of -
Mines, and to Ottawa to meet Dr. D.S. Montgomery,
Head, Fuels Research Centre and Mr, E. R* Mitchell,
Fuels Combustion Laboratory, regarding test work on
Onakawana lignite. Several days were spent at Onakawana
laying out the winter drilling programme, and selecting
additional samples for the Ontario Research Council.
Arrangements were made for additional crew to be sent
from Calgary or hired locally to complete the crew for
test drilling to start early in January 1968,
BATTLE RIVER COAL

COMPANY LIMITED
E. fir -
-15-
RIVE* COAl COMFANY LIMITED
- 2 -
Warnock Hersey 'Co. Ltd., Winnipeg, and National

Testing Laboratories Ltd., Winnipeg.
Nelson Bros. Construction Co. Ltd. constructed an
unloading ramp at the railroad siding August 16th, 17th
and 18th, loaded his equipment and moved out on
August 21, 1967. Camp was left in charge of C, Went land,
Watchman, ~
S.September Camp in charge of watchman.

1967
6. October 1967 Camp in charge of watchman.
7. Nov. 1967 Drilling equipment including truck-mounted Failing

Hoiemaster CFD-1B drill, water truck, D7 tractor.
Bombardier, loaded and shipped from Calgary, Alberta,
November 23rd. *
Drill foreman, A. Meyers and helper P.Altwasser,
arrived at Onakawana November 27th to unload equipment
and check all camp equipment for winter operation.
8. Dec.1967 S. P. Lang, Chief Engineer and H. Baragar, Engineer,

Battle River Coal .Company Limited, went to Toronto
to meet with Mr. lau Butters, Ontario Economic Council,
Mr. G.H. Guillet, Geologist, Ontario Department of *
Mines, and to Ottawa to meet Dr. D.S. Montgomery,
Head, Fuels He search Centre and Mr. E, R. Mitchell,
Fuels Combustion Laboratory, regarding test work on
Onakawana lignite. Several days were spent at Onakawana
laying out the winter drilling programme, and selecting
additional samples for the Ontario Research Council.
Arrangements were made for additional crew to be sent
from Calgary or hired locally to complete the crew for
test drilling to start early in January 1968.
BATTLE RIVER COAL

COMPANY LIMITED
X^X';
S
S. P. Lang,
S
gf.
t^J'
Eng.
Chiei Engineer
SPL/im.
"*~"''. 'i
-Zlo-
Q BATTLE RIVER COAL COMPANY LIMITED

LIST OF EQUIPMENT AT ONAKAWANA, ONTARIO.

1 . ' "
"
i. CAMP " . : . ; ."

a. Kitchen trailer 8 x 27, fully equipped ^ :
. ,-
b. Dining trailer 8 x 27 . .
c. Food storage trailer with walk-in refrigerator

"' .- .
d. Bunk house trailer, cap. 4 men, 8x18 i;:
e. .Wash house on skids , , -

', - ," *.
f. Bunk house, construction on site, cap* 8 men
g. Septic tank ; v ;
. .' .'":.."" ;.
h. Deep well pump for camp water '
i. 20 KW Armstrong-Siddley die eel generator
j. 2-1-1 /2" pumps, gas '
2. DRILL EQUIPMENT .7 ; . :-
* . - "' * "
a. Failing Holemaster CFD-IB drill on M750 Mercury truck

\ . V:;. ^
. ,b. 900 gallon tank on M75 O Mercury truck, w 7 winch .' ;
. . ^ ' .-'..- '' .V
' ' ' ' ' . ! '.* ''
3. - AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT : ' ^ ^ -- ' K
, a. D7 Cat. tractor w /hydraulic dozer and Hyster winch :
b. Land Rover, 1/4 ton, FWD .' . . ' ;
c. Bombardier, model M64 . .
d. -Radio, base set, Motorola,' frequency 152.870 megacycles.
Cont'd/2
-r?-
''JATTlS RIYtR COAL'COMPANY LIMITED
O "2" -
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT Cont'd ;
e. 60* radio tower ' . . .
f. 3 - Mobile radio sets, Mororola, for drill truck* water

truck, Bombardier
g. 2 - Heaters, Herman Nelson, gasoline and electric
h. l - Welder, 250 amps, Hobart
i. l -Battery charger, 115 v, single phase .
j. Pumps
1-1/4" Monarch, deep well, jet type, l-1/2 h.p. elec.motor
6" Gorman-Rupp, trailer mtd., f*ord diesel engine
1-1/2" centrifugal, Brigss b Stratton engine.

O B ATTICS RIVSR. COAT, COMPANY LIMITED
SAMPLES AND TESTING

1. . 200 tons excavated from west end of pit and stock -piled on
surface for bulk samples and to check air-drying and
spontaneous combustion.
2. ' 50 tons excavated by dragline east end of pit and placed in

cone-shaped pile for bulk samples and to check heating.
i
3. Samples sent to Fuels Research Laboratories, Ottawa,

Ont. Analyses attached :-
a. O to 8' 50# channel sample, lower seam, woody lignite,

west pit.
. ' ' ' '
b. 8 to 12' 50# channel sample, lower seam, woody

lignite, west pit.
c. O to 16* 50# channel sample, lower seam, woody -.

lignite, east pit. .
i . . i -
4. Samples sent to The Warnock-Hersey Co. Ltd., Winnipeg,

Man. Channel sample of upper seam (4 1 ) and at l 'intervals
from O to 12', of lower seam; analyses attached:-
Sample #1, 20#, 0-4' upper seam, earthy lignite
Sample #2, 20#, O-l 1 , lower seam, woody lignite

^ ' . . . . . '- -"
Sample #3, 20#, 1-2', " " " " '
"Sample H, 20#, 2-3', ' - " " " "
Samplers, 20#, 3'4', " " ' " - " ' -' ; -
Sample #6, 20#, 4-5', " " " " :, ;-
, ' Sample #7, 20#, 5-6 1 , " " " " ,

* * * •.
Sample ^8, 20#, 6-7 1 , " " " "

* .
Sample#9, 20#, 7-8', " " " "
, Cont'd/2.
^ COAL COMPANY LIMITED
' .
O' ' ' ;2- ' ..

SAMPLES AND TESTING
Sample #10, 20#, 8-9', lower seam, woody lignite
.Sample #11, 200, 9-10', " " M u
Sample #12, 200, 1 0-11 ', " " ." "
Sample #13, 200, 11-12', " " " "
Composite of samples 1-9 , .
Composite of samples 10-13
5. Channel samples as above were split and sent to National

Testing Laboratories Ltd., Winnipeg, Man. as.well. No
analytical results have been received to date from National
Testing. ,
6.' Sample sent to Versuchsanlage der Lurgichemie, Frankfurt /Main, '.

West Germany* for bench tests. 50# representative sample
from 200 ton stock-pile for bench tests to determine suitability
of this coal as a reducing agent in the SL/RN process for
pre-reducing iron ore pellets. No results have been received
to date. '
7. 50# samples (2) sent to R. L. Cavanaugh, Ontario Research

Foundation, Sheridan Park, Ontario, for testing as binder
in iron ore pellets.
8. 500 sample to G. R. Guillet, Geologist, Department of Mines,

500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ont,
9* 5 tons in plastic-lined jute bags will be shipped to Fuels

Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont. early in 1968 for- burning '
tests in the Combustion Research Laboratory under E. R, Mitchell,
to determine pulverizing, combustion and ash slagging ,
properties. This information will be useful in design of boilers
for thermal plants.
-jo-
January 6, 1968
l Q .
W ————:————"
ONAKAWANA EXPENSES
September l,' 1966 to August 31,1967
Payments to Nelson Bros. Construction ^39,990.82

i * .
Preparation of trailers and equipment for shipment:
Labour 754.48
Materials 2,879.24
Exploration License Province of Ontario 1,000.00
Fr.: ight Calgary to Onakawana 4,333.38
Report on Onakawana Lignite . . 1,736.00
Air Travel 1,330.00
Sundry head office expenses and travelling 4,527.75
156,551.67
To November 30,1967 2, 475.00
Estimate December 1967 2^500^00
- ^61,526.67
O
/
Quote rao , .
BRANCH FUEL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Fucle and Mining
CANADA
Practice Division.
DEPARTMENT OTTAWA,
OF
-f*
MINES AND TECHNICAL SURVEYS
REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Snmplo of coni cubrr.ittocl by Alborta Coal Ltd. aa por advieo addressed to Chief, Fuols and Mining
Practice Division dated August 9, 1967. Sample designated ae Onakawana 0x6' ,
Date Received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 22, 1967

Sample. Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . Ash
, Equilibrium
Moisture Condition . . . . . . , . . . ^*-Ka-c^.3ic3dboo6dc Dry fcM*AP
, . Moisture-
Proximate Analysis .
Moisture. . . . . ,*'', .-. . . . . . . ft 44--^ '42.2- ' .0.0 - S102 42.09
Ash . . . . . . . . . . , . . ,. ,. . . ft ' 10.9 18.8 . A1203 13.55
Volatile Matter . .;. , . . . v . . . ft 22.5 38.9 5*6203
Fixed Carbon (3y Difference). .. .. ,. ft 24.4 J 42.3 1.19
"O -mate Analysis . " .' - .
Carbon, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ft 34.8 60.2 1.03
CaO 14.10
Hydrogen . . . ,. . . . . . . . ,. . . ô ' - 3.3 kti y MgO
- Sulphur . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . fy.. - 0.8 l;3 803
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ,. . ft 0.4 0.7 0.48
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft . 10,9 M;8 K20 0.15 . '
Oxygen (3y Difference). . . .'.. . ..ft . . g^ 15,0.
'Calorific Value . . . . . , Btu/lb. Gross szô *S4-eo ^Ld*?o
\
Fusibility of Ash Reducing , . Oxidizing

initial Deformation Temperature. . *F , ' 1990 '* ' 2050
Softening Temperature, Spherical ..'F ' -2020 2100
Softening Temperature, . ' ;
Hemispherical. . . . . ,. . ..'F - 2050 , .2110
Fluid Temperature. . . . ............F ,. .. . -- 2210 .. 2120
Grindability Index, Hardgrove .Equilibrium Moisture Basis ' -- . 103
. ft'
Ligaito ft .
ft-
ft
•ft
ft
Reported by:
Solid Fuel Lsborotorw
Dictrifcution:,
Alberta Coal Ltd.,
P.O. Box 2880, n\A\{t*A
Calgary, Alborta (2) —
D *S * - MoJit/jjoiflOiryj
' v \
1*^
y\
Hoad, IPiiols Roooaroh Centre^
,/
-32"
Quote File ....
SS BRANCH FUEL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Fuels and Mining
CANADA
Practice Division.
LSPARTMENT OTTAWA,
OF
REPORT OF ANALYSIS .
o? ooal submit led by AlbefrtA Codl Ltd. 1 db pen* advlda adJPoflaed to Chief ^ Fuola and Mining
Practice Division dated August 9* 1967* Sample designated as Onakawana 8 x 12'
August 22, 1967

15
Equilibrium Moisture Ash Analysis
A-.Gc^ ^scawsSdL Dry &MKIP******* Soy
Proximate Analysis * * - - --
4te*o 44,1 0.0 S102 13.36
Ash . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , . . 7* . .5.5 9.8 A1203 13.88
24.0 42 i9 Fe;j03 17.01
Fixed Carbon (By Difference). . ,- . ^9 26.4 47,3 T102 0.44
D mate Analysis i * * t
Pfc05 0.16
37.2 66.5 CaO 20.97
2.5 4.5 MgO A.27.
o;7 1.3 .S03 d'26.97^
0.3 0.6 NaaO "1.36
5.5 9^8 KoO ' 0.15
9.7 17.3
JO, C- '/O Itj^f o -
. t ^^ .1
Fusibility of Ash Reducing' r
Initial Deformation Temperature. ,- - F - ' ' 2220 2220

-; - .
Softening Temperature, Spherical . *F
Softening Temperature,
2260 v 2250.
1
t* . 2300 - 2260
2340 2260
- 1
Moisture basis) 76
Rank (A.S.T.M.) Lignitio-

fc
Remarks:
Reported by: • W.J, Montgomery, Head ^;

Solid Fjaela Laboratory^!.}
Distribution:
Alberta Coal Ltd,/

P.O. 3cx 2830,
Caljary, Alborta (2) D.S. Xont5oraeryv
Head, Tuols Research Centro
l/
Quote File .. ,3^,-67, * * - * * * * - *
2S BRANCH FUEL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Fuels and Mining
CANADA
/' ' Practice Division. OTTAWA, . .Qctober, 3^ .1967,
DEPARTMENT
1 OF
REPORT OF ANALYSIS
of coal submitted b/ Alberta Coal Ltd. as per advice addressed to Chief, FuolO and Mining
Practice Division dated August 9, 1967* Sample designated as Onakawana IS 1 east end of pit*
Date Received. . . . . . . . * . . . . ' August 22, 1967

, Sample Mark . . . . . . . . . . * . . 3^ Ash
Equilibrium
Moisture Condition. . . . . . . . . . AÊa** 3&C&X&&SC& Dry
' Proximate Analysis
* , *. - . ' Moisture
. Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft 4^.4. 42.7 0.0 Si02 37.63
.Ash . .. . . . . .-, . . . . . . . . . ft 11.4 19.9 15.38
Volatile Matter . . . . . . . . . . . ft 23.2 '40.5 ^0203 9.98
Fixed Carbon (Sy Difference). . . . ft 22.7 39.6 M.02
O'M
Jltimate Analyois '' 0.34
Carbon. . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . ft - 33.6 Ca0 16.86
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft 2.3 4.0 KgO 4..20.
Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft 0.8 1.'4
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft 0.3 . Oi5 0.97
Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ft li;4 19*9 K20 0.74
Oxygen {3y Difference) . . . . . . , ft 8.9 15.6
Calorific Value . . . . . . Btu/lb. Gross *54So *^4fao 1*2.,
i
Fusibility of Ash Reducing Oxidizing
Initial Deformation Temperature. . *F . 1970 2020
Softening Temperature, Spherical , *F . 2030 2100
, Softening Temperature,
N Hemispherical. . . * . . . . *F t 2070 -"2110 -
Fluid Temperature . . . . . * . . , *-F . 2140 2210'
Grindability Index, Harder ove Equilibrium Moisture Basis 83
ft
ft
Ranlc (A.S.T.M.) Lignite ft
*
ft
Rcmarko:
Reported by: .W.J. Montgomery, Head NA\Vv*

Solid Fuels 3L-.aboratorv\\\\V
Distribution:
Alborta Coal Ltd,
P.O. Box 2880,
Cslgary, Alborta (2) N
D.S. Montgomery,
Head, Fuels Research Centre
-34-
THE WARNOCK KERSEY COMPANY LTD.

T1
Formerly
CANADIAN INSPECTION A TESTING CO. LTD. E6T. I9O9
CHARLES WARNOCK COMPANY EST. 1027
Intpttlion MILTON HERSEY COMPANY CST. 1000 .
Phjtitjl, Cktmi
tlon-Dttltuilivt Tilling *— 233 Port Street, YJINNIPSG l, IU CLMSUC BTHZX
MONTACAL M. C
c E y T R A L nivlg,QM October 6, 1967*

DOMINIC C-S.IOO
3523^,2 ATTAL'XgZS OPJPUTEEN SAMPLES OP COAL

REPOR
BATT IS RIVER COAL
P. O. Box 2880p
CALG^Y, Alberta^
ATTBRPlONa 16?* Sherman Lang*.
LA3. NO. SAMPLE MARKED MOISTURE ASH URANIUM OXD33
•sj*rrt
22*03^. 13*00^: OoOOOZ^.

' P 3529 2
13*S6#
P 3530 3 10aOO#
/^
P 3531 4- 13*21^
P 3532 5 25*oW isrc * 'i-' j ' r-o.i
tftl./ " j!
\_r\t AT; j .-.AWN
w
P 3533 6 19*63^ "i*;T.Ti:ins""
7 6,71# i, J "K'^"V"
j-'ii- i*i.,.ii.;
P 3535 8 32*8.7*
P 3536 9 12*1
P 3537 10 16*95^ 10a20^,
? 3538 11 22,76^ 10o03^
P 3539 12 7*70^
P 13/ 11*97^
Composite of
samples l *. 9
Traoo
0*0003^
PS/HS
4^
F* Sav/chulc,
THIS RCPOr.T 1C
Manager* Contrnl DIvialor
ONUY
PCHOONAL uae OF THE CLIENT NAMTO Aoovr ANP MAY
HCi'llOOUCiO
iO DfwJtfft PEHMIflSION FHOM TKK WARNOCK HCOSf.V CO"fV^ l. ID.
/""
;
l THE-WARNOCK HERSEY COMPANY LTD.
Formerly t .
CANADIAN INSPECTION A TESTING CO. LTD. EST. 1*03
l. CHARLES WARNOCK COMPANY EST. IP1T

MILTON HERSEY COMPANY EST. 1000
f Imptttion
233 Port Street, l, tM tLMSUC
MONTREAL M. QUK.
DOwlMlC 6-J.lOO
CENTRA LnivisiQN Ootpbw 6,' 19&7*
Soil Mtehaaiei
F 3528
OP QMS .(1) SAMPLE '
REPORT
MARKED, NO* l
BAITLE BIVER COAL COMPANY,

P. O. Box 2880,
CA3DGART, Alberta o ' "
. ATTENTION; Jfr* Sherman Lang*
AS 'KBG'BTfSD
Air-drying Loss, ~~ ' 37*18^
Moisture, —-———w 22*03^'
Volatile Matter, —*
Pixod Carbon, ——-i 22*0
Ash, ——~——————w
S ulphvt?, *—-—-—t-
B. T* U* per 7*729
F* Sawchuk,
FS/ES Manager, Central Division*
THIO nnpont icjron THE exCLucive AND PCROONAL use or THE CLIENT NAMED ABOVE AND MAY
AI4WV l"- Hi;. IHioWatB OY WniTTfcN PKftMIBBION FROM TMR WARNOCK NCNSCY COMPANY LTD,
-31,-
^Q l-.n^
C
f' -.^^
'M 1 11 T HE WARNOCK HERSEY COMPANY LTD.
Formerly .
CANADIAN INSPECTION A TESTING CO. LTD. EST. IOOS
CHARLES WARNOCK COMPANY CST. 1927 HiaJO/fic,
MILTON MERSEY COMPANY EST. 1060 '
m
, Chtmittl, '233 Port Street, WINNIPEG l, MONYRCAl. U. OWC.
Tilling ~
C E NT R A.L
DIVISION
October 6, 1967.
Soil Mtthsnifl
P ANALYSIS PT? COAL

REPORT
COMPOSITE OP SAMPTigS l TO Q T7CT.T3STVS
BATTLE RIVER COAL COMPANY,

P. O. Box 2880,
CALGARY, ALBERTA.
ATTENTION: Mr* Sherman Lang*
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE:

Basis)
Air-drying Loss, Carbon,

Hydrogem,
Moisture,
Volatile Matter, Ash,
Fixed Carbon, ~ Sulphur,
Ash, ————- -*- Oxygon,
Sulphur, ——i HAR1XJHOVE
B. T. TJ. /. lb., GRINPABILITY BTOSX.
ANALYSIS OP ASH
Silica (Si02 ), 33*70^

Aluminum Oxtdo (Al 0^), —- 19*02^
Iron Oxide (^0203)^ •3——-* 4*4^"
Titanium Oxido (ffiiOp),
Calcium Oxide (CaO),
Magnesium Oxido
Sulphur Irioxido.
Alkalies (JlapO fi; E
P* Sav/chuk, v
Manager, Contral 3)ivision*
THIC ncponv to rcn THE cxciiO&ive AND PERSONAL uac oc THE CUCNT NAMED ADOVK AND MAY
rr nrrnooucr.d'rtY WHITTKN rcnMissiON FHOM TMR WAINOCK Mtnsev COM rAM Y I.TD.
-37-
-vo
WARNOCK HERSEY COMPANY -LTD.

Formerly
x
CANADIAN INSPECTION ft TESTING CCvLYD. CST. IBOS
CHARLES WARNOCK COMPANY fiST. 108.T HtOO C///IC*
MILTON KERSEY COMPANY EST. 1000
233 u. B.M.L.C
•^ Port Street,' Y/INNIPSG l, .
, lniptdion
' Pbjtitil, ChtmStal, - MONTREAU aa. eui
Ntn-Dttlruttive *OM""
AffHjiieh — R CENTRAL n|V,g|QM October 6, 1967.
Soil Misbjii
ANALYSIS OP COAL '
P (COMPOSITE OP SAMPLES 10 TO 13 DEL*)
REPORT
BATTLE RXV3S COAL OOMPANT,
P. O. BOX 2880,
CALGARY, ALBERTA.
. aa?* Sherman Lang*
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE AKAL^SIS

Basis)
As Roc*do
C arbon,
Air-Drying Loss* 25*63^ Hydrogen,
JQ.tr ogen,
Moisture, ~—-~ --. Suijshur, 1*20^
Volatile Matter, Ash, — " 12*83^
Pixed Carbon, -"* Oxygen,
Ash, ——————w
Sulphur^ --— -—* 0*98^ HARDGROVE
B* T* U. X Ib^ 6^93 391 GRINDABILCTY
ANALYSIS OP
Acid-insoluble,
Silica (Si02 ), —— -
Aluminum Oxide (A1203),
Iron Oxide (Pe? 0-)j -- 17*36^
Titanium Oxide^fîCs),
Calcium O^de (Gao), -•— — —
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Sulphur Trioxido.
Alkalies (2fa2 O
by diTf cronco,
•-^\i.W
PS/ES, Contral Divioion*
THIC RSPOnT IS rOR THE CXCLU5'V'C AND PERQONAL USE OC THE CLIENT NAMED APOVC AND MAY
OMLY OC flZPnOOUCfct) DY WRITTCN PCRMI&SION FRON THE WARNOCK HtHSCY COMPANY LTD.
-38-
r THE WARNOCK HERSEY COMPANY LTD.

Formerly l
CANADIAN INSPECTION ft TESTING CO. LTD. E ST. l ft OS '
CHARLES WARNOCK COMPANY EST. 1027
MILTON HERSCY COMPANY ,CST. 1000
233 Port Street, YiflNNIPEG l, is* CLMSUC criiccr

MONTftCAL M. QUt
Ntn-Dtittuciivt
tiildl — Rtttanit — C E NT R AL niv1gtoM October 31* 3.967*
Soil Mtehsr.it!
p FUSION POINT OP ASH EiETERMiyAfglOlS.

REPORT
TVJO (2) COMPOSITE SAMHJES OP OPAL'
BATTIE RIVER COAL COMPANT,

P. O* BOX 2880,
OAIfiARY, Alberta*
Mr* Sherman
IAB. NO. P 351p.

SAIiPIS MARKED" COMPOS33E OP COMPOSITE'OP
SAMPLES 2 TO .Q SAMPLES 10 TO 13
Temperature/
Softening
Fusion Point, 2,300^
"l
'."'i"'1'. * ;l A" i '• liil ' 4^^

P. Sawohufc,
* j i j * i ,,- * r~~- ^ ...'v;i.-i IIB r.'^.^ ,
j i hi. u.:^.cr j
. ^ .* . ^ ____. ... . —... ..^ ..^..a
l _j..." Central Division*.

i i '"
-j...... i.^,
LJ__jJt±:!__l
i i...-, '....j
; i.;r. \i\A*
THIC nrponT ic row TMK txcLucivE AND , uoe or THC *BOVKV-;^

ONUY DC rîNIOOUCCO "" wniTTCN niOM TH6 r ntBV COM*1 ' ' '
--r.-ft- ***~"^."îi4^v'
-i-i.is'-
.^'4
•"-**L ^
January 6, 1967
- -o
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
(3) (4) (5)
(1) (2) BTUs from Ash @ BTU @
Sample Air Dried 1200 B.TU Equiv. Equiv.
^Lab.No. Marked Moist. Ash DMMF MoisU(43ft) Moist. (43ft)
F3528 .1. 22.03ft 13.0ft 7650 10.3ft 5500 Top Seam

4 1 earthy
F3529 2 16.31 13.86 8200 , 10.2 5500 Lower Seam

1' channel
F3530 3 15.36 10.00 8800 , -7.2 5900 " "
F3531 4 28.51 13.20 6850 11.3 5350 " "
F3532 5 11.24 25.04 7350 17.0 4600 " "
F3533 6 15,14 19.63 7600 14.1 50pO " ""
F3534 7 17.32 6.71 9000 5.0 6200 " "
F3535 8 17.10 , 12.27 8300 12.7 5150 " "
F3536 9 13.45 12.80 8700 9.0 5650 " 'V
QF3537 . 10 16.95 10.20 8600 . ,' 7.5 5^50 w-".
F3538 11 22.76 10.03 7950 8. 2 5750 " "
F3539 12 17.30 7.70 8900 5.7 6100 " "
. F3540 13 18.93 11.97 8150 9.1 ' 5650 H H
Comp.
F3541 ' 1-9 15.40 14.88 8160 10.8 5400 Composite 1-9
above
Comp - p
F3542 10-13 18.37 10.47. 8400 7.9 5800 ; Composite

10-13 above
- Coli (3) BTU -12000 100 - (M-*. 1/1 A).

100
ASH -Ash c 61. (2)- x 100 - (43ft - Col.(l)

100
Col. {5} BTU -12000 x* 100

-,, - A. -, 4-1.1 Col. {4)
(43ft
O . 00
*
- ,t
4
: . - - ! -- .-- - . -.
' l ; .' : --:. -, :? - i . : '-i- ' ; -- - : .
,- -i -: ,. . . .
. --
. ..
'
. J. J -
' - -
.
.i., .
. .... i-.; - , .. -. . ; -' . . - .. .
.: . : - ,;.'.:-; ; . j..... , -,
; - : : -j".V * .:/ ' - : : ':.
' : "" ; ;' -' - -i- ; ' /-
. .. : . . ... -
: " ' : -. - . . -
; '
' l
. .
:~ '••'•.'' -' .V.: '"•/' : :" -*! '"'' V •'•' .. :;"!. " ---
-.•;.':'...-:.-.j.-..-~,^ . :.:., -- -^.. ,.. : - -.;.-

- .-i-'- .
'••t
.''. -;' .-. - . : -' - . -".''.'". '
- - ' *. - , *
" ~ ~' ' * - - i ~m \ '. *^ ' ". *

1 .- *- . ' " - - " -m j ' , . . - ^ - .' . . * "'
/..,:..-;:^-.; ,:; : ;.: ;.^^:.^..^ ; :;:;. :,.-

: -'?' -v'.:'.* v": C- v ••?.-'
: ,-': ., -:: i.;/:::
. - ,.. ', ; ;.; ..;...;'..
. . . r .:.. . '^
. - : . . v
3"
"N—'-^
-*-——t——^-^~
^
-. . .
9 s* Af .' '*
* *,
'f
*
'/s?tt/,*:
o
K. l—Key map showing location of

the Onakawana lignite deposit and the
areas withdrawn from staking by Order*
in-Council.
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE FIELD
Sa/e of feet
O tcoo •tooo
OH.4+ .
CH3' O
JT
l
A C-
D.IC45. 0-M.4Z O.K.W
o./M' OJ&;
c/r C.lf C.3f
O.M.4I
el/0*
CV/
OMSl
O
Fi;. 3—P}.-1.,! fho-.v!n^ pc;U:on* of drill holes and shafts, also thickness ia fc?t of overburden (O) and lignite (C) at each drill hole.
1.
ONAKAWANA - DRILL HOLE LOGS.
- - *
DR ILL.ER - M. L. JLEE^ DATE - J ANU AR Y X8 , 1 968 .
Hole No. 68-01 Location

i ' "
0 17' Sand St. gravel, some brown clay
17 35' Grey clay St rock

Lost hole, pit seal broke, set up in gravel. . - ,-
o. 17' Sand St gravel, traces brown clay
17 36' Grey clay St rocks '
36 42' Gravel, some sand St traces clay
42 45' Grey clay St rocks .
45 65' Grey clay St rocks . . .

•' '.. ' - ' "- '' '-
65 95' Grey clay Smrocks ' ' ,
Hole No. 68-02

"o ' 3' •' Muskeg ^~x--- "
- - ' ', - * '\
3 10' Sand St gravel
10 ; - ! 31' Grey clay St boulders

- 31 33' Brown shale carb. St clay -
"' . ' ""' - *. -'
33 42' - - Coal Jc soft black carb, shalfe
42 55' Coal \
55 60' Coal with traces brown wood
A
60 62' Black St grey clay , , , i

* ' ' - ' * .. f
62 65' Grey clay
Hole No, 68-03 ' ' , ' " -'
0 4' Muskeg .
*
4 - ' 10' Grey clay '

10 75' Sandy grey clay St gravel stringers St bc
75 90' Sand St fine gravel -
90 105' Grev St brown clav t* boulders, trucoa t
-MS-
2.
ONAKAWANA - DRILL HOLE LOGS
DRILLER - M. L. LEE. DATE - JANUARY. 13 -25, 1968
Hole No. 68-04 Location . \ , v
0 -l' 1 3':-;V-.;: Muskeg
3 - li 1 Gr.ey clay
X
1 ' '"'-"-
* -'. ' 'i*
11 - 19' Sandy clay le stringers sand 4c gravel
19 . -. 42' ' Grey clay 8c boulders
42 - 46' Sand b gravel' , -
46 - 95' ; Grey clay fc boulders, traces of brown clay

' '' ' ' ' .. . ;',. : .'.' i .'. ',."-.;"- ''.'.' ' '. ".'" " - ' - "' '
-; ''.. - ' C ' : j.'^';.WV V '•••' i'',", V - f ; \-'--'''.''?.-'S"jjS
Hole No* 68-05 :
'.- ' ' ' '.' . 1. '' " ' .'' v- V'f*.''- - 's^-' -' ' ' ' -' '- J
r- . . . ' -' ' ". \' ' .' i' ' f -' ' - ' ^^r' ' '"- x" ' - J^'
0 - ' 3' : '.''..'.Muskeg -: . . -. . -/ '. ' r . . :,: -, 1 \S^'

• ••''t..- ' ' ', .- - ~- i "' ''^ff**' *' : '
3 y -; - : ;' "T 91 'r- '
.* ' ' . - ' * . ' ' 1' - ' '
'Grey clay
' ' ' ' '*
;
*/ *
- ' ^ '- ,
' ' - *'.
'- v '
p ' ' "V ' ' .'V'.-. ,.; - -, . . "', -•'-•; . , -'.-; ,. "-. ."';;: :-
9 - -' "" : 23'. :. VV..;. ', . ..Sandy clay b stringers of sand tc g ravel -^
. - . . ,- ' .i.1 -. '•'"•'•'"- ' ' :' -' ' ''••'•''-^^^'••••^^•'' •
23 - 62' '. Grey clay k boulders , ' :',-;^,'' ^
-..; ' ' ; ,-; '••••••' ',,' !;V '/.
62 . - 95' Hard grey clay St boulders , '^^ -

,;,:,..^ . . ..... ,. . ......1.500 ...i^——.^V'^.:
Hole No. 68-06. ^'^'^;' .'Location 10,300'N - fl/flQ-O'E. ' ,V;' :. ,f:-}f -I :; ,-''-..
* - *, * p* '' - . ' . '. . - . -' ' : :: . '. .'.'i.'-.-"^. .' : - "
0 - ' - 5I ''';.' ; -V: :- vV-. Muskeg ' . ^'^. :v."v:^:-UV' •'•%'i-/'','--
.l'' . ' ' - -. -'. "**' * t '
: .-- p
' ". ' ' . ' -.
: "•.••••' -"X'1;:-^.-;.;,-,:^^^"' ;'
"* *- *.' ~^" , *-' '. *' . ] ^ --, ^^r'* -*
5 V -•:: . - ' 23''.;,—,''' - r Sandy clay St boulders 1 ^ /c T'..;r;

-' ' r^,, i ::^
••••y./ - v-v '.;;-jvv. .
•- '••'•' ' ' . . ' . . . ' ' - -. ', \'"i-''t :.\ : ('' { 't ::' ' •'••'•'
23 - 38' : Sand b gravel '" ' .' p : "•s-i-'-'''-*' ^^-- "- --.
'i - t ii ii ^^ "/**,* ' ' -. '
38 - 45' \y ' Sandy clay St boulders "Vv; .^- '. k'-- :
Hole No. 68-07. - ' Location 'flyfrO^N - 1^5^00*^.! ..- -. .' -
0 ,. ; , 2' . y;-': . Muskeg ' ,. . ';^;Jv ;?V;':;:V: ----': S^ ;^\. '

. ' - ' i f ' ' - . '. -*' * - . -'- ,'i "'. '' ". '. ' ' •''~'*.- " ' ^' t f'
4 * ' ' ' ' ' " - r - '-' ^ - ' -* '- ' " *. ^Y-V " '' "' . V
2 . 4' Sandy clay St boulders - v ' ^'^\ ; " ;: ; "

"'
'. -'.' ' ' .' ' '
4 - li 1 Sand Se gravel
- . *
11 - . 59* Sandy clay St boulders
59 - 73' Coal (top 4 1 soft St brown)

,.' ' . ; t. . . p *.' .
73 - 76' Brown clay St boulders .; - - ,;
76 . 95J Grey clay ' '
DRILLER - M. L. LEE. DATE January 26 r- 1968.
Hole No. 68-08 Location S5B3"N- 10, 300'E. V
0 3' Muskeg - " .. " ; - Y . '
3. 12' Sand fc gravel : . ! . J
12 22' Sandy clay k boulder s .:
22 25' Brown clay \ ' :

- :.
25 47' i .clay)
47 51' Brown clay fe. stringer s of coal ' \,. ^3
51 53' ' : Brown clay 1 . ' •V'}'-".v. ,v *-'^-" 'i' . '-
53 75'
'."•' .'. :- ' . 8800 ' f 0,000 •'.••'':, j "i '' ^;V; ' "' f, ' . .'.."' '~
Hole No. 68-09
:o - . ',. ;' 3' ! :; Muskeg ' ' ".' '-..'- - :y.'*' - : ; :: ;: X-'- ^^••^.•.'•' :::l^':. '
' *;' ' ;V: - 'v .9'.
' '.. -' , -. ' * ,. ^ ' - - ' -* ' '•, . - -. -' - - -••-tt ' . - - -r*? - " "" " -. f '
; ?. : Sand b gravel '; '-.'' : : : r^-; . ; { ^,^'y',' ;- :^' : '
9, '- : 39' v - Sandy grey clay fc boulders ;- ; ^ V.

•- -:--;,:.; . : -. . .-.x. M - -' 44 :; •': : :.;' :';-'"-;:; ', t
39 40' : - Brown clay ,/ - V.M. - 22 : : .'" ' ••'••' '
'••^/v" - ' *r .-F.C..-19 ' \., :\ '" !; :! : S--
40, - -,-.;.Y 5' - : ;' Coal (sample) ^ A. - 15 . Y
44.5 - 48' . . Brown carb. clay 81 traces of coal fc grey clay/

••':Y-'.:"-.- . Y •-'••'^.t'.M-- ,;.. 44 .'.;:; •'•^^•• ::
48 60 f .V ...,: Coal (sample)——** ' I V.M. -22 : ; Y 'f
•^•••••^..: -- ' .- :;-:-..,;.- :;.YF.c i -;-'.;. 19 'VY ;;: Y ;V.YY
60 63' '•':. ' Brown clay Y.-.ivY' 1 -A, ^ ^15 - •,;-'. - ^ ,.:: : - .. .
63 75' '.-V.YY'; '.Grey clay ' :--; " , : -. '' .^'^ ; -.; i-'v •• :T:Y;-'j: -: /';' : '
Hole No. 68- 10 t ; Y Location SSSS^N - ToW'E. : : v Y - Y Y /.
0 - 3' : '.' :" '''^Muskeg •'.':'.-; ;-"1 :*v.-,;! ••'•'•'' . V Y'.' •••- 'v- -' '•^• ;..;:; ;'- Y ;- ;-
3 . 8' '- -; Grey clay " ' ' '-".Y""-' '- ; ' ' " >•;.•••••
8 27' Sandy grey clay St stringers sand le gravel
27 52' Grey clay It boulders
:52 75' Sandy grey clay it boulders It stringers sand tt g:
. . Cont'd/page 4
s "' " - - ' 4
DRILLER - M. L. LEE. DATE -JANUARY 27, 1968. to FEBRUARY 2, 1968
Hole No. 68- 10 continued,.

: . . .- : ,- ', - .. "" : w
75 77' Grey tt brown clay ' '

- ... . -- ." -' W''-' -1. ./v'...- -: -'-v ' /'
77 97' Coal ' ' - ..- ": . .y-"^''";V^.-v--' v.' -'. '-v'';"
, --' . ' . -, ".•'\ * ", "j / -"'.. "' - -' -. . ~. : ' - ''"'- '
' ' ' -, : "-' ' ' i-*; '''-. -' ~' ' '"' ' - -S' ''. -' ' . '- ;' :'". ' '
97 99' Brown clay It coal . . - 1'. : . - .'.'.
f ' - . i V. . f"' "* * * "' ' , - - " -- . .* ' *-- ' ' -'i 1
' *''- ',. - ' '." -. ' -' . - ' . "' " ' '
99 102' Brown clay ^ '- ; ; .; ;' - .' v
102 115' Grey clay . ' -1..V' V f -. ''? •^•'- '^-: -\.' '''
Hole No. 68-11 Location i^&^&'N - WKensr'E. ." ' -.. . :; .
0 4' - . : Muskeg- '-, ' - \ , '" ': .?;: •/ :':'V' -.^; 7U."V :v /•.'.- ' ; '
' ' ' '•;':"V' •/•:''^;-."' ' '- -.•• : ':','- ;"- -1 '-
4 : -- ' 22' - -, T ' ''
Sandy clay St sand fe gravel" v
.-- -
;;': ,- ; ' v
'.:'- v.":.^'' '"r ^"^:'./.:"' •v^; ; ''-"v:.-;: ^
22 -.' : 52'.. ^ Grey clay ,- •;'-';::^:Kt-;H'V''''.;C^? ^' '^"v:- -' . ..-•••.'.
73'',:"-': ,-\V
52 Sandy clay SE boulders ; '' ,, :*V •^'•^^v^/vM, ; '" '
.r. ~ , f t '. ,' "' .-"^ .-^""''''*: :';-'^:'"^v'.:; ; :'-' ;'' ; - - *:'--
73, 81' 'T Brown clay ' ' '•-'-•'•'- - - -••.•^^^^'•^••VJ;-/-';?.;::;-- -.' :; v -'7
' -.•-- -"* j^ ," ' *ri V *'^- " . ".ji' ".r-' '"'' : - '"**-'"' -"' -'''; -*-'' * -; "' , " (' - '
81 95' , Grey green clay . ". : ' ^^••-•••".-^.'•4^'^- :' "v^'.-'.----- --,
. - - ' . ^ ••;-.V'^.;;V.'-:'i .'..-.--;.-. ' • ; :.... ' -,, ^
9floo ^ 8600 .\ . •'•'.-...; -.: t r , - .
Hole No. 68- 12 Location-fe^^*N^-âa3Ê , . '' ! -,^.î:'- v ; V; ' \^ -v
'.*"'. •••;- :, ; 'f :-'^7i}.\ -}"'' * .-.-i':
, 0 3' Muskeg - ' -" "' ' - '"" •'•': ;''^;:- .'••'••.-'.'. " ' P: -.- . ;; - "
- - ' ' , '. ' -' ' ' "--i ''•:"~ .', ,' v'f " ,- ' .•••-i".- '' ' -',
3 15' Sandy clay Se boulders '..i' . \ ./^ ;V -.v ^ ;

Hole No. 68- 12 Second attempt. Location 9800 'N - 8600'E. -"';; '..'.V* V ..'Cr/C- ^.'- ; ,.
0 3' Muskeg . ,- "f,',\.\ 'x-vv.î'.yV'î'i'''^--^ ' V'^.- - ; ; '-v
' - ,- . "' . tXsJv;^* ''.:',c';'^. -*'-i V','!;\' ' '.'.'/v' ,'
17' . Sandy clay Se gravel .'"•.;'':-v ^k\i 'v'-'' ' !:'C 'y"v v v' ' v , ':: ^
3 ' ' V
17 42' . :' Sandy clay Se boulders ' ; ' - ; ;-' ! ^ C ' '.
61 '•'/•'•• ; -'
42 Grey clay - .v-- '/-•v-v-vv^^ . '^.i -V: - -..'.•- -
' . ' - ' . "' . -- '-' -. v\ '. . 't '' . ' ' . '. . . '
. ". '.': ' ' ' -'',;. ' " ';i'. -TV - 1' ' ^•••'; .'
61 74' : . Sandy clay Se boulders ;
'
74 * - 77' Brown carb, clay Se coal traces

" " - -' ". '
77 79 i Grey Se brown clay St boulders
79 93' Coal 14' -- ' :" .:: .

93 94' Black Se Brown clay
94 105' Grey clay ' r
5.
ONAKAWANA -DRILL HOLE LOGS.
DRILLER -M. L. LEE. DATE - FEBRUARY 2

- ' V
Hole No. 68-13. ' . Location 12500'N - 8000'E.
0 3' , /.' Muskeg

r *
3 - '" 22 ' '\t:' Sandy clay it boulders, stringers sand fc gravel
22 - - 52 ' ';// Grey clay Se boulders .
52 95' Sandy clay b boulders. :
•'- -.r-1 2i :--', ..5--'* i

Hole No. 68-14. . . Location 9400 'N - 7300'E. '' :
0 Muskeg '., -- ' - ..

