SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub

ISSN: 2394-3122 (Online)
e-ISJN: A4372-3088
Impact Factor: 5.045
Volume 4, Issue 11, November 2017
SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub

Journal for all Subjects
Research Article / Survey Paper / Case Study
Published By: SK Publisher (www.skpublisher.com)
Performance Evaluation of LTE-based System Parameters

using OFDM in Indoor and Outdoor Environment
Amanpreet Kaur Sidhu1 Prabhjot Kaur2
Student, ECE Department Assistant Professor, ECE Department
BBSBEC Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab, India BBSBEC Fatehgarh Sahib Punjab, India
Abstract: The optical frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the latest technique to transfer the data using division
multiplexing system for a multicarrier transmission. It helps to send a group if signals concurrently through one channel.
LTE (long-term evaluation); a 4G technology is highly used in both the indoor and outdoor applications because of low cost
and high data rate. But there are significant sources of interference and design specifications that can diminish the spectral
efficiency. With the introduction of interference, the transmitted bits get altered leading to high Bit Error Rate (BER).A
modification to the flip based OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is proposed through convolution
coding. A performance analysis of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Bit Error Rate is developed, and MATLAB simulation is
carried out to confirm the analysis. The proposed technique was successful in accomplishing decreased BER of 10^-5
compared to 10^-4 in the previous research.
Keywords: SNR, Long-Term Evaluation, Spectral efficiency, Bit Error Rate, Indoor, Outdoor, Optical Frequency Division
Multiplexing.
I. INTRODUCTION
There is a high requirement to improve the e-marketing, fraud detection and location-based services and applications for
Mobile Stations (MS). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique can accomplish better wireless
positioning performance [7]. The OFDM is also referred as the Fourier transform and the multicarrier. The idea of the optical
frequency division multiplexing was proposed by Chang which gets patented in 1960. Now, it is extensively used in the modern
era of high data transmission. Apart from this, the OFDM use has been seen in the telecommunication field to a great extent [9].
II. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM)
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a technique which helps to encode the digital data into multiple carrier
frequencies. It is also known as the popular scheme which is used for wideband digital communication. This application is also
used in digital television and audio broadcasting such as in wireless networks, powerline networks and in 4G mobile
communication. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals were used which helps to carry the data on
numerous equivalent data streams and channels. In this process, each subcarrier is modulated with a conventional modulation
scheme, and it is accessed in only low symbol rate which helps to maintain the total data rate into a similar to conventional
single-carrier schemes in the same bandwidth.
The suggestion of fast Fourier transform in the data multiplexing has made it eliminate the complex demodulation and
sinusoidal array generation in the parallel data system and made it be more cost effective. The idea was suggested in 1971 by
Weinstein and Ebert. In the OFDM system, the data is distributed or divided equally in an orthogonal way which helps in
eliminating bandpass filter and ensuring spectral efficiency by subcarrier separation. The OFDM system works by transmitting
© 2017, SK Publisher All Rights Reserved 48 | P a g e
Amanpreet et al., SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub
Volume 4, Issue 11, November 2017 pg. 48-58
large data packets and demodulating them at a low rate. The data is sent to the orthogonal carriers by choosing the space
between the carrier frequencies more appropriately [4]. Making it a better option than the conventional methods of multiplexing.
The OFDM system has a frequency selective fade for many symbols which enables less distortion of symbols due to burst errors
which were earlier found to be destroying the symbols over single carrier systems. This approach enables to correct and
reconstruct the symbols more easily without any forward correction [8].
Figure 1: Orthogonal signal frequency Spectra
The separation of individual subchannels is completely possible at the receiver by the use of Fast Fourier Transform. The
frequency responses over sub-bands are flat as the coherence bandwidth is more than that of the sub-bands and the entire signal
is constructed of narrow sub-bands. The orthogonality in the optical frequency division multiplexing system sub-channels can
be maintained, and the subchannels can be separated from the Fourier transformation when there are no inter-symbol
interference and inter-channel interference at receiver introduced by transmission distortion of the channel [5].
A. Working of OFDM
The fig. 2 depicts the functioning of the typical optical frequency division multiplexing system. The data that need to be
transferred is converted from serial to parallel form using the converter at the starting. Then the data is grouped into the x bits
and sent to the signal mapper which further divides the data into discrete packets say “d” and send each of them to the different
frequencies which do not let any overlapping of the signal. The data is in the form of complex numbers which goes to the IFFT
which is Intermediate fast Fourier transform. And is again converted to the serial data for transformation [11].
Then, the guard interval is decided and inserted between the symbols so that there must be no interference between the
symbols. The discrete symbols are converted to an analog signal and pass through the low pass filter and then sent to the RF
(radio frequency) converter [14].
Figure 2: Block diagram showing working of typical OFDM

