Write the following if there is a questionon

(1) BCS theory

Or
(2)BCS ground state/energy

BCS Ground State

Recall Eq. (11a. 27), BCS Reduced Hamiltonian

HT    k ck† ck  Vk ,k ck†c†k c k ck  .

k kk 
(11a.27)

Eq. (11a.27) can be diagonalized by Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation. To do this, let us

introduce two new operators:

 k  uk ck   vk c†k 
(11a.28)

and

 k  uk c k   vk ck† .
(11a.29)

In Eqs. (11a.28) and (11a.29), uk and vk are real and positive. The Hermitian conjugates of
the operators are

 k†  uk c†  vk c k 
k
(11a.30)

and
†k  uk c†  vk ck  .
 k
(11a.31)

The Fermion operators should satisfy

 k ,  k   0 ,  k , k   0 and  k ,  k     kk  .
†

(11a.32)

From Eq. (11a.28),

 ,   u c
k
†
k k k  vk c† k  , uk c†k  vk c k  
  
 uk uk  ck  , c †k  vk vk  c† k  , c k  
  uk uk   vk vk    kk 
(11a.33)

Thus we have from Eqs. (11a.32 ) and (11a.33), we have the normalization condition

uk2  vk2  1 .
(11a.34)

Reversing the definitions, we obtain from Eqs. (11a.28) to (11a.31)

ck   uk k  vk †k ,
(11a.35)

c†k  uk k†  vk  k
(11a.36)

and

c k   vk k†  uk  k ,
(11a.37)
. (11a.38)

c† k  vk k  uk †k

Let us define two new operators:

k   k† k and  k  †k  k .

(11a.39)

Denoting the first term of Eq. (11a.27) as T1 , and by using Eqs. (11a.35) to (11a. 39) we have

You have to remember this equation by heart; derivation would take long time

HT    k  2vk2  uk2  vk2   k  

   k   2uk vk  k   k   †k k† 
k

+ Vk ,k  [uk vk uk vk  (1  k     k  )(1  k    k )

kk 

uk vk  (uk2  vk2 )(1  k     k  )( k   k   †k k† )]

(11a.44)

In obtaining Eq. (11a.44), we have used the symmetry property, Vkk   Vk k and also the
anticommutation relation between  ‘s and  ‘s.

Suppose G is the ground state of the system. Since the operators  ' s and  ' s define
particle-hole excitations, we have

 k G   k† G  0 , (11a.45)

 k G  †k G  0 (11a.46)

And hence

k G   k G  0 . (11a.47)

The ground state G should not be confused with the vacuum state 0 . Suppose N is the
number of particles in the ground state and is

N G c
k
†
k k 
c  c†k c k  G  2 vk2 .
k

(11a.48)
The Hamiltonian H T could be diagonalized in second order if the coefficients of the off-
diagonal terms together are zero:

2 k uk vk + (uk2  vk2 ) Vk ,k uk vk   0

k

uk  sin k
vk  cos k
 k sin 2k  cos 2k  Vk ,k uk vk 
k

1 1
 k   2 Vk ,k uk vk     Vk ,k  sin 2k 
2 k 2 k .

 k sin 2k   k cos 2k

k
tan 2k  
k
(11a.49)

Since  k is below the Fermi energy, it is negative; and

hence tan 2k is positive. It implies  is in the first k

quadrant. Thus from Eq. (11a.52), we obtain

k
sin 2k 
k cos 2k  
 2k   k2 and  2k   k2 .

(11a.53)

Ground State Energy

We shall now focus on the ground state energy of the

BCS Hamiltonian. The ground state energy can be
obtained by making the terms containing the excitation
terms in the Hamiltonian, Eq. (11a.44). Thus we obtain
the ground state energy from this equation, which is

Eg  2  k vk2 + Vk ,k uk vk uk vk 

k kk 
(11a.59)

Using Eqs. (11a.50) and (11a.51), we write

1
Eg  2  k cos 2 k   k sin 2k
k 2 k
.

(11a.60)