"' ' ' :'
2 ' - ' -11' ;'' -'•* •'••' '
Sandy clay St bpulders
11 - '"-'- si 1 - "-. •••••/!' Grey clay &C boulder s

. ' . , i :.
31 •• 39 '.'.-.//'."'-'. Sand b gravel
39 95' •;'( :- ; .-:'^ 1".:': Sandy clay b boulders, stringers sand b gravel
... - ' '" * -v,v •' .' . .'.:' . '. ' '
Hole No.68-i5. Location 1000'N - 2000'E. -:- ••-: . '.: ' V " ;
0 •;;';V;,-vV^ , Muskeg . ." . - V;'.. '•'••i\''- ' -':''" -' '-'.'' " ' :-:
' ' ' ' . ' '•'. : .;'--.v'.v -V:---' .'•''••'•'•'•.^ '
3 ' ..'-^ \-.."io'.^-.'-'.-.'-'-V Grey clay
•' . . /' : '"'. "V '-.V. :: . :-
-^: 4 "J •',;'' ; :' .,';-.}: -' : :.".'A-''" ;
10
. ; - ••.• :; -'3i'' ;,,; : ;:;.': ; \- Sandy clay it' boulders : ,. :, .^ . ' ' , ; ' .
,'* ' \ -' ; :. . '.'/'' ' ; "'.'" -' '
31 ;.' '- " ; ;. -39' :; ; '^::; .'.' Sand (gravel stringers) ' -, ; : ; ; ;
•" '^ - .-'' '. " •'.;v'." :: - ^" ••; -'
- ' -' - . ' > , ' ' - -
39 '\--/ .49* ,: '.:\':; ; - : ' Sandy clay b boulders V1 J : . . - . ' ; ;:
49 :- •'.•.••'•V.',,51' ' ,{"V

Brown carb. clay it boulders "" it. . y ,
. ' ' '"- ' - ' ' :;-.: ; '-'.;,:':i;;-:/ V .';'ii'.V: '-\ :^';V ''.V-: -'. v- ' '/V- ' -
51 ' --.-- : 51.5 1 '- \ ; Coal 0;'5'--:;' : \VV' ;- " : v :;--: v.' - "- ' . '\
•'•',' i.' -* -* " r i' j - r \ - lf . ;v *'*. *, "-* ** * ', . ,-''* *" * ""* * -!. '' * * ;
6.
ONAKAWANA -DRILL HOLF LOGS ,. .. '
DRILLER - M. L. ^LEE P ATT- FEBRUARY 3, 4. 1968. .

t , r -.
Hole No. 68-16. Location OOP'N- OOO'E.
.0 - 3' Muskeg ;: •••*- ' ; '
3 - 11' , . Grey clay , - ^- ;. ' '

11 - 28' Sandy clay b boulders
28 - 42' Sand fc gravel .
42 - 63' . Sandy clay St boulders , :. : ,
63 - . .' 82' "; .- Coal ''-. - - ;'-."; . ..;.;.;'';;., ; '? -';.--V

1- . , ' -' ' "l i \ f '- . . " ' ' .'-* -" ". " '
"' . -* '. v " . ,' ••'' ' ' '-
82 - 86' - Brown clay, coal Se boulders .-..r
' , , , . . - ' ' . .- . -V ^ ,., '" .' -, ' jt . '
86 - 105' , '.;. Grey clay ;- \' ;f' ; - .'v
. Hole No. 68-17. - V.. 'Location 3,000'N - 4,000'E. ; .'- ^ . . . ',
.'.a,;. - ;- 3' - ;. \ Muskeg ' .V' " -" ' ''-' : -'-*/--:: ,V -; v-:. ; ' -. . - •••-' : --
• ; , ^v^..^^f^;ve:.--,-'-,-:
3 ' - ; -: '11' ; .'.^' Grey clay •- •.•..•"-:u^;^^-^^-',-v;. -'
". •.•'•.'•'*:3-'/ '•••'-. .-f':"' - . S' ..'- - -
11 . . - , 28' . ,:;.. ' . . Sandy clay k boulders
'28 . ;' ; - 'Vv-.'-.' - 38'/' -' --' "' ;-,v Gravel . :; ';;; ' , ;::';1
38 , - . , 40': ' . Sandy clay ic boulders
40 : -V . 42' - : - . Brown clay .. .V?
.42 — 46' 7; -;'A';- -. Coal
46 - 47' . . - Brown clay
47 - ' . 95',',:, '- Sandy clay fit boulders

" ' '.' ' * ~*. '
HoleJô.68-18. - Location 7500'N - 7000'E.
0 - 2' . Muskeg
2 " 9' Grey clay ; -

V
9' 26' Sand fe gravel
26 65' Sandy clay Se boulders

65 95'. Sand b gravel, traces clay
-56-
. " 7,
DRILLER - M. L. LEE DATE - FEBRUARY 4 St 5, 1968 ^

. . !. ' ," ' i * ' '. . '.,* ' - '
Hole No. 68-1 9 * Location 8700'N - 7000'E. ,, t - , . - [.
0 2' . ' Muskeg . . . ." •'•f,:' ..'f:,'i^-. '.•:: - r, - : : ^. , - '. . :' :- '.'.r ' -.
2y - 8' •:
' " '
•'"'Grey clay. . - .. V- ; -: ^^^''^ ^ ^-.. -'
" ' ' '"'j1 : " '"J -.' - -' '""' ' -* '"' ' ' '
/;
* - , , , ' ' " . ; " - - -' - :- - * : ' -. .
8 - 21' 'Sand St gravel ^' *y-: ';, ' '-'J. :' '
21 52' Sandy clay St boulders , , " : ;

- " '" ' ' . 1- - '-.'i'.. ', ^-' ''x.'' ': ^.f. ' ,. ' :-
52 , - 95' Sand St gravel i traces clay. "•..^•
Hole No. 68 -06 (2nd attempt) Location 10, 300'N * 7v 800'E.
0 - ' 3' '; _ -Muskeg ' \ . .' •.•Y^.-'.^yy y.y. :':';^-- ^ '- :.... - ;
" . 3 , i -; '.i. 22' .' ' ' Sand St gravel . ' V '.^•' ; ^;,'v!' -;: "'^ ' ; -v ' '' '-': ; V' " " : :
. r l .' -' . r 1 . - *"*'-'*"'"- .. V.'sjf'v.^ Vi---.* v:". '-''^ - - '. .*," ;* -, , ' ...- -
. 22 . - \ '•.. 41' •' y : . ;: .;. Grey clav: ; . ,.! ' ---^^:^^^ .^H^:: ;- :' '•.:
'. y -. -. 41;.. -. ." 56' ••' ;,V Sandy clay St boulders ' '•'^.1''^^'^^'^^ '''.^^'••.^•'•'
• - -: . ' .-" : . ./' - •"••"v^-..:;v,v.'.--!'-^'.v"'.-v; -.".r.''. --. .-'- v- v ' - '- v
,- •';: ;i.-"'-.'v . .V:"o: :: :'^.-'0,::-^^.'n'Jv?^'''-.^'-iv;':--.,:-:i -:'v ::, r .-., . ....
y . | ' 56 . y.y; 57' '..•/'•-.- :..-.: Brown clay^ ..' ,.; '.v : .' •^^•'^^^^•'•^^^'^•^•'^•^'':'' : "- -
" ; -'57 ' -' - 75' •' ^. Coal 18' ^•\;; 'r^^V^î!:^;^|t^^
; - 75 - •' ;; . 77' ..' :f''-';.; :- Brown clay '" - : .'/ ' ' : '''•^'.^t'': '^^^.':'- :'i^;''- : -''.'-'
, ''j
. 77 - 95 'V 7 y'- ;V Grey clay " "'- . ^ ./..^•..^•/^^'y'";'^''" t '^ ' '' \•'
.Hole No. 68-20 _• f : ': location i2,ooo'N -ras*'E. :' ' ;- •';, ,\.;/ ';
• :':v--: . -, .- - ^.-•..v\.,^-:V:;v;-;.i, ^ :A ;: •-•..•.. ;--
B
' "- - -' '. ' 0 4' •: ;: ;- :'. . Muskeg

'•"'.i .-' ''' .
' --V. ::-P^;;'; ^-;^-:.-v;V''^ ' . " ; V.\'-'" - "
-1 1 -'''.' ••;'.:;;/- * '-. ,-'. .'-' - i'. 1 '' 1 .. 'i'-'''." ' - '
4 '"-•••'"' .'' 11' . ; ''-/.;'. V- Sandy clay St boulders' '-''''^y^yvy '•••:\.'"-*---:. ' *. -
: ' ' ' - li'; y- "" 25' ' - '\ Sand St gravel ' ••''•^\ :-^^^^'}'-''^-''.''-----';-'^
' ; " 25 •-•'. ' 45'., . Sandy clay St gravel ; -v, N:;:^ .''^.'^ .^vV'^:.-.-.;*'^ ' '-:.'"/. -~
. ;, *. * w ". - . -l ••.••'••"'•••'" •-..'•••; i ' "••'. ' ,. -- " " '
45 "'- y 60' Grey clay St boulders' ,' " ,; . ' '-V v '. . -
60 * - - 95' Sandy clay St boulders
.w
4
,; ;.;/ •/.•.. * ,' ,',;- ^
' ^' i ; "- . ; '-

i
. -' . '. ' ' . -; "..-••;V -' ' . :. ' . . -
1 '- " - '"f - ' ' r"--~ff' '-.. - - ••"•' ••-••JwSlftrV---*' -*-i-i, w* .4 p
..,;,; --,- -V-7 '- \

-si-
8,
DRILLER - M. L. LEE DATE - FEBRUARY 6,7, 1968.
Hole No. 68 -21 t Location 5, OOO'N - 1,000 'E, Vicinity of aid shaft.
0 - 4' ., ' . -- , Muskeg ;

- ' ' '-
* ' ^ ' * r
4 - 11' X
•* "* ' Grey clay - - . V
11 :- .'' 25' Sandy clay Si boulders -. -.
25 65' - .; Grey clay Si boulders ' . .
65 - . .71' x' Brown clay ^ .

•vi'. V.;V: 106' -X'. ' -- ; Coal (traces clay) 35'
106 .-...'• :..' " 110'- X .. Grey St brown clay ' .
110 127';;.-..- Coal (drilled harder than top seam) 17'
127 145*..-:.'..};..:;; Grey clay "..'-.- .':' ;'-;"..-'-'- . v ' : .;'. - ":
1 . -l .' - f - .' "" ' ' . . .. - ,'
Hole No. 68 -22 -' ' -* ' *. -*
Location 8, OOO'N - 4, OOO'E." A; .';' .
4'V-; :: V...':'. 'Muskeg
* .' ' \ . "-
0 V -: yV v. : ;- ' , ' :": : ' : ; .-';.]-.r ',.-: /V. '.-": ; .^ ?1 "' : - ,-
4 ; -.- " -: ; '. 28' - 'F

'.- - . Sandy clay St boulders
, ' "" ' . -' ' * ' ..- ' -
:
' ' ,*
^
-* '' ' *^ . .
;
28.- '••.-. X;-; 1' 41', .-. '. -o- Sand St gravel (lost water)/ ' ''•'•-. . '-:
41 ' - X' ' : 56V x-f-v- Sandy clay St gravel . ; ' ': ; . j,,' v
56 - V 57,:; ..:,x^, Brown clay :~ ' " . .' :il''-''. V'.v'J-.'.f .''; V.'i-.'v,':' ; -"' ^ ;- . *-.y -
61'"'.'.rf : .'.;V''
57 - . '- - ' "-' '-'.'-t v'.' '/i'-' ' •'-.•- ' ' ; :' ' ;'' .
. . ' -
' , * . '.' ' . .' . . - ."••- : : \ -.' -' .* - V, -, . '
61 - 951 y'-'..--,/" ' Sand St clay St boulders ' '. '- - - '
Hole No. 68-23 Location 9, OOO'N - 5,000'E. 'i-f-'-.'.v V:'' ' : .
•0 -v
*-^j .Muskeg
' ' ' -
.. J
* " -' "
. "'
- ''-. '.v v'-.:/- ; 'V,'-''--' "-' -
' . i - "••- '.'
., , - - ' , ' '
'
'-'-
*
--
*' .
':
3 - . 32 Sandy clay St boulders
32 - - 43' Sand Se gravel

- *
43 75' ,S,,n,iy oUy S. ^wW^v*
75 95' Grey clay 8* boulders

-52-
DRILLER - M. L. LEE DATE-FEBRUARY 7,8,9. 1968.
Hole No. 68-24. Location *^S^'N - jBSgyE *j '.

3' Muskeg ''" ' ' .'..""•"••", ;.? :": : -- v.: "V
1 ' ' -- 1 t* *' .' .. ,'.. -' - '? -
41 Sandy clay St boulders " v ,; .;
41 53' Sand St gravel , \; ';-;,
53 65' Sandy clay St gravel - ' -"- * ,f * - 1 . .t
.65 - 95' Sandy clay St boulders . '

. . ' . '•..•••"V
y ooo
Hole No. os-rfi5 ' \ .Location B^SSS'N -'S.^KSB'E.
' ,'." v *' ' , - ' '
1 i . -- - " - --, .'. i '- ' ' , -' '
0 : -. -. :' . ' 3' ,;i '•"•••: :i . Muskeg -; ';^ : ; ;';;*- 'f^rf ^ ^
3 - '.-'••:, : 11' :^'x;:'. Grey clay . ' - v- - .^ '..^v : V*'; N^

.- - . ' - , ' ' /.
•'i " .. ." - i
i*' ' •'•; " - -'';^;^S^
11 •.'-•V-; . 44' ^;,:^y.;-'::- Sandy clay St boulders •;^,''y^:r".;.r
' ••-•" ' . ' *, - "j ' -1 " -'•" *" A"', 4- '.'i-'*'*
1 ' . ' ' * •. J '' *;
*.'* - J, n ;-' - ,'.
••"- V •53i: :---'-'vV ; v' Sand St gravel -,- . '- •;^'^- :|!v'?
. . -. . ' '-. *, , ,"j'V.*V*'. .,J*7*"'.','i|. ""
44
53 •* ' D3
. -' ; \ ' '
' ' ' " l-
p - LV
Grey
j
clay St boulders : ' ^ : ' ;! 0
- * * ,. T-^'i ,' ;- * '.•"* v
• : -' : ''; 76l- : ';'-.^;' - v

* ' - * ' -' - , ' "
* . - "' .. .' - ** v'v"-.*.! ^' '.V •'.'f -.':
63 Sandy clay St boulders '.';- •^'••'•^ -^
76 '''"': ;^-:78 --'H^;;? 'Brown clay '.v . : ^. ^^^(Z^'^j^fc

78 ' -'- -. - '- 81' / ;;.v-:' ;' Carb, c lay St coaL '-'-v ,: :'^ ; f.f^H
1 - . . .'- •'- -' .'-. \' V-'.-..,. .'..:-:.' : ."v'^'C:".:.';.',.ii; :-j
81 - . ^93'.;';.';'; -.," Coal 12' . ^'•-.''o^fe.^fe'K
93 97' 11 Brown clay .^ ;; -';
97 - 115 1 Grey clay St boulders .
Hole No. 68-26. Location 12, OOO'N - 4, OOO'E.

3'
'•''•r - - i- -- - . ;'.--.*-.iv-'-';^
0 ' ; .Muskeg - -. ' - . ;,- .v'Vi'V.,.'-''*';
3 - V-' ' i.i ' ;.: Grey clay ' ' '"' 'V ;*''.s*;"'" :*
11 •32' Sandy clay St boulders . . ' ,.
32 36' Gravel \ . * - . ', , , : \
36 57 Sandy clay St boulders ; ',* -.
57 72' Gravel
72 82' Sandy clay St boulders* ; -
82 87' Soft coal St carb, clay :
87 103' Coal 16' ; .
103 105' Brown clay '
105 115' Grey clay St boulders ~
,--,-^.^JHSÂ
-ra
DRILLER - M . L. LEE DATE - FEBRUARY 9, 10, 1968.
Hole No. 68-27 t Location Sutcliffe Line 7, OOOE.
0 - 4'
Muskeg . .;
4 12' Grey clay .
38'
* W ' ' '. -. . /. . ' " ,- B. . l
12 , - Sandy clay St boulders '- . -' . ,

38 - 49' ; Gravel , ' .' [ ' " '-- :,' : ;.-:'. - ••"' ,'
49 78' - Sandy clay St gravel ., , . . ; .. '
78 83' Brown clay
83 85' Coal 2' ' . ' :
85 87' Brown clay .. .
87 105' Grey clay St Boulder s '- . ;:
Hole No. 68-28 * Location Sutcliffe Line - l.OOOE.
0 - : . 8' •' . Muskeg - '. . . ; "V. 1; ' '

8 32' Grey clay St boulders ,;
32 48' . , Sand ^- ' ' - -' - ' ". '
48 . - 66' : ;v. ;X - :' "- Gravel - . ' . . * •V'.;''. A: : .

66 - 70' Sandy clay St boulders
70 - 95, -,.:; Sand St gravel St stringers of clay . ", ' .A
*. - 'i* i ' ' - - ,- * . . .
. - ' -if .'. ' . 'f .' .'-''' •' : " " - i * -- . ' '' t' ' . .
Hole No. 68-29 * ''. ' ' ' - Location Sutcliffe Line -*- 1 * OOOE.
S'.'.:'^;'/."''
0 '.^•Muskeg , :v';-. •"''•.-.f ;\:. '. .-.'-.' '''':- - •'-' '. '..'. - -
3 V ;— 11' , Grey clay . .:?'-^-'*^S ' •'r/'/ ; - •'•' ".'':'.
11 ' - 53'.; ••••'^.; . Sandy clay St boulders ;. , , ;. : ; . " ; •'{•''' . '
53 - 57'^vV .' :,..", Gravel ' ' ,. . . '.'••'••:.f ,. -V.. '.'. ' ' '.""' ' ' --' '
84'' •.-••••' '-':;.-
57. - ; . Sandy clay St boulders '
84 91' v .. ' Brown clay* ..,-.. ',
''-. : ' "..'
JL IS 1'.';/:'",
--i
91 - Grey clay St boulders "' •..'.'•'•'
1 '''••'•". ; '"-.*.- ' . - ~-
Hole No. 68 -30 * . ' . ' - '. -. ; Location 13, 700N - 3, OOOE Sutcliffe Line
4' "••'s.'. ;'
0 . - Muskeg ,
4 ; - 12' v Grey clay 44
70' Sandy clay St boulders (stringers of gravel) M
~ Tl
12 VM 22
70 93' ; Sandy clay St fine gravel -
93 114' Coal 21'.————-—-——— '""—— ——— FC. 2C
- Top 5' soft, took sample of top 5' St bottom 16' A -H
117' ' 100.*
114 Brown clay
117 125' Grey clay
Moved to location 13, 700N-4, 300E on Sutcliffe Line - drill sinking in

muskeg, had to stop drilling @ 45'. No number for this hole. .
11.
DRILLER - M. L. LEE DATE FEBRUARY 12, 13, 14, 1968.

-
Hole No. 6831. Location Sutcliffe Line 5, OOOE - i3,700N.
0 4' j Muskeg
4 - 12' - Grey clay .
12 40' :.'-' :' Sandy clay it boulders -
40 47' ,.;. Sand ir gravel
47 70' Sandy clay it stringers sand it gravel
70 - 74' : Gravel
74 - 76' /;
80'
Sandy clay it boulders -
76 Brown clay it coal traces
80 92'. ' Sandy clay it boulders
92 106' ; Coal 14' M- 44
106 108' ;- Brown Clay VM - 20
108 125' Grey clay FC - .17
A- 19 100ft -
Hole No. 68- 32 . ' .' ' ' Location Sutcliffe Line 13.700N - OOOE. '
-:, ' .. -. '^ - ' - - -
0 -' ;. 4' • 1i;-'-. . Muskeg

' - .' ' ;- . -v-' ':,.-- :-''.^.:^V.v',.' '.,
4 - - : 10' .Grey clay ' \ : - ..''"•'- :v':'r. -',-;''' •'^'••' '- ,- ':
10 ' /' '21 '
-. ' Sandy clay it boulders : , .j,. -' ,
21 28' :; Sand it gravel J ./.i" -: . ' J '
28- 122'- Sandy clay it gravel it boulders . . -
Had to stop on boulder -no advance. '' - - . .. ;';, ;; -'";" - :-V;' ; ' ,- . '•:'i' ; - . : ; :.'
, . , '-'" J.'-..;V - ': ', ,/ " .''i/ . " '. ; . ,/ . '-.
Hole No. 68 -33 * ."' "' - * ' -" Location 12.200N - OOOE. \':7';.; '^ , ;; ; -' : .' :
o .".-•..;" .-••' 4'- ;v'Vv','-" Muskeg -, ''': ^^^P'!^^^r^^•.:
4 /•-'•'•*.(-'--: 9 . ..Y. .': Grey clay "'""•'^{"^'•'•'^ ' : "--. : ' •••'••'.
9 44' " , Sandy clay it boulders . '. --r;' v \ ' '/V . .^ :; ',
44 56' ' - : :- Sand it gravel ; ' y- -'fVX.!;-'-'-.':: -,'. * :. ";- '
56 - i2i' .:: Sandy clay it boulders .^- j? tvT '..- .: .' \ ' '
121 132' . ;.:\'/'.' : Coal 11' h-.;-- ' /.î-;p;^;.V^,-'-VV: V; .;.
132 133* ••• J ,';V Brown clay . -.^";: ^ : .- :
133 145' .•"•••'- ;.-. Grey clay - - .
.
•^"••A':*i..f. ; 't ; :- Vl''v -; . - -\ ' '-.
- ' - .- '' .t ' t ; '- . .
J:nr*Hnn j^SSlM .'&SS*"'' ' C "': '':' : '' ' " ' '
Hole No. 68-34 4 '
3' : .'- '-. ••'.••-';'

0 - '-.', 23' •.•'V'.'-' Muskeg . - ' ' ' ' ' '
3 Sandy clay it boulders
23 - : .31' -' ,, ,: '': '.- . Sand it gravel . -
31 - :' 65' ' Sandy clay 'it boulders' '
65 - : 105' : . Sandy clay Se boulders {stringers sand it gravel)
105 121' Brown clay it boulders
121' 136' Coal 15' M - 44
136 - ' 138' Brown clay VM -19
138 145' Grey clay FC -18
A- 19
; ;. , •i.; looft
\ '
/
-rs-
12.
DRILLER - M. L. LEE. DATE FEBRUARY 18,19,20,21, 22, 23, 1968.
Hole No. 68-35 * Location 13, 700N - 4, 400E. -
0 4' 'Muskeg . -
•4 - 11' Grey clay
11 . - 65' Sandy clay St boulders .
65 85' Sandy clay 8t boulders
85 - 95' Gravel, sandy clay fc boulders
95 104' Sandy clay St boulders
104 108' Coal it traces brown clay. - 4 1 mixed
108 121' Grey shale - . - , :
121 126' Coal 5' y '••'"•; - ,: . /. ; : - -y; , - ''••' ' ''
126 128' , Brown clay .' . -' . .,
128 135' : - . Grey clay ': .' ;. " ' - . -
Hole No. 68-36 * ^ Location 9, OOON -2, OOaE.' : '' ,
0 4' . -V
.Muskeg , ;'';\; '- '' ' r ,.'.'-.';,' ', "';
4 62' Grey clay St boulders ,' :. .
' 62 68' ': Sandy clay St boulders . . . -; . "
68 - 83' Gravel St sand . : , . ir
83 - us 1 : •;:-; -. Sandy clay St boulders ; V '^ '
118 123' ;. ; -..^ Brown clay St coal traces
123 140' ' .Coal 17' M-. 44 " '
' . ' 1 40 142'' - ..-: Brown clay J*,*', 16
142 155' Grey clay A ..- 30 , :'
Hole No. 68-37 . . ' .. ' - ' Location 8, SOON - 3, 500E.

— . - ; roo', % ; : .-- -
' '
' ' 0
5' . '
-
-'•••-
.
'.
i?'5 . 'yy;y/;
v' ' .' :; ';'; 'Muskeg
. Grey clay -"
**
'
' '•''"' " -'••• :.' /: : - : -v.-v!' . ^ -' :.' •'•'•'"''- -':'i
" ' . ' '-- '' t * ' -
; .' . ••; ''':". .•.•' •/•^ "•-.- '^'
' - *-
] V' .'.'
' * - ' ' ~ -V ' *
,'
,-
45'
- .
17 -
45
- . :.,
50' 'y../.- Sandy clay St boulders
Sandy clay St gravel
; ;*.
y
;;'
-;
'*
- :
50 - 100' Sandy clay St boulders. -:y 7 ' ^,
100 125' Brown clay St traces of coal . ;
125 158' . ; J Coal 28' TjZ,' ' ' . : , , ,' .'y :. : V -' •-• : y." "
158 175* y -Greyclay' ;-' ••'••.' -r' st '-. "' : : " -- , . '.
'"' . ' '.
Hole No. 68-38 Location 7, OOON - 5, OOOE. .
- , 11 * . * - . ' --
t
o -; 5' : . :. .-; Muskeg ' ''.*".'' ' - i -1 :'-'" '•'•' ' ,: "' "' ,, ' '•'•. -
5 12' Grey clay
12 50' Sandy clay St boulders
50 . - 75' Sandy clay St gravel - .
75 104' Brown clay ,
104 - . 127' Coal 23' M " 44
127 129' Sand VM - 19
129 135' Brown clay ^*^ " ^
135 150' Sandy clay St boulders A " . JQ*,
150 165' Sandy clay St gravel . 10U7o.
165 185' Brown clay
185' 205' Grey clay
13.
DRILLER - M. L. L EE. DATED FEBRUARY 23,24,25,26,1968.

- ' -— - -' *
Hole No. 68-39 * Location 5, SOON -6, 500E, ' ; '' '
4' . ** i , ' t'.f- '. " ••.-;.i -" - . '
0 Muskeg ? ; : ; '. - , : - .
4 10' •;.;.: Grey clay V . " ~ - ' ; ;'.-' ,: - ' ' •'••' ' ' -' . :
10 25' 1 Grey clay boulders ' . , ': ! .
-25. ' - 30' •. ; Sandy clay - : - -; ' "- v:'.'--;:'. . -. ;.-: -, "' //^-. \
30 - - 52' Grey clay, gravel St boulders . '
52 - 55' ; ; - Sand- . ; -. -/;'.- : ., -. ' '
55 - 85' Grey clay, gravel St boulders ; , ..
85 93' ,: '-, Sandy clay .' ' - '.-:. . . - .,. ' - ' . •••.'••- '•'•: '-' , .;' :'';'--
93 96' t* j
Sand
. ' * ' . -' " . .
- ', -. . -;. --..: -, ;,;:
. , ; - , f *, . ' - -. , , . .
- . . , - -.\ . ,. :
96 - 102' Sandy clay
102 - 112' '.,''.''-'.- Coal lo 1 - ', - i .' ; . -.: ' .: ' *'-- . '' :-'- "
-. •^'•,''\-
112 - 132' - Sandy clay " "
132 - 153' •:'-''.-\ - ; Coal .21' ' , . ' " ,- . i \;.-;: -;
153 228' Coal with clay partings - mixture 75'
' Predominantly coal - S 1 seams with '
' ( . , approximately 6" partings. : .; .
228 255' ., Grey clay with sand partings and boulders
Hole No. 68-40 - ^.-,V' Location Sutcliffe Line 13, 700Nr8, OOOE. '
t - . " ** ' ': i' * - ' . ' * ' -. ' ' ^
0 - 7' -, . ••/W.; Muskeg -. . ^ - v.^'. '.'.- 'C'- '',. \'' ' ' '
7 12' '^.••r;;.;.-Grey \ . ^[ '--' -. -';' .' -''^ : ;-''. - -
12 - V 89' Sandy clay St boulders, stringers sand St gravel
89 - : . 112' ,- . :,7 . , Sand 'St gravel '- ^/..^v^V-v;'— - '•":'"'-1 1: "- - ' .
112 : - V\ ' 121' . .....;.; : Sandy clay St boulders\v; ; ; ::;-V-:;^v.,;\...:,. . V; ;-..;,. . " :.
127' '.;; -.'': - Sand St fine gravel -". •;.v; '".": r' ;'.: .^•K.V'%".;-.
121
129' '- : ;. - .:v' Sandy clay Sto boulders -''! 'v''.'••••,f.\'- 't' . '-' . ';.'
' .
127 . - \:^'.C-''-.v."; ; " - ,. : V.,:
129 131' ,": ;.'C;;,' Gravel ' /-.. : '^••. '^' v- ": '-- ' " : . ' •*.
131 . - 175' ,- ; Sandy clay St boulders . : . v,: ':.-'..'\ v-".'-'
175 255' v ''-.;f. Sandy clay St boulders : iv.^ :V; A; .; -' r-
182 196' : Grey clay St boulders .t/ : . ., - i V . ' '
255.'"' : ,; Grey clay ' ' •;\-'-f;';' '- -ti"- -~. ^-l- "' --' '' '.-
196 -1 . * * ' . , - * -* '. ' ' \- : * - ' ; ' i*, ~ - ' -
'" ' ' •'•"':. .'\ * _ - 's-,-v '. ".. .;* \ '-'S •/'"•'•' ' ' ' '
Hole No, 68-41 , •Location 13, 700N-20, OOOE. ' ' ' - '
0 - 71 ..•••'•;.; Muskeg -; '••- '-V : /.;- i..;V-'::' ; ';'v';" , v -'
7 - 12' ; , ; ..-,".: Brown clay . ' .' •'':.\"'''-'-- ; \'" - - -- •••'• : ••-
12 - 30 Brown clay St boulders ' ' - ;, ; '
30 49' ' : Sandy clay St gravel
\
49 79 Gravel St sand "'
79 - 98' Sandy clay St boulders .- .
98 ' - 110' Brown clay , ' Vi . .
110 - ' 125' Grey clay ' . . ' . ' .
125 - 135' Brown clay . .
135 167' Grey clay
167 185' Grey clay St boulders
-57-
14.
DRI1,LER - P. Altwasser. DATE - MARCH 2, 1968.
Hole No. 68-42 * Location 4, 000'N-8,000'E. . -
0 — 5' Muskeg \ ' -' -'

5 - 9' . Brown clay . : ..
- ' 30'
9 ' . Grey clay V
30 45' : \ Brown clay i* St boulders . - , : - . '
45 - 85' ' Grey sandy clay fc boulders : -:-.' J.
85 - 90' Brown sandy clay it boulders - , ."- ^s -
90 - - . . 100' . Sand fc clay . .X^/ j
100 - 108' ' . Sandy clay St coal — ^^^ f
108 - " 117' Brown sandy clay . , S.' . '
1 7 120' : Coal JU clay* mixed . . ' " . -, ^ . , . \* ,
120 - 140'- . ,. Grey clay '- ;-: ' •••- --'i- ' .V." s^~
140 - - - 146' Coal' 6' - /V--\':--::-;,;;';.^; ' :v.;^X.'''
146 -- .- : 148' ; Grey clay . .'''' ".'-.',.,-; •'/. '' , .V'." -i •'•- ,-r''
.148 r ' . ' ' 150' Coal 2' •••' v .^- : ::..'-:...\ V';:;"'/:- 1
150 .... ,.- ; 161' : : ; . Brown grey clay . ' i .
161 r- ;. no 1
' ' 180'
v. Coal St clay mixed .' l- , '•'••J/
170 Grey brown clay ; '- '\'-' . - ' i- .'.:'
180 ' : : . 182' •'""••:"- Coal 2' ' -' ' . - ' - -' •'••••. 'y- ' '•./•'•, ;'; .
182
184' ; ; : Grey Brown clay
,- '- ' ' -. : ,- -, ' ' ** , * - ' " '' '.
, . '- i . ,
184' - 197' " : '-.'.V Coal 2-3 small stringers of;clay 13y ; . -,
197 213' 'V Grey brown clay '. ^ js
-' Coal 5' . -... .' '-•'(••"•'^''':''r^:.-
213 218' .
218 m 235' orey ciay
' (**VA\r /*1atr , -
- ' .
' . .' ~'..' - -, . - ' - ,-. ..
- ' ' .-"-"
Hole No. 68-43 * ' " Location 2, OOON - lO.OOOE. , /.' :

5''' . '•••;: ' * ' - - ' ",' "-k ** . - ' ,
••.... - 1 '--' *' '.
0 Muskeg ' ; ;' . :*

lo- •.-./: ;
M ' ' ' "
5 : - '''' .' ' '"

Brown clay . . v .
10 .. . . . ,: 30' . Grey clay -V
30 \ ...
52' .•;..;.-. ;-i-- Sandy clay St boulders '\
52 63' .V : Gravel, sandy clay St boulders
•' ' ' .
63 89' : ; Sandy brown clay St boulders
89 v . . 109' ' .; ; Coal 20' M - 44
109 •" ' 111' "; Grey brown clay , FC?" 2\
111 - 113' Coal 2' . . A - 14
113 -' ' ' 1^125' Grey brown clay, stringers of coal FOO^
125 . , 128' 'Coal 3' : v - ,' ' . V; ..'r.:' " ' .' ; - ;
128 -. . ' - 131' ' - Sand '••'.•" ' ,;-v.': "' "'.'v ,;v .'-'; ' :. ; - ' :\.-"-''-y.
131 - 134' Clay brown
134 - 137' Coal 3' . '
137- - 150' Grey clay ;U ;
150 - ' * 155' Clay fc coal : *.^'-
155 - 158' Grey clay - - - . ., '-.
158 ,. 174' Coal 16' . M~ *\
VM - 23
174 - 205' sXirey clay FC - 23 ,
N- . /- A .10 v- ; .
•'SI-
ONAKAWANA -.DRILL HOLE LOGS.
DRILLER - P. ALTWASSER. DATE - MARCH 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 1968.
Hole No. 68-44. Location 1, OOO'N - 14, OOO'E. . '
0 5' ", Muskeg ',

* 5 15' Grey clay
15 32' Sandy clay St boulders -
. 32 55' Sandy clay St boulders, stringers gravel
55 185' . Sandy clay St boulders, stringers of gravel
i
' Hole No, 68-45. ; Location 13, 700'N - 14, OOO'E.

1
0 - ;- 6V ''A'".'-" Muskeg ' ' -" -: : ' ' : "' \.'. .;. ' ,.
' 6 20' Grey clay ;
20 38' •" Sandy brown clay St boulders
' 120'
38 Grey clay St boulders, stringers of gravel
120 140' ,i , - Sandy clay St boulders
' - .140 185' Sandy clay, gravel St boulders . ' ,
Hole No. 68-46. l' Location 12, OOO'N- 8, OOO'E. : - .'
0 . ^.;.. : ;.n 6' 'l

':-"' : ; is 1 ; . : - v \ ; ; - Muskeg ' "•"•V-.-'-/^--'-'-'-*-':''?;-' '•'••'v y- '.-' .'••''••.
- 6 ^.-'''•i-V' Grey clay " '' -. ,. .': ; ^;' '^V-/.;. .'.'.'-..'".'..v '. ' :" '.
t,. '
15 . -.' : -: .{'-.[ 32 1 '' ; ; '"^1'-:- Sandy clay St boulders ; . xV ;
•" - : . 90' ' .. .i;,il: Sandy clay, gravel St boulders -- ^ \
90 - ' us 1 ; ' -; Grey clay . '' ,'X.:--V'':;'-''- ••.''•''•'••' ::. :-~'*::-- "' ~-
115 : - \ 128'; , v ;v . Sandy clay St boulders ' , •'V.-,-i •••.'
i . 128 :- 134' /, ,. .; Grey St brown clay ' ; - : . - : -v - ; v .
134 - -' 137' •'y;VM Coal 3 r - - - - '.'. , ;' ' "'. -' V '-.;'. -V' . .-.-' ,- '-'. . ;
137 Brown St grey clay with stringers of coal : -
167' '•xv:-,--'Coai 9'. - - •'•.'.•;'', .-•.• ; '-' '. :':' '^• : '-. :- 't,'-::-':..' ^
- : - 158'
158
167 185' ; . ' ' . •'•' . Grey clay
- - -
.'. •••r;.-'-
-
• :--^'/-'.'- :r "'.; ; v.'-'"- -r - : ' ' ' :
•'.'.* :*. ' - -- : '''
Hole No. 68-47. ;. ' .7 ;V Location 12, OOO'N - 2, OOOÊ. ?', T^ V "'V -
j 0- : '-:;^.6' -;. " ,. ,- ,- Muskeg ' ' .';- '-'.;.;''/,'' *.V' : -' ••'•'•''' .'-": . i ' - ' '"' --'
6 : ' : - ; ';-.:; -\ 12' : \';,: ' ,:" Grey clay ' - 1 - V':'^ ' ."'••.^-".-.- -* : ; V;-:,y :v. '
•l 12 . - ;- . 20' - ' ; .':,.- \: Grey clay St boulders '. ;^ ' '•': -.{'. ;l '':t \'' /•':;'H :
'20 . •'•-.- V; 35' '
. , Sandy clay St boulders ' v "' v ' - :". " '.
. '- , k '60
35 - 60' .; -.•'- Grey clay . ' . ;- '- ; ; ;., ,;.;'--'. " -' - ;'
- 80 1 : Sandy clay St boulders . - ' -, ' i' ' ' ;
80 - - . 90' - '. - . ' L/oal
^. . . , iu
i /M * " i "ii " iM ' ' "*-^Â- VM- M -44 22 - -x " '~
90 - 92' Grey clay St boulders FC - 20
'i 92 - . ' 110' ...•Coal 18' ——-^ A -^H
•j 110 135' Grey clay M -44 lOOô
t{"i "
, . VM- 19
. FC - 19 .
ii
•m
A - 18
ID'0%
*'
i
i i ' i * . . -
l i- "- -
i - '
i
' .; * ' -: "' '* ' - ' '^ ' .' - ;- ;
v_
167
ONAKAWANA - DRILL HOLE LOGS. t.
DRILLER - P. ALTWASSER DATE -MARCH 9, 10, 11, 1968.
Hole No. 68-48 Location 9,000 'N - 1,000 'E.
0 6' Muskeg " . ' -

6 - . 12' '..V, ' Grey clay "- . . .. ' •.•'.' '- '
12 25' Grey clay boulders
25'
60' Sandy clay St boulders . ,. V.
60 - 75' ; ' Sandy c lay, grave l it boulders ... . '
75 93' Brown clay St boulders "' - v
93 102'
120'
coal 9 1 . ' . v : :I : '
102 Brown Grey clay ' - . ;. .
120 145' Grey clay .' . ; :
Hole No. 68-49 t - Location 1 , 00 0 'N - 5 , 000 'E. . ' ;, . -

5' ••'.'••'••V-
0 Muskeg ', ' ; . ]: y-, ';\. '", r, ',. ; -' ' : . '-'.- . " :
5 , .- - . ' ..' ' 13' Grey clay : ; ., '. . .' ; '- -
13 ' --,, 45' V--' ,-. Sandy clay it boulders .;. . - -:.. ?'
45 '.' . -' "' 60' : : , Grey clay . \y ' '. '-\f: •-V/'..'' -;' V' .'-.v^.;
60 , 65' : Brown clay ;--. i: . , ; ^ ; ;
65 V. ;. ' 68' V Brown clay . ^-,;' ' ; ~y.-. - ;
68 . ,- , , 70' -.. Brown clay St coal , ' . ; .r - .'
70 72' , , : Grey clay ' . '
72 -', 98' r ,---vv Brown clay St boulders -
98 113V ,.' ; - :- -,' ' . Coal 15' , ' : v M ,- 44 '^
113 " -, - 130' , ; " '':^ Brown clay St coal VM * 21 ' ;.
130 - 148' ; -: . Brown clay St boulders FC - 23
148 - 153^ Coal 5' . ' '. ; -' A - 12 '" .'' -.; v ;;
153 no 1 ; Brown clay it coal ; ',;'. 400^.
170 205' . ' . Grey clay ;4 - :,
Hole No. 68-50 * L ' ,. ' ~ ' ' ' Location 1,000 'N - 2,000'E, . ^\ : ,V
•0 ' .' 4' . ; v' ' ; -:
Muskeg .. ..''-w , ..
4 - -' - •'-. 12' Grey clay - ' , ,- ;'.''''-\' -'. ';
12 : - - so 1 : Sandy clay, gravel St boulders -
30 - . ' . 35' Sand ' ' ; : .-•'•;:.' : :'r
35 65' Grey clay it boulders .1,' ..-.\ -
65 75' Sandy clay ir boulders : V ''-:,'[ ; :
75 - . 79' Brown clay ' ', . ' !
79 - 81' ,. Coal 2' -' ; '//••^.\::". uvi ' ';' ''-.. :-
81 90' Brown clay ' ; ;v \ '•'-. :''-'' ; : 'i ^ •\,:'\ :': "*-' '.
90 135' Grey clay '
-to-
17.
DRILLER - P. ALTWASSER. DATE- MARCH 12, 13, 14, 19*
Hole No. 68-51 Location 2, OOO'N - 3, OOO'E. "-"- "' - -
0 4' Muskeg ; "'. 7 ', '*v -k''i..', \ , i./

4 11' Grey clay .' : v.^ - ,i;'
H - 28' Sandy clay St boulders - : : .^' N w
28 35' 'Sand " - M^;'9^v.-X:^
35 50' Sandy clay St boulders i ' ; 'v; '?. ^ ;
50 60'. Brown clay St boulders . f .
60 90' Brown grey clay St boulders r f' ;
90 125' Grey clay : . ' V; ;;-':^v^/: ; ' ••\
Hole No. 68-52. . Location -2, OOO'N - 0 line. ' ; 7? ' ;: .

' ' . --,.' ' V.- -' '
. ' . . ' -' - ' - Vj.* - .:. - . ,
0 - ' 4' ' Muskeg -. ~. ;: ' ;- .'/' /!vv\3^v i " '';r

4 - ' '. 13' ' Grey clay ^ ; ' ':^^'^{^,.^(
13 27' Sandy clay St boulders ' ' ;': . ;
27 - 36' Sandy clay, gravel St boulders . .,-. , :
36 73' Brown clay St boulders ' ;. ;;'i -' ;. ; .
73 85' Sandy clay St boulders 'V:'^'^-^-^^"^
85 95' Brown clay St boulders ; - ; :;v ^C - .
95 120' ••- Grey white, clay : J^ -^ :^ x^
120 135' Grey brown clay * r T-&-" ; -J
•-•, V
' ' ! " - -
• : '^'V ::^ ;''X'^v:::'
. ' -' •'-,- . ' - ".' 'rf** - -'"i *1 ' "*'
Hole No. 68-53. Location 4,500'N -4, OOO'E. xi : - ;
0 - 4' ,': ;;. ;.'. Muskeg " '^} •'::;^'^'--vv:^:' ; '!:'.- :A'
4 - : '12' ": Grey clay . ^'- ';- ::xV-'^:''"^^' :fM
12 33' Sandy clay St boulders' - ; ^ 'V^
33 47' Sand ' . \:;V ••: "::i'-^/.;:.^
47 110' Brown clay St boulders ••'''"l^v^' 1 ^'.'^
110 115' Brown clay, stringers of coal : ;5? ' ; v ^
115 127' Brown clay St boulders ; .; ^| ,.^.y
127 145' Grey clay . V; ^; : j
Hole No, 68-54. Location 12, OOO'N - uToOO'E. .' ';^ " ^
- -'. . . . '. v-/ V..r."..(.-' .'i':: -,-'
0 - .6' Muskeg . - '.;. --' ..-y1; .;^'":-;^:---'O' ,;
6 - . li'- :. Grey clay -. ' ; v vr * '-."
11 65' Sandy clay St boulders -. .'.:.'-v^;: :^
65 80' Brown clay ' .'••' ' . : .
* ', ,*'-"/ ' ' ' -,
80 - , 90' Sandy clay, gravel St boulders

90 130'. Brown grey clay St boulders -
ISO' 165' Grey clay ; t.. . ;. .-
-1,1-
18.
ONAKAWANA - DRILL HOLE LOGS,
DRILLER - P. ALTWASSER DATE - MARCH 15, 1968.

t
Hole No. 68-55 t Ldcation 8,000'N - 8, 000 'E.
* ". * i * t - . "\' ,
0 . 41 Muskeg . ; ': * :'.' ' •;-V-:'- ':
4 . 11' Brown clay . \x]1 -;'' ''-S.} : '.
li . 18' Sandy clay fc boulders - *-f
1.8 - 22' Sand ' . : ' ' *' * 4 * ' ' '
22 - 38' Sandy clay St boulders . ^ .';. f".;
38 58' Grey clay

58 - ' 90' ' Sandy clay, gravel k boulders
90 - 108' - Grey clay gc boulders . \f AA
108 128' * Coal with clay partings 20' M - . 44
128 145' Grey clay : VM-' 21
;.. '^^.•.•f----\^..- yv -;' y - - :: "•••*'"

-,'-'.'. '-.f; i .'"'. V'.'':.' "'-f
r.il;':v;c^;;v;r- .••.; ; ^./ :-^
•' •'I'-^V-^-' •J^'''''y^':';:-'i

^^-.'•''•'^.f^'':''^, -.:. ''-"v-?-"w -
•" . '^ v •:'{}".^.'. "•'~' J- '''•:'?'-"'; '
•:"" "'•f- :': ''''"•••^.^• : -:^^:^^' : 5l4;^:'vî-'.'.:''
- ' *';* '-'* f .' -i ' ^ * '.