The receiver end is the reverse process of the transmitter. The one-tap equalizer eliminates the correction of the signal and
the channel distortion. The calculation of tap coefficients is done by using the channel information, and then the signal is
© 2017, SK Publisher All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2394-3122 (Online) Impact Factor: 5.045 e-ISJN: A4372-3088 49 | P a g e
transmitted to the receiver end. The whole process is the modulation and demodulation of the signal which is done by using the
optical division of data by orthogonal multiplexing [13].
III. LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)
LTE is a patent of European Telecommunication Standards Institute which is related to the enhancement and high-speed
communication for data terminals and mobile phones. The LTE technology is based on the methodology of EDGE/GSM and
HSPA/UMTS. It is the core network improvement which enables to have an increased speed and capacity using a different radio
interface. OFDM is deployed in LTE for better network performance [2].
Long-term evolution is a standardized system which is usedfor high-speed wireless communication for various types of
mobile devices and data terminals which are based on the GSM and UMTS technologies. It also helps to increases the capacity
and speed by using different radio interfaces. There are different types of LTE frequencies and bands which have been used in
different countries, but it is only applicable in multi-band phones.
LTE mainly has its peak download rates up to 326. 4 Mbit/s and its upload rates as for 86. 4 Mbit/s but its bit rate
depending on the user equipment category. On the other hand, it uses 4x four antennas in the case of download rates, but it
utilizes asingle antenna for uploading. LTE support the services at low cost. LTE has five different classes which have been
defined by a voice-centric class up to high-end terminals that support the peak data rates. Due to this process, all terminals were
able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
LTE network uses IP architecture due to which it is dedicatedto packet switched operations as well as it also supports ahigh
bandwidth to deliver the good voice. This voice can be transported by using voice over LTE protocols and then it falls back to
legacy networks that are within 3G and 2G. LTE also supports MIMO technology which always gives higher data rate for
multiple connections of devices. The main advantage of LTE is that it is commonly linked with OFDMA in the downlink which
automatically helps to utilize the channel resources effectively. It also increases the total number of user capacity for different
channels to access the system.
LTE handoff is smooth that allows users to connect to devices in other regions. LTE always supports higher versions of
LTE standard based products due to which they give a high range of facilities to its users. It also results in improving the
performance of the system. With the help of LTE users also able to access faster connection speeds and a greater level of
coverage related to the internet. It provides enhancements regarding the speed, capacity, and reliability which will automatically
help to make mobile broadband too feasible for its users.
Table 1: Key Characteristics of LTE

