‫‪٢٠٠٨/٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ )ﻫ(‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻫ‪١/‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ‪) ،(١-‬ﻫ‪ (٢-‬ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪ (Azimuth‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﺪﺩ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳـﻘﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ،(90)°‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪ (180)°‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫‪ (270)°‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ= ﺻﻔﺮ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ (45)°‬ﺷﺮﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ‪ (135)°‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻـﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ (90)°‬ﻏﺮﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (Altitude‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫ‪١-‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨/٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﳐﻄﻂ ﳑﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫)ﻫ‪) ،(١-‬ﻫ‪.(٢-‬‬

‫ﻼ ‪ ١٥‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ )ﻣﺎﺭﺱ(‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ١٠‬ﺻﺒﺎﺣﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (٣‬ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ )ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ( ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ )ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ( ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ‪.(48)°‬‬

‫)‪ (٤‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ )‪ (3‬ﻭﳝﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‪ (48)) .‬ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ (132)°‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ(‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (٥‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Sa= arcsin(sin(lat)sin(Ds)+cos(lat)cos(D)cos (Ah‬‬
‫))‪Sz= arcsin (cos(Ds) sin(Ah)/cos(Sa‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Sa‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Sz‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Lat‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = Ds‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫))‪Ds= 23.45 sin(0.9863013(284+n‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = n‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻱ )‪.(٣٦٥-١‬‬
‫‪ = Ah‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Ah= 15(12-H‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫= ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ )‪ (24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ﻫ‪٢-‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨/٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ ‪ (١ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ )‪ (sun chart‬ﳋﻂ ﻋﺮﺽ )‪.(32°°‬‬

‫ﻫ‪٣-‬‬
 ٢٠٠٨/٣ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

N
Latitude 28° North
0
150 10
150
20

30

40
120
120
50
JUN
6 60 MAY
6 JUL
5 70
7 APR
4
8 AUG
3
2 9
W 10
1 12 Time 11 MAR

SEP

FEB
OCT

JAN
NOV
60 DEC
60

30
30 Latitude 28° South

.(28°°) ‫( ﳋﻂ ﻋﺮﺽ‬sun chart) ‫( ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬٢ - ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ‬

٤-‫ﻫ‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨/٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ‪٢/‬‬

‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪H × cos(Saz − Waz‬‬
‫= ‪DH‬‬
‫) ‪tan(Salt‬‬

‫ﻭ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪W‬‬
‫= ‪DV‬‬
‫) ‪tan(Saz − Waz‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ )ﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ )ﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪W‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﻉ )ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ( ‪ Azimuth‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Saz‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٤ - ٢‬ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ –‪ (١‬ﻭ)ﻫ –‪(٢‬‬

‫ﻭ)ﺏ –‪ (٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ )ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ( ‪ Altitude‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬ ‫=‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٤ - ٢‬ﻭﺗﺆﺧـﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ – ‪(١‬‬ ‫‪Salt‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﻫ– ‪ (٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٤ - ٢‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪W az‬‬

‫ﻫ‪٥-‬‬