- .-,. •'•r,- *.;; -?
-.',; ;. '. .
•* * -. ' * * A -* *" s' . *""' /J-. -*'1 -'- E *- * "
;, -•':'-"r •:"-;:'-"v •: V-..(:;x-V:'^.'';v^!'' i:f'.:
'V-::^\^ !^^:;;' :':,;^^

: ;- ; .';;--::"::-vr;'-:)- : ";^ -'^
y. >.
By E. A. Nephew
resent surface-mining practices in the United States into the mountainside.) rose from 43,167,000 tons to
'are devastating large areas of land and are produc 213,373,000 tons.-'
ing great environmental damage. The growing na In coal surface mining, the overburden (the earth and
tional concern over this problem is evidenced by rocks lying above the coal seam) is first removed, and the
the number of different surface-mining regulation bills that' exposed coal is then extracted. Surfaee mining conducted
arc currently before Congress. Some of these bills would in relatively flat terrain is commonly called area stripping.
only slightly alter present strip-mining practices, while The surface of the land is first scalped of trees, and a deep
others would require a substantially greater degree of land trench is then cut through the overburden to expose a long
reclamation after completion of the mining, and at least strip of the coal bed. The earth, clay, and rock overburden
one bil! would prohibit future coal stripping altogether. is deposited adjacent to the trench to form a long "spoil"
A program ensuring the lull restoration of all lands dis bank. After the coal is removed, a second trench is cut
turbed by surface mining could bc an environmentally ac parallel to the first, liiid the overburden is dumped into the
ceptable alternative to banning the pi notice completely. first trench. The process is repeated until all of the coal has
This option has been adopted by the Federal Republic of been extracted, resulting in a series of parallel, adjacent
Germany (West Germany) and several other European spoil ridges, which give the mined land the appearance of
countries. To assess the feasibility of this approach to having been worked over by a giant plow. The 'final cut
the problem, we visited the Rhine-land brown-coal fields of produces an open trench bounded by a steep wall called a
West Germany and studied the land restoration methods highwall.
employed to reclaim the huge, open-pit lignite (brown Contour stripping in hilly regions progresses in the same
coal) mines of that region. Here, we were particularly manner except that the process is halted sooner—as the
interested in the German reclamation laws and how well thickness of the overburden becomes too great. Starting at
they are enforced. In general, we found that the German the outcrop of coal along the hillside, a slice of overburden
land restoration program is highly successful. Many fea is removed and dumped on the downslope side. The coal is
tures of the planning, technological, and regulatory proce then removed and a second cut is made through the over
dures used in West Germany to ameliorate the adverse burden to expose more coal. Finally, when the overburden
environmental'consequences of large-scale surface mining is too thick for further economical stripping operations,
are applicable to strip-mining problems in the United Slates. augers as large as seven feet in diameter may be used to
The nature and extent of environmental damage from drill horizontally some several hundred feet into the moun
surface mining in the United States have been documented tain lo bi ing out additional coal. Using this combination of
in several excellent reports.' Essentially, two basic factors stripping and angering, the mining operations proceed along
have contributed to the magnitude of the problem we face the hillside, leaving a'twisting trail of churned earth in their
today: the rapid development of strip-minim; of coal since wake. On one side the bench (or shelf) is bounded by a
the beginning of World War li and the greatly increased steep, nearly vertical highwall, and on the outside by the
consumption of coal for electric power generation. Coal mass of spoil material precariously balanced on the down
consumption for electric power generation increased from slope of the mountain.
51,474,000 tons in 1940 to 310,312.000 tons in 1969 To our knowledge-, an accurate survey of the total land
and, during the same period, the amount of coal that had area disturbed by thciSuffacc mining of coal has never been
been cither strip-mined or augered (mined by boring made. On (he basis ;of data reported by coal producers,
Paul Averill has estimated that, as of January 1. 1970, the
li. A. Ni.i'HLW is H research st;i)T mcmhei ;it the O.ik Rutac.National cumulative past production yf 4.4 billion tons of strip-
l aboratory. He is currently engaged in a National Science J'Oimda mined coal resulted in,2^450 square miles of disturbed land
lion program, "The Environment and Technology Assessment," in the U.S.' He further estimates that the mining of the re
v. liich includes ;m investigation of ihe environmental impacts of
electricity production arid use maining 128 billion tfrns of stfippablc coal in the O to 150-
foot-thick overburden category would create an area of
, VOL. 14, No. I
The West Germans appear to have
deveiojRil an exemplary process for
exploiting the mineral resources of a
region without permanently impairing
the quality of their environment.
disturbed land comprising 71,000 square miles. At present even though only a small fraction of the land is disfigured.
coal strip-mining rates, roughly 100 square miles of addi The destruction of watersheds (catchment areas from which
tional disturbed land are being created each year, We must stream waters are drawn) by sedimentation and acid water
consider that advanced earth-moving machinery and chang runoff also extends the harmful effects of strip-mining.
ing economic conditions will probably make deeper deposits (Acid water is water containing high levels of sulfuric
accessible to surface-mining methods. This would expand or other acids.) According to a recent study/ contamina
the strippable coal reserves and the total amount of future tion caused by both deep and surface mining has substan
land damage. tially altered the water quality of tfpme10,500 miles of
The damage often extends well beyond the boundaries streams in Appalachia. Acid drainage seriously pollutes
of the actual mining areas. Where mountains are scarred about 5,700 miles of streams, reducing or eliminating
by contour mining, the whole landscape is rendered ugly aquatic life. A recent study by the U,S, Department of the
v At left, a wheel excavator of the type used

in the Rhineland to mine brown coal.
, This machine, which weighs 7,400 tom and
it 230 feel high and 650 feet lonj,
v selectively Mrips off und savej the top
V layer of loess, fertile loam which i*
restored during later reclamation. .
JANIMKY/FEMUAKY 1972
•f
Cost of Reclamation tons are available in the Midwest (3.2 billion alone, i!5 i
*
in Illinois), and 650 million tons of bituminous and
20.2 billion tons of subbituminous (lower grade
than bituminous but higher than lignite) in Arizona,
Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The coal #3:.
Surface mining for coal has increased sharply in serves in the four states last mentioned are par
:- the United States during the past 50 years. Fully ticularly important since they are low in sulfur
44 percent of the soft (bituminous) coal mined in content and relatively easy to mine. Strip.-rmnjngin
this country in 1970 came from open surface mines the West is expected to increase sharply tc^Jhejet
as opposed to deep mines. Little more than 50 power needs in that section of the country^.'wall
years ago, in 1917, only one percent: of U.SV soft as to supply the re^t of the cour
coal, came from surface coal that wilj make it easier to jtieet
its large-scale environmental disruption generally t'iprt" standardsi (see "Cloud on,, the
are associated witth;iri|ning frj'Jhib;AppaIac;hian r*- ;,;'
gion, butcoal reseWe*iacces~' L '^~ ---i*— -^•—•---
jUKtjsi^
g S^fea^ fnto yf&^^jô
J'.in-i'-i. . AjAiJ-.*i;i"**iV**iw.VteaV-'i i - " f-3
techniques are considerably
of the"; country, accordjng;to d
Center; for.Science ;irîheP'wbli
Washington, D,(X Trje^nfprr
by CSPI Co-DirectorWfftes c
' o1 .material gatheredJj|ta
of;y,
developing
be brought to
WAV^" -TT-*— ^sr.-^'jwstf^jcs' '^r TT "T-J- v/" -

mining in Appalachia.'
- t mi mi fy t ii i r^f'i-'fciiuvi *ro* *-fr Vvlfl r*Jf **?rlr**r v *^c *t*f*^^*r** -i*' -, 1** -,n '.
^ti^^^^
Interior on the environmental effects of strip-mining in vegetation methods effective in areas of low average rainfall
Cane Branch Basin, McCreary County, Kentucky, showed must be developed, soil conditions must be investigated, and
a marked decrease in the variety and abundance of inverte groundwater movements must be determined. (Ground-
brate bottom fauna in Cane Branch and in Hughes Fork water is the water beneath the earth's surface, between
downstream from the strip-mined areas." This was caused saturated soil and rock, that supplies wells and springs.)
by alternate deposition and erosion of sediment and the Much work remains to be done. However, it is already
killing of aquatic vegetation by acid water, effectively de clear that strip-mining, whether it is conducted in Appa
stroying ihe stream habitat. Annual erosion losses from lachia, in the arid regions of the Southwest, or in the harsh
freshly strip-mined areas in Appalachia are as high as climate of the northern coalfields, can seriously affect the
27,000 tons per square mile, or up to 1,000 times greater natural ecological balance of the region. y
than for undisturbed lands. J
Strip-mining is only now beginning on a large scale in
the western states, so the extent of damage is not yet clearly Costs of Surface Mining in the U. S.
defined for climates and terrain different from Appalachia. The true economic and social costs associated with the
In addition to increasing the susceptibility of these lands to surface mining of coal have not yet been adequately as
wind and water erosion, surface mining in the semidesert sessed. Coal can be strip-mined at an average cost of about
regions of the Southwest poses the danger of exposing 51.50 per ton less-than deep-mined coal, largely because a
highly saline material to the surface.11 This overburden ma number of important externalities,' such as the cost of
terial, enriched in salts by the process of percolation of adequate land reclamation work, are not included in the
surface water, if brought to the surface, would make it production costs. For a coal density of 1,800 tons per
difficult to establish and maintain even sparse vegetation acre-foot and a recovery factor of 80 percent, the yield
on the disturbed land. Before the environmental impact of of a typical three-foot-thick seam is about 4,300 tons per
surface mining in arid regions can be fully assessed, re- acre. This means that some 16,000 per acre could be spent
14 ENVIkONMKT, VOL. 14, NO, l
cost {Mfcwisons are difficult. State regulations iy ^2,600 per ncre. . ^
generawr require only what is called primary rec These and other studies must be used cautiously ,
lamation, in which heavy equipment is used, to bury to assess the expense of comprehensive reclama
acid-containing materials and to smooth, but not tion. The estimates are well within the range of
'grade, nine-field ridges. The major aim is to al- reclamation costs in West Germany, but the Ger-;
.leviate water pollution due to acidic mining wastes. man restoration practices are far more extensive-;
Strip-mine fields that have undergone only primary than anything that has been done on a large
reclamation still retain long furrows,-; as though in the United States; On the other hand, ttya Get
turned up by gigantic plows. Furthermore,,the fer system appears tp be profitable in aspects
tile topsoil, saved carefully in the German mining neglected in America, The German approach p,rb^Kj
technique, is forever destroyed or'.buried- in. the motes' Systematic, utilization oi .^j|)'iihjo'^r.!n.a)V^
typical American strip-mine field; The fi^W that has riai-r-coa(f ;feVtile topsoil, even ;sr~ J --^ ;——•-;i ' i
undergone primary reclamation is.a wftitftiand on v.i TheVtresfpredland "againip
j ! I'L-rkv.*.j j/:**-1'. ".'*:- \t.' l1: j.-—". -
which only the hardiest vegetatiorf^hii^yrVty^t-'ll
Reclamation '. practices arfe^ ;somew}^t'i j^^r^,;^'^^,.^:
Pennsylvania ia and Ohio, which ^^^fj^r^sân^jl^'i .. *s Intoêconpmic l la bitit
dards than . other;Appalachja'i^state?^^|^|Jl||^; v
The few U.S^tudies'or^lHe.cost ^'ânâH^jîi^^^^
may be of ' ii***i*j*.y'
lirrtttdd **.*^Bîijv-^*fjifcWfc ^*îjtim/rii^frt'^'i^fV'thfl^
r Tj'7*r3?-- ,
Jv T v '""" -^
-- *- ^ f '•iv'/V' i'f* ' at jdris froov strl
country, In a l^.Piii'ir^t;^ 'tf^^^^n^j^^'''TH inrt Regional Comm
sylvania in l9^r'thVc6stemt
'' " "^ ' ' ' '
^fe-af)ifillin^M,^ - Im
'
add another 250 per acre to such

i ing upon the type of planting
estimates/Another study was of
ernment-sponsored projects to
pf strip mined land for a.state
Pennsylvania
on land restoration without destroying the competitive The consumption of coal for electric power generation
position of strip-mined coal with respect to deep-mined is expected to inc'rease greatly during the coming decades.
coal. In West Germany, the actual costs of restoring mined- Perry has estimated that the use of coal for this purpose
out lands to full agricultural productivity range from alone will reach some one billion tons by the year 2000."
S3,000 to S4,500 per acre. To the extent that strip-mining This would represent nearly a threefold increase over
is carried out without subsequent restoration of the land, present coal consumption rates for electric power genera
a portion of the true production costs of strip-mined coal tion. More and larger strip mines may bc expected. The
is being imposed on neighboring communities and on problem of meeting the ever-growing energy demands of
posterity. society without needlessly destroying land, water, and forest
It is easy to find evidence that the burden of external resources must somehow be resolved.
costs associated with strip-mined coal is not fairly borne In view of the extensive environmental damage already
by the consumer. In some regions of Appalachia, approx inflicted by coal surface mining, and the anticipated future
imately 40 per cent of the maintenance budgets for state
and county roads is used to repair damage caused by heavy
coal-truck traffic." Land made worthless by strip-mining
operations no longer serves as a tax base to provide needed The key to the West German success in
revenues for local community development. Floods and
landslides resulting directly from conditions created by coal land restoration lies in detailed advance
surface mining destroy both public and private property. planning based on the needs of the
Funds that could otherwise provide needed local services
are thereby diverted to repair the damages. Poverty, apathy, region as a whole.
and blighted social development all too often characterize
our coal-producing regions.
JANUARY /FIMUAKY 1972 IS
-^-4^%-v^g
*-^.^^Lfci^'i -**
In the foreground above, hay is harvested

in West Germany on reclaimed land less
than two years old. In the background, the
adjacent lignite mining operation continues.
A German-made strip-mining machine

operated by (he Peabody Coal Company
60 miles southwest of Chicago, Illinois.
ENVIKONMINT, VOL. 14, No. l
It has b'Ccn estimated ih;U, as of January l, and to obtain a more detailed insight into the regulatory
1970. t fie cumulative past production of
4.4 billion Ions of strip-mined coal resulted pioccss. The Germans appear to have developed an cxeni-
in 2^jî[Uarc miles ut disturbed land in phiry process for exploiting the mineral resources of a
the 'VV^' present coal strip mining rates, region without permanently impairing the quality of its
rough);,' 100 square miles of additional environment.
land are being damaged each year.
The total West German production of brown coal in
1970 amounted to J 08 million tons, of which some 81
million tons were burned in thermal power stations to
produce 60 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. (A kilo
watt is equivalent to 1,000 walls; the kilowatt-hour, a
common unit of electric power consumption, is the total
energy developed by a power of one kilowatt acting for
one hour.) This represents 38 percent of all the power
generated in the nation's thermal electric power plants in
1970. The importance of brown coal to West German in
dustry, therefore, can hardly bc overemphasized. The very
existence of such an important domestic energy source
exerts a strong stabilizing influence on the economy of the
nation, which nevertheless was forced to import 55 per cent
of its primary energy during the past year. Thus, it is not
possible in West Germany to consider seriously the luxury
of banning the surface mining of brown coal. Instead,
methods of mining and land restoration had to be developed
which would permit continued production of brown coal
without incurring serious environmental damage. -
Brown-Coal Mining. The Rhineland brown-coal fields lie
in flat plains country in the triangle formed by the cities
of Aachen, Cologne, and Diisseldorf, Surface mining of
brown coal currently encounters overburden thicknesses of
up to 550 feet when mining coal from beds 50 to 350 feet
thick. The coal bed lies on a slightly inclined plane, near
the ground surface in the vicinity of Cologne, but is buried
under several hundred yards of overburden near Diisseldorf.
For this reason, mining began in the southern portion of
growth of the industry, the adoption oj sound mining and the coalfield during the latter half of the nineteenth century
land restoration practices is urgently needed. The environ and has moved steadily northward, becoming progressively
mental effects of coal surface mining are clearly regional more difficult. The final depth of open-pit mines currently
in nature, extending across state boundaries, so that it is being worked is as much as 900 feet. Such mining required
difficult for the individual states to deal with them effec the development of giant wheel excavators and a complex
tively. For this reason, federal mining and land restoration transportation system of conveyor belts and trains to haul
standards that would apply equally to all of the coal- away the spoil material and lignite. In 1970, some 243
producing states seem highly desirable. million cubic yards of spoil were excavated and transported
to worked-out mines for use as fill material. In addition to
necessitating the moving of earth, each ton of brown coal
Mining and Restoration in West Germany produced requires pumping about fourteen tons of water
The land restoration policies adopted in the Rhineland out of deep wells to lower the groundwater level. Nearly
brown-coal (lignite) fields of West Germany represent one 2,000 such deep wells have been drilled near the mine pits
possible way of supplying the energy needed by society for this purpose.
while also preserving the environment. The German pro The problems of economically moving such massive
gram for dealing with the social and environmental effects amounts of material have been solved by introducing large-
of surface mining affords a valuable reference point in con scale, automated equipment, which increases worker pro
sidering the relative merits of various surface-mining con ductivity. Excluding maintenance personnel, only two men
trol options that have been proposed in the United States. are needed to operate a 7,400-ton wheel excavator, which
General descriptions of the land restoration practices of has a digging capacity of 130,000 cubic yards per day.
the German state of North-Rhine Westphalia are available Larger machines, weighing 13,000 tons and having a ca
in the public literature. 10 We have supplemented this in pacity of 260,000 cubic yards per day, have already been
formation by making an on-sile visit to the Rhineland ordered and are scheduled to begin operation in late 1975.
brown-coal fields to gain a firsthand impression of the A 70-mile-long network of conveyor belts moving at speeds
effectiveness of the land reclamation techniques employed up to 12 miles per hour delivers the coal and spoil material
AHY 1972 17
to .trains lo bc hauled away. J lie tiains move on some 300 is mined, Jt begins with di1 ;. ; u plans for the evacuation
miles of special heavy-duty truck, and the locomotives are and relocation of populated settlements and for the restora
controlled leniotcly by radio signal during loading and tion of land after the mining operations have ceased. Thus,
unloading. These measures have increased the average land-use patterns are proposed and approved far in ad
Worker productivity to 64 tuns of brown coal per man-day. vance, and the new landscape is planned accordingly—the
The productivity at the largest, most modern mine, located topography, the water drainage system, Jakes, and the des
at Garsdorf, amounts to K l tons per man-day, or to a heat ignation of areas to be restored for forestry and for agri
equivalent of 22 tons of bituminous coal. The average culture. Such comprehensive early planning allows the
productivity in U.S. bituminous coal strip mines is 35 tons mining operations to be tailored to fit the land restoration
pel man-day. work which will follow. Modern principles of city planning
Land Restoration. Because of l he steady northward pro are used in designing new towns for the displaced people:
gression of mining operations dining the past 50 years, the Residential areas are removed from the main flow of traffic;
various stages of the land restoration process arc open to green areas for recreation are provided; and the towns are
view, spread out in sequential ordei. At the active mines more compact than the former unplanned settlements. The
in the northern and central portions of the brown-coal basic costs for land reclamation and population resettle
field, the huge wheel excavators selectively strip off and ment are borne by the mining company. Local and state
save the top layer of loess (an extremely fertile type of governments provide supplementary funds to cover the in
loam—a soil consisting of a mixture of clay, silt, and sand); cremental costs of providing better schools, sewer systems,
remove the remaining sand, gravel, and clay overburden; and other community services than existed at the former
and extract the loose, black layers of exposed lignite. Im town site.
mediately to the south, mammoth spreader machines fill This comprehensive approach is based upon an accept
the overburden back into mined-out pits while bulldozers ance of the fact that brown-coal mining moves not only
level it out in preparation for applying the top layer of coal, but also trees, buildings, people, and the land itself.
loess. Still further southward, the leveled areas are sub In most cases, conditions are vastly altered. The state of
divided into five- to ten-acre tracts by loam dikes. These North-Rhine Westphalia and the lignite mining industry
will be filled with loess slurry (a watery mixture) which have accepted the responsibility of finding feasible solutions
dries out after several months, leaving behind a three- to to the entire set of social and environmental problems
six-foot thick top layer of loess. Near Berrenrath, fields of created by brown-coal surface mining. This approach
grain and hay are already thriving on land that was restored makes it possible to treat the overall problem as an integral
less than five years ago. The sequence in the forested areas whole rather than dealing with single problems on a piece
is similar: To the north are newly planted stands of young meal basis. This approach represents a major change in the
trees less than five years old, and in the south are recre philosophy of what constitutes mining. The old concept,
ational and forested areas reclaimed in the 1920s. The which appears to be prevalent in the United States, holds
latter are nearly indistinguishable from natural forests and that mining consists merely of extracting minerals from the
are superior to the stands of scrub timber which originally ground'in the quickest, most "economical" manner pos
grew there. sible. The new concept includes the qualification that this
Different Conditions. Brown-coal mining in West Ger must be done in a way consistent with the needs of society
many differs greatly from Appalachian strip-mining in as a whole. The planning and enforcement methods used
the topography, the type of technology employed, and the in West Germany to assure that this latter goal will be
degree of government regulation imposed upon me mining achieved are thus of great interest and relevance.
industry. In the German lignite fields, excavation is easier
because the coal beds are not covered with rock strata as in
Appalachia. The terrain is relatively flat, and sulfur-bearing Government Regulation of Surface Mining
minerals, which produce acid wastes, arc not present. Fur Historical Development. The present form of the brown-
thermore, the lignite fields are located in a rich agricultural coal industry and the adoption of enlightened land restora
area, providing a strong incentive for restoration of the land tion practices in Germany emerged gradually over the past
after mining is completed. In addition, almost all of the several decades. Prior to 1960, four large mining com
brown-coal resources arc located within a single state. This panies dominated the lignite mining industry. In 1960,
makes it easier for the state to impose adequate land recla economic pressures, arising partly from the need to auto
mation requirements because significant competition from mate the mines, forced the four companies to merge into
neighboring states does not exist. As a consequence, nearly a single firm, the Rhcinische Braunkohlenwerke A.G. min
all government control of brown-coal surface mining is by ing company. Even before this economic regrouping of the
the state of North-Rhine Westphalia rather than by the industry, the public became concerned about the large tracts
German federal government. Federal laws affecting surface of unreclaimed land left over from World War II. This
mining in West Germany are general in nature; for ex concern was particularly evident in Cologne, where the
ample, water quality regulations apply to other industries proximity of the mining areas made the disturbed lands
as well. highly visible to great numbers of people. As a result, new
Comprehensive Approach. The German land restoration surface-mining control legislation was enacted in 1950 to
program begins long before the first shove! of brown coal assure orderly, well-planned mining practices.
18 ENVIRONMENT, VOL. M, No. l
On-Maid) l), 19.' v), the stale legislature of North-Rhine The introduction of reqiiuviiK-nts in ;: (.eitain portion
Westphalia passed West Germany's first Regional Planning of the land disturbed by the surface mining of brown coal
Law. Tliis law, later modified in May 1962, established a be restored to Agricultural productivity illustrates the im
Land jjjwrning Commission charged with the responsibility portance of such a planning and review body. Although
of dc"R)ing overall guidelines for land use within the reforestation of disturbed lands has been carried out since
region. The main purpose of the commission is to coordi the early 1920s, a coalition of agricultural groups within
nate the diverse social, economic, and industrial activities the Brown-Coal Committee became concerned over the
of the region. With this aim, the commission designates destruction of fertile farmland by the mining operations.
land areas for agriculture, forestry, and industry, and spe In the late 1950s, this coalition of agricultural interests,
cifics tin: boundaries of population settlements. It develops known as the "green front," successfully introduced re
long-range plans for transportation networks, the preserva quirements that the valuable top layer of loess, often fifteen
tion of historic sites, and the construction of recreational to twenty feet thick, be saved, and that a portion of the land
facilities to serve the entire region. Later in the same year, disturbed by surface mining bc restored to agricultuial
on April 4, 1950, the state legislature enacted two addi productivity.
tional laws applying specifically to the brown-coal-produc A break-even point has recently been reached in West
ing areas of the region. These were The Law for Overall Germany because of rising land prices and lowered recla
Planning in the Rhineland Brown-Coal Area and another mation costs brought about by the development of more
law establishing a community fund to finance land restora efficient land restoration methods. In the United States,
tion. The first of these laws formed the Brown-Coal Com the costs of full land restoration would in most cases greatly
mittee, which develops detailed plans for exploiting the exceed the value of the restored land. However, it is in
lignite resources of the state within the framework of the teresting to note that reclamation was required in Germany
overall regional planning law. long before it became marginally profitable. Because of
The basic objective of the Brown-Coal Committee is to land restoration requirements, the rich, thick layer of loess
ensure that land areas temporarily used for brown-coal is selectively saved and is now regarded as an important
mining will not become permanently devalued and made and valuable mineral in its own right, Similarly, commercial
unsuitable for more lasting uses. This means that it is not exploitation of the sand and gravel contained in the over
sufficient merely to prevent the creation of moonscapes by burden has begun. Thus, the extraction of brown coal is
requiring that the land be restored for forestry or agricul becoming a total mining operation. Of the 53,000 acres of
ture. Rather, in light of the general objectives of the overall land that have been disturbed by brown-coal surface min
regional planning, the land must bc restored so that it will ing, 33,000 acres have already been restored for forestry,
harmonize with the social, cultural, and industrial interests agriculture, and recreational uses. The costs of restoring
of the rest of the region. The Brown-Coal Committee is mined-out lands to full agricultural productivity range
composed of 27 members especially selected to represent from S3,000 to S4.500 per acre.
the interest groups affected by mining operations. This Interaction Between Planning and Enforcement. The key
broad base provides a coordination of the various conflict to the German success in land restoration lies in detailed
ing interests long before actual mining activities begin. The advance planning based on the needs of the region as a
committee formulates land restoration requirements based whole. When it is deemed necessary to extend mining op
on the future use of the land as defined in the regional erations to new, unopened land areas, the brown-coal min
planning program. ing company submits a proposal containing comprehensive
The Brown-Coal Committee. The composition of the mining and land restoration plans to the Brown-Coal Com
Brown-Coal Committee, as fixed by law, is shown in Figure mittee. The committee examines the proposal with respect
1. The primary function of the committee is to review and to regional planning guidelines and hears testimony from
consider proposals for extending mining operations to new technical experts, representatives from the enforcement
land areas and to make appropriate recommendations to agency, and the land planning commission. Following com
the minister-president of North-Rhine Westphalia. As can mittee discussion and review, the original plan may be
be expected in view of the composition of the Brown-Coal accepted, modified, or rejected. When final committee ap
Committee, the final recommendation to the state govern proval has been obtained, public hearings are held and the
ment is based on considerations of overall land use, con plan is then sent to the titular head of the state land plan
flicting local issues, and national energy requirements. The ning commission for adoption.
Brown-Coal Committee has gradually emerged as a power After the plan has been finally adopted, the state enforce
ful force defining the conditions under which the brown- ment agency assumes the responsibility of supervising its
coal industry must operate. Its existence subjects the brown- implementation and assuring that the mining and land
coal industry to public scrutiny and has been instrumental restoration activities are carried out in accordance with its
in bringing about the conservation practices of the industry. stipulated provisions. The mining company is required by
The Brown-Coal Committee serves as a quasi-public forum law to submit all information which the state enforcement
where the divergent interests of society can be considered agency needs to carry out its regulatory function. For ex
before mining commences. Public hearings and the signa ample, the brown-coal mining company routinely submits
ture of the state chief executive are required before the aerial survey photographs of its mining and land restoration
recommendations of the committee become legally binding. progress every six months. The planning and enforcement
JANUARY,fiDRUAKY 1972 19
The Brown-Coal
Committee of
North-Rhine
Westphalia
(X^^g^^l^gj
process, with participation Of nonmining interests, affords

flexibility in resolving the social and environmental prob
lems posed by surface mining. The recommendations of
the Brown-Coal Committee function as a living law which
changes and adapts to the requirements of specific situa
tions. Since the deliberations are made well in advance of
actual mining, su (Tic ion t lead time is available for a full
consideration of all of the issues and problems.
Application to U. S. Strip-Mining Problems. Some ele
ments of the German surface mining and land reclamation
20 ENVIRONMENT, VOL. M, No. l
be used later for land reclamation purposes. The slurry
technique of applyiiu? topsoil So rr.nl.'d ;;rcas heiiH' re-
cuitiv.itcd can almost certainly be applied in some areas
FIGURE J of the United Stales. The considerable amount of basic
research which has been performed in Wcsl Germany to
determine the most suitable trees and plants for revegcta-
tuMi, and the factors affecting their growth rates, may be
helpful in our own country. Of piimaiy interest, however,
WHAT IF IS arc the institutional arrangements that have been worked
The R.'iinelanti hro.v.-i c y;; l fields. vJik.h out Ki provide adequate regulation of surface mining and
contain ?'b percent of the li^nitu in V.'cst full u'stoiation of the aileeted lands.
Germany he in flat pir.ns country in lin;
triangle formed hy the r.it'fs of Aac!i t \\ In devising a policy lor the United States, consideration
Cologne, and O..1 -driorf in tlu* stcjtf of should he given to the German experience. The (Jetman
North-Rhine Wr:.tp!i,i'i.-i Tin di;.*ri,:t gov program has been m effect for some twenty years and has
ernois of these thrc."* citios. which are UK*
ones rno;t affectod ny stn;j mimar; 'ip-
been highly successful jn minimi/ing social dislocations and
orations, share tlif rrvoivi.'^ chairjvjn- environmental damage fioin brown-cool surface mining.
shifj of tr*e Brown Coal Coreinittt'-'. v/hic.h The Gorman piogram embodies four main principles that
v/as estahhshed to ensure that land rire;is
temporarily uf.ed for brown-coal minim}
have.contributed greatly to its success, l-irst, the regulation
do not hecoiii" (n'midiiently devalued. of surface mining is incorporated within an overall regional
Th? committee i i composed of 27 morn development plan. Second, a planning body composed of
bers especially S'jvi-t'.'d to represent the
interest groups affected by mining oper
diverse public interests participates in formulating detailed
ations. Its priniary function is to revifw requirements for mining and land restoration long before
proposals for extending mining oper the actual mining begins. Third, the recommendations of
ations to new land nteas and to make the planning body are reviewed in public hearings, fourth,
appropriate recommendations to the min
ister-;:reS!dent of North Rhine Westphalia an enforcement agency is provided with the necessary
powers to enforce the approved plan. The German program
HOW IT WORKS
oilers visible evidence that, with detailed advance planning,
When it is deeiiied necessary to extend striking successes can be achieved-in reducing environ
mining operations to new, unopened land
areas, the-brown-coal mining company mental damage from strip-mining at a price easily borne
submits a proposal containing compre by the consumer. . ['J
hensive mining and land restoration plans
to the Brown-Coal Committee, which ex NOTES
amines the proposal and hears testimony
from the chief inspector of mines of the
state enforcement agency, the Rhineland J. Udall, Stewait l.., Xiirfnif Mining tind Our lîn-ironnteitt—A
land planning commission, any towns. Special Report to the Nation, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Cities, communities, or counties specially 1967. Sliuly a) Strip nml Surface Mining in Appalacliia, U.S. De
affected by the proposal, and any state or partment of the Interior, 1966. The .Strip Mining of America—
private technical experts the committee Aiuilyvi of Snrfdi'i- Coal Miuinx nml The Knvirinunrnl, Sierra
wishes to call upon. After deliberation and Club] New York. July 1971.
committee approval of the proposal, pub 2. Bitinniiioin Coni Data, 2 Ut edition, N;ition;il C'o.il Association,
lic hearings are held; the plan is then sent 1970.
to tha minister-president of North Rhine
Westphalia (who is also the head of the
J. Aveiilt, Piiul, Slripiiiiif;--('fiiil AY.ww/rc.t of the Unileil Suite*.
land planning commission) for adoption.
Geological Siuvcy Hullelin I3.V, J;in l, 1970.
After the plan has been adopted, the state 4. Acid Mine Drainage in /tppalacliia. A Report by the Appalachian
enforcement agency assumes responsibil Regional Commission, 1969.
ity for supervising its implementation and 5. Collier, C. R., et al., cd*., "Influences of Strip Mining on the
assuring that the mining and land resto Hydrologic F.nvironnient of F'arls of Beaver Creek Basin, Kentucky,
ration activities are carried out in accord 1955-66," Geological Survey Professional Paper J?7-C, 1970.
ance vvith its stipulated provisions.
6. Furl Summary of the Southwest 1'o.wcr I'lanis: t'cologiuit mid
C tilt nml Effect i: Kccoinnieniletl /iciion, prepared by Nnlivc Amer
ican Rights l-urul, David H. CJetehcs, director, reprinted in the
Congressional Record—-Hon^c of Representatives, May 10, 1971.
techniques arc applicable to li.S. strip-mining in spite of 7. Van Tiissell, Alfred J., cd., hnviimuncniul Side Ljjccls df Ki\inft
Industrial Output, Heath l.cxingion Uooks, D. C'. Heath and Com
important difiercnces in the climate, terrain, and geological pany, l.cvington, Mas-,., 1970.
features of the mining regions. Wheel excavators of the 8. Vance, Kyle. "Coal '('rucks' Damage to Roads is Costing Ken
type used in the Rhineland have already found limited use tucky Millions," l.(ini*\ille Courier-Journal, Mar. 5, 1971.
in North Dakota and Illinois, where they arc used to re 9. Perry, Hurry, Testimony before the Joint Committee of Atomic
move soft and unconsolidated overburden. These machines Energy, Nov. 4, 1969, in "F.nvironmcntal Effects of Producing
provide continuous operation and can deliver the broken- Flcctric Power.".
down overburden by conveyor belt to any point desired. 10. Udull, Stewart I,., "Natural Resources Mission in Germany—
1966. A Special Report to the President." RaldilT, J. D.. "Trans
They are especially suitable for separating the fertile layer plant in Germany's Heartland." Headers' Digest. British edition.
of topsoil from the remaining overburden and saving it to Oct. 1968.
1972
THE ONAKAWANA LIGNITE DEPOSIT
REPORT OF
THE FOEX, COMMISSION OF ONTARIO
Mar eh 15, 1944.

ONTARIO RESEARCH FOUNDATION
43-47 Queen's Park
Toronto 5,
March 14th, 1944.
Dear Sir,
The Fuel Commission of Ontario appointed by
Order-in-Council in October 1943 has reviewed the problems associated
with Government expenditure and its future policy in regard to the
lignite deposit in northern Ontarioo
In our Report, which vie nov/ forward for your
consideration, we have endeavoured to assess this project as a self-
supporting publicly owned enterprise.,
To date the mining, processing and utilization
in this area of lignite have been too limited and qualitative in
character to provide sufficient quantitative data on which to base
sound conclusions regarding costso
A shor-t-term experimental programme is outlined
with careful estimates as to its costs and the results which may be
achieved, provided the enterprise is given adequate technical and
executive supervisionc,
To assist your Government in its formulation of
policy we have endeavoured to picture the undertaking from a long-term
point of view by comparing estimated costs of processed lignite at various
points in the area with prevailing costs of other fuels*
The conclusions to be drawn from these comparative
figures are limitedo Incomplete information only is available regarding
the types and costs of competitive fuels which will be offered for sale
in this area in the post-war periodo
I remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
"HoB. Speakmanjt
Chairman, Fuel Commission
of Ontario
The Hono George Ao Drew, KoC 0 ,

Prime Minister of Ontario,
Parliament Buildings,
Toronto 5*
THE ONAKAWANA LIGNITE DEPOSIT
I. INTRODUCTION
lo greface
The Onakawana lignite deposit is situated on the Tendakaming and
Northern Ontario Railway on the west bank of the Abitibi River, 126 miles
north of Cochrane and 380 miles north of North Bay0 It is the only solid
fuel deposit in Ontario large enough to warrant consideration of commercial
development. The following is a brief history of this deposit*
During the years 1927-28, Dr. W. S c, Dyer and other members of the
staff of the Ontario Department of Mines conducted important investigations
into the geology of the Moose River basin. As a result of their findings
the surrounding territory was withdrawn from staking and the Department
undertook a drilling programme to determine the area and depth of the lignite
deposits situated near Blacksmith's Rapids on the Abitibi river* (See Fig* 1)
The drilling outlined what is now known as the Onakawana lignite deposit.
iixamination of preliminary samples from the deposit showed that
the lignite was unlike any hitherto discovered in Canada since it contained 50#
of water and disintegrated rapidly on exposure to the atmosphere* It was
obvious, therefore, that more than a mining problem was involved in the
development of the deposito
In 1929, the Department of Mines requested the Ontario Research
Foundation to investigate and report upon the technical and economic factors
involved in a commercial development of these deposits* The Department sank
a shaft and did a certain amount of lateral exploration to investigate the
deposit and secure large samples for processing tests on a commercial scale
in Europeo The physical and chemical survey of the lignite seams, the commercial
tests on briquetting and processing and an analysis of the market were completed
in 1932o The properties of the processed fuels were such that it was evident
that difficulties would be encountered in their use, which could be avaluated
only by combustion tests in commercial equipmento
-2-
The report of the Foundation included a detailed description of the

experiments, an estimate of the mining costs prepared by Dr. T.H. Hogg and an
estimated overall cost of Fleissner dried and flue-gas dried lignite. The
costs of these fuels were then compared with those of coal at various points
in Northern Ontario. The final conclusion of this Report is contained in the
following paragraph:
"The Ontario Research Foundation cannot recommend any immediate
commercial development of the lignite deposit. On the basis of the evidence
submitted in this report, they feel justified in recommending a further
expenditure of #60,000 to mine and process sufficient lignite to test
adequately the burning of lignite products in locomotives, and in industrial
and domestic furnaces. The results from these tests, in conjunction with the
material embodied in this report, will permit a final conclusion as to the
;
possibilities of commercial development in the near future, and will in any
case establish the value of this deposit to the Province of Ontario as a
contingency fuel reserve o"
Ho action was taken by the Government to put into effect these
recommendations and all work associated with the deposit was discontinued,
except for some further experiments on flue gas drying of lignite at the
Foundation during 1933o
In September 1939, thd question was reopened and under the
auspices of the TO& NoO* Railway a more detailed drilling programme was started
which terminated in December 19Alo During this period 20,000 feet of drilling
was completed in an area of 250 acres. In two sections of the total area and in
close proximity to the railroad 10,000,000 tons of lignite capable of being
mined and processed were estimatedo Such figures are apt to lead to unjusti
fiable conclusions unless it is kept in mind that raw lignite contains 50 per
cent of water, and that it requires three tons of raw lignite to make one ton
of finished lignite.fuel.
Mr0 R.Lo Sutherland, a well-known and experienced combustion
engineer, was asked to prepare a report on the possibilities of mining,
-3-
processing and utilizing lignite in Northern Ontario. A market survey was

completed in 194-0, and immediately afterwards a small pit was excavated and
the upper seam of lignite uncovered. From this seam sufficient material was
obtained for a series of tests which may be. summarized as follows!
(a) Experimental work at the deposit on the drying of lignite.
(b) Similar work at the laboratory of the Mines Branch, Ottawa,
using higher steam pressureso
(c) Combustion tests in stationary boilerso
These tests formed the basis of a more extensive programme in 1941. More
substantial equipment was assembled at North Bay which permitted quantities
of lignite to be dried in a vessel containing steam at approximately 200 Ibs.
pressure. The production from these experimental runs was partly used in
carefully arranged and conducted tests using TO& N.O. locomotives to determine
whether the processed lignite could be used as a locomotive fuel when mixed
with bituminous coal. Additional tests were also conducted in stationary boilers
and in domestic installationso
In January 1942, Mr. T0Qo Gerow, Vice-President of the Truax-Traer
Coal Company, Chicago, an engineer with a wide experience in strip-mixing
operations was engaged to prepare plans for stripping the overburden and mining
lignite, and to recommend the necessary equipment for these operations* His
Report outlines the equipment required fqr and the costs involved in (a) an
experimental semi-commercial project, and (b) a commercial undertaking capable
of producing 100,000 tons of finished lignite per year, possibly rising to
173,000 tons.
During the summer of that year the decision was arrived at to
start the development of the deposit on a small commercial basis, and from
May 1942 onwards the equipment necessary has been gradually accumulated and a
plant erectedo
In October 1943, an Order-in-Council was passed creating the present
Ontario Fuel Commission. The Commission reviewed the situation and submitted n^n
interim report at the end of October* At that time the Province was faced with
a serious fuel shortage and an uncertainty as to future supply and, on
this basis, certain recommendations were made with a view to putting the
deposit in condition to make at least some contribution to the supply for
winter of 1944-45o
Since that time, the immediate situation with regard to fuel supply
has improved very materially.
The purpose of this report is to summarize the available information
regarding Onakawana lignite, to give detailed costs and information regarding
a proposed experimental development of the deposit and to give estimated costs
of production and markets for the products from a commercial development in
order to assist the Government in deciding whether the experimental development
is Justified,
In the Foundation report of 1932 a list was given (Appendix II) of
all reports dealing with the Onakawana deposit to December 1932. In Appendix A
of the present report will be found a list of all reports written since 1932
and available to the Commission,,
TABLE I - SUt^MARY OF .EXPENDITURES Rfi ONAKAWANA LIGNITE DEPOSIT
By the DeparJêfit .of Minejg
1928 - 2935
Development | 269,4l6o89
Watchman k Maintenance 1,595*84 - (1935 - 1941)
Research 46,059o64
1317,072.37
By jtha^ft JLO^ Railway
1939 - 1943
Absorbed in Lands St Forests Totals l 138,937o38
By the. Department jof Itan,dst Sp jForests
1942 - Deco 31, 1943 538,779.52
1855,851.89
gj, General ^Character of ;fehe Deposit

Onakawana lignite consists of three distinct types known as woody,
peaty and earthy lignite., Woody lignite is strong and compact and .retains
its original structure to a marked degree; peaty lignite is compact and coherent
but is relatively weak and structureless; earthy lignite is a compressed mass
-5-
of small particles which disintegrates rapidly on exposure to the atmosphere.
A given sample of lignite can be separated into the three types readily
by partially drying and then screening with a J" mesh sieve. The earthy
lignite goes through the sieve, the woody and peaty remain on the sieve and
can be separated by visual examination..
The properties of the three types of lignite are given in Table II,
reproduced from the Ontario Research Foundation report* Attention is called
to the high moisture content of all three types and the high ash content of
the earthy lignite o The woody lignite is the most valuable*
- OPERTIES OF Ti. THREE TYPES OF LIGHIT
Bartky
jeaja ^s j^qedi ;.
Moistureooooooooo............*oo*per cent 50 50 50
Asho.oooo..............i.*.oo;.i..per cent 4*8 5o45 7o85
Calorific value, Bo toUo •'•per Ib..... i...;* 5,435 5,295 4*880
frower .Seam as Mined;

^Koistureooooo.o.........ooo*oo*o per cent 50 50 50
ASh oo o oo oo o e o * o oooo oo o o o o oo.per Cent 4*4 5o2 11o7
Calorific value, Bo toUo per Ib. oooooooo 5*435 5,310 4*500
One British therma). unit (Bot.Uo) is the amount of heat

.required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one
tlegree Fahrenheito
the earthy lignite can only be used far-raising steam at the deposit, the
peaty lignite i sv intermediate in valueo
As indicated in the Table, the lignite occurs in two seams, an upper
and a lower seanu Both seams contain all three types of lignite and no practical
mining method could avoid taking a mixture of the threeo The survey work
suggested that the lower seams contained a relatively high proportion of wxxiy and
peaty lignite, 76 per cent as compared with 28 per cent woody and peaty in the
upper seam, the remainder being earthy lignite. The lower seam, therefore, has
much greater economic valueo
Extensive drilling has shown that the lignite deposit can be
divided into three clearly defined areaso Two of these known as Area A and
Area B are shown in Figo 2 and are of most interest in connection with the
-6- -. . | .;i - -
proposed development. A third area lying to the west of the Onakawana River has
a heavy overburden and would be of interest only if the development of the other
areas proved to be unuspally successful.
Area A extends from the Abitibi River to the Toft N.O* Railway egad
includes about 100 acres o An idealized section through this area is shown in
Figo 2* Area B lies between the To St 11*0. Railway and the Onakawana River to
the south and west of Area Ao It was largely outlined by drilling after the
1932 Foundation report was written. An idealized section is shown in Fig. 2.
When the Foundation report was written in 1932, it was considered
that only lower seam lignite occurred in Area A but subsequent closer drilling
and initial stripping operations have shown that upper seam lignite is present
in at least part of this area and that some of the footage previously classified
as lower seam lignite is in fact upper seam lignite. An examination of the
drill records indicates that the parting may have been missed in some cases
and the lower seam not penetrated in otherso
All mining proposals have been based on initial operations in Area A
for the following reasons:
The overburden has been partially removed by erosion and a terrace
runs parallel to the river; the Abitibi river bed is available for the
disposal of stripped overburden and the ratio of lower to upper seam lignite is
higher,,
From a study of the drill records, Gerow estimated the totals
shown in Table III for the lignite in these two areas.
ABLEJS! . aEROW ESTIMATE, ,OF jJfiHCEE RESERVES IB AREAS A AND B
Designation Area. Jterea. Qyerburden .CoiJuycla.^ Upper Seam Lower Seam
tons
Area A 100 8,530,000 237,000 2,703,000
Area B U3 12,797,000 4,352,000 3,17?*000
The estimates of cost of production of processed lignite to be

discussed later are based on mining 300,000 tons of lignite per aranau Since no
mining operation will recover all the lignite, Area A would be exhausted in 8 or
9 yearso A decision would then have to be made as to whether it was worth
while to continue the operation by moving across the railroad and opening a
new cut in Area B where much more upper seam lignite would be encounteredo
3o
As shown by Table II of this report, raw Onakawana lignite con
tains 50 per cent moisture* It disintegrates rapidly on exposure to the
atmosphere and can be burned only in specially designed equipment. From both
technical and economic viewpoints it can be used only to raise steam at the
deposito
The Ontario Research Foundation 1932 Report gave detailed information

on the following methods for processing Onakawana Iignite0
(1) Briquetting without a binder
(2) Briquetting with a binder following carbonization
(3) Fleissner dessication with high pressure steam
(4) Flue gas drying to 15 per cent moistureo
Later work at the Research Foundation showed that by crushing the
lignite to ^n size flue-gas drying could be used to reduce tfre moisture to about
3 per cento The product would be of interest only for pulverized fuel firing in
industry-
The first two processes were clearly impractical for technical and
economic reasons) (see Ontario Research Foundation Report) 0
All the development work to date at the deposit has been based on
the use of the Fleissner processc Consequently, the properties of Fleissner
dried lignite will be described in detailo
The Fleissner process enables woody and peaty lignite tp be dried to
approximately 20 per cent moisture (assuming 400 Ib./sqo in steam is used) while
avoiding most of the disintegration which would occur in other drying processeso
Both calorific value and the ash content of the lignite is increased, but the
latter can be modified to some extent by screening at different stages in the
process to remove the fine material in which the ash tends to concentrate
-8-
Fleissner lignite is not as subject to disintegration on eqposure to
the air or as subject to spontaneous combustion ae is raw lignite but it -will not
stand direct exposure to the elements for as long as five weeks. (See reference
(7) Appendix A) o Storage of small amounts would have to be under cover o Large
quantities for industrial purposes might be stored outside by covering the piles
vdth a layer of ordinary coal or by allowing disintegration to proceed in the upper
layers to which it would be largely confinedc
The commercial development outlined in the reports of Gerow and Sinclair
visualizes the raw lignite being processed by the Fleissner method as shown in
the flow sheet, Fig0 3o On this basis, one ton of processed lignite, including fines,
would be produced from three tons of raw lignite. The proportions and properties
of the different sizes produced would in practice be influenced greatly by the
proportions of woody, peaty, and earthy in the raw feeds
In general, the larger material would be mostly woody lignite and
would be lower in ash and moisture and higher in calorific value than the smaller
sizes, in which the ash would concentrate.
The average properties of the furnace, domestic and stoker sizes would
approximate to those shown in Table IV, which is reproduced in part from the
Foundation report of 1932 0 In preparing this table, the assumption was made that
a considerable elimination of ash would occur in the process o
Included in Table IV are the properties of possible competing fuels
in Northern Ontario. In comparison with United States and Nova Scotia coals,
it will be seen from this table that the use of Fleissner lignite would involve
the handling of 1.6 times the weight and 2.5 times the volume of fuel and the
removal of about one- third more ash*
Further reference to this table will be made when specific uses are
considered in the following paragraphs o
5. Northern, .ppjbarô Fuejl,
Estimates of the coal consumption in the territory north of North Bay
served by the T. St N.O. Railway and on part of the ,C.N*R. east and west of
Cochrane have been made from time to time during the last twelve years o These
are summarized in Table V* In addition to coal, considerable quantities of
-9-
firewood are burned by domestic users and of waste nood by the paper companies o
The latter also generate steam by electric power whenever a'Surplus is availableo
*
In the following paragraphs, the technical difficulties involved in

replacing coal by Fleissner lignite in the markets shown in Table V will be
discussedo Economic considerations will be discussed laterc
60 Tfoe JRailway Market
The importance of the railway market has been emphasized by all
reports dealing with the development of the deposit* If it were technically and
economically possible to use processed lignite on the railways, a steady market wo\0.d
br provided on which a commercial development could be basedo
This important question has been the subject of a report by Mr* R0L0
Sutherland, Consulting Engineer entitled "Burning of Mixtures of Steam Dried
Onakawana and Bituminous Coals in Locomotives and in a Stationary Boiler of the
Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway in 1941-42" and of a memorandum from
t
Mr. A.H. Cavanagh, President and General Manager of the To & HoOo Railway presented
to the Fuel Commission, in February 1944, which is reproduced in Appendix C of
this reporto
In the Sutherland report a description is given of a series of tests
made in July and December 1941 in which Fleissner lignite dried at 200 Ibso/sqo in*
was mixed with bituminous coal in the ratio of ij tons of lignite to one ton of
bituminous and used to haul full freight trains from North Bay -to Englehart and
return* The lignite in the most successful runs averaged 8100 B.toiu/ibo, 25
per cent moisture and 7o4 per cent asho The locomotives were equipped with special
front ends and grates 0
Mr. Sutherland concluded that the full tonnage rating of the two
locomotives tested could be developed with this mixture but that the special front
end did not eliminate the fire hazard and that slag formation on the tube sheet
occurred at high rates of combustion due to the strong fluxing action of the lignite
ash on the ash of the bituminous coalo
He calculated the value of the lignite in the mixtures to be 55*6 per
cent of Pittsburgh No 0 8 coal and 52o65 per cent of Dorothy seam coal, and pointed
out that lignite dried at 400 Ibso/sqo in. would have a higher calorific value and
9a
FIGURE 3
FLOW SHEET FOR FLEISSNER PROCESS
1050 tens Raw Lignite

per 24 Heurs
Moisture
Crushing, Screening .390 teas minus 3/8" te

boiler feed
660 tens plus 3/8" .100 terns refuse te waste

Hand cobbing, Washing
560 terns clean

Fleissner Preeess
350 teas
Vibrating Soreems
(6" te n te 4 te 1/8") (minus 1/8")

Furnace Domestic Steker Pulrerized Fuel it, Less
55 tens 105 tens 160 terns 30 tens
per day per day per day per day
-10-
A correspondingly higher value when burned in mixtures o
The mixture of ijtl lignite to coal was taken to correspond to a
3:1 mixture using lignite dried at 400 Ibso/sqo in0 However, since the bitumi
nous coal is expected to hold the fuel bed together by its coking action,
conclusions regarding a 3s l mixture should not be based on these tests*
On the basis of the Sutherland report and considering only the
locomotive itself, the minimum requirement would be a front end capable of
eliminating the fire hazard at full steaming rates and a bituminous coal having an
ash not readily fluxed by lignite asho
The memorandum from Mr. Cavanagh, (Appendix C) pointed out further
obstacles to the use of lignite by the railway* He estimated that a capital
outlay of 11,500,000 would be required to make the necessary changes to permit
burning a mixture of lignite and bituminous coal, and then not with entirely
saitsfactory resultSo His memorandum ends with the statement "In conclusion, I
would recommend that in any consideration of the future development of lignite, the
Railway should not be counted on as a potential consumer in its locomotive
operationso "
The large industries buying coal directly from importers or coal mines
include paper mills and metal mines which use the coal for steam-raising and the
Noranda smelter which uses the coal in smelting furnaces. In the latter case, a
high flame temperature is of utmost importance and Fleissner lignite could not
compete due to its relatively high moisture contents
In the majority of paper mills and metal mines, some form of continuous
fuel feeding device is used and the available heat values of Table IV provide a good
estimate of the relative fuel value of Fleissner lignite in so fas ae available
heat units are concerned,,
Where boiler installations have been designed to burn wood or wood-
waste no difficulty would anticipated in substituting lignite*.
Where boiler settings and furnaces have been designed to burn bituminous
coal difficulties may be anticipated in changing to Fleissner lignite or to a
Fleissner lignite- coal mixture of a 1:2 or higher ratio due to the fact that
TABLE IV
COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE HEAT OF ELEISSNER DRIED LIGNITE
AND SOME COMPETING FUELS
Air Dried Air Dried Fleissner Alberta U. S. Nova Scotia U. S. Low U.S.
Pine Slabs Maple Dried Drumheller Bituminous Bituminous Volatile Anthracite
Lignite Sub-Bituminous
( over 4 M ) Egg and lump
Bulk Density 17 32 32 47 50 48 51 52
(Ibs./cu.ft.)
Gross Calorific value 8090 6970 8890 10,140 13,500 13,980 14, 080 13,190
(B.t.u./lb.)
Available Heatl 7289 6151 8210 9,456 12,950 13,265 13,554 12,851
(B.t.u./lb. )
Amount to equal 1.61 2 1.03 2 1.58 1.37 1.00 0.98 0.96 1.01
1 ton U.S. Bitum (cords) (cords) (tons) ( tons ) (tons) (tons) (tons) (tons)
inous ,
Available Heat4- 124,000 197,000 262,720 444,000 647,500 636,720 691,000 668,000
(B.t.u./cu. ft. bulk)
Bulk Volume to equal 5.22 3.29 2.47 1.46 1.00 1.02 0.94 0.97
1 cu.ft. U.S.
Bituminous
Moisture ^ 10.1 18.0 20.0 15.8 1*5 1.2 0.8 2.9
Volatile Matter fa 73.8 66.0 35.7 31.1 40.5 34.7 19.8 5.1
Ash ^ 0.7 1.1 6.8 6*8 7-5 7-5 8.1 9-5
Sulphur f0 0.0 0.1 0.75 0.8 3.5 3.4 - 2.8 0.9
1 After allowing for evaportion of moisture and~ water produced by the burning
of the hydrogen in the fuel. Flue gas exit temperature taken as 600 6F. This
is a good measure of industrial fuel value. However, in hand-fired domestic
stoves and furnaces, the high volatile fuels lose combustible matter up the
flue after each stoking, the high ash fuels tend to lose combustible matter
through the grates, so their actual fuel value will be less than that shown
in the table.
2 Corresponding amounts for spruce and birch would be 1.1 and 1.7 cords respectively
o
P
TABLE V
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COAL CONSUMPTION
IN NET TONS (2000 Ib. )
A. Coal Used by Railways 19291 1937 2 19433

-1932 -1232
(1) T. and N.O. Ry.
Locomotive 85,000 98,129 116,247
Stationary Boilers (18,000) 5,098 4,074
All other uses 4,368 3,376?
(2) C.N.R. Ry.
Taschereau to Hearst 36,000 data not data not at
given hand
B, Area .north of North Bay
Served by T. and N.O. Ry.
(1) Large Industries
AbitibT Power" and Paper Co
{Iroquois Falls) 60,0004 23,560 30,000
Mines 25,000 27,100 29,699
(2) Small industries. Public
and Homes
Bituminoup 106,450 137,159
Anthracite 21,680 13,376
C. On C.N.R. West of Cochrane
Abitibi Power and Paper Co.
(Smooth Rock) 21,000
Spruce Falls Pulp and Paper Co,
(Kapuskasing) 70,000
D. Noranda Smelter 90,000 data not 100,OOO 6
given
1. Ontario Research Foundation report 1932.