FEATURES LTE
Frequency of operation 2-8 GHz
Download rate 1Gbps
Forward error correction Concatenated codes
Architecture of Network Wireless LAN and wide area
Upload rate 500Mbps
IV. OFDM BENEFITS
The OFDM provides a number of benefits due to which it is being used for many research areas. Some of them are listed
below:
A. Utilization of resources
OFDM ensures proper utilization of its resources by overlapping. It helps to divide the channels into narrowband sub-
channels. It is the most resistant technique for single carrier systems and easily indulges in any system [19].
B. Combating ISI and reducing ICI
OFDM systems also help to combat ISI and reduce the consistency in ICI. When the signal passes through these channels,
orthogonality of the signal can be exposed. It also helps to maintain the channels in subcarrier systems. The guard interval
creates the space in between two OFDM systems and serves as the buffer in multipath reflection. The empty path then
introduces ICI for creating different subcarriers. It means they are no longer exists in the path. So, OFDM is a better solution for
reducing ICI in the systems [18].
C. Spectral Efficiency
The OFDM also provides better spectral efficiency. It is achieved by maintaining the orthogonality between subcarriers.
When the orthogonality is properly maintained in different sub-channels, then it easily separates the systems at the receiver side.
It is only possible by inserting the guard bands in subchannels. Naturally inserting the guard bands provides a better result and
efficient use of spectral resources [14].
V. OFDM LIMITATIONS
Apart from several benefits, OFDM possesses following limitations:
 The OFDM signal has a very large dynamic range, so it requires RF power amplifiers for a high peak to power ratio.
 Strict synchronization requirements.
 Sometimes it is more sensitive to thecarrier frequency and drifts the single carrier systems due to the leakage of DFT.
 It is also delicate to Doppler shift.
 OFDM requires the linear transmitter that sometimes suffers from poor power efficiency.
 It also suffers the loss of effectiveness which is caused by recurring precede.
VI. EVALUATION PARAMETERS
The following parameters are calculated to evaluate the performance of OFDM system.
A. Bit error rate
In digital transmission of data, bit errors are the altered number of bits due to noise or distortion in the total number bits
received. The bit error is defined in a percentage of the number of bits which gets distorted by the total number of bits which
were being transmitted in the fixed time interval also called as bit error ratio [9]. The numbers of bit error in a unit time is called
bit error rate.The BER can be improved by using robust modulation or line coding and high signal strength [16].
B. Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Signal to noise ratio is the measure of comparison between background noise and the desired signal level. The SNR is expressed
in decibels [1]. The SNR is the ratio of the signal power to signal noise. The SNR can also be defined as the ratio of Mean value
to the Standard Deviation value of the signal. The communication engineers always try to keep SNR ratio to the maximum for
better data transmission by using narrow receiving bandwidth with desired consistency in data speed. High signal power for the
output and spread spectrum techniques can help in maintaining the high SNR values for a data transmission with higher speed
[2].
C. Spectral efficiency
Spectral efficiency is also known as bandwidth efficiency or spectrum efficiency. It can be defined as the rate of transmission of
information over a signal. It is the net data rate divided by the bandwidth. The unit of spectral efficiency is bits per second per
hertz. Spectral efficiency helps in calculating the data bandwidth in the given spectrum. The spectrum efficiency is the
optimization of the spectrum so that maximum data can be transmitted with a minimum rate of loss of data. The spectral
efficiency is the use of radio spectrum more efficiently. It is the maximum collected good output or throughput [1].
VII. LITERATURE REVIEW
M. Abbaszadeha, B. Khalaj, and A. Haghbina (2017) analyzed the error performance for generalized orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing. Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing is a cyclic filtered multicarrier modulation
which is used in wireless applications. In this research, an orthogonal cyclic filtered multicarrier modulation was proposed. It is
based on the cyclic Perfect Reconstruction-Quadrature Mirror Filterbank. In this research, it is presented that GOFDM MMSE
receiver outperforms OFDM in multipath fading channels for all SNR values. The results indicated that the error performance of
GOFDM is similar to the OFDM for AWGN channel when there is a gap between the performance of OFDM for configurations
and GFDM ZF receiver with a large number of timeslots. Also, the GOFDM MMSE receiver also performs better in multipath
fading channel in which the superiority is important at low order QAM mappings [13].
R. Raheem et al. (2017)described the utilization of mobile femtocell in LTE vehicular environment. This research
presented the importance of the mobile base station to serve as the vehicular UEs in public transportation. Vehicular UEs are
exposed to path-loss, high VPL, performance and interference degradation. The author proposed Mobile-Femto technology in
this research to improve the performance of cell edge vehicular UEs. To create the comprehensive comparison between Fixed-
Femto, eNB and Mobile-Femto assisted transmissions. The comparison was performedregarding spectral efficiency, throughput,
vehicular UEs Link Ergodic capacity and SINR. The result indicated the improvement in the performance of vehicular UEs after
the implementation of Mobile-Femto in public transportation. Also, 80% of vehicular UEs throughput was an improvement over
the direct transmission using eNB [20].
S. Mohamed et al. (2016) proposed the modified Asymmetrically-Clipped Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing systems. To verify and analyze the performance of the proposed technique, bit error rate is developed, and Monto
Carlo simulations are used in this research. The authors compared the results of the proposed technique with the ACO-OFDM
system under the same transmission rate and bit energy. The results indicated the improvement of 1 dBis obtained at a BER of
10-4. In this research, the performance of the proposed system is investigated in the presence of atmospheric turbulence with the
help of single-input multiple output configuration. Also, 4 dB and 2.2 dB of energy improvement are obtained at 10-4 for SIMO
systems of 1 and 2 photodetectors at the receiver point [14].
K. Riyazuddin and A. Kumar Sharma (2016)evaluated the performance of the LTE (Long Term Evaluation) based
parameters with the help of OFDM in the outdoor and indoor environment. The study also measured the spectral efficiency
throughput and SINR using various scenarios with a different number of users. The result of the study shows that the QAM and
