19.

Since we are considering Coulomb’s law between same charges q , Coulomb force is repulsive regardless of
the sign of q . Hence, we need to find unit vector lying in the direction from original point charge to second
point charge.

Let ^x , ^
y to be unit vectors along x , y direction. Name the position of original point charge as
⃗
x 0=(5 m, 0 m) and that of second point charges as ⃗
x a=(5 m, 2.5 m) , ⃗
x b=(0 m ,0 m), ⃗
x c =(7 m, 3.5 m)
respectively.

(a) ⃗
r a =⃗ x 0=( 5 m ,2.5 m )− (5 m, 0 m )=( 0 m ,2.5 m )
x a−⃗
r⃗a
ua =
⃗
¿ r⃗a∨¿=(0 , 1)¿

(b) ⃗
r b =⃗ x 0=( 0 m , 0 m )−( 5 m, 0 m )=( 5 m , 0 m)
x b−⃗
r⃗b
ub =
⃗
¿ r⃗b∨¿=(1 , 0)¿

(c) ⃗
r c =⃗ x 0= ( 7 m, 3.5 m )−( 5 m ,0 m )= ( 2m , 1.5 m)
x c −⃗
r⃗c
uc =
⃗
¿⃗
r c ∨¿=( 45 , 35 ) ¿
44.

Coulomb’s constant: k =8.99 ×10 9 N ⋅m 2 /C 2=8.99 × 1013 N ⋅cm 2 /C2 .

(a) Note that as Coulomb’s force is attractive, two charges have opposite sign. Therefore if we let charge
with smaller magnitude as ± q , the other one should be ∓ 3 q . By the problem statement we get such
equation.

| |
2
13 3|q|
2
−3 q 2
k 2
=8.99 ×10 2
N /C =156 N
( 14.5 cm ) 14.5

|q|=1.10× 10−5 C=11.0 μC

Magnitude of the larger charge is 3|q|=33.0 μC

(b) We only know that the force is attractive. As long as two charges have opposite sign, larger charge can
be both positive or negative. We cannot determine the sign of it.
66.

kQ ^
The dipole moment of two charges is ⃗p= ( 2qa ) ^j and electric field is ⃗
E= i
2 .
x
(a) In the limit x ≫ a , the torque on the dipole is given by

τ⃗ =⃗p × ⃗
( )
kQ
E=( 2 qa ^j ) × 2 i^ =
x
−2 kQqa ^
x
2
k

(b) The force on the dipole is given by sum of electric force on each charge. Let the distance between +Q
charge and each pole of dipole is r . By Coulomb’s law, the net force on dipole is

F=
r 2 (
r r r )
r r (
kQq x ^ a ^ kQq −x ^ a ^ 2 kQqa ^
i+ j + 2 i+ j =
r 3 )
2 kQqa
j= 2 2 3/ 2 ^j .
( x +a )
For x ≫ a , we can neglect a 2 compared with x 2, giving

2 kQqa ^
F= 3
j.
x
(c) As we can see in (b), the direction of the net force is + ^j, which is equal to the direction of the dipole
moment.
69.

(a) Let x >a . Electric field ⃗

E (x ) is sum of three electric fields due to three charges.

[ ] [ ]
2 2 4
⃗ +q −2 q +q 6 a x −2 a
E ( x )= k 2
+k 2
+k 2
^x =kq x^
( x−(−a ) ) ( x−0 ) ( x−a ) ( x +a )2 x 2 ( x−a )2

(b) When x ≫ a , we can ignore second term in the numerator and a in the denominator.
2
2 x 2 1
⃗
E ( x ) ≅ 6 kq a 6 ^x =6 kq a 4 x^
x x
1
It falls off in the order of 4
x
73.

(a) The area of outer circle is π (r + ∆ r )2 and the area of inner circle is π r 2. Thus, the area of ring is
2 2 2
π (r + ∆ r ) −π r =2 π r ∆ r + π ∆ r ≅ 2 π r ∆ r. Substitute dr for ∆ r .
(b) The total charge is the product of the surface charge density and area. dq=2 π r σ dr

kQx
(c) In example 20.6, the electric field of ring is E= 2 2 3 /2
(x + r )
In this case, we need to consider very thin rings. Thus, the electric field due to the ring is

kxdq 2 πkσx rdr

dE= 2 3 /2
2
= 2 2 3/ 2
(x +r ) ( x +r )
(d)
2 2
R x +R
2 πkσx rdr dt
( x x
)
x 2+ R2
E=∫ dE=∫ =πkσx ∫ =−2 πkσx t −1 /2|x 2 =2 πkσ − 2 2 1 /2
0
3
2
3
|x| (x + R )
( x 2 +r )
2 2 x
t2
2 2
where t=x + r ∧dt =2 rdr
We should consider the magnitude of electric field. Electric field is positive for positive x and opposite
for negative x . Thus, we can simplify the electric field as below.

E=2 πkσ 1−
( 2
(x + R )
|x|
2 1 /2 )
76.

Q
We should consider contribution of the whole semicircular loop by integral. Line charge density is ρ= ,
πa
Q
so for infinitesimal angle dθ , dq=dl × ρ=adθ × ρ= dθ . Let charge element dθ is at θ . It creates electric
π
field ⃗
dE (θ) on point P like below.

⃗ dq
dE (θ )=k 2 (cos ( θ ) x^ +sin ( θ ) ^y )
a
Total electric field can be calculated by integrating contribution from all charge element.
π
dq kQ 2 kQ
E =∫ k 2 ( cos ( θ ) ^x + sin (θ ) ^y ) = 2 ∫ ( cos ( θ ) ^x +sin ( θ ) ^y ) dθ=
⃗
2
^y
a πa 0 πa

* We may expect that electric field would not have x component by symmetry.