2. Sutherland Report. . , ., ,
3. Western coal not included. Iri last full dalendar year
which western coal was handled^ 1941, 61 f 804-: tons was ;
delivered by T. and N. '0. to p!ointfe northi of iforthBayc
4. Total for all mills, including those on O*N,R.
5. Includes 764 tons Anthracite ^
6. Approximate value, :
•f**""*"'1™*'-'"'
-11-
approximately twice the volume of fuel would have to be handled by the feeding
equipment and the fuel bed more apt to be disturbed by the forced draft* The
difficulties will be most serious where it is customary to operate the equipment
close to its maximum capacity with bituminous coal for extended periods*
In Appendix fi of the Sutherland Report, Mr. Sutherland described tests
made/sgjtt January 1942 on an underfeed stoker boiler installation in the T.& N.O.
Shops in North Bay using a mixture of li tons of lignite dried at 200 Ib./sq. in.
steam pressure to l ton of bituminous coal*! Bo concluded that this mixture
could replace the coal without necessitating a change in the burning equipment but
that replacement by Flei ssner lignite alone would mean lowered combustion efficiency
and capacity.
* ~' ' **
UT. F.O. Foster, Superintendent of Motive Power A Car Equipment|

\. ' ' ' •'•••". - - -: :'
T.&N.O. Railway in a letter attached to Mr. Cavanagh's Memorandum (Appendix C)
states "In connection with our power plants I do not believe that lignite or
iignite-bituminoua mixture can be suocessfully used without remodelling our present
type of boilers and furnaces, giving consideration to stoker and the necessary
furnace capacity*'1
In questions of this Kind*, the only final answer can be obtained by
experience over a considerable period of time. With the data at our disposal the .
Commission can only conclude that Flefssner lignite can be used
(1) in boiler settings designed to burn wood waste
(2) to partially replace coal in oases where maxima boiler output
is not required.
(3) to partially replace coal where the consumer is prepared to make
extensive changes in equipment, particularly'grates and fuel
feeding equipment*
The problem of storage for large industrial users has already
discussed.
8. The Domestic Problem
Information on the relative value of Fleissnsr lignite in a station
type stove is given in the reports of the Bureau of Minea, Ottawa listed in
Appendix A. A report by Mr. W. Gerrie on a series of tests in domestic furnaces
-12-
and commercial stoker and hand-fired installations in February 1942 wej submitted
to the Commission on March 6, 1944*
Under domestic conditions where firing may occur at 12 hour intervals,
i . *
the values given in Table IV for available heat no longer apply without modifica
tion since the high volatile fuels will lose more combustible matter up the flue
immediately after firing and the high ash fuels will lose nore combustible
matter through the grates*
: "- . : ' -'" ' . i
The Ottawa investigators concluded that Fleissner lignite was not a

suitable fuel for a station type stove due to difficulty in controlling the
burning rate, fire hazard, etc. One report concludes*1 "All these factors point
to the necessity as in the case of raw lignite, of employing a grate with a large
- . - ', '"•••' .:. . ' . V ' t;
area and narrow openings, to allow for butnlng the lignite in thin layers and
prevent the complete smothering of the hot fuel bed with fresh opal*"
The Gerrie report describes qualitative tests made over periods of
from one to six days of Fleissner lignite and lignite-coal mixtures in some 15
commercial stokers, 6 commercial hand-fired furnaces, 3 domestic hot-air furnaces/
1 ' :
4 domestic hot-water boilers and 3 fire places* In addition, small amounts of

Fleissner lignite were distributed to 50 householders for use in domestic stoves
and furnaces. These tests were made in February 1942*
With regard to stoker equipment, it was found that by increasing the ,.
stoker feed rates, and partially closing the primary air and flue dampers mixtures
of from l| to l to 3 to l of Fleissner lignite to coal could be burned at a
sufficient rate to maintain the heating load, the higher ratios being possible1
where the equipment was not usually pushed to capacity. The high reactivity of
lignite makes it possible to burn the necessary volume of fuel per-hour provided
the feeding equipment win handle it. The tests in the other types of equipment
were considered equally satisfactory. t,
These tests were essentially qualitative in character and no figures
are available regarding rates
.
of consumption.
- . -. . .
v-
-' C";i.,
It is to be expected that the most difficulty would be encountered
with furnaces designed for anthracite and without any reserve capacity.
With regard to the storage of Fleissner lignite under domestic
conditions) its bulk and tendency to disintegrate on direct exposure to the elements
will present problemso Rather frequent deliveries and inside storage would
probably be necessary. Where dry cellars are available, some drying out of the
Fleissner lignite Kill occur which will be advantageous,,
It can only be concluded from the data at hand that the reaction of
the domestic and commercial consumer Dill depend on the type and capacity of the
equipment available and the willingness of the, oonstmes to go to extra trouble
and expense where necessaryo
9* Summary
Raw Onakawana lignite is 5(# moisture and of use only at the deposito
From three tons of raw lignite, one ton of Fleissner processed lignite can be
madeo For the same available heat units as U0 S 0 bituminous coal, 106 times the
weight and 20 5 times the volume of Fleissner lignite willbe required,,
In the area under consideration, coal is purchased on contract by the
railways and the large industrial consumers; other commercial and domestic
consumers buying largely through dealers o
From technical considerations, the railways should not be con
sidered as potential markets in connection with a commercial development* Apart
from price considerations, the volume of industrial, commercial and domestic sales
realizable in practice will depend on the equipment available and the willingness .
of the consumer to go to the extra trouble and expense where necessary in handling
the extra weight and volume of a fuel presenting problems in storing and feeding
but having some advantage in cleanliness and reactivity* A price differential
would be a strong inducement.
Commercial development envisages the mining of 300,000 tons of
lignite per annum and the production of 100,000 tons of Fleissner lignite*
If the coal used on locomotives and in the Horanda Smelter is omitted
from the calculations, 20# of the remaining coal would have to be replaced by
Fleissner lignite in order to market the 100,000 tons per annum contemplated in
the proposed commercial development* The possibility of doing this can be Judged
better in connection with the estimated selling prices to be discussed later*
II EXPERIMENTAL DE7ETflPMV.HT
9* Manure and Extent i, .
As a result of the expenditures made and work done up to December

31, 19-43, there are at the deposit a large boiler plant containing a high pressure
steam boiler with a top rating one-third greater than thai required by full scale
commercial development, a partially equipped processing plant, a 3W dragUiie
shovel and accessory mining equipment* A start has been made at opening a box cu^b
-" ' . ' ' "' -' ' ' ' ' "- - ." "". "- s - ' ' ,
along the east and north sides of Area Ac It will require a further capital
expenditure to put the experimental plant into operation.
The experimental development necessitates the installation of full
' ' * ,- ' -: ' ;- -r
scale crushing and screening equipment in the processing plant but only two of the
eight autoclaves required for full scale processing* The present drag-line
would be capable of stripping operations during the experimental development atage
but would not have sufficient capacity for an enlarged operation.
' If the experimental development is resumed stripping should be
started as soon as pit conditions permit and mining and processing carried on from
about August 1st, 1944 to March 31, 1945o This programme presupposes the
immediate
• •-'•--•'••if
completion of the
.
small scale processing
.
plant.
,
Scheduled
. .-
production
-'
would be 90 tons of Fleissner lignite per day or 2340 tons per month. If this ie
achieved, approximately 18,000 tons of Fleissner lignite or i.6% of the proposed
annual commercial output will be available for marketing investigation during the
winter of 1944-1945* 7
A detailed estimate of the cost of the propsed experimental develop
ment has been prepared by Mr. Do G. Sinclair of the Ontario Department of Mines
and is repreoduced as Appendix D of this report. He estimates the total
expenditure as follows:
180,000 Capital expenditure
135,000 Operating cost for equivalent of nine
No credit allowance is made for money realised by the sale of Pleissner

lignite during this period, since it is an uncertain quantity.
-15-
If properly carried out the experimental development should give
definite information about (1) the cost and difficulty of the minint operation, in
the light of which the drill-hole data oould be reinterpreted, (2) the cost
and practicability of the processing operation and (3) the dealer and consumer
reaction to Jleissner Iignite0
The ultimate decision regarding commercial development must be based
very largely on information and experience secured by this experimental develop
ment* t
COERCIAL
10o preface
In order to assist the Government in reaching a decision as to whether
further expenditure on t his experimental programme is justifiable, your Commission
has reviewed all the reports and recommendations previously made to the Government
on the basis of a sull-soale conkercial operation* The difficulties of arriving
at any final conclusion will become more apparent in the
""-X-'
succeeding
'
sections
'
of
the report. .
Csts
i ,. .~ -
The economic success or failure of a commercial development of, the
Onakawana lignite deposit rests largely on mining costs o
It is impossible to get accurate figures on the costs of mining,
because there is no data available on lignite mining operations carried on under
comparable conditions of climate, overburden and wet lignite* The mining costs
quoted here have made some allowance for such contingencies, but in general
they are based on favourable operating conditions* There is more likelihood
that these figures will be found to be low, than that tfcey idll be high, if a
commercial production is undertaken. -
Mining cost figures prepared by Dr* T. Ho Hogg, toronto} T.G.J&erow,
Vice-President of the Truax-Traer Coal Company, Chicago} and P, G. Sinclair,
Department of Mines, Toronto are shown below. These are based on mining 300,000
tons of lignite per annumo
-16-
NOVEMBER
Estimated M^nin^ C.osJ' **L
This estimate covers the total cost of excavating and

delivering the lignite to the drying plant and includes all fixed
charges, labour, power, maintenance and overhead*
Stripping and mining to be by electric draglines and
shovels mounted on oaterpillarso
Transportation from pit te drying plant to be by gteam
driven locomotives and trainso .
Depreciation on all main equipment 10# per annum.
Interest on all capital 65t par anttutto
Total capital cost, material and equipment |452,800
based on purchase of second-hand equipment at 60# of original*
Co,s t -
This is an estimate of the total cost of excavating and
delivering lignite to the drying planto It includes ttfxttav fuel,
maintenance and overheado
Stripping and mining to be by Dieselrpotfered walking
draglines and shovel 0 Haulage from pit to drying plant by truck*
Estimated Mining Cost — TLo 7 cents /ton raw lignite

This is an estimate of the total cost of excavating and
delivering lignite to the drying plant. It includes labour,
fuel, maintenance, overhead, insurance, depreciation (1050 and
interest on capital at 3#o
The Gerow mining and haulage plaiHLs adopted but equip
ment and labout costs are based onectual experience at Onakawana.
Sinclair makes no allowance for building and maintenance
of haulage ways. Hogg allows 608 cents/ton of raw lignite}
Gerow 0.33 cents per ton raw lignite*
The Hogg report is 12 years old and much of the data is no longer
applicable. Gerow8 s report is based on labour rates and equipment costs not
applicable .at Onakawana o The Sinclair report is the closest approximation we
have at presento *
12e Erocfsaiflg jlaats.
The only recent estimate of processing costs is that included in
the Sinclair report (Appendix E). ^ ;
-l1?.
13o ffpmmercjLaJ.
Sinclair (Appendix E) gives detailed coste for mining and
processing 300,000 tons of raw lignite per annum to produce 100*000 tons
of Fleissner lignite o Provision is made for the purchase of heavier mining,
loading and transporting equipment and for expanding the power and processing
plantSo
The memorandum may be summarized as follows:
iggsndj^ê, (in addition to that contemplated in
preliminary development)
Outside equipment #486,800
Power plant 119^400
Processing plant 142,000 -
1748,200
Cost per ton of Fleissner lignite

Mining Iol55
Processing o954
Administration b Overhead 0368
Insurance o150
Depreciation loOTO
Interest *303
I4o00 f Oo. b0 cars Onakawana.

No provision has been made for (1) building operating a townsite,
(2) storage facilities to take care of fluctuating seasonal demand for produce
#
(3) interest and amortization on expenditures prior to 1941 (1477,985*40) and
on operating cost of experimental development (|135,000) 0 A standby boiler
(|110,000j is included in the capital costs but not depreciated,
It it is decided that the commercial development should amortize
all preproduetion e xpense and pay depreciation on a standby boiler and
if some unfavourable factors develop in the mining and marketing operations,
the #4oOO per ton figure in the Sinclair memorandum might be increased
as shown
# fc910,085o40 (Appendix B) less * I432,100o00 (Page 4* Appendix E)

- IB-
Interest (5J6) and Amortization

on (1) Expenditures prior to 1941 ^ Oo4#0
(*477,935o40)
(2) Exploratory Operation 0*135
An increase in mining cost of 20 cents/ ton* 0*600
(Of which road building and maintenance
might account for one-half.) -
Depreciation on Standby Boiler OolO
Townsite, Storage facilities for Fleissner
lignite ?
TT.315
Sinclair cost - 4*00
l 5*32 per ton

To show the effect of such an increase, the selling prices shown in
the tables to follow were calculated on both 14*00 per ton and f5*30 per ton
basiso
# ^910,085*40 (Appendix B) less *432,100oOO (Page 4, Appendix E)
Tables VI and VII show the freight rates for lignite from Onakawana
to consuming centers of interest) the selling prices of 1.6 tons of Fleissner
lignite and the corresponding cost of competing fuels as determined by a recent
survey made by the Commission, and the prices quoted in the 1932 Foundation
report. Table VI refers to industrial fuel and Table VII to domestic fuelo
In both cases the factors given in Table IV were used in calculating equivalent
quantities of fuel.
The prices given in the 4th column of Table VI are very close to
those paid by the gold mines in 1943* The fifth column gives the corresponding
figures for the paper companies who buy in much larger quantities. It is
obvious from the last column that coal has increased materially in price since
1932o Since Sutherland reported only a small increase to 1939, most of the
above increase has occurred since the waro
There is no specific rate available for the movement of Lignite on
the CoK.Ro Therefore we have used the prevailing rates for bituminous coal to
Smooth Rock Falls and Kapuskasing* The TO& N.0 0 Railway has quoted the special
rates used in this reporto
In Table VII, dealer* s margins have been added as shown. The figures
...,. , 'i '' '' .** ' " V .; . .. . , l ,. .ft";.- ' ' ' . -''- ' - .
for population show that it will be necessary to ship as far as Kirkland Lake
and Timmins in order to contact any considerable proportion of the demesne market.
In both Tables, the selling prices of Fleissner lignite are shdwn both
on a #4oOO and a I5o30 production coste, ,
No allowance is made for the inconvenience to the consumer in
lo 6 times the weight and 2o5 times the voltaite of fuel) etc. but the dealer is
compensated for the extra weight by adding his~margin before multiplying by Îo6o
A study of Tables V, VI and VII shows that if a production cost of
#4*00 is realizable there would be a favourable price differential in some
principal consuming centreso As the production cost increases above this
estimate the potential market decreases* The above tables show that when the
revised estimate of I5o30 per ton is reached, processed lignite in the same;
consuming centers has lost its price advantage and becomes more expensive than
'
it -
#
- " '
the competing coal at present available* - i
lo Haw lignite can only be used at the deposit and it is not a commercial fuelo
Processed lignite alone or in admixture with bituminous coal can be used for
domestic and certain industrial purposes in spite of technical difficulties
provided the economic factors involved are sufficiently favourable. For
reasons stated processed lignite should not be regarded as a potential fuel
for use on locomotives now operating on the T.-& N.O o Railway*
o Up to thd end of 1943 a total of fc855,851o89 had been spent by the, Ontario
Government on drilling, research, experimental development and planto
Expenditures for January l, 194A— March 31, 1944 will be approximately
^56,000*
. An estimate has been made of the cost of completion of the experimental plant
and a nine months programme of mining, processing and marke^4nvesîgation,
namely, |215,0000
. With adequate technical and^jwnagerial svêrvision thits programme should
produce reliable data in regard to, (a) the ohtraot*ristit)9 of tiw deposit,
-20- - . . , : ; - ':-."
(b) mining problems and coste, (o) processing methods?-- (d) consumer
reaction in the industrial and domestic fields provided the fuel IB sold at
a cost which is based on estimates' for a commercial operation.
5. Insufficient data is available upon which to base anything but an estimate
as to what processed lignite will cost on a commercial scale. Estimates
of both capital expenditure and processing costs -are submitted.,
fi,- .-'- - _ '-" . '
60 Estimates for the cost of production of processed lignite are submitted

which vary from 14,00 to |5o30 per ton. At the lower figure processed
lignite could compete with coal at prevaiUhg prices, which may or may not
continue after the waro At the upper figure it could not*
7* In peacetime both Alberta and Nova Scotia coal enter this economic area and
both are subsidized by the Federal Government. For the time being these
fuels are not available, but no long-term view of the *cojnomics of this
problem is complete without information as to future Federal aijd Provincial
policy,, ' ' . ;' - ' •'••••"•- : '. v; '"- •'••^••': "'. : v ' \v\-"''',: ;'-'
80 Owing to pressure on transportation facilities, the experimental programme

presupposes an understanding with the Federal Controllers: pT FJBel and Trans*
port that sufficient cars will be provided*
i
9* The fuel problems of the 1944-45 season are not clear} it is not known
whether the lignite development should still be regarded as a potential fuel
reserve for Northern Ontarioo It should be borne in mind that the experimental
development alone will not produce sufficient fuel to make any.significant
contribution to the total needs of northern Ontario. Production on a
commercial scale cannot be achieved before the season of 1945-46*
The Fuel Commission desires to acknowledge the cooperation and

assistance given by Mr. Nixon and Mr0 Gerrie who have supervised and directed
recent work at the deposit and by Hr. Sinclair of the Ontario Department of Mines*
Dr. A.EoH. Westman has made a distinct contribution to this Report in technical
matters and by serving as Secretary to the Commissiono
"F.Do Tolchard1', Commissioner
"Oeo. B. Langford" Commissioner
Toronto, MH,B* Speakman" Chairman
March 15, 1944o
TABLE VI
COMPETITIVE POSITION OF GLEISSHER LIGNITE
AS AN INDUSTRIAL FUEL
Place Railway Freight Cost in Cars^ Cost in Cars of Cost in Cars of Cost in Care o:
Miles Rate of 1.6 tons of 1.0 tons Penna. Equiv. Weight Equiv. Weight
I/ton Fleissner Lig- Bituminous Pre- Industrial Coal of Industrial
nite (|) pared Sizes on Contract Coal (193-2)
(1) (1944) (1) (1943)
(a) ib )
Onakawana 0 0 16.40 18.48
Smooth Rock Falls .155 3. 101 11.36 is. 44 11.38 9.662
(21,000 tons)
per anmro
Iroquois Falls 161 1.49 3.78 10 .'86 11.38 10. 3?3 7.60
(30,000 tons)
per annum
Timmins 187 1.49 8.78 10.86
- - \ 11.78 7*75
Kapuskasing 196 3.401 11.84 13.92 11.38 9.604 7.56
(70,000 tons)
. per annum .
Kirkland Lake 220 1.68 9.09 11.17 11 .38 8.505
Rouyn-Noranda 274 2.08 9.73 11.80 11.38 " C* 8-.40
Cobalt •'""'276. 2.08 9^73; 11.80 10.96 ." '. . 8.505
Horth Bay 37B i: z M \';;-ip'iS7'.::"^-^.;. 12.45 ?*90/ •'" ' s
8.56^
1. via C.N.Ri from Cochrane,

:,: ' '''i.
bituminous coal rate. Ho special rate for j
lignite published.
2. 5/8" z It* Preferred Stoker.
3. 2* nut and slack.
4. 0.?6 tons f" Pocaiiontas.
5. Includes about 50 cents dealer margin V'
Biksed on 14.00/tdn cost on cars, Onakawana,
(b) Based on 45-30/ton cost on cars Onakawana. ro
o
1
1
- AS A DOMESTIC FUEL
Delivered4
*
TABLE -VII
COMPETITIVE POSITION OF FLEISSNER LIGHITE
Delivered4 Delivered4
ft
Delivered5
1
1 Place Railway Freight Selling Price, Selling Price

l (population) Miles Rate Selling Price Selling Price of 1.0 tons
|/ 1 on of 1.6 tons of of 1 ton Penna. 0.96 tons Mut b
1 (year) Bituminous Coal Pocahontas (^ ) Anthracite
Fleissner Lig (1)
nite (S) (|)
(a}
ATT *^ f\
(b)
4^ l *z o Q
0 0 ^11.20 ^13. So
1 Onakawana
12.90 14.98 14,7.8 15.17 ' 19.41
1 Cochrane 126 1.06
1 (2,844) (1941) 16.16 18.24 14.38 15.84
1 Smooth Rock Falls 155 3.103
1 (953) (1941) 13.58 15.66 14.38 15.17 19.41
l Iroquois Falls 161 1.49
1 (1,302) (1941) 13.58 15.66 14.78 15-17 19-41
1 Timmins , 187 1.49 s
1 (36, 759 T U939) 3.403 16.64 18.72

l Kapuskasing 196
1 (3,431) (1941) 14.38 15.06 *9.01
1 Kirkland Juake 220 1.68 13.89 15-97
1 (21, 959 )2 U939) 14.53 16.61 13.96 14.50 18.61
l New Liskeard 266 2.08
1 (S*pl9) (1941) 271 2.08 , 14.53 * 16.61
i fiMIleybury 19.31. ;
1 (2,268) (1941) 14.53 16.61 14.38 14.98
1 Rouyn-Noranda 274 2.08 T •-. . : 'l8^6l' . ; '"--:'" ' ' - . ; ' . ^
1
1 , (15,382) (1941) 14.53; 16.61 13*96 14i50 . . -.. . .
l Cobalt 276 2.08
1
l
v (2*376) (1941)
North Bay 378 2.48 15.17 17.25 12.90 13.63
1 " (15,599) (1941) •' "-' ,. '.' -
A. Tnel udes dealer rnargj
1. -,-,-~ .
Includes Tisdale Township 5* . " ' .50 per ton
2. Via
Teck C.N.R. Rate forvbitumnouss UWCIJL,
Township 6. Egg-stove price 60 cents/ton higher or 58
3. Yia C.N.R. Rate for-bituminous coal,
no special
- - rate
*- on
— lignite available.
on a production costcents
•^4^*,^^- 0 ATTftilAble
(a) -Based for .96 tons.
of 44.00/ton
(b)-" " " " * " 15.30/ton.
to
APPENDIX - A .
LIST OF REPORTS DEALING WITH ONAKAWANA LIGNITl

(1952 - 1944)
{1) A Technical and Economic Investigation of Northern Ontario Lignite.

Director of Ontario Research Foundation, December 19, 1952i .Ontario
Department of Mines, Vol. XL11 Part 5, 1955o
Contents - This report lists and summarizes all previous reports
including Marion report of August 1951*
v .
Klitzing report
of 1951 and March 1952, Hogg report of 1952,
Designation - Ontario Research Foundation 1952 Report.(Copy
attached)
(2) A Report of an Investigation of the Possibilities of the Commercial
Development of the Lignite Deposit at Onakawana* Ontario.
R.L, Sutherland, May 28, 194U 0 ,
Contents - This report is largely a market survey.
Designation - First Sutherland Report.
(5) Report on a Preliminary Laboratory Study of the High pressure Steam
Drying of Onakawana Lignite,
Swartzman E 0 and Warren T.E. November 1940. Bureau of Mines, ottawa.
Contents - Woody, peaty and earthy lignite were subjected to steam
pressures from 100 to 620 Ibs./ sg,, in.
Designation - B, of M. #1.
(4)
t Bore Hole and Drill Hole Logs.
A,R. Crozier, Ontario Department of Mines.
Contents - Drill Hole Log -Holes CI to C18 -Jan. 12,1952-
i
March 25, 1952.
Bore Hole Log #1 - Holes Bl to B182 -Sept. 26, 1959 to
December 16, 1941.
2.
(5) Notes on Lignite Burning in Domestic Plants 0

W. Gerrie. February 1942 0 Lignite Development #5, Office of
Industrial Commissioner, T. A N.O* Ry,
i
Contents - Fleissner lignite alone and in admixture with bituminous
coal burned in commercial and domestic heating appliances.
Designation - Gerrie Report.
(6) The Suitability of Various Fuels for Use in Station Type Stoves Employed
by the Department of National Defence 6
Swartzman E 0 and Baltzer CoE 6 March 19, 1941, Bureau of Mines,Ottawa,
Contents - Information largely contained in (7)*
Designation - B. or Mo #11,
(7) Investigation on the Drying of Northern Ontario Lignite with Steam
at High Pressures o
Warren T.Eo, Bowles K.Wo, Gerrie W 0 and Swartzman E* 1941 o Bureau of
Mines, Ottawa.
Contents - l - Investigation of Process
11 - Preparation of Large Samples
*
111 - Physical Characteristics
IT - Y/eathering Properties
V - Burning Tests in Stoves
Designation - B.'of M0 #111 o
(8) Preliminary Tests on the Blnderless Briquetting of Northern Ontario
Lignite by means of the Komarek-Greaves Process,
Swartzman E 0 June 1941,
Contents - Air-dried and steam-dried
,
fines subjected to \
briquettingo
Properties of briquettes determined.
Designation -Bc of M0 #lV e
3.
(9) Onakawana Lignite Development,
Gerow T.G* January 1942 e ' , '
Contents - Plan for mining and costs worked out for exploratory
stage and commercial stage.
Designation - Gerow Report,
(10) Burning of mixtures of Steam-Dried Onakawana Lignite and Bituminous
Coals in Locomotives and in a Stationary Boiler of the T. ft NoO* fcy*
in 1941-42 o
R.L. Sutherland, 1942.
Contents - As indicated by. title.
Designation - Second sutherland Report.
(11) Burning Characteristics of Semi-Commeroialiy Dried Ontario Lignite.
Swartzman E 0 Feb 0 1942* Bureau of Mines, Ottawa.
Contents - Two domestic sizes of steam-dried lignite burned in
station-type stove*
Designation - B e of M* #7,
(12) Summarized statement of Work Done in Connection with Development Of
the Onakawana Lignite Field since September 1939 e
Nixon WoG. August l, 1942.
Contents - As indicated by title.
Designation - Nixon Statement l,
(13) Memorandum on Lignite Development,
Sinclair D.G* Jan 0 21, 1944, Ontario Department of Mines.
Contents - l - Financial statement of expenditures to date.
11 - Estimate of cost to March 31, 1944.
ill - Estimate of cost of experimental production
March Jl, 1944 to March 31, 1945. (Revised, see
Appendix D).
IV - Estimate or cost of commercial production March
31,1945 to March 31,1955 and of equivalent selling
.4.
price at various points in Northern Ontario,, (Revised,
Appendix E) . "
Designation - Sinclair memorandum.
(14) Memorandum to Fuel Committee 0
Cavanagh A,H 0 Chairman.ft Gen 0 Manager T. db H.'.O* Ry- February 1,1944.
Contents - i - Memorandum on use of raw and steam-dried lignite
on the T, ft* N.O. Ry e
11 - Supplementary statement by Mr 0 7. Ge Foster,
Supt e Motive Power ft Car Equipment ToA N.
Designation - Cavanagh Mrmorandum 0
APPENDIX B
AUDITED STATEMENT 07 gOVgRNMEBT
EXPENDITURES RE ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
By the Department of Mines;

Year Development Reseqron Total
1928-29 23,402,05 23,*02o03
1929-30 I35i597.55 2,916.0* 138,513.59
193U-J1 93,5*2.45 8,9*5.56 102,488*01
1931-32 13,971.28 16,389.48 32,360.76
1932-33 l,857.61 9,920ol5 11,77-7.76
1933-34 845.97 5,888.41 6,73*.38
1934.35 200.00 200.00
TOTAL |269,*16 9 89 **6,059o6* *315,*76.53

By T, A Railway (Totals absorbed in Lands ft Forests* Figures)
1939-40 17,614o60
1940-41
1941-42 39,998,57
1942-43 60,220o75
TOTAL 141,
By Lands 6 Forests;
1942-43 299,993.55
1943.44 238,785.97
(to DeOo31)
TOTAL 1538,779.52 1538, 779.52
854,256.05
FORECAST Jan.-Mar. /44 J55.829.35 55,829.35
GRAND TOTAL 4910,085.*0
COPY
OFFICE OF PROVINCIAL AUDITOR
Toronto , February 14,1944.
Dr. H, B. Speakman,
Chairman,
Fuel Commission of Ontario,
Ontario Research Foundation,
43 Queents Park,
Toronto ,
Dear Sir:-
The figures re Expenditures on Lignite Development supplied
to you by Mr. Sinclair of the Department of Mines and subsequently
forwarded to us have been examined. They are returned herewith and
commented upon as follows:
Development Expenditures
The -amounts shown in this column totalling |269*416.89 are
in agreement with the public Accounts for the years indicated. In
addition thereto the Public Accounts show the following expenditures
set out by years:
477.50
1936-37 496.96
1937-3& 218.25
1938-39 196.87
1939-40 183.00
1940-41 23.46
l
These figures have apparently not been reported to you since they
consist almost exclusively of Watchman and Maintenance Expenditures,
Research;
The Items in this column have been agreed with the expenditure
as shown in the Department or Mines records.
T. ft N.O. Railway Expenditures -
The breakdown of T. * N.O. Railway Expenditures for the raa?8
1939 to 1943, totalling Jl41,528.61 was obtained by Mr. SinoA^W
from figures submitted by Mr* H, C. Nixon as indicated on the sheet
appended hereto. Audit Office records indicate the T. d; N.O*
Railway Expenditures by fiscal years to have been:
4u 117,501,76
1940-41 25,674.51
1941-42 37*740.56
1942-45 60,220.75
1158.957.58
A reconciliation between these figures has not yet been arrived at
as it is felt that Mr. Nixon*s figures were derived from records
which were subsequently altered on audit and consequently paid at
a different figure than indicated by MT. Nixon,• o
Expenditures by Lands and Forests;
The figures of t299,995o55 for 1942-45 is in agreement
with the Public Accounts for that year and the amount of |258 yf85*97
for expenditure to December 51, 1945, is in agreement with the
Audit Office records c
Expenditures re Salaries to January 18, 1944 0
Mr 0 Sinclair's report indicates this amount to be
f47,455.67 o This figure is substantially correotthere having been
two minor changes resulting from audit of these accounts which would
reduce this total by #505.70. You will appreciate, of course, that
these payments were not all through the Audit Office records by
the 18th of January 1944, but were paid subsequent to this date in
certain instances.
Expenditure re Maintenance to January 15, 1944 0
The total of {196,200.89 for Maintenance and operation
expenses to December 51, 1945, Is in accordance with the Audit office
records. Accounts passed for payment totalling |2j769*?2 have also
been paid through our records during .the month of January 1944*
The figure for credits on hand of |725.5Q was supplied by Mr o
McMillan of the Department of Lands and Forests and we are informed
that this is represented by credit advices from suppliers which
had not yet passed through our hands.
No attempt has been made to verify the accuracy of
any estimated figures supplied to you by Mr. Sinclair.
Trusting that this information will serve your purpose
as outlined in your letter to the Honourable J&v Frost dated
February 9th, 1944* I remain,
Yours very truly,
Sgd: H. A. Cotnam
HAC/FD. PROVINCIAL AUDITOR.
LIGNITE DEVELOPMENT
i
Statement showing expenditures under T.& N.O.

Hallway jurisdiction.
(a) on the basis of the calendar year as from the commencement of the
work In July 1939to the end of August 1942. January to Deoemben
July 1939 - December 31, 1939 l 12,253.95
Jan. 1/40 - December 31, 1940 23,418.58
Jan* 1/41 -December 31, 19*1 41,917.56
Jan. 1/42 - August 31, 1942 63*938.52
TOTAL EXPENDITURE - . |141,528.6l
(b) on the basis of the Government fiscal year as from April 1st.
to March 31st:
July 1939 -March 31,1940 | 17,614.60
f
April 1/40 - March 31, 1941 23,694.69

April 1/41 - March 31, 1942 39,998.53
April 1/42 - August 31, 1942 60,220.75
TOTAL EXPENDITURE - ^141*528*61

APPENDIX ft: :
MEMORANDUM FROM MR. A* lg.ÂVANAQH. CHAIRMAN
T, ft N.O. RAILWA"f
On January 28th,, 1941, 4 "Memorandum was prepared, setting

forth the views of the Management o;!- this Railway with respect to
the use of Onakawana Lignite as a Railway fuel. The opinions
expressed in this memorandum were based on the knowledge which was
available at the time, but all subsequent investigations have
merely confirmed the conclusions then reached. These conclusions
were summarized on page 13' of thaf jaemorandum in the following words*
"Lignite cannot replace epal on locomotives except
at great capital outla#-Running into several million
dollars. 11
In making the above statement, we have reference to our
present conventional type locomotives, and it is this type of
locomotive which we deal with throughout the submission, our
present locomotives are designed for the burning of Bituminous
coals of approximately 14,000 B.T.Uls and to generate the same
power, using a lower grade fuel. the grate area, the fire-box
capacity, and other characteristics, wuld require to be modified,
as well as the coal carrying capacity of the locomotive tender.
The necessary modifications to burn processed lignite satisfactorily
are impossible with our present locomotives.
Tests which have been, conducted , and as covered in
Sutherland's report, indicate thet processed lignite, combined with
various percentages of Bituminous Oâi'j-'Oan be burned on sto'fcexM^
fired engines, but these tests wer^;ôBduoted under the most 0 ' ,
favourable conditions and under expert -handling of the locomotive,
and then not with entirely satisf&elftxr^results, which clearly
indicated the necessity for greater fuel carrying capacity of the
locomotive tender, or the construction of additional on-line coaling
facilities. To increase the lengtn of the tender, to provide for
the necessary fuel supply , would require the application of coal
pushers on each tender, the lengthening of turntables at terminal
points, also the lengthening of the locomotive shops, to take care
of the increased total length of the engine. These alterations
would involve a capital outlay of approximately fi, 500, 000. 00.
The alternative is that we increase the number of
intermediate coaling plants. It is estimated that we wou^d require
at least seven new fueling stations at an approximate odslS'tC .-,
|25,000.00 each. There would also be Nthe added expense ,.o ttjjaui*-,^
operation of such coaling plants. Establishment of additional
coaling plants is highly undesirable from an operating standpoint,
since they would create additional train stops with incidental
delays, thereby generally slowing up train movements, while the
tendency today is to eliminate delays and expedite train movements
in competition with other forms of; transportation,
2.
There is also the problem of mixing the lignite with Bituminous

coal, in order that the mix will reach the fire-box of the loco
motive in uniformly suitable proportions; this mixture, obviously,
would not be taken care of at individual coaling stations,. It
would, therefore seem tuat a central mixing plant would have to be
decided upon. While we are not aware of a design of such a plantj
we presume that this would not be an insurmountable obstacle,.
However, this mixing would have the effect of increasing handling
costs in over-haul of both lignite and coal, and in the unloading
and reloading, wnich, in this section of the country, would require
to be carried on under cover for Winter operations 0 The additional
handling involved in the mixing would undoubtedly cause some
deterioration in both coal and the processed lignite, i
This brings us to the conclusion that lignite Uould only be

used as a locomotive fuel by the purchase of new locomotives,
specially adapted to the use of this fuel; and even with loco
motives designed for lignite burning, we are still faced with the
problem of enlarging our round-houses; lengthening the turn-tables
and the construction of coaling plants with the capacity to handle
the greater tonnage and bulk, which would be required; and the
possible problem of mixing, assuming that it might still'be
necessary to add a small percentage of bituminous coal.
As stated in our Memorandum of January 28th ft , 1941, this
Railway is not likely to require additional or new motive power
within twenty or twenty-five years; and with the advancesbeing
made in the development of Diesel power, steam locomotives may
be obsolete within that time 0
In conclusion, I would recommend that in any consideration of
the future development of lignite, the Railway should not be
counted on as a potential consumer in its locomotive operations.
Sgdo A*Hc Cavanagh,
CHAIRMAN AND GENERAL MANAGER.