PSK throughput varies significantly in the indoor and outdoor QAM, indoor and outdoor applications. The average consistent
performance and throughput are more frequently observed in the outdoor areas than indoor areas. LTE minimized the cost of
delivery of data and increased the data output rates. In the LTE network, outside sources of design, configuration, and interface
decreases the spectrum efficiency which leads to higher costs for network operators and low data output rates [1].
K. Bhagat and J. Malhotra (2016)presented the overview of multiple access techniques used for uplink in the wireless
communication systems. The study presented the comparison between Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-
FDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This research demonstrated the issues, basic features
of theuplink, and multiple access techniques in the LTE Mobile Communication System. The technology used for uplink the
transmission is SC-FDMA. The results indicated that the SC-FDMA has lower PAPR as compared to OFDMA. It is also found
that the SC-FDMA has the better performance regarding frame error rate and PAPR because of built-in frequency diversity and
coherent single-carrier property [2].
J. Huang et al. (2016) analyzed the performance of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology in the
wireless communication process. In this research, MATLAB simulation is usedin order to analyze the process using OFDM in
the wireless communication system. The complete transmission of the information is based on IFFT and FFT transform
methods. Property of channelaffects the performance of the communication system in the wireless communication process. The
results indicated that the conversion and string decrease the multi-path effect. Also, inter-symbol interference is also decreased
with the increase of the symbol period which helps in achieving the reliable and efficient transmission of the information signals
in the wireless communication channel [16].
V. Vahidi and E. Saberinia (2016) described the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and channel models for
payload communication of unmanned aerial systems. In this research, six different channel models were presented for UAV
payload communication. These models were based on the environment in which they were operated and type of UAV. The
channels models combine delay profiles of wideband terrestrial systems and properties of Doppler of narrowband aeronautical
wireless channels to produce parameters which describe UAV channel. These channels models were used to describe the
OFDM signaling performance for wideband UAV payload communications. The results indicated that the number of
subchannels should be small in OFDM for high-speed USVs for reliable communication. Also, the currently used system is not
appropriate in wideband terrestrial systems [17].
A. Ali and A. Barakabitze (2015) demonstrated the evolution of LTE and LTE based technologies towards IMT- advanced.
The objective of LTE is to provide the low latency, high data rate, latency and packet optimized radio access technology. All
these features support the deployments of flexible bandwidths. This research presented the overview of features of LTE from
release-8 to release-13. The comparison study indicated that the release 10 of 3GPP exceeds and support IMT-Advanced
requirements and also accepted as a true 4G system. In this research, the author summarizes LTE-Advanced features in tabular
format and also determined that LTE can fulfill the requirements of the IMT-Advanced. The result indicated that the current,
3GPP works on release-13 are capable of performing in the more improved system [18].
R. Rashmi and S. Sarala (2014)analyzed the OFDM and simulated the OFDM transceiver with the help of MATLAB and
also performs the BER analysis. In the frequency selective channels, OFDM provides the robust and high data rates which
decrease the effects of the ISI. So, OFDM is suitable for the wireless communication. In the Rayleigh and AWGN channels,
thesimulationwas performed with QPSK and BPSK modulation for OFDM. The results show that the performance of the BPSK
and QPSK is same, but QPSK is costly regarding Bandwidth than BPSK [11].
B. Ballal, A. Chadha and N. Satam (2013)described the overview of OFDM, and its applications in various systems like
digital audio broadcasting (DAB), IEEE 802.11a, and Digital Broadband Services for the handheld devices (DVB-H) including
its advantages and disadvantages. OFDM is multi-carrier modulation technique used in 4G mobile communication, audio
broadcasting, and digital television. The advantage of the OFDM is its ability to cope with various channels over single-carrier
scheme without using complex equalization filters. It improves the quality of the communication for long-distance [5].
M. Bhardwaj, A. Gangwar, and D. Soni (2012) reviewed the concept, scope, and applications of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM). It is used in multicarrier transmission in which a single DataStream is spread over lower rate
subcarriers. The parallel transmission of symbol concept is used in the wireless communication to attain the better transmission
quality and high throughput. OFDM technique is used to split the total bandwidth transmission into orthogonal subcarriers to
transmit symbols with the help of subcarriers in parallel. In this research, the authors discussed the role of OFDM in this era
with its benefits and losses. This research also described the role of OFDM in the wireless communication and its benefits over
single carrier transmission [19].
VIII. METHODOLOGY
In this research, the overall implementation of the OFDM model was done in the MATLAB Software 2015a. The flip based
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) with channel coding techniques was done in this work. For the
implementation part, the input sequence is passed to the channel Encoder for the channel encoding using the Convolutional
encoding data to enhance the performance at the transmitter side. Then just after this, the interleaving of the data was done
following the binary to decimal conversion of the data. The data was modulated using 16-QAM modulation Scheme. Next, the
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) was performed. In this, the number of OFDM symbols was taken as 10^3. The OFDM
Symbol is the pulse or the waveform in the communication channel that persists for the fixed duration of time. The output BER
value is dependent upon the number of the OFDM Symbols.
Now at the receiver side, first the Fast Fourier Transform that is FFT was done following by the 16- QAM demodulator.
After this, the channel Decoding was done. Then the data De-interleaving was done. The final BER was calculated, and the plot
of the BER vs. SNR was analyzed.
Figure 3: Flow Diagram
IX. RESULTS
The proposed system generates very improved results as compared with the previous work [14].
A. BER vs. SNR
BER stands for Bit Error Rate. It is defined as the Number of error per a total number of bits transferred. BER is also defined as
the rate at which the errors occur.
Figure 4: Bit error Rate for 16-QAM using OFDM