NORTH BAY , Ontario,
February 1st, 1944 0
North Bay, Ontario,
January 31, 1944 0
Mr e A 0 Ho Cav.anagh,
Herev/ith my personal report covering the observation

and investigation into the possibilities of the use of Bituminous
and Lignite Fuel Mixtures for Locomotives and Power Plant use e
LOCOMOTIVE TESTS COVERING ENGINES 1101 Jb ?06 "-000,1941
The statistical data regarding the results of these
tests was obtained by Mr. Sharpe, Chief Mechanical Draftsman,
Mr 0 Fairchilds, Serg&ce Engineer of the Superheater Co*, and
Mr t E. Giles, our Boiler Inspector, under the supervision of
Mr o Sutherland, Consulting Engineer and Mr. Wm, Gerrie, and the
final report was compiled by Mr 0 Sutherland,, The direct operation
of the engine was under the supervision of the Master Mechanic,
Mr. MoKenzie and the firing was under the supervision of Travelling
Fireman, Mr 0 Bainbridge 0 Therefore, we obtained the very best
locomotive operating results,
At the commencement of every trip, each train was
weighed, coal and water carefully calibrated, coal by weight and
water by meter. While both engines 1101 and J06 handled the
full tonnage, there were times when it was most difficult to
maintain full boiler pressure, and I am quite sure that if the
Engine Crew were left;to their own resources, without any assistance
of the Master Mechanic and the Travelling Fireman, we would have
had to stop a number of times on account of low steam pressure.
In regards to the using of Lignite Bituminous
Mixture for locomotive operation, there are a number of items that
must be given serious consideration j withour present type loco
motives. These considerations-are as follows:-'
The lignite mixture must be progressively mixed
so that we may be able to get the benefits of the bonding of the
bituminous coal with the lignite,, This is very necessary in order
to bring the stack losses down to a minimum 0 As we noticed
during our tests, when we got a straight run of improperly mixed
fuel, out stack losses would be considerably increased, due, I
presume, to the lightness of the lignite, During this period there
was always excessive sparking at the smoke stack; thus creating
fire hazards o
These engines were equipped with what is known as
the Anderson Front End, which was recommended to the Railway by the
Locomotive Firebox Company, who handle both Cyclone and the Anderson
as being the best front end for the burning of lignite and bituminous
mixtures. On account of the excessive sparking, it was necessary to
-2-
make some alterations in the front end, in an endeavour to eliminate

the excessive sparking, and then changesvwere made, it was found that
,it seriously interfered with the steaming of the Engine and its general
'efficiencyo It was also observed that every time the engine stopped,
there would be an accumulation of what I would call - Fly Ash Deposit-
in the smoke box and as soon as the blower of the Engine was operated,
there would be an emission of sparks from the smoke stack, similar to
fire works 0 The duration of this sparking condition continued until
the smoke box and tubes were cleaned of the Fly Ash, which indicated
that our Anderson front end, was certainly not successful as a spark
arrester with this class of fuel e The Board of Transport Commissioners
would not permit this Railway to operate locomotives until such times
as a irontvend was developed capable of eliminating the spark menace 0
Up to this time I know of no front end development that would meet
this requirement 0 It would have been impossible to have conducted
these tests during the dry summer season, because of the fire hazard.
I would like to say at this time that these tests were
conducted under very favourable weather conditions, there being no
frozen coal to contend with and no snow mixed in with the coal*
The lignite fuel used for the mixture on these tests was
processed at North Bay in an Autoclave using 200 Ibs 0 steam pressure
to reduce the moisture content to approximately 251U It was necessary
to cover all processed lignite with a tarpaulin, and those conducting
these tests, both Mr, Sutherland and Mr* Gefrie, were very careful
that this processed lignite would not be exposed to weather* This
has created a thought in my mind as to whether or not processed lignite
would have to be handled in box cars or an especially built type of
coal car with a roof on it, in order to avoid the possibility of its
absorbing moisture while in transit. If this thought is correct it
would mean we would have to have covered cars for the handling of
lignite, thus materially increasing our coal handling costs.
In an endeavour to use this mixture for locomotive operation,
it would either be necessary to build new tenders with an increased
coal capacity or build coal chutes every fifty miles on the Railway,
and in addition to either one of the above it will also be necessary
to equip all hand fired engines with stokers and vestibule cabs, new
front ends, if one can be found suitable, and new grate bars with the.
required air opening, also the tenders for the four 1100 Class Engines
would have to be equipped with Mechanical Coal Pushers,
These changes would involve a large capital expenditure,
Some years ago I recall that tests were conducted on the
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway to investigate the possibilities of
burning lignite, and after they were all completed, and the results
obtained, nothing further was ever done 0 Considering the large
deposits of lignite in Western Canada, which I understand, has a
higher BoT 0 U 0 value, without processing, than our Onakawana-Lignite
"•IS,
-3-
has, it would appear that it was not economically sound to proceed with
the developments of this lignite for use as a locomotive fuel, Had the
possibilities from an economical view point been established, no doubt
the number of new engines, they have since built, consideration would
have been given to designing locomotives that would have successfully
burned this low grade fuel D
In October 1940, during my trip through North Dakota with
Mr. Sutherland, to investigate the burning of Lignite fuel, i had the
privilege of meeting Mr. Manor, Engineer of Tests of tfcbe Northern
Pacific Railway 0 This Railway is burning a sub-bituminous coal known
as Rosebud, with an average of 8750 B.T.U* value and 251t moisture,,
During our conversation it developed that when tests were first started
they were made with a Mikado Engine without a combustion chamber e
I judged from Mr. Manor's conversation that they were far from being
successfulo Further, it appeared to be the policy of the Railraad
that this fuel must be used and the Engineering Department were then
instructed to develop a locomotive with a sufficient grate area and
heating surface that would successfully burn this serai-bituminous
Rosebud fue! 0
In 1926 they received the first of their new locomotives,
and since that time all locomotives built by them have followed in
principle the same design as far as fire box proportions are concerned,
and apparently they are successfully burning this semi-bituminous fuel,,
So far, I have never seen any figures that wo, uld indicate that the
changes made on the Northern Pacific Locomotives have effected any
economies, as far as fuel conservation is concerned,, From my
interview with Mr. Manor, there was no doubt that the management of
the Railway was determined that this class of fuel was going to be
used 0
I also had an interview with Mr 0 Wolden, Fuel Supervisor of the
Soo Line, who had conducted tests on two 2-8-2 Mikado Locomotives
using a Lignite Bituminous Mixture, and while he seemed satisfied with
the tests, nevertheless the data he submitted to the Management did
not appear to have sufficient encouragement for them to proceed any
further, notwithstanding that this is the Railway that handles a
large amount of the coal from the North Dakota deposits,, I believe
the reasons were similar to our own, that it would take such a vast
capital expenditure to change their locomotive turntables, coaling
plants and engine houses, in order to have the proper facilities
that the savings in the burning of this mixture did not warrant the
capital expenditure necessary to make the changes,
I also noticed, while at the Main Shops of the Soo Line
at St. Paul, they had just remodelled tiieir stationary boiler plant 0
I was somewhat surprised to observe that as they had every opportunity
of investigating the economical use of lignite or lignite mixtures,
no provision was made in this plant to burn this class of fuel;
-4-
instead it was remodelled to burn Bituminous Coal, No doubt, they

made the decision of using Bituminous Coal after investigating the
possible economics in the different classes of fuel.
At one of the Electric Lighting Generating Plants that I
visited, they had a small stock of lignite which showed signs of
being very hot and was being turned over by a long boom crane, I
inquired from the man in charge as to why it was necessary to turn
the lignited over, and he advised me that this class of fuel would
take fire after being in storage for about six weeks 0
In connection with our Power Plants, I do not believe
that lignite or lignite-bituminous mixture can be successfully used
without remodelling our present type of boilers and furnaces, giving
consideration to stoker and the necessary furnace capacity 8
Up to the present time there is no known Coal Mixing plant
that would satisfactorily mix this lignite abd bituminous fuel,
and if it was decided that this mixture was going to be used as
locomotive fuel, a proper mixing plant would have to be developed,,
In conclusion, from my personal experience of the
difficulties we have during the winter season in maintaining full
boiler pressure with the bituminous coal on account of its frozen
condition, it Indicates that any increase in the moisture content
of the fuel as fired, seriously Interferes with the efficiency
of the locomotive o
V/ith this thought in mind and without prejudice, Lignite-
Bituminous Mixtures, which will no doubt increase the moisture
content of the fuel as used cannot successfully (br economically
be used as a fuel on our present type of locomotives.
Sgd: F o Go Poster
SUPERINTENDENT OF MOTIVE POWER AND CAR EQUIPMENT
APPENDIX D
COST OF EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
D. G, Sinclair, Ontario Dept. of Mines*
PILOT PLANT OPERATION (COMPLETION OF PLANT AND OPERATIONS FOR

9 MONTHS THEREAFTER.
Pit Per Month

Foreman J200.00
2 Dragline Operators 572.00
2 " Oilers 338,00
l Shovel operator 228080
l Shovel oiler
l Mechanio(30 days) 216,00
1 Tractor Driver
2 TrucJc Driver 291o20
l Pumpman(JO days) 144 . 00
3 Labourers 343.20
v
12,724.40
Gc of LoBo ft
BOILERS PLANT
1 Chief Engineer
2 Shift Engineers 432.00
3 Firemen
3 Trimmers 39boOU
CoOf L,Bo 51^ 81,60

{1,715.60
i -2-
PILOT PLANT OPERATION CONT'D,
PROCESS PLANT
l Foreman J300.00
3 Operators(3rd class) 504.00
3 Helpers 405 c 60
2 Pickers 228 . 80
l Grizzlyman 114.40
l Utility man 114.40
{1,667.40
C, of L.Bo 5* 83.40
STAFF
Superintendent | 400 0 00
Accountant 175.00
Time-keeper-Storesman 125.00
Salesman 300.00
Salesclerk,Steno 0 ' 75oOO
fl,075oOO
C, of L.B. 51^ 53.75
TOTAL SALARIES A WAGES PER MONTH

Pit f 2, 860, 60
Boiler Plant 1,713.60
Process Plant l, 750. 80
Staff 1,128.75
Sundays ft Overtime 250 .00
I7,703o75
-3-
Maintenance ft Operation {120,00 per day - 43,600*00(see page 10)
Administration Costs - |2,100oOO(see page 11)
Capital Expenditure - |80,000 0 00
Monthly Operating Charges 47,700,00 (Salaries db Wages)

3,bOO.OO (Maintenance 6 Operation)
2,100,00 (Administration)
Plus 1011 Contingencies 1,34-UoUQ

A P P E N D IX JE
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION.

D.G 0 sinclair,Ontario Department of Mines,
Assuming production on a scale of 90,000 to 100,000 tons per year,

and assuming that three tons of raw lignite will have to be won to
produce one ton of dried fuel, we may arrive at the. to llowing
estimated,,
The output of each autoclave may be taken at 45 tons of dried
fuel per 24 hours, or 1170 tons per month.
Presuming operations throughout 11 months per year, the annual
output of each autoclave will then be 12,8?0 tons. It will,therefore,
be necessary to operate 8 autoclaves to attain the desired production.
One vacuum vessel will be required for each pair of autoclaves,
t
or four vacuum-vessels in alio
The ab6ve figures indicate a production of 360 tons of dried
lignite per day, or 15 tons of dried lignite per hour. Assuming that
the product will contain 20^ moisture and that the raw lignite.runs
50^ moisutre, it will be apparent that 24 tons of raw lignite per
hour will h'ave to be charged to the autoclaves to obtain the desired
output o Thus 9 tons, or 18,000 Ibs. of water will have to be
i -- "-1
eliminated per nour 0 It is further assumed that l pound of steam
will be required for each pound of water expelled* Therefore, the
capacity of the boiler plant will have to be such that this amount
of steam is available over and above the steam requirements for all.
auxiliary purposes. :
It is calculated that the auxiliary plant i.e. air compressor,
vacuum pump, electric generator pumps, engine drives, fans, etc,
will require a boiler output of 12,000 pounds of^steam per hour.
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION X30STS OF LIGNITE OPERATION
-2- - ". .
The total dra.in on the boiler, therefore, becomes 18,000 plus

12,000, or 5U,000 pounds of steam per hour.'
The rated capacity of the existing boiler is 40,000 pounds per
hour and is, therefore, adequate to carry the entire plant.
To guarantee uninterrupted operations the installation of a
standby plant of adequate capacity would appear desirable.
To provide 300,000 tons of raw lignite per year, it will be
required to remove 1,050,000 cubic yards of overburden assuming "a
ration of 3-1/2 ; l, which allows for boxcutting,eto, (see Gerow)*
1 " i
This will require the operation of a 9 W dragline for a

period of six months at three 8 hour shifts per day, or eight months
at two 10 hour shifts. "
Loading eill require the operation of a 54-B shovel on day
shift only for the eleven month period of mining. (A period of one
month is excluded from normal operations to allow for such work
as general overhaul, ditching, etc.) ; . ,
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Contfd.
• -3-
Additional Capital Equipment Required
OUTSIDE EQUIPMENT
l - 9W Dragline |270 9000 (Gerow's estimate plus
add'n as per Jw experience)
l - 54B Diesel Shovel 66,250 "
3 - 20 ton Diesel Trucks 4-4,250 "
1-12 foot Power Grader - 4,000
l - Portable Power Coal Drill 3,000
l - Pit Pump 2,000
Extra Shop Tools ' 3,000
2500 feet Railway Siding plus
Switching Tracks - 15,000
Enlargement of Loading Tipple 20,000
Enlargements of Garage and
re-equipment of Machine Shop 10,000
Oil Storage Tank 5,00
|442,500
Plus 10^ Contingencies 44,300
|486,800
POWER PLANT
Additional High Pressure Boiler f110,000
Ash disposal System 6,000
Standby Electrical Generator 2.500 -
|8,500 4110,000
Plus 1011, Contingienoies 900
|110,000
-4-
PROCESS PLANT
6 - Autoclaves |54,000
3 ~ Vacuum Vessels 12,000
l -Vacuum 2,000
2^ -Autoclave cars 12,000
Secondary Crusher ft Auxiliary
equipment 10,000
Increased Plant Storage 10,000
Increased Storage(Boiler Fuel) 10,000
Enlargement of Process Bldg, 5,000
Enlargement of Washing Equipment 5*000
|120,000
Plus 10")!, Contingiencies 12,000
|132,000
GENERAL
Fire, Water 4 Sewer Expansion f 10,000
RECAPITULATION OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURES,
Pit and Outside Equipment {486,800
Power Plant 9,400 plus f110,000
Process Plant 132,000
General 10 ,OQ .————
#638,200 1110,000
ULTIMATE PLANT VALUE

Initial Small Scale Plant |432,100
Large Scale Additions 748,200
|1,180,300
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Conttd 0
\
DEHRBCIATION
Depreciation Initial Small Scale Plant |432,100 e IXty |4J,200
Depreciation Large plant less Add* l
Boilers f6J8,200 © 10* 63,800
TOTAL f 107, 000
O F E R A T I N G COSTS.
MINING
Stripping - 8 month operation, two shifts per day,
(a) Labour Daily Monthly per Year
2 - 9W operators 10 hrs 0© f l .10 22,00
2 - 9W oilers " " 8 65 UoOO
2 - Groundmen tt " 0 55 11 0 00
Dozing and supervisions
charged to loading on
12 mo o basis but covers
this phase also ____ ______ ____b—
00
Cost of Living Bonus 5ft - 478.40
(B) Maintenance b Supplies

Fuel A Lubrication 40 6 00
Maintenance and repairs 100 0 00^
(140.00 1^640,00 |29*120 t l)0
TOTAL - |39il66.40
Cost per ton of raw lignite 9 300,000 tons per .year | 0..122
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Cont'd, ;J
-6-
(2) Loading and Hauling - 11 months production plus l month general
X overhauls ;
(A) Labour ' - )
Daily c Monthly per Year'
l - 54B operator 8 hrs. C |1.10 8.80 ;
i - 54B oiler " o .6^ 5.20
1 - Tractor man " © .75 6.00 '
2 - Truck Drivers " ^ .70 11.20
l - Mechanic " 9 .90 7.20
l - Ass't Mechanic " O ,bG 6,40 ;
l - Utility Man " O .60 4.80
3 - Ground Men " @ .55 l?.20
l - Foreman -___- 300*00 ..."L--
J62.80 J1932.00 423,193.60
Cost of Living Bonus ft 51!. of J23,193.60
Overtime for repairs and maintenance ' r
including 9W Dragline 4400.00 4,800.00
' 429,153.50
(B) Maintenance A Supplies, ;
54B Fuel 6 Lubrication 10.00
Maintenance db repairs 25.00
35.00 4910.00 410,920.60
Tractors 15.00 390.00 4,680.09
Diesel Trucks (2) 70,00 1820.00 21,840.0.0
Macnine Shop 10.00 300.00 3,600.QO
Eit Pumps, etc. 7.00 210.00 2,520.00
Explosives 10,00 260.00 3,120.00
146,680.00
Grand Total(A) © (B) ~" "
Cost per raw ton -4 0,253
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Cont'd.
-7-
(3) SUMMARY 07'MINING COSTS

Stripping per raw ton mined |0.132
Loading and hauling 0.255
Total mining 0.385
Assuming 3 tons raw is required to produce one ton of dried lignite

the mining costs per ton dried lignite becomes 11.155
PROCESSING - 11 months production plus l month general overhaul
(1) Boiler Plant '
(A) Labour Daily Monthly Per Year
1 - Chief Engineer 300.00 1 ' 3600.00
2 - 2nd, C13SS Engineers b hr.
to .90 14.40 432.00 5184.00
3 - Firemen 8 hr 0 © .70 16.80 504.00 6048.00
3 - Trimmers " " " .55 13.20 . 396.00 4752.00
Cost of Living Bonus ® 5^ of fl9,584.00 979.20
(B) Maintenance A Supplies

Lubricants, Packing, etc, 40.00 1200.00 14,400.00
Total - 134,963.20
Cost per Dtied Ton }0.350
(2) Process Plant
(A) Labour
l - Foreman 300.00 3600.00
3 - Operators 3rd class
8 hr. a .70 16.80 436.80 . 5241.60
3 - Helpers 8 " " .65 15.60 405.60 4867.20
4 - Pickers b " " .55 17.60 457.60 5491.20
2 - Grizzlymenb " " .55 l.bO 228. #0 ' 2745.60,
1 - Tippleman 8 " " .65 5.20 135.20 1622.40
2 - Utility
Men b " " .55 8.80 228.80 2745.60
26,313.60
iO
Cost of Living Bonus 5% of |26,313.60 1,315.70
127,629,30
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Cont't'6,
-8-
(B) Maintenance and Supplies.
Lubricants,wipers, etc. 25.00 650.00 17,800.00
TOTAL
Cost per Dried Ton fO,354
(3) Oil Treatment

1-1/2 gallons per ton dried lignite
Cost per dried ton 10,250,
(4) Summary of Processing Costs

Power Plant #0.350
Process Plant 0.354
Oil Treatment 0.250
TOTAL |0.954
ADMINISTRATION A OVERHEAD
(1) Staff per year
Genpeal Superintendent
Accountant
Timekeeper-Storeskeeper
2 - Clerks ** |10U per month
Sales Engineer
Sales Clerk-Stenographer
11,275.00
Cost of Living Bonus * 5% of f15,300.00 765.00
(2) Overhead Expenses

Stationery and Printing 500.00
Advertising 2,000.00
Telephone A Telegraph 2,500.00
Freight ft Express 2,000.00
Travelling Expenses 5,000.00
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS OF LIGNITE OPERATION Conttfl,
-9.
Cookery Extras 5,000.00
Unemployment Insurance 600.00
Miscellaneous 3,115 e00
. 20,715.00
Grand Total t36 f780.00
Cost per dried ton fO.368
INSURANCE
Fire Insurance on |750,OOG O |2.00 per f100.00 f15,000.00
Cost per Dtied Ton |0 6 150
DEPRECIATION per year f107,000.00
Cost per dried ton |1 0 070
Recapitulation of Costs j per ton

Mining 1.155
^
Processing 0.954
Administration A Overhead 0,368
Insurance 0.150
Depreciation 1.070
TOTAL COST 3,697
Interest 0.303
FoO.B. Selling price |4.00
A M li S
Moosonee
ONAKAWANA Ql,
X //i LIGNITf .1
\(\ FIELD i.
PORCUPINE
Timmins ©
RoLiyn
S/vast i ka ^
MATACHEWAN M
t Ik Lake
GOWGANDA "" a^^
•x COBALT
SUDBURY
Georgian
TOROM O
42ii2NEe3es 83.t-se GARDINER
070
DRILL RECORDS
OF THE C it B SERIES OF HOLES
DRILLED AT ONAKAWANA
"C" HOLES DRILLED 19*2

"B" HOLES DRILLED 1939-1941
l.'1
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,i ,,v:J..:î-rt~a;~-^:i:zr:: ;lww:^: i tsKS*i*i|3-!!i*A: i':ajffs,^J
-,-^ ':-:r^'s^, JiCi-f-yas r'; ?atri. 'Sf~ff^Wi
- -" "*^
El. 153.86 u . . * -" " - - "—~^ . , ..—.-.-.j™™., -: ' - . i*- ? ,.: .. -rn iniiifil i ' - ^ -âSi*ifcjkj-^:-E
. , : .;- ^'^ss^sais^saiitiiii
Tuesday, January 12, 1932 (startdfî^^^gii
Muskeg 1 ! , blacB ^/aTOt^s*™^ ' i.'f
4|-8 Grey silty clayr !: 'P^RT f'5-ap^'p5zS*|Wj,-'t3!jS5f^ |ag!

8-17 Fairly hard^ f rJ;
17-28 Hard, very sandar
pebbles, some ea
shot to clear Way
28-30 Very sandy, bar-
caving. Second
Wednesday, January 13, 1932

30-33'6" Soft sandy ____ m
33 f 6"-35'6n Soft grey plastiîslii
(interglacial).:
core barrel. At
3516"-391 Soft plastic
39-44 Fairly soft
boulder at 44*
44-53 Grey Sandy
casing to 53* .- -. ...- . ..
, January 14, 1932

53-79 Fairly soft grey ai^ ^
large boulders @r eaflidli
791.7916n Light grey cret, cla^
Drillers footage 80* (drili:-:flSS^^?P^?::.lM^S^^S
Note: This hole logged"ov0râi!*ifii^
-2-
DRILL HOLE C-2 (No.3l) January 15, 1932

El. l3.86
Friday, January 15, 1932
Muskeg (black Muck)

Silty clay (swamp clay)
Grey sandy boulder clay
Fine white silica sand
Grey plastic clay (interglacial)
Started to core at 35'.
Light grey plastic clay - Cored
Light grey plastic clay with a few pebbels-Cored
Grey boulder clay l 1 cored, l* recovered
Grey boulder clay (chopped)
Soft grey boulder clay (reworked cret.)
Lignite (woody 50-54 ! cored)
January 16, 1932
58 - 63 Lignite—Drive casing from 34'-53 !

63 - 65 Black fire clay (chopped) start to core again
65 - 67 Black (cret.) dire clay with limestone pebbles
2' core recovered.
67 - 71 Black fire clay-cored
71- 78 Light grey cret, clay-cored 7 ! recovered
Drillers fobtage 79
J
DRILL HOLE C-3 (No. 29) January 18, 1932
Monday, January 18, 1932 (started 10 a.m.)
0- 4 Sandy boulder clay

4- 5 Sand and gravel
5- 17 Hard, sandy boulder clay
17 - 32 Grey plastic clay (interglacial) start to core, at
20i - 27-jk Grey plastic clay l '10" recovered
31 Grey plastic clay 3 '4" recovered
Driver casing from 20-30'
Clean out hole with chopping bit
31 32 Grey plastic clay-cored
32 34 Grey boulder clay-cored
34 38 Grey boulder clay^chopped Put down shot at 38-boulders
Drive casing to 38'
38 43 Grey boulder clay
43 45 Fine white silica sand (cret, sand?)
45 49 Black fire clay and lignite Unable to tell whether
lignite in a seam or mixed.
January 19, 1932 49-63 Lignite
Peaty and woody lignite

52-i 56 Lignite - cored .
56 63 Lignite - chopped
63 65 Black fire clay-chopped
65 67-| " " " cored
70 Dark grey fire clay-cored
70 - 74 Dark grey and chocolate coloured fire clay, with
a few bands of cream coloured clay.
January 19, 1932
74 - 75 Chocolate coloured clay fire clay grey cret, clay

75 - 77 Grey -light cret, clay with a slight greenish tint
Drillers footage 80'
i) fi
i~ ^
t
DRILL HOLE C-4 (No. 37) January 20,-1932
Wednesday, January 20,.1932 El. 153.86

153.77
0-1 Muskeg
1-4 Silty clay with pebbles
4 - 4'6" Sand
4'6"- 9 Gray plastic boulder clay
9-28 Grey sandy boulder clay drive casing to 28'
28 - 34 Grey sandy boulder clay sheet and drive casing
to 34'
34 - 44 Very sandy boulder clay from 40-44* Shoot and
drive casing to 44'
44 - 45 Grey plastic clay (Cret, or Inter.?)
45 - 47 Black boulder clay (reworked Cret.)
January 21, 1932
47 - 49 Grey plastic boulder clay shoot and drive casing

to 48'
49 - 50 Reworked black cret, clay and lignite (fire clay,
lignite and boulders.
50 - 51 Black fire and lignite mixed drive casing to 49 ! 6"
51 - fc7 Lignite core from 63'-70*
67 - 70 Black fire clay cored

Lignite 51-67 - 16""'
DRILL HOLE C-5 (Old No. 6) January 22, 1932
El.153.86
January 22, 1932
O 3 Muskeg
3 7 Silty clay with pebbles
7 18 Grey sandy boulder clay - drive casing to 18'
18 21 Grey boulder with a high ^ of 4 go of pebbles
21 32^ Grey plastic stoneless clay start to core at 21*6"
34- Greyish brown boulder clay Drive casing to 28'
34- 35 Black fire clay-cored
35 37i White silica sand-cored
39 Black fire clay-cored
39 - 39 '9" White silica sand-cored
39 '9"- 4-0 Black fire clay cored
4.0 - 51 Black fire clay cored
51 - 52 Lignite and black fire clay mixed cored
52 - 72 Lignite-chopped
January 23, 1932
72 - 77 Black grey to brown cret, clay-cored

Drillers iootage 78'
Lignite 52-72 -20'
DRILL HOLE C-6 (No.42)
El. 150*6
January 25, 1932
0-3 Silty clay with pebbles

3-9 Very sandy boulder clay
9-29 Grey sandy boulder clay. Some caving, shoot and drive
casing to 29'
29 - 33 Hard sandy boulder clay
33 - 39 Grey plastic clay. Shoot and drive casing to 39
39 - 44 Hard sandy boulder clay. Shoot and drive casing to 44
44 - 61 Hard sandy boulder clay without large boulders
61 - 71 Lignite-chopped
January 26, 1932
71-74& Lignite-cored Last foot peaty and earthy

74^-75 Blackish-brown fire clay-cored

Lignite 6l-74i -
l
-7-
DRILL HOLE C-7 (No. 72)

El. 152.2
147.93
January 27, 1932
Muskeg
Silty clay
Blue grey plastic clay with pebbles
Grey sandy boulder clay
Gravel and clay mixed shoot and drive casing to 10'
Dark grey sandy boulder clay
Soft grey sandy boulder clay
Gravel sand and fragments of lignite
Shoot or drive casing to 39'
January 28, 1932

39-44 Grey boulder clay
44-46 Grey plastic clay, interglacial
49-50 Dark grey fire clay-cored
50-51 Lignite and fire clay mixed cored
51-63 Lignite choped
63-69 Lignite cored
69-71 " chopped
71-7& " core lost in hole
734-78 " chopped
78-79 Black grey fire clay chopped
79-82 Black grey fire clay-cored
Lignite 50-78 - 2?!'
-a-
DRILL HOLE C-8 (No. 82)
El. H7.4
142.12
January 29, 1932
0-2 Muskeg
2-12 Grey Sandy Boulder clay
12-23 Grey stoneless plastic clay
23-28 Dark grey sandy boulder clay. Shoot and drive casing
to 28'
28-32 Hard grey boulder clay-no caving
32-58 Lignite, hard woody
Note: 36-37^ Soft peaty lignite (no clay)
58-61 Black grey fire clay-cored 2' recovered
61-63 Black grey fire clay-cored l 1 recovered
Due to caving of peaty lignite at 36-37-^ the casing has to be
driven to 39' in order to close it off. Shot put down to
break-up boulder clay 28-32.
63-67^ Black fire clay-cored complete recovery
January 30, 1932

67^-70 Black grey fire clay-cored complete recovery
70-72i Black grey fire clay cored complete recovery
72i-74ir Black grey fire clay-cored complete recovery
74t-75 Light greenish gry Cret, clay - cored
Driller footage 76'
Lignite 32-58 - 26'
Fire clay 58-74i -
-9-
DRILL HOLE C-9 (No.6|0)

El. 153.6
148.77
Monday, February l, 1932
0-1 Muskeg
1-4 Sandy brown clay (loam)
4-17-1 Grey sandy boulder clay
17^-21 Gravel and sand-lignite fragments
21-28 Sandy boulder clay, shoot and drive casing to 20'
28-31 Boulder clay with some reworked black fire clay, shoot
and drive casing to 29 f
31-36 Grey plastic. No samples taken on account of gravel
contamination from above
36-37 Lignite shoot and drive casing to 37'
37-56 Lignite
56-59 Black fire clay with band of cream fire clay
February 2, 1932
59-60 Black grey fire clay, cored

60-61 Lignite-cored
63-79 Lignite-66'-74 f chopped
79-81 Black-grey fire clay cored
Lignite 36-56 - 20'
Lignite 63-79 - 16'
BORE HOLE C-10 (No. 77) El.156.6
151.01
February 3, 1932
0-3 Yellow sandy clay

3-23 Sandy boulder clay
23-24 Fine grey sand (interglacial)
24-31 Grey plastic clay, shoot and drive casing to 29'
February 4, 1932
31-41 Grey plastic clay shoot and drive casing to 39*
41-43 Hard sandy boulder clay-no large pebbles or boulders
46-47 Lignite-cored
47-56 Lignite-chopped-shout and drive casing to 49'
56-68 Lignite-chopped
68-71-i peaty and earthy lignite
70-72i cored drive casing to 54'
77-81 Black grey fire clay 77^-81 cored complete recovery
81-84 Black grey fire clay-cored complete recovery
84-86 t! tt tt tt "
tt "
It "
86-88 Green-grey cret, clay with bands of black brown
fire clay-cored

Lignite 46-77 - 31'
-II-
DRILL HOLE C-ll (No.86) El.153.6

146.43.
February 5, 1932
0-2 Muskeg
2-7 Yellow sandy clay or silt
7-13 Hard sandy boulder clay
13-16 Soft plastic boulder clay
16-20 Grey plastic clay, shoot and drive to 19 f
Take core 20-24 (sampled)
20-24 Grey plastic clay
24-36 n " " , shoot tend drive casing to 29 !
36-42 Boulder clay, shoot and drive casing to 39'
February 6, 1932
42-48 Hard boulder clay

48-55 Dark brown boulder clay with fragments of lignite
55-56 Black fire clay and lignite-cored
56-73 Lignite-61-73 cored
73-77 Black-grey fire clay-cored
Drillers footage -. 78'
Lignite 56-73 -17'
DRILL HOLE C-12 (No,88) El.l53-21
Monday, February 8, 1932 ;

0-2 Muskeg
2-4 Sandy clay
4-16 Grey boulder clay-very sandy and soft
14-16 sand with a little clay
16-31 Sand and gravel with -fragments of lignite. There
seemed to be just enough clay to "keep hole from caving;
Drive casing to 29'
31-34 Black brown boulder clay
34-35 Lignite with some black fire clay ....Shoot and drive to
36*
35-50 Lignite- At 45 lignite became much harder-shell of core
barrel bent and broken In, V
50-53 Lignite-cored .
53-56 " cored
56-58^ " chopped : P
58^-60 Dark grey and chocolate fire clay-chopped
60-63& Dark grey fire clay 6 fl of core removed
65^-67 Dark grey fire clay complete recovery
67-69 Grey fire clay complete recovery last inch green ferey
Cret. clay.
Lignite 35-58^ -
-n-
DRILL ''
i HOLE C-13 (H6.75) '
February'9, "1932
CW2 ,
'2*3'" Muskeg
Grey sand ,.v- ;: ''v
' :' -
10-12 . -' Gravel '- Y V'
12-14 Sandy bo'ulder clay
1A-18 Sand and gravel,'^
18- 29 :. Gravel and sand lldtlt'a lew bands of
ing to
February 10, 1932
29-33 Grey plastic

33-46 ' Grey. plastic .. . ..
46-54 Hard boulder clayj shoot and dirive casing ?f;0'
54-56 Black fire clay with: lignite
56-62 Black grey fire clay
. . ' 59-63i-cored y -' v •.
63| -68 cored.-.-':' '" : ' - ' '':-:',, r .
62-78 . Lignite" 68-78,
78-86 Black grey cret.
86-91 '10 ' " ," . n;':" ' - •.-•••• •••.
91 ' 10 "-92 Greenish grey cret . clay-corea
Drillers footage 93 r '' --'- -'-"^ '"'.": v - \VA^X.
Lignite 62' -78 - 16 ! ,' . '-' v ;, :,",,' 'f-
... .,.
Tvl"
&Aî'^-v-' '^'•'-j^':''~')^
^-' '•'- " hs : : l" J, ,- , '.' 'A' ' ' ' ' J '*" 'i'-' :'"'' '' ' *- - '' '''* ' -"-1" 1-"/1 "' ': ', : ;i' '. V- ^' .1- -^ •J'- r ' i- ' - *
''^
.. ,
-w-
DRILL HOLE C-14 (No.82A) II. 145-.l'

141.76
February 11, 1932

0-2 Muskeg
2-8 Yellow silty clay
8-22 Grey plastic clay t
22-32 Sandy boulder clay-drive casing to 28'— shoot
32-41 Lignite, hard woody " ;
February 12, 1932 ;
41-45 Cho c la t e brown fire clay, icored shoot and drive; :

casing to 39 in order to close off sand and boulder
clay immediately above coal seam.
45-52 Black-gray fire clay-cored r -;
52-54 Black-gray fire clay with a sandy, strata-a few nodules
o* sandstone-cored
54-57 Dark grey fire clay-cored ;'
Drillers footage 58' ; - ?r

Lignite 32-41 - 9' , V
-IS-
DRILL HOLE C-15 (91A) El.166.33*
February 13, 1932
0-5 Yellow sandy or silty clay

5-12 Grey Boulder clay
12-13 Grey sand
13-17 Very sandy hard boulder clay with a-few large
pebbles—shoot and drive casing to 18 !
17-27 Sandy boulder clay-shoot and drive casing to 27'
33-47 Grey plastic interglacial clay-shoot and drive
casing to 4-7*
February 15, 1932
47-4-8 Grey plastic clay

48-55 Hard boulder clay ^ ;
55-68 LigMte-a little black clay in Appear part of 1st
foot
68-69 Chocolate-brown fire clay
69-71 " " " " cored
74-77 Black grey cret, clay^cored
77-77i Light grey cret, clay-cored
Core lost in hole-lower 6" of rod covered with
light grey clay

Lignite 55-68 - 13'
-Ifr- l
PORTAGE MOVE f
February 19, 1932
Drillers leave at 8.30 a.m. with third and lias t load-camp

equipment and cookery. In afternoon clean out boarding cars
at 136 for cookery and camp (sleep).
February 20, 1932

Cut road around the mile of dump cars on siding and make
return trip into portage Island with portable saw* Snow in put
and Moose river very deep.
February 21, 1932 - No work.

February 22, 1932 "
Move camp to boarding cars on siding near Moose river. In
afternoon put up tent for team and fix-up cars, fiilder and I ;
reach portage in afternoon.
. . ' - ' . * . . i
February 23, 1932

Skid in and cut wood for cookery and camps. In afternoon
teamster and 2 men out to 136 for machine, tool boxes, base and
stoves. Three drillers (in afternoon) cutting timber for slddding
Hilder and 2 locate P.I —100' North of outcrop i.
-17-
February 25, 1932
Survey from foot of portage Island to clay outcrop A, then doim

stream. *
Foot of Island to clay outcrop A
A chainage 800'
Reading N. 70O-B^
Clay outcrop A downstream
b chainage 4-00'
reading due E
c chainage 1200'
Reading N.79OE
d chainage 600 f
Reading (N.760®
point "d" across river to "e"
e chainage 1344 !
reading N.31W
Note, From points "A", "d", "e", chainage taken from lower
portion of blocks of ice on shore line.
-18-
PORTAGE- Outcrop A
(100' North of outcrop A)
Drill Hole P.I.
February 26, 1932
0-1 Muskeg
12-16 Gravel and sand
16-20 Hard sandy boulder clay shoot and drive
. casing to 19'
20-28 Hard sandy boulder clay. Just enough clay
to hold body together shoot and drive casing
to 28'
28-32 Sand- a few fragments of lignite. Drive casing
to 33'
32-52 Black to dark grey boulder clay. The powder
to break up boulders at 52
52-62 Very sandy black grey boulder clay.
Stop hole at 62'

Drillers footage 63 !
Note: The sand in clay from 52-62 was hlgLf limestone and
half quartj,. Also a few fragments of dirt rock. The sand
grains nearly all angular or subangular.
PORTAGE - P2
(300' North-West of Outcrop A)
February 29, 1932

0-1 Muskeg
12-13 Fine grey sand
13-14 Sand and Gravel
14-28 Hard grey sandy boulder clay shoot and drive
casing to 29'
28-31 Coarse gravel
31-39 Black to dark grey boulder clay Shoot and
drive casing to 39'
39-40 Dark grey sandy boulder clay
4-0-42 Hard sandy dark grey boulder clay. Several large
boulders.
42-44 Sand and gravel-angular and subangular
44-45 Grey sandy boulder clay. Shoot and drive casing
to 45'
March l, 1932
45-49 Sand and gravel- use powder to break up large
boulders
49-59 Grey sandy boulder clay
50-58 Hard, dark gray boulder clay. Shoot and drive
casing to 58
58-73 Dark grey boulder clay
73-74 i" " " n -cored
74-81 " " t! " -chopped
March 2, 1932
81-102 Sandy dark grey boulder clay, lignite fragments
102-104 Sand (silica and limestone) and lignite about
104-105 Sand-cored-See sample
105-112 Boulder, sand and lignite fragments
112-115 Grey Cret, clay-cored
115-117 Grey Cret, clay-cored
117-120 n tt n -cored
120-123 tt tt tt
123-1231 Very hard (sandstone, iron stone
123|r-124i r Sand-cored
124|-125i
1251-126
126-128 Sand and Kaolin-cored
128-129 Greenish grey cret, clay-cored
-zo-
PORTAGE - P3 (Outcrop-B)
March 3, 1932
0-6 Boulder clay and boulders
6-10 Fine grey sand ;
March 4, 1932 V ,
10-12 Grey sand fine ;
12-14 Black-grey fire clay-chopped Casing driven to
14-18 Black-grey fire clay-cored. 9" of core. Ream out
18-23 hole to obtain sample* IV of core i,
23-26 Black-grey fire clay-cored. Complete recovery* :--r:
26-31 Black-grey fire clay-cored complete recovery. ;
(possibly at31-32i Black grey fire clay-no core in barrel-Shell Of
pyrite concretion core barrel badly bent and smashed-Woodylignite
or) at 32^ -. -. . ;-. . - - ' , - : . : . - -' /••'. "-"4: ,-':..
32^-34 Lignite-woody and peaty-chopped . -,
34-40,r Peaty lignite-cored . 3 ,*
40f-43ir Black-grey fire clay-cored 2' bf core recovered
43i-46:r Black-grey fire clay-cored l* recovered ;fe ;
46f-50ir Black grey fire clay-cored (last 6* earthy lignite) fe ;
complete .- ' ' -'.' . ' : '.',- ;v ' ' '^'"^' '•'•^•.v;'V.-
50|-53i Earthy lignite-cored 2' of core (50^-51 clay and lignite)
53i-55 Woody lignite-no core in barrel* Very -hard at 55-bi1eak w;
end of core barrel. :
55-57 Hard woody lignite-chopped
57-59 Light grey to grey Cret, clay-chopped ; ,'*
Toronto, March 10, 1932
Fusion tests on clays taken from P3 ;
14'-23' cone 24
23'-38' cone 24
28'-32' cone 27
40'-46' cone 26
46'-50' cone 26
59'-62' cone 19
March 4, 1932 , ,,
59-62^ Light grey to grey cret, clay-cored complete tecogery
Light grey to grey cret, clay complete recovery
641-65 chopped
65-67 " " " " " " : cored complete recovery
Drillers footage68'
Black grey fire clay 12-32 -20'
Lignite 32^40i - 8'
Black grey fire clay 40^-57- 9i
Lignite 50-57 - 7
Light grey cret, clay 57-67- 10'
From drill hole surface to top of banto - 10'
PORTAGE - P4 (Outcrop C)
March 5, 1932
8-13 Hard yellow boulder clay Shoot-drife casing to 13 f
13-20 Gravel
March 7, 1932 ?
20-29 Hard sandy boulder clay with seams of sand and
gravel. Casing to 23* when piece breaks out. Pull
and put down new casing
29-40 Boulder clay (dark grey) with seams of sand and
gravel. Casing at 34 f * Fragments of lignite :
40-45 Dark grey boulder clay (reworked cret.)
45-47 " " " " -cored
47-51 n n n " -chopped
51-52-White silica sand (cret.)
52-56 Black silty clay no pebbles? possibly'reworked cret.
56-69 " " " - cored
69-70 Light grey silty cret, clay-cored
Outcrop C to drill hole P4 218'
Drill hole to slope of bank 110'
PORTAGE -P5 (200'Wof P3)
March 9, 1932
0-4 Yellow silty clay
4-10 Grey sand
10-18 Gravel and sand casing at 18 f
18-24 Black grey boulder clay shoot and drive to 24
24-35 Dark grey sandy boulder clay and lignite fragments
35-51 Very sandy grey boulder clay
51-52 Dark grey boulder clay-cored (reworked cret?)
52-55 Grey silty to sandy cret, clay no pebbles (reworked
cret.)
55-57 Grey silty clay-cored

Drill hole 18 ! -20' above water level
21'
PORTAGE - P6 Gravel pit 1800 \ South of P3
March 10, 1932

Ice and water
Gravel
Sand
Gravel
March 11, 1932

2^-26 Black grey boulder clay
26-30 " " n tt -cored
30-31& " tt tt tt
31i-32 Fine sand (nearly all silica)
32-36 Dark grey boulder clay ;
36-38 " " "w with sand (seams-cored)
38-42 " " " " cored
42-45 Dark grey to black fire clay
45-47 " " "tt tt 'tt scored
47-51 " " H tt n
51-58 Lignite, woody and peaty
58-64 Black grey fire clay (
72-74 Light gxBfct grey silty cret, clay
Drillers' footage 74'

Bottom of pit to cret. - 37^'
Fire Clay 42-51 - 9 '
Fire clay 58-64 - 6 '
Lignite 51-58 -7'
Lignite 64-72 - 8'
Water level to cret. - 42

DRILL HOLE C -16 El. 129
March 15, 1932

0-5 Ice
5-14 Grey boulder clay-large boulder at 14 f
March 16, 1932

14-18 Boulders, many shots required. Drive casing to
18-30 Grey "boulder clay
Drillers' footage 30 r
Drill hole located on shore line at clay qutcrop 200' south of No. l
I5 f -20' towards bank from clay pit.
Floor of drill shack to water level - 4'l *5-t
" " " " " top of bank -25 f (Approximately)
Water level to top of clay pit 3f
Note Luke Potvin, Smith and Travers 1 foreman agreed to stop hole
at 30' and to accept 30' as footage for hole.
-25-.
DRILL HOLE C-17 (74-4) ' : V?rf :::,.
March 17, 1932 -
0-4 Muskeg
4-4^ Silty clay , - :
44-12 Grey boulder clay : ;
12-18 Soft, grey boulder clay
18-20 Grey plastic clay , 'V
20-27 Grey boulder clay - ,:
27-28 Black fire clay and lignite. Shoot and drive casing
to 29' ' . ;.- ;-; : ; ; ' ' ; '. ' ' ". ' : ' : - ';
28-58 Lignite, woody and peaty drive casing to 33'
58-63 Grey to dark grey Cret, clay
Note 28-33 peaty and earthy lignite
60-63 Fusion cone V
March 18, 1932 - J. : ; ,

63-69 Grey to dark grey cret, clay put in 45'of 2i"flush
joint
69-70 Grey cret, with bands of light grey cret, clay
Cored 60-63' Grey and brown cret, clay l 1 of core

63-66 Grey cret, with l" band of white clay and fine silica
sand at 66'-1^ of core *
66-69 Grey to dark grey cret, clay 3i of core
69-70 Grey cret, with bands of light
At 63' put in 2:" flush-joint casing so that better samples

be collected.
DRILL HOLE C-18 (No. 84) El.144.6
March 19, 1932
0-3 Muskeg
3-4 Silty clay
4-10 Boulder clay
10-15 gravel ,
15-17 Boulder clay ,
26-29 Grey boulder clay-casing to 28 r
29-38 " " w
39-41 Brownish black boulder clay. Shoot and drive casing
to 40'
41-44 Bark grey boulder clay
44-45 Black fire clay and lignite
45-48 Grey cret, clay-cored
Drive 2#' f lush- joint inside 3i to stop caving from
above — 47* of casing. Only one foot of clean cor a.
48-52 Grey cret, clay with bands of light grey clay-cored
52-56 Light grey and whitish grey cret, clay
Drillers footage 57 !
•27-
DRILL HOLE C-19 (No. 81) El.146.97
March 21, 1932
0-2 Muskeg
2-6 Silty clay
9-12 Gravel with a little clay
25-4,7 Grey plastic clay (interglacial) casing drive to 49
55-56 Boown boulder clay and lignite fragments
56-58 Black cret, clay and lignite
58-61 Black grey cret, clay
61-63 Lignite, woody and peaty-cored
63-69 " " " -chopped
69-74 " " " -cored
Coring tube-,broke off and was left in hole was fish it out
tomorrow. v; -
March 22, 1932

74-75 Lignite, woody-cored
75-76 Black cret, clay-cored
75-75i clay and lignite
Core tube recovered without any difficulty
Lignite 61'-75 f -14'
fei
'- , ' "- - 'V :" i,-;'. ' ' •''"' "~-:- :.?'"'.'~-~: tf-.'~f:'-?i''f-',' '"''l
-**~ -r-:'.. " ; : ' -- ' .-- : i V: ;;;,.v"; -.
DRILL HOLE C-aO(!ro. 68) B1.155

,! 151.71 ;
March 23, 1932
0-2^ Muskeg , "

2^-7 Silty clay ; ^;, ;
7-23 Sandy boulder clay v";; '
23-29 Gravel-casing at 29* , f
29-33 Very sandy boulder clay and lignite fragments
33-35 Grey sand , '
35-4-7 Grey plastic clay ; v
47-4-8 Grey boulder clay ; i;
48-52 Black-grey cret, clay and lignite either^ in seams
or mixed.
'52-56 Lignite, woody and peaty-cored -
56-60 " n . . ' it, -"chopped
60-68 " " tt .g0me boulder " ^ ,
60-62 Clay and pebbles in samples coming. Likely coajing
from sides of casing. Casing at 49'?
68-70 Grey to chocolate cret, clay ;:
70-74 Grey cret, clay-cor^d - ;
74-76 w " " -cored
Drillers footage 77
Grey cret, clay 68-76 - 8 1 -.

Lignite and cret, clay 48-52 - 4 1
April 12, 1932
Fusion tests on clays from the following holes
Footage
Drill hole C-12 60-631 Cone '* 18
C-14 41-45^ 1! 17
C-14 46-49 n 16
C-14 49-54 n 15
C-17 60-63 n 14
C-17 63-66 n 14
C-18 45-48 tt 17
•JO-
BORE HOLE NO l Kiev. 152J.82
September 26, 1939

0-1 Muskeg
1-7 Swamp clay, brown :-f ; "-'-
7-15 Hard grey sandy boulder^
15-26 Hard grey sandy boulder Clay
September 27, 1939

6 " Pipe) 26-28 Very sandy boulder clay
.at 28' y 28-29 Grey sand, some clay
September 28, 1939 : *ifr

'Vi," -: -
29-36 Sandy clay (interglacial)?
36-58 Hard grey sandy boulder clay
September 29, 1939

58-60 Black grey fire clay, and: lignite;!
60-75 Lignite (1st 10' very h|iyd last i compressed
75-82 Black-grey f ire clay 7 -i r 5"*
82-85 Grey fire clay '. . . ,. "".^ : . ' : " '
85-87 Greenish-grey cretaceous ?ciay, ;
Top of Cret, clay - 58'

Overburden 60'
Lignite 60-75' 15''
BORE HOLE NO 2 Elev, 152.13
September 30, 1939

0-2 Muskeg /j;^'. ;-
2-8 Swamp clay, brown j ?
8-17 Grey boulder clay, hard, sandy and many boulders
17-20 Grey boulder clay, soft v
20-26 Grey boulder clay, hard and boulders
26-34- Grey boulder clay soft -some sand at 34 f
34-39 Soft grey plastic clay interglacial?
October 2, 1939
Some caving and water at 45' - ^
38-45 Grey boulder clay, no large stones, -fairly hard!
45-55 H it n n tt ti - 8 tt tt
55-57 Grey boulder clay and gravel at 56'
Drive 6" pipe to 56' *
October 3, 1939
60-61 Cret, clay and lignite
61-63 Lignite, peaty and earthy, some sand
63-75 Lignite, possible some sand
75-82 i&Tîw-grey cret, clay
82-85 Light grey cret, clay
Overburden - 61 feet
Lignite - 14 feet
Water and caving 32 f -36'

Some caving at 45*
Gravel and water at 55'-56'
-32'
BORE HOLE No. 3 Elv. 153*65;
October 4, 1939
0-1 ~ Muskeg
1-7 Brown swamp clay
October 5, 1939
39-40 Lignite and dark grey cret, clay
40-63 Lignite
40-45 compressed peaty '
45-49 woody -
49-50 earthy and woody
50-63 hard woody
October 6, 1939
63-72 Brown cret, clay with rounded pebbles
72-75 Greenish grey cret, clay, some limestone pebbles
Overburden - 40 feet
Lignite - 23 feet
BORE HOLE No. 4 Elev. 154.99
October 6, 1939
0-3 Muskeg ,
3-7 Brey swamp clay ".
7-15 Bark grey boulder clay, very plastic-no large
boulders
October 7, 1939
15-32 Dark grey boulder clay, very plastic no large boulders
32-34 3Dark grey stoneless plastib Clay
3-4-40 Dark grey boulder clay, very plastic and similar to
reworked stoneless plastic clay.
40-45 Lignite
40-41 Earthy lignite ; . ,
October 9, 1939
45-72 Lignite
40-45^ Peaty, earthy and woody
50-52 woody
52-60 Peaty, earth and woody
60-66 Woody, hard.
66-67 Earthy, sdmie brown clay
67-72 Hard woody
75-81 Grey cret, clay
81-82 Greenish-grey cret, clay
Overburden - 40 1
Lignite - 32'
BORE HOLE NO 5. Elv. 154.03
October 10, 1939 ' f . -'v : , /•• : ;"-"

0-3 Muskeg '^v . V :
3-7 Swamp clay, grey brown
7-22 Hard grey boulder clay gravel at 20', Drive 6" pipe to
22' .r;
October 11, 1939

22-30 Grey boulder, hard and plastic. Drive"6t' pipe 28*
30-40 Grey âneless plâstic clay ~ V '
40-48 Hard grey boulders-clay large boulder at 45 f Gravel '
and water at 47'-48' : ' '
48-73 Lignite
48-50 earthy and woody many pebbles
50-65 peaty and woody ' :
65-71 woody hard
71-73 earthy and peaty . '
*z-——73-74 Black grey cret. clay : '
^———-74-78 Dark grey cret, clay ,,
Overburden 48' Lignite 25*1

BORE HOLE No. 6 Elv. 147
October 12, 1939

0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Swamp clay
7-10 Hard grey boulder clay
October 13, 1939 u ,

10-23 Hard boulder clay \
23-26 Grey plastic stoneless clay ; ' ;
26-35 Grey boulder clay . r;
35-36 Brown-grey cret, clay and lignite
36-43 Lignite, woody " , ; ^ ~,,
43-46 Black cret, clay and lignite either mixed or in seaM
46-52 Woody and crushed lignite
52-60 Hard woody lignite
60-62 Black grey cret, clay . ;
October 1-4, 1939

66-68 Light grey cret clay
Overburden 36'
Lignite 36-43 - 7'
46-60 -14'
Lignite 21'
-it-
BORE HOLE No. 7 Elev. 153*71
October 14, 1939

0-3 Muskeg ;
3-6 Swamp clay : ,
16-24 Very hard boulder clay,many boulders
October 16, 1939

24-30 Boulder clay very sandy \
30-32 Grey plastic stoneless clay
32-39 Hard grey sandy boulder clay
39-47 Grey to dark grey plastic stoneless clay
47-52 Brown sandy boulder clay ;
October 17, 1939

52-54 Brown sandy boulder clay
54-61 Woody and peaty lignite(some earthy)
54''lignite contact
61-67 Dark grey to black cret, clay
Overburden 54'
Lignite 7*
-37-
BORE HOLE No.8 Elev. 142.0? ;
October 18, 1939 : ,
0-3 Muskeg
3-5 Swamp clay . ' ;, " "
5-11 Sandy boulder clay '
25-3-4 Grey sandy boulder clay : ; "
34-36 Limestone boulder :
36-37 Brown boulder clay \,
37-47 Brown, reworked cret, clay and lignite and boulder
clay, see sample B.No.8 ^ , ' '
October 19, 1939

47-63 Brown reworked cret, clay and lignite and boulder
clay. J '.; :v ,
No. Lignite. , -,..., v -
-38-
BORE HOLE No. 9 Elev.Vi^-M
October 20, 1939 \ i^ ' " u;

0-2* Muskeg - -.' - :- ' - vv. i- '-j"";?":'"'':'"' ; " :' - V :
2|-6 Grey boulder clay Hit large "boulder mbve 12' E
0-2^ Muskeg - , ':- ^ V ••,.-.. ; ,-;
3-13 Grey boulder clay - :- i j-';- : ': : : '-'--:, v.: ;
13-23 Grey black boulder clay
23-37 Grey sandy boulder clay Jwst enough clay to keep
from caving ;
October 21, 1939 ;-

45-56^ Grey black boulder clay (reworked cret, clay and'
lignite) . : : ; .
56^-60 Lignite , ;. .
60-731 Lignite ' ; :'
56|-60 Peaty, earthy and woody
60-69 Woody and peaty .
69*73^ Peaty, some woody
at 67' a thin seam of grey silty ^cley* This may
be a cave. : : ,-
73i-75 Black-grey cret, clay, some lignite
75-77 Grey cret, clay - .'-V-.,
Overburden
Lignite 17 '
-H-
BORE HOLE No. 10 ElSV, \ 145.13
October 21, 1939

0-3 Muskeg ! ;
3-6 Silty clay -,
6-15 Grey boulder clay, soft
October 23, 1939 V J

15-40 Hard grey sandy boulder clay -''
October 24, 1939 ; v';' |

4-0-53 Grey boulder clay, aany .bbulders
53-60 Lignite, fairly hard , ;
60-62 Dark grey cret, clay
62-72 Lignite hard ; '
72-72i Black-grey cret, clay and^lignite, 1 '
72f-75 Dark grey cret, clay '"../,';,
Overburden 53'
Lignite 53-60 -7'
Lignite 62-72 -10' 17'
V, -yo-
BORE HOLE Noi
October 25, 1939

0-2 Silty clay
27-28 Grey plastic boulder clay
.28-32 Chocolate-brown reworked cret.
lime pebbles """^ ; ?
32-50 Lignite, hard woody and peaty . ';,'"!,--.:i 'i*!;Vl?v"
Overburden 32'
Lignite 32-50 - 18'
•'.T-
BORE HOLE No., 12
October 25, 1939

0-3 Muskeg
3-6 Silty clay
6-15 Grey plastic boulder clay ,,
October 26, 1939

lg-20 Hard grey boulder clay
20-21 Black cret. clay, and lignite
21-28 Lignite, hard woody
28-30 Chocolate grey cret, clay
Overburden 21
Lignite 21-28 - l
30-39 -9
Lignite 16'
BORE HOLE No. 13 ^ -
- ' , .r "V '*
Elev i,'140*57
October 26, 1939 r ' -" i:
0-2 Muskeg ' , .

6""pipe 2-6 Silty clay ; V , ^ :s
6-10 Grey boulder clay -
10-26 Grey plastic^ stoneless clay
. -. . ",. : . ..,.:.i ' . ', '- -' ' ;, ! - - .
October 27, 1939 - '' : ' ; ' 'v'/V'"" ;: **''":'^.. i:^/ - : ' "' -'
' "' ' ' .'. ' *., " ' ' -'' .': ; :if'
28- 38Reworked cr et. clay, boulder s \'-. some lignite
possibly a 2 1 seam of,lignite ;at 36 1
38-44 Grey xiret. clay ;.; - - ;
44-45 Light grey cret, clay ^ ; ;? '
No lignite ; - \' ,^. ,,^' ., ;: ;.v- ; ;:'v:;".^.-" [.^-' : . \'
BORE HOLJ! No.1-4
October 27, 1939 : " 'T*

0-1 Muskeg
1-6 Brown swamp clay .
6-15 Grey,plastic boulder clay
October 28, 1939 v

30-31 Lignite
31-39 Lignite and grey cret* clay
39-55 Lignite, hard and,woQdy '
55-551 Black cret, clay and
Overburden 16 T
Lignite 16-31 - 15
Lignite 39-55 - 16
Lignite 31'
BORE HOLE UO ; 15,
, .••'•••j-^..--.^.;- - .••-'f /-'- .-- - - ••
'Started October 28
'
October 28, 1939
0-2 Muskeg ' -
2-6 Brovm swamp clay
6-23 Boulderclay
October 30, 1939 -.
, " . -.. . . -"-
23-26 Plastic bedded stoneless ; grey ;|?lay r ; '
26-38 Hard sandy boulder Clay. . '•' : '---".^J^.';v,;'v:
28-56 Lignite - .- . -;-. V'V-c- ^^Qîi^t '.-fi*' t ,
J -|-,Er"
at 38' earthy lignite on -' bit col^l?:? of
brown to black, bailor s ample -lignite; :Mf?.
'iA- -
A"*! -nV'.'
38-40 soft fast drilling .*ViV.

color water-black - , u 4
bailor sample-earthyj peaty, woody -x
bit-a little earthy ".-'7'-•f'.r^^^K-^-
driller reports water coming in at lW
40-42 harder drilling (some woody);-i
44-4-6 woody * ; ' , ' - 'ia-'-:;
47| woody, hard-rebounding drill ^- : l
50*'hard woody clean Sample ^; ^
55 f hard woody clean saffiple; ;, K'
56-58 Black plastic clay on bilt* and in
dark brown streaks in bl|.ck: test samples'' on bit
earthy lignite ; U, ;y
58-74 Lignite 60'-earthy on" bit"64 hard
woody 74' bottom of lignite bit and '
bailor sample -earthy and)woody
74-77 Dark grey to black (fire) rclay
77-80 Grey cret, clay '
Overburden -38 "•••^•V "-
Lignite 38-56 -18'
58-74 - 34
BORE HOLE ;
, S a
October 31, 1939 ^'- v ;

. r: 'i; /'- " '-'-"?
r . . ". " #7 :^'ÂM

0-2.5' Muskeg , ' . '
2.5-6 Swamp clay ' , ; ;
6-25 Sandy boulder clay ^7
2!|-27 Bedded stoneless plastic clay
at 22.5' water-streaks 0f "
25 ! bedded stonêlesk liglu,
27 f bedded stoneless also U,.^,
and free running sand in ballw lB (batref)
feel of cable-sticky clay
sludge- bedded stonele'ss;
bit clean A
pipe driven down at 27V *
27-55 Boulder clay-sandy ,
55-61 Sand and boulder clay j
November l, 1939 A *V :;
61-79 Lignite 61' earthy on, bif
61-66-soft driliing-fartny snfl- peaty V
67-76-hard solid drilling-wbody
77-79-softer drilling-ea3?1;hy pâty afid
at 79 f dirty sample (cave)~
79-80 Dark grey plastic clay
N.B. Measuring stick being ;, 'sKoi't •2*)i;6jf-'ê':^
Overburden 61 f
Lignite 18
BORE HOLE No. 17 Elevi 146.95
,- -, -
Started-Novejnbfcr 1-2 p'nj
Finished-November 3-11 ja
November l, 1939
0-1 Muskeg
1-6 Swamp clay
November 2, 1939
28-40 Stoneless plastic clay 28* softer^drilling t
28-32 Stoneless plastic 'i- ; j : ;-
32-35 water-grey with streaks of i darker .grey ' J
bit-stoneless-llght and dark beds ; ;
sludge-stoneless plastic and some boulder clay
soft drilling . . .'.,; ;"'- (' ' .••V^: t : : -X- . ' :: '-. :,u,...V
35-37.5 water-streaked - s .
sludge-bedded Stoneless ; , . ^ " ;
harder drilling at 37* i ;: *
40 ! -a plug-cave ,- - . :. ;' - s ' : 1S -;,/'
bit sample-bedded Stoneless i
sludge-bedded s toneless ^ ^ ; x' j '
water-streaked \. 5- .T '
feel-softer drilling ; -;, ^
drove pipe at 35 and 40' -
40-52 Sandy boulder clay .; - -- " .
42' hard drilling hf , '
water-grey bit-boulder clay f } , ,- /r
feel (cable) -hard drilling) sludge-boulder clay and
plastic Stoneless 48* arid 52 ha:fdr sandy boulê* c!6y
52-78' Plastic boulder clay ,' , f
58' ha^rd drilling ' i , :;
water-darker grey than sandy boulder clay 7 - v -.
sludge-plastic thick boulde? Cla^j spa^l sharp
bit-clean feel-hard sharp'
78-84 Lignite-78' black plastic clay^
82' hard woody at end of run '
water- black j bailor-hard woody 3 tbit-^clean '
84-86 Cretaceous clay ^^ ,-
overburden -75
Lignite 6 .'. ' ;\- ,
N.B. checked depth of hole-found assumed hole
2.5 ! deeper than clieck measurement J -
Log of hole adjusted to correct measurement
BORE HOLE . No . 18
Started Novejsper
November 3* 1939 x; ,/x- ,:, ; ;

0-5 Muskeg . y v' ; -. ^ :;" .- ;' ' Wi.rV: V*—
5*6 Swamp clay ' .••'''^. : ' .\'V-•\ i -'" ";^;;^^ : /
6-26 Sandy boulder clay , ; V?; i ;; L
17' boulder clay 21' boulder'clay êry sand^*
sludge-free running sand with {Jsiaali bptiiaers
fast soft drilling-some bould#* clSy v t
November 1939
26-28 Plastic stoneless clay ^-x". ; .
20*- a little plastic stdnel©ss*sOBi^
29-
caj/e a atlittle
27' plastic stoneless-sdma
, ':'--*-\\''''-\~--\. clay'
32.5 bedded stoneless clay -
35.5 bedded stoneless clay JSOBIIBi '.e'a^
water streaked grey j bit sandy btfuldec1- 'Sbfii '*trill-*
ing ' -/ : . ; :,-;^;;.- ;,,;.^
3B-51 Boulder clay . ; -,-.-.';. :r x; .- .••v\.'-'--- i^^-.;i : :,^: ,, :;
4-0 ! sand on bottom of'bit | sides-pfasiic arid
clay hard drilling-hole inaf||i|'wate^
4-5' Sandy boulder clay-hard
50' dark plastic clay BM
water-dark brown; bit-clean
51-72 Lignite 53 ! lignite and 'dark
water-brown; bit clean; sludge^lgif|;|^fia^d -driiilng
55 f -softer drilling 60 ' earthy in
plastic clay. ' ' . - , '-'-. ,. .",--.
62' sample largely earthy;
65' first good clean sample 70*
n,* ^ rt 72 ' softer drilling; tested
72-78 Dark grey plastic clay " :
at 78 green cret. ' ;, : * ; .-';"
Overburden 51 ' - •••' !
Lignite 21- .- ".'.
-Ut-
November 6. 1939
0-2 Muskeg
2-7 Brown silty clay
7-12 Grey clay (Marine?)
12-14- Very sandy boulder clay
18-32 Grey boulder clay, sand and gravel. Much caving.
Drive pipe to 39'
32-45 Free running sand (find) Drive pipe to 44*
November 7, 1939
45-48 Fine sand. Drive pipe to 50'
71-84 Lignite, woody and compressed peaty
84-92 Dark grey cret. clay, some lignite and limestone
fragments
92-95 Grey cret, clay, with last foot showing streaks of
light grey cret, clay
overburden 71 !
Lignite 13'
November 8, 1939
0-7 Brown sandy clay-no large boulders
7-15 Soft grey boulder clay
November 9, 1939
' 60-62 Lignite, peaty and earthy
62-64 Grey cret, clay and lignite
64-83 Lignite
64-70 Peaty and earthy
70-83 Woody and peaty
84-88 Dark cret, clay
Overburden 49'
Lignite 49-62 - 13
64-83 - 19'
Lignite 32'
-50-
BORE HOLE No. 21

ELev, 168.42
November 9, 1939
0-4 Muskeg
6-12 Grey marine clay
12-24 Fine sand, some clay grey -brown
24-35 Soft grey brown boulder clay
35-36 Sand
36-38 Boulder clay
November 10, 1939

38-40 Soft grey boulder clay Boulder in hole Drive
pipe to 45'
53-54 Grey plastic clay (interglacial)
71-72 Lignite, earthy
November 11, 1939

72-79 Lignite,x peaty and earthy unable to tell whether
grey clay in samples due to caving from above or
in place. This section none too reliable.
81-97 Lignite, woody and hard
97-98 Black cret, clay
overburden 71'
Lignite 71-79 - 8
Lignite 81-97 -16
24
^ This section very difficult to log since bore hole in
caving condition.
-s/-
November 11, 1939

0-3 Muskeg
November 13, 1939

28-35 Soft sticky boulder clay
35-43 Very sandy boulder clay drive pipe to 43' to
shut off caving
November 14, 1939

76-78 Dark grey boulder clay (reworked cret, clay
some lignite
78-84 Lignite
84-85 Black cret, clay, some lignite
85-89 Dark grey to grey cret, clay
89-95 Light grey to greenish grey cret, clay
overburden 78'
Lignite 78-84 - 6'
- s2 "
BORE HOLE No. 23
Elev. 168.35
November 15, 1939

0-4 Muskeg . . '
4-12 Grey silty clay ^Marine)
34-45 Sandy boulder clay hole caves- drive pipe to 43"
November 16, 1939

61-63 reworked black cret, clay, lignite and pebbles
water some caving
63-71 Lignite, hard woody some boulder clay and pebbles
in sample
Overburden 63 T
Lignite 63-71 - 8'
BORE HOLE No. 24
Elev. 168.63
November 17, 1939 - .

0-4 Muskeg
4-12 Grey silty clay (marine clay)
22-23 Water, sand and gravel at 22 T -23 f
23-40 Sandy boulder clay with seams of sand and gravel
November 18, 1939

68-80 Brownish-grey boulder clay and reworked cret.
clay and lignite. Drilling very hard stone fell
into hole and well had to be abandoned
Pipe driven to 46' - very tight and difficult
Hole abandoned at 80'
Water at 22', 40' and 58' and 68'
BORE HOLE NO.
November 20, 1939

0-4 Muskeg
4-12 Grey silty clay (marine clay)
12-35 Sandy boulder clay a few boulders at 30(-32'
November 21, 1939

35-41 Sandy boulder clay. Much caving. Drive pipe.
41-55 Grey plastic clay interglacial
55-65 Soft boulder clay
65-67 Gravel and water, some clay
70-72 Dark and light grey reworked cret, clay, some
Lime; pebbles
pebbles72-73i Grey and white cret, clay reworked
in sam-473^-76 Reddish-brown cret, clay
pies 176-80 X&X&H Grey to light grey cret, clay
from '80-85 Black grey cret, clay, some lignite at 82-83
70-95 85-92 Grey and light grey cret, clay
92-95 Black-grey light cret, clay
92-95 Black-grey cret, clay, lignite and lime pebbles
at 94-95
95-104 Dark and light grey cret, clay
104-110 Light brownish grey cret, clay
110-111 Black cret, clay
111-115 Light grey cret, clay some thin bands of Hack
grey clay
Pipe at 56'
Water at 30', 67 No lignite
BORE HOLE No. 26
November 22, 1939

0-8 Silty clay (Marine or swamp)
November 23, 1939
28-30 Black-brown clay (interglacial) some organic and
carbonaceous matter and small pebbles.
November 24, 1939
30-45 Black-brown clay (interglacial)
45-54 Gravel and water
54-56 Grey boulder clay drive pipe to 56*
56-67 Earthy lignite
67-74 Crushed lignite-woody, earthy and peaty
74-75 Black-grey cret, clay
75-80 Woody lignite
November 25, 1939
80-90 Lignite
80-85 woody
85-90 peaty
90-91 Black-grey cret, clay, some lignite
Overburden 56'
Lignite 56-74 - 18
75-90 - li
Lignite 33*
Lignite seam did not cave and samples were clean
-Sfe-
BORE HOLE No. 27

Elev. 168.19
November 25, 1939
0-2^ Muskeg
2^-7 Silty clay (marine)
7-32 Sandy boulder clay sand seams at 20^28 feet
November 27, 1939

47-69 Grey plastic clay, stoneless
69-72 Boulder clay (reworked cret.) water brown, some
lignite
72-75 Sand, gravel, some lignite at 72* a nest of boulders
November 28, 1939 '

75-97 Lignite, Drove pipe to 80'
75-81 peaty and earthy crushed
81-97 woody possible a little clay at 80''-di 1
97-100 Greenish grey cret, clay with bands of black-brown
clay
Overburden 75' '
Lignite 75-97 - 22'
Note: Very difficult to place exact top of lignite, owing to bed
of sand. It may be a few feet either higher or lower.
Note: The 6" pipe broke at threads bn z lengths-a 10 f and 5 1
length. Pipe appears to have crystallized.
-57-
BORE HOLE No. 28
November 29, 1939

0-3 Muskeg
7-42 Grey sandy boulder clay beds of sand and gravel
and water
November 30, 1939

4-2-63 Grey sandy boulder clay with beds of sand, gravel
and water
63-68 Black-brown and grey plastic clay, stoneless
(a few lime pebbles). Some carbonaceous material
68-78 Soft grey boulder clay, very few boulders '
81-94 Lignite
' 81-85 earthy
85-86| earthy with thin bands of grey cret, clay
86^-94 woody and peaty
December l, 1939
97-98 Black-grey cret, clay, some lignite
98~ib05 Grey to light grey cret, clay
Overburden 81'
Lignite 81-97 - 16'
-w-
BORE HOLE No. 29

166.25
December l, 1939
0-1 Muskeg
12-20 Grey sandy boulder clay, very easy drilling
December 2, 1939
20-35 Grey sandy boulder clay ^ '
35-^3 Grey plastic clay (interglacial)
60-65 Lignite, woody and peaty ,-
65-67 Lignite, eathy with a little grey silty clay
67-79 Lignite, woody
79-80 Lignite, peaty, some earthy
84-85 Lignite, peaty and earthy
December 4, 1939
86-90 Chocolate - grey cret, clay
90-95 Grey to light grey cret, clay
Overburden - 60'
Lignite 60-86 - 26*
BORE HOLE No. 30
Elev. 156.49
December 4, 1939
19-25 Sand, some clay
December 5, 1939
61-62 Nest of boulders
December 6, 1939
82-83 Black clay and lignite
88-90 Grey to light grey clay
Overburden - 66 !
Lignite 66-82 - 16
BORE HOLE No. 31
Elev. 153.70
December 6, 1939
0-2 Muskeg
2-8 Silty clay
December 7, 1939
20-46 Sandy boulder clay. Pipe at 43 ! -bed of boulders
at 42* and 46'. Through boulders at 46'
46-57 Lignite
46-48 earthy and peaty
48-57 woody and some peaty
57-64 Black to dark grey cret, clay
Overburden 46'
Lignite 46-57 - 11*
BORE HOLE No. 32
Elev. 153.49
December 7, 1939
0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Swamp clay
December 8, 1939
10-30 Boulder clay
Nest of boulders at 12 - 15'
Grey plastic stoneless clay on bailer at 30 !
30-33 Plastic boulder clay, much of it stoneless,. no
evidence of bedding ,
38-69 Boulder clay, some gravel at 49 f
69-81 Lignite
72-79 woody
79-81 woody, some earthy bit sticky
December 9, 1939
81-82 Dark grey cret, clay, some lignite
85-89 Light grey clay at 89. Dark grey cret.- clay
Overburden 69'
Lignite 69'-81' - 12'
BORE HOLE NO 33 Elev. 151.84
December 9, 1939
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Swamp clay
8-44 Boulder clay, some s,and at 15'
December 11, 1939

44-50 Find sand, probably flowing at bottom of bed
coarser sand and gravel
55-56 Dark grey plastic clay and lignite, mixed zone
56-70 Lignite
60-68 peaty and woody
68-70 earthy, peaty and woody
December 12, 1939

70-78 Dark grey cret, clay,
Overburden 56'
Lignite 56-70 - 14'
-M-
BORE HOLE No, 34 Elev. 149.74
December 12, 1939

0-2 Muskeg
28-35 Grey boulder clay? (interglacial)
December 13, 1939

Ho work - burned out bearing on motor ot drill
December 14, 1939

37-39 Sand, some clay
43-48 Lignite, woody, earthy and grey cret, clay
72-75 Grey-light grey cret, clay
Overburden - 48 T
Lignite 48-70 - 22'
BORE HOLE # 35
December 15, 1939 151.25

Of-3 Muskeg
3-? Brown swamp clay
December 16, 1939
37-61 Grey-brown boulder clay
61-62 Black-grey cret, clay and lignite
62-77 Lignite
71-72 Lignite, some grey cret, clay
72-76 Lignite, peaty, woody
71-77k Black-grey cret, clay and lignite
77l|-S30 Dark grey to light grey cret, clay
Water level in hole 4* from surface
Overburden 62'
Lignite 62-77 r 15 f
-US-
BORE HOEE # 36
December 18, 1939 . 152.05

0-3 Muskeg
54-65 Grey brown, boulder clay
December 19, 1939
65-67 Black reworded cret, clay lignite and a few pebbles
67-83 . Lignite
67-70 peaty and earthy
70-82 woody "
82-83 woody, peaty and earthy
83-83g Black-grey cret, clay
83ir~85 Grey cret, clay
Water level in hole 4 1 from surface
Overburden 67*
Lignite 67-83 ~ l6 f
Footage September 26, 1939-December 19, 1939 2902*
No. of working shifts 73
Averyage per shift 39.7'
BORE HOLE #37 ' .
Start 11t00 a.mt
January 11, 1940
0-1 Black muck
1-8 Grey-brown swamp clay
17-30 Soft grey sandy boulder clay
30-35 Hard sandy boulder clay Pipe at 31'
January 12, 1940
58-60 aravel
Pipe at 60'
January 13, 1940
63-75 Lignite
65-73 woody
73-75 peaty and earthy i
76-80 Dark grey cret, clay becoming lighter from 78'-80*
Pipe at 66'
Overburden 63*
Lignite 63'-75' - 12'
BORE HOLE #38
January 13, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Swamp clay
13-15 Gravel, some clay
January 15, 1940
15-50 Grey sandy boulder clay, hard
50-55 Gravel
January 16, 1940
Pipe at 66*
Overburden 65*
Cret, clay at 65
Lignite-none
BORE HOLE # 39
January 17, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Swamp clay
19-20 Boulders
^6-2^20=20 Plastic clay
28-35 Grey sandy boulder clay Piperat 19'
January 18, 1940
54-55 Grey plastic clay and earthy lignite
19* of pipe in hole and recovered
Overburden 55*
Lignite 55-78 s 23'
BORE HOLE # 40
January 19, 1940 '.

0-3 Muskeg '
3-7 Swamp clay
7-8 Gravel
25-38 Solt plastic boulder clay
Water-47-48 Boulders, some clay
January 20, 1940
53-62 Grey boulder clay, with boulders at 60 f -62'
66-68 Grey boulder clay or reworked cret, clay* Rook fell into
hole at 47' and had to be drilled down hole to 68'
68-82 Lignite
68-72 peaty and woody
72-801 woody and peaty
83-87 Grey cret, clay ;
Overburden 62'
Lignite 62-66 s 4
Lignite 68-82 - 1/t l8 '
-70-
BORE HOLE # 41
January 22, 1940 '

0-2^ Muskeg
2^-8 Brown swamp clay
19-34 Sand, gravel, some boulder clay, pipe at 34'
January 23, 1940
34-60 Grey plastic clay, interglacial pipe at 49'
Water at 60-64 Hard grey boulder clay
60'-61' 64-70 Lignite, earthy
January 24, 1940
70-89 Lignite
89-90 black cret, clay and lignite
90-93 grey cret, clay
Overburden 64'
Lignite 64-89 - 25*
-•71-
Bore Hole # 42
January 24, 1940

0-4 Muskeg
4-10 Grey marine clay . i
10-30 Soft grey boulder clay
30-32 Dark grey plastic clay with thin seams of black brown clay
Pipe at
22'
January 25, 1940

'32-40 Dark grey plastic clay with thin seams of black brown clay
42-43 Soft grey boulder clay .
43-44 Sand and lignite fragments
45-49 Sand and gravel
49-61 Hard j sandy boulder clay
60-61 gravel-no water
61-68 Lignite, earthy and peaty
January 26, 1940
71-73 Grey clay, some pebbles
73-91 Lignite
73-76 peaty
76-89 woody
91-92 Dark grey cret, clay and lignite
Pipe at 68 f
Overburden 61'
Lignite 61-71 10'
Lignite 73-91 18'
-72-
BORE HOLE # 43
January 27, 1940

0-3 Muskeg , ,, '
15-17 Coarse gravel and sand
17-27 Hard grey boulder clay '
29-30 Gravel and some clay '
30-58 Hard dfSk grey boulder clay
January 29, 1940 ' - .

59-67 Black-grey boulder clay '...; - ' " , ;
Stratified silt and clay seems to occur in seams
67-72 Sand and gravel Drive pipe to ?2' ' i
Water 72-78 Grey plastic clay (interglacieal) , ;
78-81 Soft grey boulder clay 'L... ;,
81-92 Lignite ' ; ' * "
81-82 lignite-earthy, some black clay
82-92 peaty and woody " ; , f
,, li ' ' , .
January 30, 1940 ; '
92-96 Lignite
94-96 Peaty and earthy
97-100 Grey cret, clay 77' of pipe
Overburden 81'
Lignite 81-96 - 15'
-71-
BORE HOLE,#44
January 30, 1940 ; .

0-4 Muskeg ; ,y ';:
4-9 Marine clay ' H
9-16 Grey sandy boulder clay , :r"; '
16-18 Sand, some clay . ,'
18-24 Grey sandy boulder clay "
January 31, 1940
i' . " " ' ;,; i; .'*;- ; i'. .r.^'--^-'.' ;r
24-34 Grey sandy boulder clay : ; t - w
34-39 Soft plastic clay ' ; -Y V':- ;
39-43 Boulder clay :- '' *. -' s f ;:Y :;'
43-54 Sandy and gravel :. '— ; ' "- - ; V*^ ;
54-58 Boulder clay . i^^'''""
., "',- ••'•fV.v-A ' '^' '
February l, 1940 t. " -l
58-60 Black to grey (boulder) clay?
60-67 Very sandy boulder clay - : , .J
February 2, 1940 !' ' ;; . -- , . ' ••'.-'-'", V^^.^X:--.
68-69 Mixed zone Lignite and some clay ^^^13*4:*

69-85 Lignite ' ', ^ --'l- -;' ; -J';•V^v^:;.-.
Overburden 69 ' -" . ,: ';5|- ' ;^ •,"." f; ;

Lignite 69-85 16 ' ',,:,;\ ' ^j.^^Nfp:'**:' ^v;-^V^ v.:
N.B. 68-76 hole caving badly lignite sample salted .and unsatisfactory*
Pipe drive to 76' . . ; cr' r . ;^, : -'./V ;'^.'••;..\."; :;-,;\ : v:v :-';V.
' ' ' \,-- "" :' . •..'•5 ;'*";? '.v*; s.'' ' ( :. •*':''.-. ;-': "j.^-/ '
' '-"' :" . "' -J.;" :*M..' -. ' "' "i ! ,;
' ' ' ' . -' ' ,' . . '- - -'-, ."'''-'^("v -'" "' "- ' *s*'"
' '. -. ,tV . - ' -' - ' ' '-si f -- - '
" ' ' ": - - ^ A '.'' :' - "- -' '''.i ' '' ^ -, !"'- ' ' , :'
'•- -'': ''""' ' !~'V'^'"--:/^ ;^.'- : .:'' V - ,-,; '"-/ '.-;" ^^:J"
•- , - ; --''-.. i-';V^';^!oJ.'rt;V'Ti ; , /:;'"--' .,-,-"N ""-
MMllyfiff -t
BORE HOLE •s;: -m
' ''"-
*?eT)ruary 5, 4*00' ?p.a.
February 3, 1940
0-10 Marine clay . '-. ;.- ' , '.'

10-18 Sand -gravel and boulders
18-25 Boulder clay plastic ,: '
25-29 Sand beds in boulder clay '-
29-32 Light brown .sand - -- : ,.
February 5, 1940
32-39 Sand . '' ", -- , ,' '- '-'X--.. . ": -':'-, ^, ^
37-39 Bedded light and dark grey bands^ ci^'mid carbonaceouJBf
39-60 Plastic stone3,ess clay , .''.•^.^^ •^...^^•"••• :
60-64 Sandy boulder 'Olay' ; \-'v;j ^ v X :*! ,Xi'
64-80 Boulder clay with' some plastic ; ,'." ;'^fe*^|'W ? ''l^-"*
February 6, 1940
81-82 Dark grey plastic clay, andvlignite •*t#
8"3-103 Lignite : :
103-110 Cretaceous clay ;.C; i
Overburden 82
Lignite 21
V.***',.
BOREHOLE 46
Started p.m.
inished
Pipe 6?
**iX •'•-Y-: *;
,".?*'--. . ,,;.Y '..fi . '
j,f-' -'^-""V ice
.. ;. .. . . ".-,^}. J * "
February 6, 1940 ,.....,-7 ^ .^ , ^,T

•'•I- f :- *'. ' f."- - ,
0-2 Muskeg , : v-: V'

2-10 Marine clay - *- ; ;-..." : ,- - .-, -''.-^V -*^, i-,' ~ ~~- ' :-l' . ',-
•- 1 ; " -' '- ' . 'i- "i ,i " ' t ' "' - . ' ~'- ' '-"""'^ '. i:\
February 7, 1940 . ^ ^ ' ' ' ; '" ,^ ' : V ; : i- . ' ',

10-17 Sand and gravel - -. '•.'-., ! -:'"V /"^:."- - -v ,, , . . .- ,"-,-"xV//':^'',.,.
17-22 Sandy boulder clay •V:",V V '- ^•''''V.-;;'''- '"- "c--'"'.' /.".V'/v'fi^fv^^'
22-45 Sand and gravel-with some bpulder (ilay? .^ ? ^1 4 f-
boulders at 45'-drove boulde* aljjBadôt bit f&itf 17* to
45r50 Very sandy boulder clay .i*^ l s 4' ;
50-53 Dark carbonaceous material and•"pâ'stiôlay/"Z"'\-.';,,,"r ;.,'^;'
53-70 Plastic clay (stoneless) some peaty
Februarys, 1940 . . . ...lv. '" --"', v - ; t ;-'it? hi;^'. - :: ."v " :A": *v ;;:'- : - ''- .,"
70-79 Boulder clay and some reworked ejfeipeous just aboTe êaifc (ligait^
79-98 Lignite 79-83 Earthy peaty and itep^ - - v, ^ : ^...V.-^'^Y
83-93 Woody and peaty - -j: v-* ^:,.^--'.-...----'.. r,v-.v^-*.. .-' ' ' -
93-95 Woody-earthy-peaty v^: : ; ':
95-98 Woody and earthy :, \ -- :ii ;
98-104 Cretaceous clay -: ^^ ; f. ; -,, : V;",
Overburden 79
Lignite 19
BORE HOLE .47
s.:: -'-'''i''*-: /'-t "'M-',"'i.
Februarys, 1940 ' . ' . - - '.

,,'S,^
--' .f-vi'-V
0-2 Muskeg * "•••'. " ":~ ' ,^-:~:\'^

2-11 Marine clay '---'~ : ' : :.^'~ .
11-24 Boulder clay and sand seams
February 9, 1940
24-35 Boulder clay -

35-45 Dark grey plastic clay iand/
45-52 Boulder clay-some graTel
52-60 Plastic stoneless claiy
60-62 Sand
62-69 Sand and boulder clay
69-70 Dark grey clay and lignite
:' '-.. :.*.-: "'-''': '•'"'•. f:h'-"*^^. i; '--'''''^V'^ ''. -1' ,".'\'i'"?yifijg''-: '*
February 10, 1940 : - : •f:-'-"
70-97 Lignite . - , ''.v- : '

70-75 Earthy and. peaty .-, ;":
75-80 Earthy and pe'atyv.some
8e-85 Earthy -some .dffr
85-89 Woody : .. '- ;-'
89-95 Woody ', .'...
95-97 Woody earthy 'peaty
97-104 Cretaceous clay - , ,-
Overburden 70
Lignite 70-84
85-97 26
Note No drilling February 10-afternopn*held jup ;|flit|f

wrenches for pitman pan and crank case pin, j H
-77-
BORE HOLE 48
Started February 12, 8:00 a.m.

Finished February 13, 6j00 p.m.
February 12, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Marine clay
10-24 Gravel-sand-some boulder clay
25-35 Sandy and gravel
35-43 Dark grey plastic-carbonaceous matter (peafc)
43-53 Grey plgstlc stoneless
February 13, 1940
53-6? Grey plastic stoneless
67-72 Boulder clay
72-73 Dark grey to brown plastic clay some lignite
73-97 Lignite
73-78 earthy-peaty-some clay
78-85 earthy-peaty-doubtful parting at 85' (l 1 )
85-90 woody-peaty
92-97 woody-peaty
97-100 Cretaceous clay
Overburden 73
Lignite 73-84
84-97 23'
-78-
BORE HOLE 49
Started February 14
Finished February 15
Pipe 67
February 14, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-12 Marine clay
12-30 Boulder clay with sand and gravel beds
February 15, 1940
30-62 Boulder clay

62-80 Plasfeic stoneless
81-94 Dark grey clay carbonaceous matter and some lignite grey plastic
94-303 Lignite
94-98 earthy peaty
Overburden 94
Lignite 9
N.B. This hole poorly logged except for lignite contacts.

BORE HOLE 50
Started February16, 1940

Finished February 19, 1940
Pipe 74'
February 16, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Marine clay
7-36 Boulder clay (hard)
36-42 Fine sand
February 17, 1940
42-66 Sandy and gravel
66-74 Sand-soft drilling
February 19, 1940
74-93 Lignite-actual contact difficult to set as plug in pipe driven
from 6^*74 in soft greund may have sealed off lignite water
74-79 Earthy peaty with some clay
79-83 Earthy peaty with some clay
83-87 Peaty and woody
87-93 Woody
93-98 Clay-cretaceous
Overburden 74
Lignite 19
l
-80-
BORE HOLE 51
Started February 20
Pipe 48*
February 20, 1940

0-4 Muskeg
4-9 Marine clay
February 21, 1940

February 22, 1940
42-62 Plastic stoneless
62-69 Boulder clay
70-83 Lignite
70-73 earthy-peaty
83-93 Cretaceous clay (drilled well into green cretaceous)
Overburdne 70
Lignite 13
J
-81-
BORE HOLE' 52
Started February 23
Pipe
February 23, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Marine clay
14-32 Boulder clay with sand seams
33-37 Coarse gravel
February 24
37-40 Boulder clay
45-50 Gravel sand some clay-boulder-rpported
55-58 Dark grey clay and carbonaceous matter some peat
58-65 Plastic clay stoneless
65-70 Boulder plastic clay
70-83 Lignite
70-93 earthy, peaty and woody
73-83 woody
83-87 Dark grey cretaceous clay
Overburden 70
Lignite 13
-82-
BORE HOLE 53
Started February 2? (8:00 a.m.)

Finished February 29 .
Pipe
February 2?, 1940
0-4 Muskeg
4-9 Swamp clay
9-30 Sand and gravel some clay (above likely boulder clayf
30-35 Boulder clay-soft
35-42 Boulder clay-hard
42-45 Coarse gravel
February 28, 1940
45-^1 Plastic stoneless clay
61-70 Boulder clay-plastic
71-93 Lignite 71-74-earthy and peaty 74-93-woody and peaty at
about 85' probably some clay
Overburden 71
Lignite 22
BORE HOLE 54
Started February 29
Finished March 4
Pipe ?8
February 29, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Swamp clay marine
Harch l, 1940
19-27 Fine sand-soft drilling
37-52 Very sand boulder clay
52-55 Garavel
March 2, 1940
55-59 Dark gray clay and lignite
59-71 Reworked zone-gravel and lignite
71-89 Lignite
71-75 earthy, peaty, woody
^5-83 woody and peaty
Overburden 71
Lignite 18
'-IH-
BORE HOLE 55
Started March 5,
Finished March 7,
Pipe 83'.
March 5, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine clay
9-11 Gravel
11-19 Boulder clay
March 6, 1940
19-35 Boulder clay
35-40 Very sandy (boulder clay?) sharp with lignite fragments
March 7, 1940
52-65 Grey sand and gravel
71-83 Grey sand (free running)
83 * Lignite
-45-
BORE HOLE 56
March 8, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine clay
42-48 Plastic stoneless clay
48-58 Plastic boulder clay
Kerch 9, 1940
58-68 Clay-gravel-lignite {lignite water worn)
68-79 Lignite-water black yet samples still salted?
carrying gravel and clay
79-85 Grey clay
Overburden 68
Lignite 68-79 - 11
BORE HOLE 57
March 10, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
7-16 Marine clay
16-23 Boulder clay
23-27 Sand
27-40 Boulder clay
40-64 Plastic bedded clay
54-61 Boulder clay
61-72 Reworded lignite mixed with dark grey clay and gravel-hard drilling
72-83 Lignite
83-87 Grey clay
Overburden 72
Lignite 72-83 - 11
-B7-
BORE HOLE 58
March 13, 1940

" 14, 1940 Hole drilled to 20' forced to move off on
account of a large boulder—moved 10* east
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Swamp clay
8015 Marine clay?
15-25 Boulder clay
March 15, 1940

58-68 Boulder clay
68-75 Grey clay with gravel and lignite fragments (water worn)
March 16, 1940
78-84 Dark grey clay bedded
No lignite seam
-88-
BORE HOLE 59
March 16, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Swamp clay
9-15 Marine clay
March 18, 1940
15-20 Gravel-sand
15-25 Boulder clay
44-55 Boulder clay
55-59 Sand gravel-some clay
March 19, 1940
59-75 Gravel with a little lignite
No lignite seam
-85-
BORE HOLE 60
March 19, 1940

t
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine clay
12-21 Boulder clay
March 2© , 1940
21-40 Boulder clay (repatts March 20-1:30 p.m.)
{ March 21-2:00 p.m.)
March 21, 1940
40-42 Boulder clay

42-48 Plastic clay (interglacial?)
48-49 Boulder clay
50-51 Lignite and sand
March 22, 1940 Repairs to motor 7:30 a.m. — 2:30 p.m.
52-58- .Reworked lignite and sand and gravel
60-62 Earthy and woody lignite
62-65 Woody lignite {clean sample)
62-73 Herd woody
March 23, 1940

73-78 Dark and light grey cret, clay
Overburden 58
Lignite 58-73 ~ 15
BORE HOLE 6l
March 2?, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Swamp clay
9-20 Marine clay
20-30 Boulder clay with sand seam
30-32 Sand and gravel (probably sandy boulder clay)
Mardh 28, 1940
March 29, 1940

60-69 Brown-grey boulder clay, some gravel and sand
with fragments of lignite
NO LIGNITE
-41-
BORE HOLE 62
March 30, 1940

0-2 Muskeg
2-7 Swamp clay
7-17 Marine clay
25-27 Gravel?
30-38 Plastic clay {interglacial?}
38-40 Boulder clay (soft)
April l, 1940
40-46 Boulder clay (soft plastic)
46-52 Boulder Clay (many boulders)
52-59 Sand, gravel, boulders, somebedded clay
59-74 Lignite
59-^2 earthy and peaty
^2-74 woody and peaty
Overburden 59
Lignite 15
BORE HOLE 63
April 2, 1940

6-12 Marine
12-1? Gravel
17-35 Plastic boulder clay some bedding (interglacial?)
April 3, 1940 ~ Bo drilling
April 4, 1940
35-58 Plastic clay (some boulders)
62-64 Boulder clay and lignite
64-81 Lignite
81-85 Dark grey clay
Overburden 64
Lignite 17
BORE HOEE 64
April 5, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Swamp Clay
9-10 Boulders and clay (some boulders in pipe) '
10-1? Marine clay
17-26 Boulder clay
26-27 Boulders
27-38 Plastic bedded boulder clay {limestone pebbles?)
38-44 Sandy boulder clay and gravel?
April 6, 1940 . .
44-58 Sandy boulder clay and gravel
48-59 Coarse gravel and some boulder clay
59-83 Lignite
59-64 earthy and peaty (soft drilling)
64-70 earthy,?oody and peaty
70-75 woody-peaty earthy harder drilling-a little dark grey clay
in sample (parting?) l 1
75-83 woody and peaty hard drilling
Overburden 59
Lignite 59-74 - 15
75-83 - J.
BORE HOLE 65
April 8, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Swamp clay
10-1? Marine
17-20 Boulder
20-25 Sand
April 9, 1940
36-53 Very sandy boulder clay 45-53 appears to be fine sand
53-62 Ve y sandy boulder clay
76-82 Gravel and sandy boulder clay?
82-86 Dark carbonaceous clay and gravel
86-90 Grey clay cret.
90-92 Green cretaceous clay
No lignite
BORE HOLE 66
No Drilling April 10 and morning of lith Pipe 73

April 11, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Swamp clay
7-16 Marine
16-22 Gravel (probably coarse boulder clay)
April 12, 1940
37-42 Sandy boulder clay (coarse boulder clay-hard drilling)
42-49 Sandy boulder clay (softer drilling)
49-76 Plastic bedded boulder clay
April 13, 1940
87-109 Lignite (l* parting at 96-97)
87-101 earthy-peaty very little woody (a little clay)
at 97' 101-109-woody
109-115 Grey cretaceous
Overburden 87
Lignite 87-96-9
97-109-12 21
-Ifc-
BORE HOLE 6?
April 15
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine Clay (in swamp clay)
9-15 Probably marine clay and some carbonaceous bed
and gravej. boulders at 9*
20-30 Very sandy boulder clay and sand
30-43 Plastic bedded boulder clay
43-44 Sandy clay-no boulders-some bedding
April 16
46-51 Sand and gravel-may be very sandy boulder clay
April 17
Did not drill in afternoon

No lignite, hole stopped at 97'
-Vi-
BORE HOLE 68
April 18—no drilling during morning (Nixon visiting property)

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Swamp clay
9-16 Marine clay
16-18 Sand
April 19, 1940
32-38 Plastic boulder clay-some evidence of sorting
38-43 Sand (some boulder clj^?)
43-48 Sand
55-57 Gravel with fragments of lignite
57-60 Fine sand
69-62 Gravel
62-63 Lignite and sand
April 20, 1940
63-78 Sand end gravel
*
No definite lignite seam. Hole stopped at 78
Moved across (east) track April 20.