As observed from the plot, the BER achieved in our proposed work is around 10^-5 that is very smaller than the previous work
[14] that achieved BER of around 10^-4.The BER execution of OFDM framework will profit by better mean square error
execution of channel estimator. As we can analyze from the below-given graph that, in the AWGN fading channel, BER
decreases with increase in .
B. Theoretical vs. Simulated BER
Under this, the comparison of simulated vs. theoretical results of BER vs. SNR is analyzed. Theoretical value is mainly the
expected value calculated theoretically, and simulated value is what we get a result of an experiment performed. It can be seen
that there is not much difference between both the values and BER decreases with increase in SNR.
Figure 5: Throughputvs. theoretical BER vs. SNR

C. Throughput plot
Throughput can be defined as the total data received by the destination node. It is also considered as the measure of the
efficiency of the routing protocol. The throughput plot is as shown below. The range of the throughput value varies from 0.965
to 1.It can be said that the throughput value ranges from 96-100% percent which assures the good result.
Figure 6: Throughput for 16-QAM using OFDM

D. CDF Plot
The below shown is the Empirical CDF Plot, which stands for Cumulative Distribution Function plot. This CDF can be defined
as the proportion of values of X, less than or equal to X.
Figure 7: CDF Plot

E. Scatter Plot
Scatter plot denotes the multipath fading in channel causing phase rotation and amplitude changes.
Figure 8: Scatter Plot

F. Power Spectral Density Plot (PSD)
PSD basically shows the strength of energy variation w.r.t. frequency function. We can also say that it shows the frequencies at
which energy is high and where the energy variation is less. Its unit is energy per frequency. In the figure below, it can be
analyzed that the lowest energy variation is in the frequency range of -0.4 to -0.2 MHz.
Figure 9: Power Spectral Density for 16-QAM

Comparison with the base paper
In the improved work, the value of BER is approaching 10^-5, but in the previous research in the same field[14], the BER was
10^-4.
Table2: Comparison of results

EB/NO Results of previous New Proposed
in dB research in the same field Work
0 10^-1 10^-2
2 10^-1 10^-1.5
12 10^-4 10^-5
X. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the adaptation of convolution encoding in lip based OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
has been proposed. The performance analysis of LTE using OFDM is carried out through various system parameters such as
BER, SNR, throughput, etc. MATLAB simulations have been carried out to evaluate the results of theanalysis. The results have
been compared with the previous research that used the same receiver bandwidth, transmission rate, and bit energy. The
comparison results show that the proposed system offers reduced Bit Error Rate. Bit Error Rate of 10^-5 compared to 10^-4 in
the previous research has been achieved.
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SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub

Performance Evaluation of LTE-based System Parameters

II. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM)

Figure 1: Orthogonal signal frequency Spectra

Figure 2: Block diagram showing working of typical OFDM

III. LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

Table 1: Key Characteristics of LTE

IV. OFDM BENEFITS

Apart from several benefits, OFDM possesses following limitations:

 Strict synchronization requirements.

 It is also delicate to Doppler shift.

 It also suffers the loss of effectiveness which is caused by recurring precede.

VI. EVALUATION PARAMETERS

A. Bit error rate

B. Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

VII. LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 3: Flow Diagram

A. BER vs. SNR

Figure 4: Bit error Rate for 16-QAM using OFDM

B. Theoretical vs. Simulated BER

Figure 5: Throughputvs. theoretical BER vs. SNR

Figure 6: Throughput for 16-QAM using OFDM

Figure 7: CDF Plot

Figure 8: Scatter Plot

Figure 9: Power Spectral Density for 16-QAM

Table2: Comparison of results

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