-18-
BORE HOLE 69
April 22
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Swamp clay (sandy clay)
9-14 Marine clay
29-41 Boulder clay-largely boulders with some sand and clay
41-46 Gravel (may be coarse boulder clay)
46-65 Boulder clay-very coarse appears to be almost a gravel?
May 9
65-70 Boulder clay (much sand and pebbles)
70-73 Sand and gravel with earthy lignite
May 10
73-87 Lignite
78-85 woody peaty .and some earthy
at 85' water color dark grey probably due to parting
May 11
85-87 woody with gravel at bottom of hole may be cave. Water
worn carries jaspers, g.si, limestones and quartz
87-90 Grey clay
Overburden 73
Lignite 14
BORE HOLE ?0
May 11
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine clay
May 13
18-30 Plastic boulder clay .
May 14 .
May 15
May 16
Drilled -| day
May 17
73-76 Coarse boulder clay some sand

76-90 Lignite
79-81 sand seam reported probably cave,
90-94 Dark grey cretaceous
May 18 Pulling pipe
Overburden 76
Lignite 14
-100-
BORE HOLE 71
May 18
0-3 Muskeg '
3-8 Swamp clay
8-12 Marine clay
12-20 Boulder clay-some sand
May 19
20-31 Boulder clay
May 20
31-A5 Boulder clay
45-55 Plastic bedded clay
55-58 Sandy boulder clay at 58 some sand
May 21
58-75 Sand} boulder clay
75-91 Lignite-with doubtful parting
75-79 Earthy and peaty some woody
79-83 Earthy peaty woody
82-83 Clay a little dark grey clay at 83
83-91 Woody and peaty
91-97 Dark grey cretaceous
Overburden 75
Lignite 7^-82 7
83-91 8 15
-101-
BORE HOLE 72
May 22
0-2 Muskeg
2-# Swamp clay
6-12 Boulder clay
12-14 Sand and lignite
14-16 Lignite
16-18 Sand and lignite (sand cave?)
May 23
18-31 Lignite
31-40 Fine clay (parting)
40-45 Lignite
Overburden 14?
Lignite 14-31 17
40-45 JL 22?
Driller reports sand seams in lignite
-102-
BORE HOLE 73
May 2k
0-2 Muskeg
2-4 Swamp clay marine?
4-26 Boulder clay
26-54 Lignite
May 2?
54-65 Grey clay
May 28 Polling pipe
Overburden 26
Lignite 28
BORE HOLE 74
May 28
0-2 Muskeg
2-17 Boulder clay
17-18 Lignite
May 29
36-52 Lignite
Overburden 36
Lignite 16
-IOH-
BORE HCLE 75
May 29
0-2 Mufckeg
2-30 Boulder Clay
Kay 30
30-35 Boulder clay and lignite

35-52 Lignite
Overburden 35
Lignite l?
BORE HOLE ?6 f
- l
May 31
0-6 Swamp clay

6-33 Boulder clay
33-35 Boulder clay and sand
June l
35-60 Lignite
Overburden 35
Lignite
BORE HOLE 7?
'June 3
0-1 Muskeg
1-4 Swamp clay
4-26 Boulder clay
26-27 Lignite
27-33 Grey cretaceous clay
33-51 Lignite
51-53 l Grey cretaceous clay
June 4
Morningapulling pipe
Overburden 33
Lignite 18
-107-
BORE HOLE ?8
June 8
0-2 Muskeg . -•/•-•--; ' ^;: 'v:Û,- ,,\; V'- ;
2-10 Swamp clay " ) ; ; ",;T* f ' - /*
10-18 Light grey boulder clay-sotae doubtful bedded, plastic
* ' J ' . ' - ' ' " ' l ' ' ' "' -
June 10 j' 'V*...
. .. . - |- . . i . -. - -r-.-hf , ^ . - -\
18-33 Grey boulder clay :

33-39 Lignite
39-40 Parting clay? !"'."
40-52 Lignite
52-55 Dark grey clay ' - ^
Overburden 33
Lignite 33-39 6
40-52 12 18
BORE HOLE 79
June 11
0-2 Muskeg ; , , - ;!,
2-6 Silty clay : - : . \':
6-16 Hard boulder clay ' r
16-20 Sandy boulder clay, sand gravel; end bouldefrs
20-22 Lignite, some sand " ' -^
June 12 •••- ' ' ? , '
22-59 Lignite-woody ? ,, v[
22-33 woody " vt ' i;--: " A'
33-35 earthy \
35-42 woody
42-43 earthy - ; ;i
43-46 hard woody .f
June 13 46-47 hard woody "^ '
47-49 earthy with small pebbles "l
49-58 woody ' ' .Y-" 1
58-59 earthy
59-60 Black cretaceous clay
Overburden 22 V A
Lignite 37 :, ;, ;, :
-Idfl-
BORE HOLE 80
June 14
0-4 Muskeg
4-8 Swamp clay and sand
8-12 Boulder clay ""
12-30 Plastic clay and some boulders
30-35 Hard boulder clay and sand
June 15
45-57 Dark grey cretaceou s clay
57-70 Green cretaceous
No Lignite
-iio-
BORE HOLE 81
June 17
0-2 Muskeg
2-10 Swamp clay
10-12 Boulder clay
f-...
i June 18
12-28 Boulder clay
28-35 Boulder clay end sand,
35-5® Plastic boulder olay mfta-sa*
June 19
fc.f-.' ^, - ;- :
f."-'--. 50-56 Plastic boulder eJ^y va.nd jîiaadH^v'
f 56-72 Lignite and clay :
56-60 lignite *and clay
65-72 woody, compressed peaty
June 20 Pulling casing
Overburden 56
Lignite 16
-III-
BORE HOLE 82
June 21
0-2 Muskeg
2fi6 Swamp clay
6-12 Swamp clay and sand
June 22
32-40 Hard boulder dlay
June 24
40-50 Sand-possible interglacial high of silica sand

50-70 Stratified interglacial clay
70-78 Black grey to dark grey cret.
78-79 Green-gray cret, clay
No Lignite
-112-
BORE HOLE
June 25, 1940

0-1 Muskeg
1-8 Swamp clay
8-30 Grey boulder clay - "
30-35 Vine sand, high # of-Hge- of silica sand, some clay
possibly interglacial
June 26
Sandy boulder clay
44-48 Dark grey stratified clay, some pebbles
June 27
48-52 Gravel, sand, some clay - ,

52-60 Hard grey boulder clay. No drilling in p.m. driller hurl, foot
June 28 p.m.
64-73 Woody and peaty lignite
73-77 Dark grey cret . clay
79-81 Light grey cret, clay
, 81-83 Light grey cret, clay
Overburden 64*
Lignite 64-73 s 9'
-III-
BORE HOLE # 84
June 29, 1940 p.m.

0-4 Muskeg
4-11 Silty clay (marine)
11-15 Sandy boulder clay; a high # ag* of sand
15-22 Fine grey sand
22-30 Grey "boulder clay
July l
33-39 Sand and gravel, some clay
45-55 Grey plastic clay, some pebbles
55^*58 Grey boulder clay
July 2
58-62 Grey stratified clay, some pebbles
62-63 Fine sand, high percentage of silica ;
63-67 Woody lignite
67-69 Black cret, clay-some earthy lignite
76-78 Light grey-greenish cret, clay with bands brown cret, clay
Overburden - 63
Lignite 63-67 - 4
Pipe 57'
0 N A K A TUT A N A J, I G ,N I T E
BOEE HOLE #85
Sole started late in

July 25, 1940
•afternoon, July 25 and
0-5 Muskeg
5-10 Marin clay completed at. 3s30 p.m.
July 27th.
July 26
10-22 Fine sand, some clay Casing *w*dgel*.ifork'island
22-30 " " " " ' " f. ' v:v-
30-35 Fine sand . , " ',*
35-37 Boulder clay : ?i
37-40 Boulder clay, much lignite ;
40-48
48-52
Earthy and Peaty lignite , A r ' ,
Woody and peaty lignite at 52* m thin clay parting
j"^:
52-55 Woody and peaty lignite
July 27
55-61 Lignite woody and peaty
61-65 Lignite earthy and peaty
66-69 Earthy lignite and black cret, clay
69-70 Peaty and woody lignite
75-85 Woody lignite, some peaty, hard ? '
85-88 Peaty lignite
90-95 Grey cret, clay, becoming lighter in colour
74' of casing
Overburden 40*
Lignite {40-66 - 26 391
(75-88 :
- US-
BORE HOLE 86
Started August 1/40

Finished " 6/40
August l
6-2 Muskeg
2-8 Marine Clay
8-2? Boulder Clay
27-30 Hard Boulder clay SOBS fine sand.
30-33 Dark Grey Clay suggestion of bedding -:;
33-35 Sand and clay with fragments of lignite
- V . ' : -" ' - . ; ' Vt'r '"
35-43 Grey Boulder Clay and sand

43-45 Dark Grey Bedded Clay .L y
- .-j. v , .. - '; v .. ' -- V vi
45-48 Dark Grey Clay and Lignite , t
48-63 Lignite x ; : J;
63-69 Clay and lignite - water partiag clay color
69-8? Lignite '
•' ' .V.~V "' ''- - ' ' -
87-95 Bark Grey Clay

95-100 Grey Clay, -
Overburden - 48* ;
Lignite 48-63 * 15 f .,,

69-87 - 18 33'
0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Marine Clay ?
10-15 Sandy Boulder Clay
20-37 Sand and.Gravel *S;
20-25 Sand almost pure.
25-37 Sand and
37-55 Dark grey bedded oiay
55-72 Lignite : , :^.^..l:,^^m^^
.. .. . ". - ~; -m.
72-77 Parting clay
77-95 Lignite
95-100 Dark Grey cretaceous
'J- . . '
clay
'- ,- -i --' '*:*i
Overburden -55
Lignite 55-72 s 17
77-95 s. 18
•; . -t..../ ,.-.-Vw-. •\^''i :^'"'-fy1i^"^'^'-^^^'-'^ ;.:',. '-'.'
. ..;:-:. J^
-m-
BORE HOLE 88
Started August 15
Finished August 19
0-3 Muskeg
3-12 Marine Clay
12-30 Sandy Boulder Clay
/J^-w**
35-38 Silica, enad1 with some dark carbonaceous material
38-42 Dark Grey Clay (fire clay)
42-47 Lignite
47-60 Dark Grey Clay (fire clay) some earthy lignite 58-60
60-69 Lignite-considerable earthy and clay throughout may be cave
69-73 Lignite-woody
73-78 Lignite-woody with some clay and earthy-may be parting

78-95 Lignite
95 * Cretaceous clay
Overburden - 60
Lignite 60-73 ~ 13
78-95 s 12.
-llft-
Hole 89
Started September 16, 1940

Finished " 19, 1940
0-2 Muskeg
2-8 Marine Clay
8-19 Boulder Clay
19-21 Boulder Clay bed of boulders.
21-33 Boulder Clay at 33 some carbonaceous material *
33-40 Dark Grey boulder clay considerable carbonaceous material
probably reworked fire clay
40-57 Dark Grey clay with th*n beds of green cretaceous
60-70 Dark Grey Clay - fragments of lignite
70-87 Lignite
87-92 Dark grey clay at 92 green cretaceous
Overburden 70
Lignite 17
-m-
BORE HOLE 90 September 23
0-2 Muskeg
2-8 Marine Clay
8-20 Plastic Boulder Clay
20-30 " n
30-35 Sand
35-42 Bedded Plastic Clay
42-47 Dark Grey Boulder do.
52-55 Plastic Clay
55-61 Dark grey to Black Boulder Clay
67-73 Dark grey clay with sand and gravel (reworked)
73-75 with lignite fragments
75-77 Coarser gravel some clay
77-82 Sand
82-90 Coarser sand and gravel
90-92 Fine sand
92-97 Reworked grey to black clay with sand and gravel

97-102 Grey clay-lignite fragments - sand and gray
No lignite
- 12.0-
BORE HOLE 91
Started October 4, 1940

Finished October 7, 1940
12 nooa
October 4
0-3 Muskefe
3-10 Marine Clay
10-14 Boulder Clay
14-1? Sandy Boulder Clay
17-23 Dark grey carbonaceous clay (boulder clay)
26-32 Dark grey carbonaceous clay and sand
36-39 Dark grey sandy clay some carbonaceous material
and lignite
39-43 Sand and gravel (some silt) dark grey sandy clay at 43
43-54 " " "
October 5
57-58 Earthy lignite and some clay
58-61 Lignite - earthy
61-65 M - woody and peaty
65-73 " - woody
73-76 Earthy - woody - peaty mixed with parting clay - parting clay
at ?6 f
76-79 Lignite - earthy - some clay
79-90 Lignite - woody and peaty :
October 7
90-100 Dark grey clay (Cretaceous)
Overburden 58
Lignite 58-73 s 15
76-90 s 14,
I
-111-
Bore Hole 92
Start October 7 - 3*30 p.m.

Finish October 10- 5130 p.m.
October 7, 1940
0-4 Muskeg
4-9 Marine clay
H-16 Hart boulder clay
October 8
16-35 Soft boulder clay
35-37 Coarse boulder clay
37-40 Fine sand-some gravel
40-49 Fine sand-fast drilling
49-55 Blue plastic clay
63-66| Black clay some boulder and lignite
October 9
66|-68 Lignite and black clay
77-80 Black clay
80-83 Black clay-some boulders
October 10
83-85 Black clay-some gravel
85-87 Fine sand-some clay
Overburden 68' L:0:: 1:7*5
Lignite 9'
Bore Hole 93
Started October 11 - 9i30 a.m.

Finished October 18 - 11:60 a.m.
October 11
0-3 Muskeg
3-12 Marine Clay
12-25 Boulder Clay
25-35 Fine Sand
35-41 Coarser gravel and sand
41-53 Gravel (probably boulder clay)
53-57 Hard Boulder Clay
60-63 Lignite - earthy, woody and peaty
78-79 Parting clay - no lignite
79-82 Parting clay {some gravel-cave?)
82-8? Parting clay and lignite
87-95 Lignite - hard woody
95-97 Black clay and lignite
97-103 Black clay
105-110 Grey Clay
Overburden 57
Lignite 57-78 s 21 ^
87-95 c J* 29
Tractor Driver-spilled core box while bringing it to camp;

BORE HOLE 94
Started October 18 1:00 p.m.
October 18
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine Clay
8-20 Fine sand
20-25 Fine Sand some gravel
36-35 Grey boulder clay hard drilling
35-48 Sand
48-50 Grey boulder clay - hard drilling
50-57 w n w nw
57-60 Lignite earthy - some woody
60-66 Lignite hard woody
66-70 Lignite earthy and woody soft drill
•^60-81 Lignite woody and peaty - earthy
81-87 Earthy Lignite some clay soft drilling
87-90 Lignite - earthy and woody
90-92 Lignite - some clay at 92 f
92-98 Black-grey clay (Cretaceous)
98-102 Grey clay - Cretaceous
Overburden 57
Lignite 35
Doubtful parting at 01'
Tractor driver spilled core-box while bring it to camp.
BORE HOLE 95
Started October 22 It00 p.m.
Finished October 24 12:00 noon
October 22, 1940

0-4 Muskeg
4-9 Marine Clay
9-25 Grey Boulder Clay
25-30 Grey Boulder Clay (some coarse gravel?)
30-38 Grey Boulder Clay hard drilling
41-45 Black-grey clay (boulder clay^
45-47 Lignite - earthy - some peaty woody
47-56 Lignite woody - peaty - earthy '
56-70 Lignite hard woody
70-72 Parting clay - some lignite
72-75 Parting clay no lignite
75-79 Parting clay some lignite
79-89 Lignite - hard woody
89-91 Black grey clay
91-96 Grey clay cretaceous
Overburden 45
Lignite 45-70 s 25
79-89 s 10
-125-
BORE HOLE 96
Started October 25, 1940 7:30 a.m.

Finished October 28, 1940 5iOO p.m.
October 25, 1940
Muskeg
3^-8 Murine clay
8-20 Gray Boulder clay
20-34 Gray boulder clay (soft drilling)
34-37 Dark brown clay and fine sand
37-43 Silica sand
47-57 Boulder clay (hard drilling)
57-60 Earthy and woody lignite
60-69 Hard woody lignite
69-74 Hard woody lignite - some earthy
74-78 Black fire clay and earthy lignite
78-81 Peaty and woody lignite some clay
81-88 Hardy woody - some earthy
90-95 Black clay (fire)
95-101 Black gray clay (fire) cretaceous clay
Overburden 57'
Lignite 2?'
Clay 4f Lignite 39'
Lignite ;. 12 f
BORE HOLE 97
Started October 29, 11:00 a.m.

Finished October 31, 5*30 p.m.
October 29, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Murine
8-1? - some gravel
17-20 Silica snad and gravel - some blder clay
20-26 Coarse gravel - some blaer clay (hard drilling)
26-30 Gray boulder clay
October 30, 1940
30-39 Gray bldr. clay (fair drilling)
39-46 Dark carbonaceous Boulder clay
46-58 Plastic Bldr. clay (fair drilling)
58-61 " "w ( nard drilling)
61-64 Boulder clay (fcard drilling)
64-71 Bldr. clay - coarse gravel.
71-73 Lignite earthy (clay?)
73-76 Lignite earthy - some woody
October 31, 1940
76-80 Lignite earthy and woody
80-84 Black clay (fire) - some lignite
88-96 Lignite - hard and woody
96-99 Lignite hard woody and some earthy
99-104 Black clay (fire)
104-113 Light gray plastic clay
Overburden 71 f Lignite 24*
Lignite . 9'
Clay 4' L:0:: 1.3
Lignite 15*
-117-
BORE HOLE 98
Started November l 7:30 a.m.

Finished
November l, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Murine clay
8-1? Gray boulder clay
18-20 Coarse gravel and some clay
20-23 Coarse gravel
23-26 Gravel and fine sand - some clay
November 2, 1940
31-49 Plastic bldr. clay (hard drilling)
49-61 Plastic bldr. clay (fair drilling)
61-64 Plastic bldr. clay - fine sand (fair drilling)
64-67 Dark sand and clay (soft drilling)
67-68 Bark sand and clay - some lignite
68-70 Lignite - hard, woody - some earthy
November 4, 1940
70-73 Lignite - hard, woody
85-88 Black fire clay - some lignite.
88-90 Black fire clay
90-103 Light gray clay
Overburden 68
Lignite l? L:0: 1:4
-JZ8-
BORE HOLE 99
Started November 6, 4t00 p.m.

Finished November 8, 4s00 p.m.
November 6, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
November 7, 1940
3-10 Marine clay
10-14 Gray boulder clay and gravel
14-16 Coarse gravel
16-19 Boulder clay and gravel
19-29 Fine sand and gravel black clay
29-31 Dark brown sand some clay
November 8, 1940
52-66 Lignite earthy and woody (clay in last 6?)
66-67 Earthy lignite and clay
67-69 Black fire clay
71-74 Lignite earthy, woody and peaty .
74-84 Lignite earthy and woody (clay atrke in H 30)
84-90 Black fire clay cretaceous
90-95 Light gray clay
Overburden 42* Lignite 39

Lignite 2 24'
Clay 3' Jft O l ill .7
Lignite 15
-121-
BORE HOLE 100
Started November 9, 10:05 a.m.
Finished November 14
November 9, 1940
0-3.5 Muskeg
3.5-7.5 Silty murine clay
7.5-10 GraveJ (bed at bottom of murine clay
Boulder clay-gray
10-11 Boulders
17-25 Very plastic boulder clay gray
25-30 Plastic clay - sand and gravel gray
30-32 Silica sand p gray
32-34 Very fine silty boulder clay gray
34-37 Sticky-sandy gray boulder clay
37-40 Hard dark gray boulder clay
November 11, 1940
40-47 Gravel and very fine silt
47-53 Dark gray boulder clay
53-55 Dark gray quick sand - water
November 12, 1940
55-66 Gray boulder clay - coarse gravel water
66-70 Boulder clay - slightly carbonaceous
76-71 Clay and lignite
74-77 Lignite - mostly woody
77-80 Lignite - peaty and woody
83-89 Lignite - woody
November 13, 1940
89-91 Gray fire clay
November 14, 1940
101-104 Dark gray plastic fire clay cretaceous
104-107 Light gray plastic clay
Overburden 71* Lignite 27'
Lignite 18'
Clay 2' L:0::l:2.7
Lignite 9'
-rjo-
BORE HOLE 102
Start - November 18-4:15 P*a*

Finish - November 20-10;00 a.m.
November 18, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Brown mdrine clay
9-20 Boulder clay gray and gravel
20-22 Fine boulder clay and graveL(gray)
22-24 Gravel - caving
24-2? Very fine black clay and gravel
27-30 Plastic black clay and gravel
30-33 Dark clay, gravel and some lignite
33-37 Lignite - woody, earthy and peaty
37-41 Lignite - woody,
41-44 Lignite - peaty, earthy and woody
65-66 Plastic fire clay cret.
66-72 Lignite - clay streaks
72-75 Lignite, streaky
75-78 Lignite, and fire clay
78-80 Clay and earthy lignite
Overburden 33' Lignite 41'
Lignite 32*
Clay l L:0::l:0,8
Lignite 9
-131-
BORE HOLE 103
Start November 21, 10:00 a.m.

Finish November
November 21, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine clay
8-20 Gray black clay very plastic
20-25 Gray clay signs of bedding
25-2? Light gray very fine black clay and gravel
27-29 Very silty boulder clay and gravel
29-32 Gravel
32-34 Gravel and plastic black clay
34-37 Black clay and gravel
37-40 Tough plastic, gray black clay
40-43 Dark black clay and gravel
43-45 Hard black clay and gravel
November 22, 1940
45-47 Plastic black clay - signs of lignite

47-50 Wood lignite - cave clay and gravel
50-53 Lignite, clay, gravel - aave
53-61 Lignite - woody - 6l water
Cave - boulder prevents driving pipevmove 10 feet North
BORE HOLE 103A Start Nov. 23 11 a.m.
November 25, 1940
61-63 Plastic fire clay and lignite
63-67 Fire clay - lignite
67-70 Lignite - woody some earthy
81-87 Light fire clay
Lignite 28*
.lliigriite 14*
Clay 6'
Lignite 14*
-132-
BORE HOLE 104
Start November 26, 3:00 p.m.
Finish Hovejriber 28, 9sOO a.m.
November 26, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Marine clay, brown
November 27* 1940
10-24 Gray plastic boulder clay
24-32 Gray plastic boulder clay - lignite
32-34 Lignite earthy peaty and woody
34-38 Lignite eartjty woody
38-41 Lignite earthy and peaty and woody
51-54 Lignite earthy and woody and peaty
63-65 Plastic fire clay
65-68 Lignite woody
68-71 Lignite woody
November 28, 1940
71-76 Lignite woody
76-78 Fire clay and lignite
78 cave - leave hole
Overburden 32* Lignite 42(42)
Lignite 31
Clay 2 L:0s: 1:0.8
BORE HOLE 105
Started November 29, 2:00 p.m.

Finished December 3, 5*30 p.m.
November 29, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine clay-brown
8-13 Plastic gray black clay - 10' boulder
13-17 Creamy-silky clay and boulder
17-23 Plastic gray black clay
23-24 Running sand
24-31 Sand-runs
31-34 Running sand water
34-37 Very plastic black clay
37-40 Very fine gray clay - no boulders
40-46 Bedded plastic gray clay
46-50 Dark gray bedded clay
50-55 Gray plastic clay some boulders
55-57 Gray plastic black clay
57-60 Very fine sand-gray-water
60-63 Dark grey black clay
December 2, 1940
63-68 Dark grey black clay
December 3, 1940
68-71 Dark fire clay
71-79 Dark plastic fire clay
79-86 Lighter plastic fire clay
86-95 Lighter plastic fire clay and gravel
95-101 Light grey clay
101-103 Light grey clay
No lignite Edge of Field
BORE HOLE 106
Start December 5, 1940, 10:00 a*m.

Finish December 7, 1940, l? noo/'
December 5, 1940
0-4 Muskeg
4-10 Marine Clay - Brown
10-1? Very fine Black Clay
17-23 Sandy Black Clay
23-25 Sandy gravel and black clay
25-29 Gray black clay
29-32 Darker black clay
32-34 Fine black clay and gravel
December 6, 1940
34-36 Fine black clay and gravel
36*38 Very plastic gray clay - No boulders
38-41 Fine plastic gray clay - No boulders
50-53 Plastic gray clay - fine gravel
53-54 Dark semi-plastic clay fine gravel
54-56 See 50-53
56-63 Light gray boulder clay 50J6 gravel ;
63-64 Very fine clay and gravel
64-72 Gray fine silty clay and gravel
72-76 Semi-plastic black clay - fine gravel
76-80 Very dark semi-plastic clay and gravel
80-81 Dark gray clay and gravel and earthy lignite
82-85 Very dark fire clay - gravel
85-87 Dark gray plastic fire clay - gravel
87-92 Lighter gray plastic fire clay
Overburden 81*
Lignite
-135-
BORE HOLE 10?
Start-December 9, 1940-11:00 a.m.

Finish-December 10, 1940-2:00 p.m.
December 9, 1940
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine clay-gray
17-20 Gray sandy boulder clay
20-24 Dark gray black clay-sand and gravel
24-33 Light gray black clay-plastic-gravel
33-35 Plastic light gray black clay
December 10, 1940
38-43 Lignite-woody-some earthy and peaty
43-46 Lignite-woody-some earthy
Lignite-wwody-aome earthy (pebble)
57-60 Lignite-woody some peaty and earthy (water)
60-65i Lignite-woody, some earthy
65^-72 Very plastic black gray fire clay
72-78 Lignite-woody some earthy
78-81 Lignite-woody
81-84 Plastic black gray fire clay
84-8? Lighter gray fire clay
Overburden 38*
Lignite 27i Lignite
Clay of-
Lignite 9 L:0:: 1:1
BORE HOLE 108
Start-December 11, 1940-9tOO a.m.

Finish-December 13, 1940-9*45 a.m.
December 11, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine clay (brown)
8-16 Gray plastic clay (boulder)
16-20 Lighter gray black clay and sandy
20-22 Light gray semi-plastic black clay and sand
22-25 Gray-black clay-much gravel and sand (cave)
25-28 Boulder clay large percent gravel-hard drilling
28-33 Very fine black clay and gravel-(water)
33-35 Gray plastic black clay (cave)
35-38 Very plastic black clay tray
38-41 Darker gray plastic black clay
December 12, 1940
41-44 Plastic gray stoneless clay (cave, slow drill)

44-56 Plastic gray stoneless clay (varies?)
56-58 Plastic black clay, fine gravel
58-61 Plastic black clay (water)
61-68 Dark gray black clay Plastic
68-73 Lighter gray black clay
73-75 Lignite-earthy
75-77 Lignite-earthy and woody
77-86 Lignite-woody
86-91 Black gray fire clay (cret.)
December 13, 1940
91-93 Plastic black gray fire clay
93-96 Plastic lighter gray fire clay
96-100 Plastic lighter gray fire clay
Overburden 73' sOj: 1:5-5
Lignite 13*
-137-
BORE HOLE 109
Start-December 13, 1940-3:00 p.m.

Finish-December 16, 1940-2j45 p.m.
December 13, 1940

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Marine clay
December 14, 1940
12-32 Gray boulder clay-sand and gravel
36-50 Gray black clay gravel
50-55 Darker gray semi-plastic black clay
December 16, 1940
55-64 Gray black clay-sand and gravel
64-66 Lignite-earthy
72-76 Lignite-mostly woody
76-82 Plastic fire clay-black
84-93 Lignite mostly woody
93-98 Black gray plastic fire clay
98-101 Lighter medium gray plastic fire clay
Lignite :, '12'
Clay 6' L:0:: 1:3
Lignite 11*
-138-
BORE HOLE 110
Start-January 2, 1941-1:40 p.ait

Finish-January 4, 1941-11:00 a.m.
January 2, 1941
0-4 Muskeg
4-10 Brown Marine clay (silt)
10-26 Boulder clay-sand and gravel
26-32 Black clay mostly gravel and sand
January 3, 1941
32-34 Gravel-water
quick sand
44-50 gravel-water
5P?53 quick-sand
53-57 gravel-some clay
57-61 gravel
January 4, 1941
61-63 Lignite-earthy-peaty-woody
63-65 Lignite-earthy-peaty
73-74 Plastic black gray-cret. fire clay
74-79 Lignite-woody
79-83 Lignite-peat and earthy-some woody
83-85 Lignite-woody
85-90 Black gray cret, fire clay
90-92 Lighter gray cret, fire clay
Overburden 6l Lignite 23'

Lignite 12
Clay l L:0:: 1:3
7.-~..'ii; it
BOEE HOLE 111
Start-January 4-4:00 p.m.

Finish-January 7-12 noon
January 4, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-7 Marine clay (silt) brown
January 6, 1941
7-17 Quick running sand-some small boulder-1/8" to 1/2"
17-20 Gray plastic boulder clay-l/S"-!"
20-28 Sandy non-plastic black clay
28-40 Sandy clay (silty) boulder
40-41 Gravel
41-45 Lignite-earthy and peaty some woody
45-51 Lignite-mostly woody
51-54 Lignite-woody, earthy
54-57 Lignite-mostly earthy some woody
57-60 Lignite mostly woody some earthy
January 7, 1941
60-61^ Lignite-woody
61^-65 Lignite earthy and peaty-some woody
65-68 Fire clay black gray
78-88 Black gray to lighter fire clay
Lignite 24
Clay 3 LsO:: 1:1.2
BORE HOLE 112
Start-January 7, 1941-4:20 p.m.

Finish-January 9, 5:00 p.m.
January 7, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Mariaa clay-brown-silty
January 8, 1941
8-14 Gray sandy black clay
14-20 Very sandy silty-(running)-(quick sand)
20-23 Grey black clay-less sandy l/8*-1/2*
23-26 Very plastic black clay i"-f"
26-28 Mostly gravel-fine silty clay
28-43 Gravel
January 9, 1941
43-52 Gravel course-bits of lignite
52-56 Gray black clay-very fine clay
53-76 Black gray fire clay gravel V8"-V2" in it
76-78 Lignite-earthy-peaty-and woody
90-102 Black gray fire clay-no gravel
Overburden 76' Lignite 14*

Drift 56
fine
clay 20
Lignite 14' L:0:: 1:5.43
-M-
BORE HOLE 113
Started January10, lj00 p.m.

Finished January 13, 2125 p.m.
January 10, 1941

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Marine clay
6-20 Sandy black clay 1/8"-1/4"
20-30 Gravely black clay
January 11, 1941
30-36 Gravel bed—see b!12
36-51 Very plastic stonelesa gray clay
51-61 Darker gray plastic stoneless clay
61-64 Darker gray, very plastic clay and sand and gravel
64-66 Dark gray gravely-semi plastic clay
66-69 Lighter gray gravely clay
69-73 Gray clay-much gravel
73-77 Darker gray-gravelly semi-plastic clay
January 13, 1941
77-90 Dark gray clay mostly gravel
90-100 Dark gray gravelly quits plastic clay (water)
No. Lignite
-in-
BORE HOLE 114
Started-January 14, 10:00 a.m.

Finished-January 16, 4:30 p.m.
January 14, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-8 Marine clay-gray brown
8-1? Gray plastic black
17-22 Gray gravelly black clay
22-35 Very fine silty gray black clay and gravel
35-45 Darker gray-plastic, gravelly black clay
45-50 Very plastic black clay 178"-V4"
January 15, 1941
50-55 Very plastic, stoneless-gray clay
55-63 Gray plastic black clay lX8n-V2"
63-70 Gray black clay-much gravel
70-101 Darkegreyaclay much gravel (water)
No Lignite
BORE HOLE 115
Start-January 16, 1941, 1:00 p.m.

Finish-January 18, 1941, 2t15 p.p.
January 16, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-13 Marine clay gray brown
17-25 Gray black clay 1/8"-1/2"
January 17, 1941
25-30 Gray black clay 1/8^-1/2"
36-35 Gray semi-plastic black *lay
35-44 Black clay gray and gravel
44-47 Plastic gray black clay and gravel
47-58 Very plastic black clay (light gray) 1/8" -1/2"
58-61 Very plastic gray olay-stoneless?
61-64 Gray black clay and gravel
64-68 Medium dark gray black clay sand and gravel
68-70 Very dark clay gravel
January 18, 1941
70-97 Fire-clay black-gray some gravel lignite fragments
9-7-100 Dark gray fire clay
NO LIGNITE
BORE HOLE
Start-January 20, 1941, 8:30 a.m.

Finish-January 22, 1941, 11:00 a.m.
January 20, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-12 Marine clay-greyish brown
20-25 Black clay-mostly gravel
25-32 Fine silty clay and gravel
32-35 Very fine clay-sand and gravel
35-38 Gray black clay gravel up to 2"
36-43 Gravel
43-45 Dark gray black clay-fine gravel
January 21, 1941
45-50 Gravel
50-54 Gravel and small lignite fragments
54-57 Gravel and lignite fragments - ^w
57-59 Gravel
59-61 Gravel and earthy lignite
January 22, 1941
84-92 Lignite woody some earthy
92-105 Dark cret, fire clay
Overburden 6l'
Lignite 31'
L:0:: 1:2
BOKE HOLE 11?
Start January 23-4*30 p.m.

Finish January 25-9t00 a*m.
January 23, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
January 24, 1941
12-1? Marine clay? Brown gray gravel black
' clay
17-19 Gravel 1/8
19-26 Gray plastic black clay-gravel
26-35 Very fine, silky, clay-grawel
35-47 Silky clay and gravel
January 25, 1941
47-50 Fast running clay, silty, gravel V8"-V2n
50-52 Gravel '
52-63 Very fine clay-mostly gravel
63-64! Mixed zone-plastic fire clay and earthy lignite
64i-66 Mixed zone earthy lignite and fire clay
66-72 Lignite-woody-eome earthy
72-76 Lignite**eody
76-82 Black fire clay-and lignite
82-84 Lighter dark gray fire clay
Overburden 66 Lignite 10'

L:0:: 1:66
BORE HOLE 118
Start-January 25, 1941, 2:00 p.m.

Finish-January 29, 1941, I0s30 a.m.
January 25, 1941.

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
2-16 Brownish grey marine clay
16-21 Light grey vievety clay pebble
21-24 Darker grey semi-plastic black clay "-f"
24-29 Light gray plastic black clay, sand and 1/8-1/2
January 2?, 1941.
29-31 Light gray velvety-very fine black clay
31-39 Creamy, very fine sandy black clay
39-49 Gravel-hard drilling
49-52 Gravel-some clay-black clay
52-56 Gravel-more clay-black clay
56-64 Very fine clpy and gravel
January 28, 1941.
64-71 Small gravel and clay-black clay
71-73 Gravel and clay-running-black clay
73-75 Mostly sand and gravel quick running
75-78 Gravel small particles of lignite
No lignite
-Stop hole-on and of pipe-running gravel-stopping drill.
BORE HOLE 119
Start-January 29, 1941-4*PP p.n*

Finish-February l, 1941-8:30 aim.
January 29, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-16 Brown gray marine clay
January 30, 1941
16-22 Black clay sand and gravel
22-25 Grey plastic black clay V8W
25-31 Cream, boulder elayV8"-3X4"
31-36 Boulder bed up to 2"
36-40 Boulder and gravel
40-42 Grey sticky black clay 1/8"-!".
42-44 Clay and gravel
44-53 Gravel
53-55 Quick sand (some sand some gravel)
January 31, 1941

59-60 Mostly sand, some gravel
69-64 Gravel-some clay
64-69 Gravel-some clay
69-72 Dark gray semi plastic black clay ^n-ln
72-80 Dark grey plastic black clay ^~f lignite pieces
80-86 Gravel' and clay
86-96 Dark gray plastic black clay
February l, 1941
96-100 Plastic black gray fire clay, pebbles
NO LIGNITE
-1MB-
BORE HOLE 120
Start-February l, 1941-8:00 p.m.

Finish-February 3, 1941-5:00 p.m.
February l, 1941
0-3 Mus ke g, sphagnum
3-14 Marine clay greyish brown
14-20 Grey semi-plastic black clay
20-25 Silty black clay 1/8"-!"
February 3, 1941
25-30 Sand, some clay and gravel 1/8**^" quick running
30-34 Creamy clay, sand and gravel
34-38 Light gray clay and gravel
38-41 Dark grey black clay and gravel l/S"-!/^"
41-44 Dark gray plastic black clay
44-69 Dark grey clay and gravel
69-75 Mostly gravel
77-79 Lignite, earthy and peaty and some woody
79-88 Lignite, woody some earthy
L:0::l*6
-M-
BORE HOLE 121a
Start:February 4, 11:30 a.m.

FinishtFebruary 5, 11:00 a.K.
February 4, 1941
0-3 Muskeg, sphagnum
3-10 Marine clay, brown grey
10-20 Gravel and clay
20-28 Gravel, little clay
28-33 Grey black clay plastic,
33-37 Dark grey plastic black clay 1/8"
February 5, 1941
37-45 Very plastic grey black clay
45- Large boulder, forced to move- 7t
BORE HOLE 121B
St art-February 5, 2i3b p.m.
Finish-February 7, 10i15 a.m.
February 5, 1941
0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-10 Marine clay brown
10-17 Grey black clay and
17-25 Grey plastic black clay
25-28 Grey black clay
February 6, 1941
Grey plastic black clay wad gravel
Dark grey-plastic black clay y8"-y2"
Non plastic da*k grey black clay V8
Dark grey plastic black clay mostly gravel
Black clay and gravel hard drilling lignite fragments
Fine gravel Lignite eait&y
dispersed Lignite, earthy some peaty and woody
Lignite earthy woody, earthy and peaty
Lignite woody, .some peaty
Lignite woody some peaty and earthy
Lignite, woody some peaty and earthy
February 7, 1941
80-83 Lignite, woody some earthy and peaty
83-88 Black gray cretaceous fire clay
88-06 Lignite woodjr some earthy
98-105 Black grey testaceousfire city
Oyerburded 57' Lignit* 36'

Lignite 26'
Clay 5' LFOu 1:1.6
Lignite 10
-151-
BORE HOLE 122
Start-February 7-2:30 p.m.

Finish-February 10-2:00 p.m.
February 7, 1941
0-3 Mu skeg, sphagnum
3-11 Marine clay brown gray
11-14 Grey black clay, gravel and sand
February 8, 1941
14-17 Gravel some clay and saad
17-22 Sand and gravel, lignite, hard
22-27 Gravel, lignite
27-32 Dark grey black Hay ln
32-39 Black clay, gravel
39-43 Black grey fire clay-lignite
43-48 Black grey fire clay more lignite earthy
48-50 Lignite earthy, peaty, woody
50-52 Lignite, earthy woody
52-55 Lignite woody
February 10, 1941
55-70 Lignite woody earthy
76-72 Lignite earthy some woody
72-74 Lignite earthy peaty woody
74-78 Black grey fire clay, some gravel
84-91 Lignite woody earthy peaty
New cable
Overburden 48 Lignite 39
Lignite 26
Clay 4' L:0:: 1:1.23
Lignite 13
-152-
BORE HOLE 123
Start February 11-9*00 a.m..

Finish February 12-4*45 lum.
February 11, 1941

0-3 Muskeg-sphagnum
3-12 Marine clay grey brown
12-20 Grey sandy black clay V8"-3X4"
20-32 Gravel some sand and clay
32-35 Quick running sand some gravel
February 12, 1941
35-52 Quick sand
52-55 Light grey black clay and gravel
55-62 Medium gray black clay and gravel :
62-64 Dark grey fire clay and gravel lignite
64-6? Black grey plastic fire clay (bm*i pebbles
67-69 Black grey fire clay ' - ' . :, :. :f'-';^-'-.;\ ::
69-71 Black grey fire clay . ,. "]
S9-7J Mixed zone—fire clay-some lignite ^ J
71-73- Mixed zone—mostly earthy wbody
73-75 Lignite, earthy, peaty and woody V
75-77 Lignite woody /...',.-.-. ' ••••- --- - /, :: :
79-81 Lignite woody some earthy and peaty
Black gray fire clay plastic
81-80 Lignite woody sorae earthy
87-90 Black grey fire clay some lignite
90-94 Lignite woody .
94-96 Lignite woody pebbles
96-103 Lignite woody ',- , -
Lignite 12
Clay 5 L:0:j 1:3
Lignite 13
BORE HOLE 124
Start February 13-1:gp pirn.

Finish February 14-4*00 p.m.
February 13, 1941

3-10 Marine clay brown grey
10-15 Black clay and sand 1/8"-!"
15-25 Black clay sand and gravel
25-28 Dark grey clay and gravel some lignite
28-31 Lignite, earthy peaty and woody
42-44 Lignite woody some earthy and peaty
44-46 Lignite woody
February 14, 1941
46-48 Lignite, woody, some earthy
48-52 Lignite woody
52-58 Lignite woody, some earthy
58-68 Black gray fire clay plastic
68-70 Black grey fire clay and lignite
70-74 Lignite woody
78-84 Lignite woody
84-100 Fire clay, plastic black gray
Lignite 30
Clay 12 L:0: 1:0.64
Lignite 14
BORE HOLE 125
Start iFebruary 15, 1941, lOtOO a.m.

Finish: February 17, 19,41, 4:00 p.m.
February 15, 1941

0-3 Muskeg, sphagnun
3-9 Gray brown marine clay
40-45 Fine sand
February l?, 1941
45-48 Clay and very fine gravel
48-50 Quicksand very fine
50-73 Fine clean gravel
75-78 Dark gray plastic clay, some gravel
78-79 Lignite, woody, gravel cave?
79-83 Lignite woody grave)? cave?
83-85 Lignite woody grave)? cave?
87-89 Lignite woody

L:0::l:7
-\ss-
BOKE HOLE 126
Start February 18, 1941, 10:30 a.m.
Finish February 19, 1941, 5*00 p.m.
February 18, 1941

3-12 Marine clay, gray
12-17 Light grey black clay some sand
17-20 Light grey black clay
20-30 Light grey black clay and gravel
30-32 Creamy velvety stoneless clay
32-37 Grey plastic black clay i"-f"
40-43 Dark grey plastic stoneless clay
43-50 Dark grey non-plastic clay and gravel
February 19fc 1941
50-53 Dark grey non-plastic clay and gravel -f" hard
53-59 Dark grey semi-plastic clay and gravel
59-64 Dark grey plastic clay and gravel ,
64-70 Gravel and dark grey clay
70-73 Gravel and some clay
73-81 Gravel and clay dark grey
90 Caving
NO LIGNITE
-isv-
BORE HOLE 12?
Start j February 20,; 11: JO 'a flu

Pinish:February 22Sj 11:00 aim.
February 20, 1941

0-3 Sphagnum, muskeg
9-19 Grey brown clay
19-30 Gravel some clay
30-32 Finer gravel
36-41 Gravel, fine
February 21, 1941
41-53 Fine gravel, some clay

53-55 Gravel and clay , . :,.
55-63 Dark grey clay, some gravel
63-65 Dark grey clay-some gravel and pieces of lignite
65-74 Dark gray clay some gravel (71-74 lignite fragments)
74-8? Mostly gravel some fine clay (82-84-lignite fragments)
February 22, 1941
87-89 Gray clay and gravel
89-92 Dark gray clay and gravel, lignite fragments
92-96 Clay and gravel -
96-100 Dark gray clay and gravel and lignite
100-110 Gravel 'v
NO LIGNITE
BOHE HOLE 128
Start February 22, 4tOO p.m.

Finish February 25, 2:00 p.m.
February 22, 1941

11-17 Grey plastic black clay
February 24, 1941
17-22 Gravel Hard
30-35 Dark grey plastic clay, gravel
35-37 Dark grey plastic black clay 1/8-f"
37-41 Seim-plastic black clay 1/8-fw
41-43 Semi-plastic black clay and gravel
43-45 Gravel, clay
45-46 Gravel, little clay
65-67 Gravel, some lignite
February 25, 1941
70-90 Semi-plastic clay and gravel (75-81-lignite)
90-93 Multi-coloured plastic clay
93-96 Brown gray plastic fire clay (small gravel)
96-100 Dark gray' plastic fire clay
NO LIGNITE
BORE HOLE 129
Started February 26, 8:00

Finished February 27, X2iOO noon
February 26, 1941

13-18 Gray black clay 178"-1X2"
18-22 Fine gravel and clay
22-25 Plastic gray black clay i"-fn
25-29 Gray black clay, sand and gravel
29-32 Brown grey clay and sand
32-41 Dark grey clay and sand, small pebbles
41-50 Fine gravel and grey clay
50-52 Fine gravel, fire clay, lignite
52-54 Lignite, woody, earthy, and peaty
54-58 Black grey fire clay, lignite
February 2?, 1941

Lignite, woody, earthy and peaty
Lignite, woody some earthy
Black grey cret, fire clay lignite
Black grey cret, fire clay
Cave
Lignite 2
Clay 4 LiO:: Ii3.7
Lignite 12
No doubt contains erodent cret, fare clay

-ISV
BOHE HOLE 130
Start: February 27, 4:00 p.m.

Finish: March l, 4:15 P'R.
February 2?, 1941

3-13 Brown grey marine clay
13-18 Grey sandy black clay fM-fn
February 28, 1941
18-21 Grey black clay and gravel
21-26 Grey clay sand and gravel
26-30 Grey clay with gravel
30-32 Dark grey clay and fine gravel
32-37 Dark gray clay some small gravel
37-44 Gravel and dark gray ciiy
44-55 Dark gray clay, very fine sand and mica
March l, 1941
55*57 Fine gravel and quick sand
57-63 Fine grave, some sand
63-65 Fine gravel and grey clay
65-67 Very fine gravel
74-79 Lignite mostly woody
79-80 Black gray fire clay
80-92 Lignite, mostly woody
Overburden" 72
Lignite 7 Lignite 19
Clay l
Lignite 12 L:0::l:3.8
-1U6-
BORE HOLE 131
Start i March 4, 1941 9 s 30 a.m.

Finishs March 5, 1941 2:15 p.m.
March 4, 1941
0-3 Sphagnum Muskeg
9-15 Light gray sandy brown clay l78"-fw
15-24 Light gray velvety, black clay l/S^-f*
24-32 Creamy coloured clay and fine gravel
32-40 Dark grey quick sand
48-50 Gravel and clay (some fire clay-eroded)
50-54 Dark grey clay some gravel
54-55 Black grey cret, fire clay some lignite
55-57 Lignite, woody, earthy and peaty
March 5, 1941
87-100 Black gray fire clay-lighter below 91
Lignite 4
Clay 6 L:0:: 1:2.1
Lignite 22
-Ifrl-
BORE HOLE 132
Start March 6-9:00 a.m.

Finish March 8-3:30 p.m.
March 6, 1941
0-6 Brown sandy loam—marine
6-14 Grey black clay ^"-f"
14-20 Grey sandy black clay -^"-2"
20-22 Light grey sandy semi-plastic black clay
22-25 Light gray sand, gravel and clay
25-30 Very fine gravel, and clay
30-32 Fine gravel, some large
38-40 Light gray clay and bouidere
March 7, 1941
40-42 Light grey clay and gravil
42-45 Mostly gravel, and clay light gray
45-49 Semi plastic black clay grey l78w-fn
53-63 Fine gravel
63-6? Fine gravel and clay
67-69 Clay and gravel grey
69-71 Gravel and clay, lignite fragments
March 8, 1941
71-77 Black grey cret, fire clay
77-79 Lignite, earthy, peaty and woody
85-96 Cret, fire clay
96-102 China clay
Overburden 77
L:0:: 1:9.6
Lignite 8
-IU2-
BOEE HOU; 133
Start: March 10, 11:00 a.m.
Finish: March 12, 10:15 a.m.
March 10, 1941

8-14 Plastic gray black clay 1/8"-!"
14-34 Gray clay and gravel
34-36 Mostly fine gravel
36-38 Dark grey clay fine gravel
38-50 Dark brown clay, small white pebbles (creVt. erosion clay)
March 11, 1941
50-55 Dark brown clay small white pebbles (cret, erosion)
55-5o Mostly gravel some grey clay
56-60 Light grey clay and gravel
60-64 Fine gravel
64-6? Very fine gravel some clay
67-68 Gravel and earthy lignite
68-71 Lignite, earthy, woody
84-92 Lignite, woody, earthy
March 12, 1941
92-96 Lignite, woody earthy
Lignite 8
Clay 7 L:0:: 1:3.2
Lignite 13
-IW-
BORE HOLE 134
Start: March 12, 2:00 p.m.

Finish: March 14, 11:00 a.m.
March 12, 1941

0-3 Muskeg, sphaaum
3-9 Dark grey marine clay
9-14 Grey black clay up to f*
14-21 Gravel and clay some coarse gravel
March 13, 1941
49-60 Gray clay and fine gravel
60-42 Gray clay little clay
62-65 Gravel, some clay and dark brown sand some lignite
65-66 Lignite, earthy peaty and woody
66-71 Lignite woody and some earthy
March 14, 1941
86-95 Lighter black gray cret, fire clay
95-100 Multi-coloured clay brown etc.
Overburden 65
Lignite J&
L:0:: 1:11
BORE HOLE 135
Start: March 14, 4:00 p.m.

Finish: March 17, 3:30 p.m.
March 14, 1941

10-15 Grey black clay
March 15, 1941
15-25 Grey sandy black clay in-f"
25-27 Dark brown clay, small white pebbles (cret, erosion)
30-36 tfine gravel and clay
36-45 Clay gray and fine gravel
57-60 Dark grey clay, sand and gravel
61-63 Light gray clay, some gravel
63-67 Gravel
March 17, 1941
Very fine gravel
69-73 Brown sand and gravel
74-91 Liggite woody earthy
Lignite 18
Clay 3 L:0:: 1:2.4
Lignite 12
BORE HOLE 136
Start: March 18, 9:00 a.m.

March 18, 1941

0-3 Sphagnum, Muskeg
3-14 Brown marine clay
14-25 Gray black clay i
28-31 Gravel
36-38 Gravel, very little clay
44-47 Gravel
March 19, 1941
#7-50 Sand and fine gravel
50-53 Fine gravel
53-55 Sand
55-57 Quicksand
57-61 Quicksand, and very fine gravel
63-66 Quicksand
March 20, 1941
66-74 Fine gravel and sand
74-78 Quicksand
78-84 Very fine sand and gravel
84-86 Quicksand
No Lignite
Pipe 84-could not drill below pipe, owing to quicksand.
-.Ifcfr-
BORE HOLE 13?
Start: March 21, 4:00 p.ai.

March 21, 1941

March 22, 1941
12-17 Brown gray black clay up to f
17-20 Brownish gray plastic black clay f-f
20-30 Gray-plastic black clay
30-34 Black clay, with sand
34*36 Very coarse gravel
36-42 Fine gravel
March 24, 1941
Quicksand
.Sand and fine gravel
Gravel some clay
Coarse gravel, clay
Gravel and clay
Fine gravel, some sand
March 25, 1941
74-76 Gravel, sand
81-84 Quicksand
No Lignite
-11,7-
BOEE HOLE 138A
Start: March 27, IsOO p.a

Finish: April 2, 2:00 p.m.
March 27, 1941
0-3 Muskeg sphagnum
BOUIiBER move
BORE HOLE 138B
March 28, 1941

BOULDER move
BORE HOLE 138C
March 28, 1941
3-9 Brown grey Marine clay
March 29, 1941
14-20 Brown quick sand

20-26 Brown quick sand
26-30 Clay and sand and grey
30-33 Clay and sand
March 31, 1941
45-50 Clay sand and gravel
50-57 Fine gravel
April l, 1941
57-65 Clay and gravel gray

65-68 Gray gravel and clay
68-70 Gravel and clay gray
70-78 Dark er grey clay and gravel
78-79 Lignite, earthy and peaty and woody
April 2, 1941
79-81 Lignite, earthy, woody
Overburden 78' Lignite 28

L:0:: 1:2.8
BORE HOLE 139
Start: April 3, 1941 3*20 p.m.

Finish: April 7, 1941 12:00 noon
April ^3, 1941
April 4, 1941
17-22 Clay and gravel black clay
35-37 Clay and gravel lignite fragments
37-40 Gravel and clay (lignite)
40-42 Gravel, some 2W boulders
42-47 Gravel, fine
47-50 Fine gravel, some clay
April 5, 1941
50-54 Fine gravel clay
62-65 Silty sand, clay and gravel
April 7, 1941
86-90 Silty clay, gravel and sand
NO LIGNITE
BORE HOLE 140
Start: April 8, 6:00 a.m*

Finish: April 10, 4*00 p.m.
April B, 1941
10-1? Gray pebble black clay 1/8-J
17-20 Very fine gravel and clay
20-25 Gravel, clay and sand
April 9, 1941
45-46 Quicksand and gravel
48-56 Fast running sand
56-58 Gravel coarser—up to
April 10, 1941
58-62 Very fine gravel 1/8"
62-65 Gravel up to l"
65.-71 Gravel up to -|w (fine clay)
72-75 Gravel up to fw and clay
75-78 Fine gravel 1/8
78-84 Very fine clay and sand
Sfl-85 Clay and sand and lignite (woody)
85-90 Quick sand
NO LIGNITE
-no-
BORE HOLE
Start-April 11, 2:00 p.m.

Finish-April 14, 4:45 P.M..
B141a
April 11, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-10 Brown grjty marine clay
1^-14 Dark grey brown clay up to
B141B
April 12, 1941
0-3 Kuskeg
3-10 Brown gray Marine clay
10-16 Gray pi. clay up to ^w
21-25 Gravel coarse up to 2" little clay
25-28 Gravel -|w -
28-32 Gravel l"
32-36 Gravel 4r"
36-43 Gravel l"
43-50 Gravel j?"
April 14, 1941
62-92 Lignite, woody some earthy, peaty
92-104 Black gray plastic fir© clay
BORE HOLE 142
Start: April 15*11:00 a.av

Finish! April 17-4:30 p.m.:
April 15, 1941
0-9 Marine clay, brown
9-14 Black clay, gray up to ln
14-20 Gravel and clay some sand
20-23 Gravel (l"clay)
23-28 Clay and gravel (^w )
28-34 Tine gravel, sand and clay
April 16, 1941
34-36 Very fine gravel and clay-
36-40 Coarse sand, quick running
40-48 Fine gravel and sand (liggite)
48-50 Gravel (lignite)
' 50-56 Gray black plastic cret, fire clay':
56-58 Lignite, earthy and woody
58-66 Lignite woody, earthy
April 17, 1941
99-107 Dark gray cret, fire clay
Overburden 56; Lignite 43'
L:0:: 1:1.3
-172-
BORE HOLE 143
Start: April 18, 1:00 p.m.

Finish: April 23, 3:30 p.m.
B143a
April 18, 1941—20'
B143b
April 18, 1941—13'
B143c
April 19, 1941—14'
B143d
April 19, 1941
0-3 Spahagnum-muskeg
9-13 Gravel and clay-^n Black clay
13-20 Gravel and clay J" Black clay
20-25 Gravel and light gray clay Black clay
April 21, 1941
25-30 Clay and gravel dark gray, black clay
30-45 Very fine quick running sand
April 22, 1941
45-47 Very fins quick running saad
. 50-53 Dark grey clay and gravel
53-6? Dark gray cret, clay and gravel, erosion, some lignite*
April 23, 1941
67-69 Dark gray cret, clay and gravel-erosion
69-73 Black cret, fire clay {in place)
73-74 Lignite earthy, woody
74-88 Lignite woody some earthy ?'
88-95 Black cret, fire clay plastic
95-109 Lignite, woody some black
109-115 Black gray cret, plastic clay
Cret. Clay 4
Lignite 15 clay 7 Lignite 14 L:B::
BORE HOLE 144
Starts April 24, 10:30 a.m.

Finish! April 26, 2:30 p.m.
April 24, 1941

0-3 Muskeg sphagnum
10-1? Gray boulder clay {^")
20-24 Very fine fast running sand gray
24-28 Coarse sand
28-31 Quic,k sand
April 25, 1941
31-33 Coarse sand

33-36 Dark grey clay and sand
36-39 Dark grey clay-plastic (not cret.)
39-40 Lignite, earthy peaty some woody
40-43 Very fine fast running quarty mud
43-46 Black grey plastic fireoclay cret.
April 26, 1941

68-72 Black grey plastic fire clay
Overburden 39 )
Lignite l 646 .Lignite 42
Sand 3J
Lignite 22 L:0:: 1:1.1
Clay 4
Lignite 20
BORE HOLE 145
Start: April 28: 9:00 a.m.

Finish: April 30: 11:00 a.m.
B145a April 28—13 feet

B145b April 28—11 "
B145c April 28—13 "
B145d
April 28, 1941
10-13 Light grey black clay
April 29, 1941
13-15 Fine iilty grey clay
15-16 Lignite-shreddy
47-50 Mixed zone lignite and clay
65-83 Black cret, clay —becoming lighter downward
Lignite 32
Clay 3 L:0:: 1:0.3
Lignite 15
-175-
BORE HOLE
Start: ^tyil,20:00 a,m.

Finish* May 5, lit DC) a.m.
May l, 1941
0-7 Brown marine clay ' ' -•..••! ;J ;, ' -i.
7-12 Dark gray black clay f* ." :' ; '
12-22 Grey black clay f-2" hard : ; .''' ; ,
22-25 Gravel and clay hard ' .:
25-27 Fine gravel and sand V .' : .' - v , ^ ;-
27-35 Sand-water running 50 ft,
1 - i ' . ,' ' ' ' ,' . . . r 'M - , ' ' ;v
May 2, 1941 - " '-, '" .':. : ^'l/ : '' ''.- '' *"'f"
35-39 Clay and sand dark grey \ ;

39-42 Clay some sand and gravel dark gray '
42-47 Dark grey clay some gravel - . - ,',
47-50 Dark grey cret, clay and gravel : v , X
50-52 Dark grey cret, clay, earthy lignite and ehôk fragments
52-54 Dark grey clay check fragments ^ : , ''i;, ' ; :, ; ,:- ; , ^
54-56 Dark grey cret, clay woody lignite check fragnienti s:-
56-64 Dark grey cret, clay gravel, cheOk fragments^ ' ~
64-66 Dark grey cret, clay sand and gravel ant .check, f ragjpieais
66-68 Sand, check gravel and lignite ' ' -:* ' ; ! v\
68-73 Brown silica sand check and grarel ' "
May 3, 1941 . ' . ' ; : ,. .\..-;..;-. ' , ^f^ -y^.
73-86 Lignite woody and earthy v. ; ,"; ,"*
May 5, 1941 . .'. ' : .- . , . . : -; 'V'/^;--
86-87 Very plastic black grey cret, fire clay ,; f
8^-105y Lignite woody and earthy . -•-•-'•••-,. ^, ^ ; : ;* "
105-155 Black gray cret, fire clay .--- -.' ; ,.;.^. ; :i ^
Lignite 13
Clay l L:P:t It2.4
Lignite 18
-I7U-
BORE HOLE
Start: May 6, 9:00 a.m.

Finish: May 8, 4i50 p.m.
May 6, 1941
10-30 Grey boulder clay hard
30-33 Clay gravel and lignite
33-35 Grey silt -"..
May 7, 1941
35-37 Dark grey silt, and gravel
37-48 Dark grey (cret.) clay and gravel
48-56 Dark grey cret, clay gravel and lignite
56-58 Dark grey cret, clay gravel and check fragments
58-60 Dark grey cret, clay some earthy lignite
60-65 Dark grey cret, clay ches* fragments gravel
65-72 Dark grey clay, gravel lignite (earthy)
72-97 Dark grey cret, clay (in place) chest fragments
NO LIGNITE
-P7-
BOEE HOLE 148
Start: 10 of May, 8:30 a.m.

Finish: 12 of May, 4:00 p.m.
Kay 10, 1941

11-13 Gray boulder clay lignite flat
29-42 Lignite, woody and earthy and peaty
May 12, 1941
42-67 Lignite, woody earthy and peaty
73-92 Lignite,woody earthy peaty
Lignite 3 fi
Clay 6 L:0:: 1:0.J
Lignite 19
-ne-
BORE HOLE 149
Start: May l^j 11*30 a.m.

Finish: May l6, 2s40 p.m.
May 13^ 1941

0-0.5 Black soil -
0.5-8 Brown marine clay
8-10 Gray black clay l"
10-1? Plastic grey black clay large boulders?;
17-20 Plastic grey black clay
May 14, 1941
20-25 Grey black clay and gravel
25-28 Plastic grey black clay lignite float
28-32 Sand and gravel 1/2" clay
32-39 Quick sand running
39-40 Gray black clay-little gravel
40-50 Dark grey clay-gravel and;chert fragmente
70-80 Black grey cret, fire clay ;
110-112 Dark gray cret, clay
Overburden 50 Lignite 50 feet

Lignite 20
Clay 10 L:B:: 1:1
Lignite 30
BORE HOLE 150
Start May 17, lit00 a.m.

Finish
May 17, 1941

fA
0-2 Kuskey sphagnum
6-20 Gray black clay ^w
20-25 Coarse gravel - clay
May 19, 1941
25-29 Coarse gravel - clay
29-53 Reworked cret, dark clay fine gravel
May 20, 1941
53-54 Gravel and sand some cret i clay ' ' ',.
54-56 Gravel fine sand light clay
56-58 Fine sand , ; ..
58-65 Reworked cret. dark clay and fine gravel
65-70 Fine gravel no cave - ' .
70-74 Reworked da rA, cret* clay and gravel
May 21, 1941
74-77 Reworked dark cret, clay and gravel
77-80 Reworked dark cret clay and gravel ^" .y
80-100 Reworked dark cret, clay and fine gravel some lignite and water
NO LIGNITE
-ICO-
BOHE HOLE 151
Starts May 23-9:00 a.m.

Finish: May 26
May 23, 1941

0-1 Black loam
1-9 Brown Marine clay
18-21 Gray boulder clay l"
21-23 Gray boulder clay-some sand and gravel
May 24, 1941
33-40 Gray plastic boulder clay
May 26, 1941
82-87 Black cret, fire clay
87-87|- Lignite earthy and woody
874-102 Lignite woody and earthy
102-110 Black to gray cret, fire clay
Overburden 67 Lignite 30*
Lignite 15
Clay 5 L:0:: 1:2.2
Lignite 15
-161-
BORE HOLE 152
Start May 27-1:00 p.m.

Finish May 30-4:30 p.m.
B152a May 28, 1941 - 10

B152* May 28, 1941 -
0-1 Black loam
1-10 Brown Marine clay 50 ft.
10-30 Gray boulder clay hard
May 29, 194J

30-35 Gray boulder clay hard
35-52 Gray plastic interglacial clay hard
52-60 Gray plastic boulder clay hard
60-65 Gray boulder clay-gravel hard
May 30, 1941
Overburden 75' Lignite 25
Lignite 9
iignite 16 L:0:s 1:3
-1*2-
BORE HOLE 153
Start May 31, 10:00 a.m.

Finish May
May 31, 1941

0-0.5 Black loam
0.5-7 Brown marine clay
7-13 Gray boulder clay {coarse gravel) l"
13-24 Gray boulder clay {more clay?)
24-30 Fine sand some clay, runs
30-38 Plastic gray clay interglacial
June 2, 1941
38-45 Plastic gray clay interglacial
106-115 Black to light cret, clay
Lignite 39
Clay 6 L:0:: 1:0.8
Lignite 16
Hole- BI54 Start: June 4/41, 10 a.m.
Finish: " 9/41, 3.30 p.m.
June 4. 1941
0-2, Muskeg
2-7, Brown marine clay
7-25, Grey boulder clay
25-31 Grey boulder clay, much gragel and some sand
June 5
31-37, Fine running sand
37-53, Plastic interglacial clay
53-72, Dark grey feoulder clay
June 6
72-86, Dark grey boulder clay
j86-93,LIGNITE, woody, some earthy
June 9
j93-104, LIGNITE, woody, some earthy
I04-IIO, Dark Cretaceous fire clay
IIO-II5, Light Cretaceous clay.
Overburden: 86 feet.
Lignite: 18 feet.
B 155 Starts June 10/41, 10 a.m.
Finish: " 13/41, 4.30 p.m.
June 10. 1941

O- 2, Muskeg
2-II, Brown marine clay
II-31, Grey boulder clay
31-35, Gravelly boulder clay
35-45, Dark grey sandy boulder clay
June 12,
45-61,Plastic interglacial clay
61-69, Gravelly boulder clay
69-88, Reworked Cretaceous fire clay, with some gravel
June 13.
88-92, Reworked Cretaceous fire clay, with some gravel
:92-106,LIGNITE, woody, some earthy
I06-II2,Dark cretaceous fire clay
II2-I20,Light Cretaceous clay
Overburden 92 feet
Lignite 14 feet
Startj June 1^/41, JO p.m.
Finish! " 18/41, 4tI5 P.m.
June 14. 1941

O -3, Muskeg
3 -8, Brown marine clay(silt and fine sand)
17-20, Grey sandy boulder clay
June l6
28-38, Grey gravelly boulder clay
:38-42, LIGNITE, earthy and woody
June I?
: 42-46, LIGNnaC, earthy and woody
t4o-o2, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
62-82, Black Cretaceous fire clay
:82-84, LIGNITE, earthy and woody
:84-88, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
June I8
188-106,LIGNITE,woo dy and earthy
I06-III,Dark grey Cretaceous clay
III-II5,Medium grey Cretaceous clay.
Overburden 38 feet. Lignite 48 feet

Lignite 24 feet
Clay 20 feet
Lignite 24 feet.
-/fife-
B I5?b Starts June 19, 4:30 p.m.

Finish: June 23, 3 p.m.
June 19. 1941

0-2, Muskeg
2- 8, Grey-brown Marine clay
June 20.
10 -30, Grey boulder clay
30-104, Dark grey boulder clay
104-107, LIGNITE, woody, earthy
I07-II4, Dark Cretaceous fire clay
II4-II8, Light Cretaceous clay
Overburden 104 feet

Lignite 3 feet
Location from B 89, 200 feet south fc

200 feet west.
B 158 Start : June 24, 8:30 a.m.
Finish: June 26, 4 p.m.
June 24. 1941*

"O- 2, Muskeg
2- B, Brown Marine clay
8- 35, Grey boulder clay
June 25,
35- 41j Fine sand, running
41- 43, Dark clay, saad, and earthy lignite.
43- 49, Dark sandy clay
49- 56, Mixed zone, earthy lignite, sand and clay.
: 56- 60, LIGNITE, Earthy, some woody
t 60- 90, LIGNITE, Woody, and earthy
June 26,
: 90- 97, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
97-104, Dark Cretaceous fire clay
I04-II2, Dark to light Cretaceous clay
Overburden 56 feet
Lignite 41 feet
Location B 158, from B 89, 200 feet north, and

200 " west.
-186-
B 159 Start: June 27, 10:30 a.m.

Finish: June 30, 9 a.m.
June 27, 1941.

O- 2, Muskeg
2- 8, Brownish grey marine clay
8-26, Grey gravelly boulder clay
: 26-41, LIGNITE,woody and earthy
June 28,
:41-44, LIGNITE,woody and earthy

44- 53 Dark Cretaceous fire clay
53- 55 Mixed zone, dark Oretateous fire clay, and earthy
lignite.
:55- 77 LIGNITE, woody and earthy
77- 87 Dark Cretaceous fire clay
Overburden 26 feet Lignite 40 feet

Lignite 18 feet
Clay II feet
Lignite 22 feet
Location B 159 from B 89, 200 feet north and

200 feet east.
B 160 Start: June 30, I p.m.
Finish: July 3, 4 P*nu
June 30, 1941.
O -8, Brownish marine clay
July I, 1941
30 - 32, Grey gravelly boulder clay
32 - 40, Fine sand, caving.
40 - 49, Grey sandy boulder clay
July 2
49 - 51, Black boulder clay (reworked Cretaceous)
51 - 53, Dark boulder clay
53 - 55, Fine dand and clay (quicksand)
55 "57, Fine running sand
57 - 79, Dark grey boulder clay
r 79-90, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
July 3
: 90-94, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
94 -100, Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay
100-107, Light grey Cretaceous clay
Overburden 79 feet
Lignite 15 feet
Location Bl60 from B89, 200 feet north

B 161 start : July 4, 9 a*m.
Finish: July 7, 2t30 p.m.
July 4, 1941.
O - 2, Muskeg
2-10, Greyish brown marine clay
10 - 31, Grey boulder clay
31 - 32, Grey sandy boulder clay
32 - 35, Fine running sand
35 - 39, Grey gravelly boulder clay
July 5
39 - 44, Grey fine gravelly and sandy boulder clay
44 - 70, Dark grey boulder clay
70 - 77, Dark grey boulder clay, some float lignite
i 77-78, LIGNITE, earthy and woody
: 78-86, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
July 7,
86 - 94, LIGNITE, woody and earthy
94 -100, Dark grey cretaceous fire clay
100 -107, Lighter crey Cretaceous clay
107 -110, Light grey China clay
Overburden 77
Lignite I? feet
Location B l6l, from B 89, 200 feet west.

-Hi-
162 Start : July 8, 8 a.m.

Finish} July 9, 3i35 p.m.
July 8, 1941.
0-3, Muskeg
3-8, Grey Marine clay
37 -40, Dark brown fine gravel
40 -50, LIGNITE,woody and earthy
July 9.
74 -80, Very light grey Cretaceous flhina clay
Overburden 40 feet
Lignite 10 feet
Location B 162 from B 89, 200 feet north

400 feet east.
B 163 July 10, 10 a.m.
July 12, 9 a.m.
July 10, 1941

0-3, Muskeg
3-9, Light grey plastic marine clay
9 -23, Dark grey boulder clay
23 -32, LIGNITE,woody and earthy
32 -34, " Earthy, woody
34 -50, " woody, earthy
July II.
50 -54, Black Cretaceous fire clay
54 -62, LIGNITE, woody, earthy
62 -66, Dark grey fire clay, Cretaceous
66 -73, Grey Cretaceous clay
73 -83. Light grey Cretaceous clay
83 -86, Light grey Cretaceous china clay
Overburden 23 feet
Lignite 27 feet
Clay 4 feet
Lignite 8 feet
Total lignite 35 feet
Location B 163, from B 145, 200 feet.
B 164 Start s July 12, li15 p.a.
Finish: July 17, IIi30 a.m.
July 12, 1941.
Muskeg
- 8 , Lt. grey Marine clay
July 14
l 8-30 Grey boulder clay
X 30-32 Grey boulder clay and some earthy lignite
July 15 32 - 33 Float lignite, woody
33 - 35 Silica sand
35 - 37 Dark grey boulder clay and lignite fragments
37 - 41 Float lignite, woody, some clay
41 - 49 Dark grey boulder clay
49 - 51 Dark grey boulder clay and some lignite
51 - 58 LIGNITE, woody and earthy
58 - 61 Mixed, Lignite and fire clay
6l - 70 Dark grey fire clay
70 - 73 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
July 16
73 - 85 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
85-89 Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay
July I?
89 - 93 Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay
93 -100 Grey Cretaceous clay
Overburden 51 feet
Lignite 9 feet
Clay 12 feet
Lignite 15 feet
Total lignite
float 5 feet
in place 24 feet
29 feet
Location B 164, from B 88, 200 feet east.

-wu
B 165 Start : July 17, 4 p.m.

Finish: July 21, 9 a.m.
July 17, 1941.

0-2^ Muskeg
2^-8 Marine clay, light grey
July 18
14 - 35 Grey boulder clay
35 - 45 Impure silica, running eand
July 19
45 - 52 Running sand
52 - 55 Sand, gravel, and boulder clay
: 57 -64 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
64 - 68 Dark grey Cretaceous fite clay
i 68 -70 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
July 21
: 70 -90 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
95 - 98 Grey Cretaceous clay
98 -101 Light grey Cretaceous clay
101 -103 Bluish china clay
Overburden 57 feet
Lignite 7 feet
Clay 4 feet
Lignite 22 feet
Total Lignite 29 feet
Location B 165 from B 88, 200 feet north, 200 feet east,
B 166 Start : July 22, Is 30 p.m.
Finish : July 25, 3*30 p.m.
July 22, 1941
O -2, Muskeg
2 - 8, Brownish-grey marine clay
15 -2? Grey sandy boulder clay
July 23.
27 - 33 Sandy and gravelly boulder clay, grey
33 - 36 Fine light grey sand
36 - 38 Grey sandy boulder clay
38 - 40 Impure silica sand and gravel, also boulders
40 - 42 Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay, some lignite
42 - 46 Grey sandy boulder clay
52 - 53 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
July 24.
::53 - 57 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
t 57 - 65 n woody, earthy
July 25.
: 86 - 89 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
: 89 -100 " woody, earthy
100 -106 Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay
Overburden 52 feet
Lignite 13 feet
Clay 21 feet
Lignite 14 feet
Location B 166, from B 88, 200 feet north, 200 feet wfcst,
B I6? Start : July 26, 9.15 a.m.
Finish: July 29, 5 p.m.
July 26, 1941.

O - 2, Muskeg
2 - 8, Light brown Marine clay
8-18 Light grey boulder clay
18 - 25 Caerse grey sand, some gravel
25-32 Sand
32 - 35 Fine silica sand
35 - 40 Interglacial plastic clay
July 28
55 - 58 Fine silty boulder clay, brownish
58 - 63 Fine silty clay, some sand, brownish
63 - 68 Coarse sandy and gravelly boulder clay
July 29
75 - 78 Black Cretaceous fire clay
: 78 - 82 LIGNITE^ woody, earthy
82-84 Black Cretaceous fire clay
i 84-98 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
98 -103 Dark grey Cretaceous fire clay
112 -115 Light grey China clay.
Overburden 78 feet
Lignite 4 feet
Clay 2 feet
Lignite 14 feet
Location B 16? from B 8?j 200 feet

-H?-
B 168 Start August I, 9*30 a.m.

Finish n 6, 4.30 p.m.
August I, 1941
O* - i5 Black loam
.5 -9 Brown Marine clay
20 - 25 Coarse sand and gravel, some clay
25 - 30 Coar se sand
August 2
30 - 40 Fine sand
45 - 50 Grey gravelly boulder clay
August 4*
65 - 70 Dark grey sandy boulder clay
August 5*
Pipe trouble
August 6.
70 - 75 Black grey boulder clay
75 - 79 Black grey Cretaceous fire clay
: 79 - 82 LIGNITE, earthy woody
: 82-93 LIGNITE? woody, earthy
96 -100 Dark grey fire clay
103 -110 Light grey China clay
Overburden 79
Lignite 14 feet
Location B 168 from B 87, 200 feet north, 220 feet west.
- lift-
B 169 Start : August 7, 1.30 p.m.

Finish: August 9) 9.00 a.m.
August ?., 1941

O - I Muskeg
1-8 Light brown Marine clay
23 - 31 Grey sani
August 8.
31 -35 Grey boulder clay
35-42 Dark grey boulder clay, float lignite
:54 - 56 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
:56 - 78 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
:8I - 96 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
96 -zoo Dark grey cretaceous fire clay
August 9-
110 - Cretaceous China clay
Overburden 54 feet
Lignite 24 feet
Clay 3 feet
Lignite 15 feet
Location B 169, from B 8?, 200 feet north.

170 Start: August 9, 1.00 p.m.
Finish: August 12, 4*45 P-m*
August 9, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Greenish grey Marine clay
8-1? Grey Boulder clay
17 - 18 Black fire clay
j 18-20 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
August 12.
: 34-40 LIGNITE, earthy, woody

j 40 - 65 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
65 - 6? Black Cretaceous fire clay
: 67 - 70 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
: 70 - 86 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
86 - 90 Blackygrey fire clay, Cretaceous
103 -105 Cretaceous China clay
Overburden 34 feet (18-20 feet, Lignite, earthy, woody.)

Lignite 31 feet
Clay 2 feet
Lignite 19 feet
Location B I?0, from B 87, 200 north, 200 east,

-200-
B 171a Start: August 13, 1941, 9:20 a.m.

0-15 Stone, move
B 171b Start: August 13, 1941, ls45 P.m.

0-15 Stone, move
B l?lc Start: August 13, 3:50 p.m.

Finish: August 16, 10:00 a.m.
AugBfct 13. 1941

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Grey Marine clay
August 14 A.M. no drilling
15-18 Grey gravel
20-29 Light grey running sand
29-32 Plastic grey clay
August 15
37-42 Dark grey sandy boulder clay
50-57 Dark boulder clay
: 6lr78 w , woody, earthy
: 80-96 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
96-98 Dark Cretaceous fire clay
98-163 Grey Cretaceous clay
103-112 Crey Cretaceous clay
August 16
112-115 China clay
Overburden 59 feet
Lignite 19 "
Clay 2 "
Lignite 16 "

Location B171 from B86, 200 feet north
B 172 Start: August 18, 8:30 a.m.
Finish: August 21, 12:00 noon
August 18, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
B-25 Grey boulder clay
25-41 Grey running sand
August 19
No drilling
August 2Q
41-44 Grey gravelly boulder clay
44-50 Fine sand and dark clay
50-54 Dark grey boulder clay
: 57-74 " woody, earthy
74-80 Black Cretaceous fire dlay
August 21
102-114 Dark grey Cretaceous clay
114-118 China clay
Overburden 55 feet
Lignite 19 "
Clay 6 "
Lignite 14 "
Location B172 from B85 200 feet north 2QO feet west
-202-
Start: August 21, 4:00 p.m.

Finish: August 27, 3:30 p.m.
August 21, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Light grey Marine clay
August 22
August 26
25-29 Dark sandy boulder clay ^
29-40 Dark grey Cretaceous fine clay
: 40-58 LIGNITE woody, earthy
: 58-64 " earthy, woody
: 66-84 LIGNITE, woody earthy
August 27
95-106 Light grey Cretaceous clay
106-108 Light China clay
Overburden 40'
Lignite 24*
Clay 2'
Lignite 18'
Total tienite 42 feet

Location Bl?3 from B85; 200 feet north
Start: Sept. 2, 8:30 a.m.
Finish: Sept. 9, 4:30 p.m.
September 2. 1941
0-3 Muskefe
12-20 Grey boulder clay ^w
20-24 Gravel jtn
24-30 Sand and gravel j?"
30-35 Dark clay, some float lignite
35-41 Gravel, some float lignite
41-49 Dark boulder clay, some lignite
September 8
49-50 Reworked black Cretaceous fire clay, some lignite
j 55-71 " woody, earthy
74-90 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
September 9
110- China clay
Overburden 50 feet Total Lignite 37 feet

Lignite 21 feet
Clay 3 feet
Lignite 16 feet
Location B174 from B85; 200 feet north, 200 feet east
B 175 a Start: Sept. 10;08:00 a.m.
Finish: Sept. 11
September 10 fc 11
Drill 43 feet, boulder
B 175 b Start: Sept. 13, 8:30 a.m.

Finish: Sept. l?, 4:30 p.m.
Sept. 13. 1941
0-3 Muskeg
39-43 Sandy grey boulder clay
Sept. 15
{ 47-50 LIGNITE earthy, woody
: 50-68 " woody earthy
Sept. 16
76-89 LIGNITE woody earthy
89-93 Black grey Cretaceous fire clay
Sept 17.
105-108 China clay
Overburden 47 feet
Lignite 21 '
Clay 8'
Lignite 13 '
Location B175 from DH 26, 200 feet north

-205-
B 1?6 a Start: Sept. 18, 11:00 a.m.

Finish: Sept. 19
Sept 18 fc 19
53 feet, boulder move
B 1?6 b Start: Sept. 20, 9:00 a.m.

Finish: Sept. 23, 4s30 p.m.
September 20, 1941

0-3 Muskeg
3-8 Gfey Marine clay
35-39 Lt. grey running sand
September 22
39-43 Grey fine running sand

50-58 Dark grey boulder clay, float lignite
September 23
64-68 Dark clay, some gravel, and lignite
68-70 Dark fine sand
80-86 Dark Cretaceous fire clay
99-102 China clay
Overburden 58 feet
Lignite 6 '
Parting 6 '
Lignite 10 '
Location B 176, 200 feet south DH 26

B 177 Start: Sept. 27, 8:30 a.m.
Finish: Sept. 29, 4:30 p.m.
September 27, 1941

0-3 Muskeg
35-40 Fine running sand
55-58 Dark feoulder clay
September 29
: 58-60 •LIGNITE, earthy, woody
: 64-68 w earthy, woody
68-76 Black fire clay, Cretaceous
90-95 Black fire clay, Cretaceous
100-103 China clay
Overburden 58 feet
Lignite 10 '
Parting 8 '
Lignite 14 '
Totiil Lignite 24 feet
Location Bl?7, 200 feet south, 200 feet west, from DH 26

-X07-
B Start: October 4 f 1:00 p.m.

Finish! October 9, 4:30 p,m.
October 4. 1941
0-3 Muskeg
October 6.
26-46 Grey, fine running sand
October 9
70-77 Grey boulder clay, some float lignite
77-79 LIGNITE, earthy, woody
103-106 Light Cretaceous clay
* Overburden
Lignite
Parting
Lignite
77 feet
2 '
2 '
14 '
Total Lignite 16 feet.
Location B178, 200 feet south, 400 feet west from D.H. 26
B 179 Start: November 22, 1100 p.m.
Finish: November 29, 11:00 a.m.
Finish pipe, November 29, 3:00 p.m.
November 22, 1941

0-3 Muskeg
8-12 Gravelly boulder clay
November 2k
12-32 Grey sandy gravelly boulder clay

32-35 Fine grey sand, running
November 25
44-46 Grey sandy gravelly boulder clay
46-52 Dark grey gravelly boulder clay
November 26
r 62-88 LIGNITE, woody, earthy
Overburden 52 feet
Lignite 4 feet
Parting 4 feet
Lignite 28 feet
Location B179, from D.H. 26, south 200 feet, west 600 feet,
-204-
B 180 a Start: ' Dec. l, 8:30 a.m.

Finish: Dec. 4, 9:30 a.m.
December 1-4 66 feet, forced to move, boulder
B 180 b Start: Dec. 4, 2:30 p.m.

Finish drilling: Dec. 9, 10:30 a.m.
Finish pipe: Dec. 9, 3:30 p.m.
December 4. 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Grey-green Marine silty beuld** clay
9-14 Brownish grey silty boulder clay
14-16 Grey plastic boulder clay
18-20 Gravel
December 5
20-22 Gravel fine
22-26 Gray gravelly boulder clay
26-32 Sandy gravel
32-36 Sandy gravelly boulder clay
36-44 Dark grey fine running sand
December 6
50-58 Dark grey gravelly boulder clay
58-^0 Black grey gravelly boulder clay
December 8
60-62 Black grey gravelly boulder clay
83-84 Black cretaceous fire clay
December 9
97-104 Black Cretaceous fire clay )
104-108 Dark grey Cretaceous clay ) testing samples taken
108-110 Light Cretaceous clay )
Overburden 62 feet
Lignite 21 feet
Parting l foot
Lignite 13 feet
Location B180, from D.H. 26, 200 feet west
B 181 Start drillings Dec. 9, 4:30 p.m.
Finish " : Dec. 12, 3:30 p.m.
Finish pipe : Dec. 13, 9:25 a.m.
December 9, 1941
0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Grey Silty Marine clay
9-15 Grey silty gravelly boulder clay
15-23 Grey plastic boulder clay, some gravel
December 10
30-38 Grey fine running sand
38-40 Grey sandy gravel
December 11
44-52 Dark grey boulder clay, some gravel
52-54 Coarse sandy gravel, some float lignite
December 12
Overburden 54 feet
Lignite 22 feet
Parting 4 feet
Lignite 15 feet
Location B181, from D.H. 26, 200 feet west, 400 feftt north,
-a H-
B 182 Start drilling: Dec. 13, 11:00 a.m.

Finish " : Dec. 16, 4:00 p.m.
December 13, 1941

0-3 Muskeg
3-9 Grey plastic Marine clay
9-12 Grey Silty boulder clay
December 15
34-36 Sandy gravel
36-44 Fine running sand
44-50 Grey, hard, some gravel, boulder clay
50-64 Dark grey boulder clay some gravel
December 16
102-114 Black Cretaceous clay
-
126-127 Light smooth Cretaceous clay
Overburden 64 feet
Lignite 17 "
Parting 5 "
Lignite 16 "
Location B182 from D.H. 26, 200 feet west, 600 feet north
NOTE. DIVERS NORTH OF
IAOOON ARE. ONLY
APPROXIMATE..
MASTER EXPLORATIONS LTD

ONAKAWANA LIGNITE DEPOSIT
ONAKAWANA. ONTARIO
LEGEND
6ft- 12 -ALBERTA COAL LTD DRILL HOLE * No
DH-37-ONTARIO DEPT OF MlNtS DRILL HQLEL^No
C-21 -ONTARIO DfcPTOF MINES DRILL HOLE 4 No ————— LIMIT OF COAL
B 45 ONTARIO NORTHLAND RAILROAD DRILL HOLL'No
783 ELEVATION
42H2NE03C2 83.1-56 GARDINER 200

NOTE. RrVERS NORTH OF
IAOOON ARE.
APPROXIMATE.
o *,'J
y eir?-
K. - -;
MASTER EXPLORATIONS LTD

ONAKAWANA LJfcNITE. DEPOSIT
ONAKAWANlUoNTARIO
LEGEND
66-12 ALBERTA COAL LTD DRILL HOLL t No
DH-37- ONTARIO DEPT OF MINLS DRILL HOLL*NJo
C-21 -ONTARIO DEPT OF MINES DRILL HOLE* No 1——"——
B'45 ONTARIO NORTHLAND RAILROAD DRILL HOLEJNu
DRILLED B/'No
1783 -ELEVATION
42M2NE0302 83.1-56 GARDINER

06-/04 ~to07 O 6''08 o*"' O*""6
l-7i V
O8'" 1 o fl'"*"
ONAKAWANA UGNITE DEPOSIT
DRILL HOLE
LOCATION
9 4QO flpO lepO 1600 gOOO
42I12NE0302 63.f-55 GARDINER

220
"i-V ^^,,?*"7
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE
EASTERN SECTION
Ratio
Scale; ZOO Feet = l Inch
400 ,
47-43 Acres l,607,525Tons L|GN[TE
-01 " 46I.08Z * Overburden Overburten

V" ISUiZl 16'-71' 49-6
D.HJ2
S 74-06 O
0-82
L-3
ONAKAWANA LIGNITE DEVELOPMENT
DISTRICT OF COCHRANE, ONTARIO
Lignite Area A
\
\ Y li
\\\ \ \ x
Section C~D
r ile of Fei:t
X. \ ' \
v- -. \ N
1 Boiler Pant.
2 Processing Plant,
^ Garage and Machine Shop.
A Pump House.
Lignite Area B r, Office.
e Canip Buildings.
\\\
\ \
\ \
VA\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ ' '
v -V— \ V -V- Surface
v \ r\
v\ \ \ \\^\ v "-y''
Section A"B
63.l-56 GARDINER
-...' ,:. ' , , - . X- ' ' N.
. .. :-.;.v.-.;-A.^-.
V::;.-.v. ,-.. -.-.v
'-- V-
'•- - *ijy:x?.^:
' ' '
:-^r*?"' ;-"I.' :; ';
li-'." . -
Utfld
i.saiA uj.aos auu

42I12NE0302

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42M2NE0302 83.

ORDER-OF-MAGNITUDE COST ESTIMATES

l November 14, 1975

l Dear Mr. McDonald:

The report has examined alternative methods of drying and briquetting

l It must be emphasized that there has been no recent operating experience

l dried to acceptable average levels in rotating kiln-type vessels of the

l We have extrapolated from this experience and have examined theoretically,

l It is very difficult to say at this stage whether a particular method is

l equipment are especially necessary before a realistic appraisal of costs

l Yours very truly,

l J.G. Bruce, P. Eng.

l Drying S Briquetting .. ... .....

l Rotary Steam Tube Dryer . .... .. .... . ...

l Indirect-Direct Heat Calciner....... . ..

l Discussion . ... .. . . .. . . . .....

l Drying and Briquetting Plants .

I Estimating Procedures ....... . ... .. ....... . 28

l Case I . ...................... ..........

l Thermal Value . .............. ...... . .

1 APPENDIX - Diagrams of Various Dryers

1 TABLE I - Proximate Analysis of Onakawana lignite.

1 FIGURE I - Relationship of Briquetting Pressure to

l It is proposed to up-grade Onakawana lignite so as

l as to allow it to be shipped to market and remain competi

l solvent refining of lignite, concentrates on the presen

l Two levels of production are examined: a quantity

l size of the market in the area.

l The market for Onakawana lignite is presumed to be

l split into three sectors: (1) purchasers of "as-mined"

l of ra;: lignite mined will be either used as on-site energy

l processed, either by drying or briquetting, or both.

l The report comprises four main sections. Following

l Recommendations", the report proceeds to its major section

l been set up "Beneficiation Alternatives" and "Selected

I "Conclusions and Recommendations" are made which highlight

I the findings of the report and emphasize the need to ob

l of the processing equipment discussed, before commitment

l various means by which it may be possible to upgrade the

l methods and studies in detail those which appear to offer

l "Summarizing Comments" are made which point up the need to

l established before development can proceed.

l 1. uncertainties regarding the use of fluid-bed, indirect,

l 2. flash drying, already a proven concept in the drying

l of European brov/n coals appears to offer considerable

I 3. funds in the order of $160,000 to $175,000 (exclusive

l have to be spent on fundamental production research

if serious time constraints for the Onakawana development

l exist, steps be taken towards initiating a laboratory

l Canada Ltd. and such other German companies as may be

l cal background in the drying and briquetting of

2. if sufficient time is available (12-18 months),

i) probable technical feasibility of processing

ii) availability of test facilities

iv) post-test plant design and engineering capability

M v) probable cost of post-test plant design and

l The Onakawana area, some 600 miles north of Toronto

l mineable lignite reserves of approximately 190 million

l of the lignite are now reasonably well-established, with

l Caloric Value 4,900 Btu/lb.

l ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF ONAKAWANA LIGNITE

l The moisture content of the Onakawana lignite is some

l lower, than most North American lignites; the Onakawana

l It is believed that substantial markets exist in the