Graph of Tangent Function

x y = tan x y=sin x / cos x

Recall that the domain of the tangent
-π/2 =-1/0=UNDEFINED
function is all real numbers except for
-π/3 -1.732 (− )
3 2 (− 1 2) = − 3
odd multiples of π/2 (i.e. π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2,
-π/4 -1.000 (− 2 2 )( )
2 2 = −1
etc.), because at those values the tangent
-π/6 -0.577 (−1 2) ( 3 2) = -1 3 =− 3 3
0 0.000 = 0/1 = 0
function is undefined. The vertical lines
through these x-values are the vertical
π/6 0.577 (1 2 ) ( ) 3= 3
3 2 =1 3
π/4 1.000 ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )= 1 asymptotes of the graph. We should also
π/3 1.732 ( 3 2 ) (1 2 ) = 3 note that as x approaches values close to
π/2 =1/0= UNDEFINED
an odd multiple of π/2, the absolute value
2π/3 -1.732
of y = tan x gets very large. Notice that
3π/4 -1.000
π/2 ≈ 1.57. If we let x= 1.56, y= tan 1.56
5π/6 -0.577
≈ 92.62. We also know that the period
π 0.000 =0/-1 = 0
(or cycle) of the tangent function is π,
7π/6 0.577
which means the values of the tangent
5π/4 1.000
function repeat themselves after the
4π/3 1.732
length of π on the x-axis.
We can see from the graph that the
3π/2 = -1/0 = UNDEFINED
tangent function is symmetric with
5π/3 -1.732
respect to the origin, so the tangent
7π/4 -1.000
11π/6 -0.577
function is odd.
2π 0.000 = 0/1 = 0
This means tan(-x) = - tan x.
13π/6 0.577
9π/4 1.000 Vertical Asymptotes at - π/2, π/2,3π/2, 5 π/2, etc.
2
7π/3 1.732
5π/2
(5π/4, 1)
1 (9π/4, 1)
(π/4, 1)
Where are the x-
intercepts?
0

-π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2

(3π/4, -1)
Where are the y- (-π/4, -1) -1
(7π/4, -1)
intercepts?
-2
 Transformations of Tan x
Example 1 Graphing Variations of y=tan x using tranformations.
Graph y = 2tan x

2 is our amplitude, A, which means it is the factor that will vertically stretch
or shrink our graph. Since A=2, our graph will vertically stretch by a factor
of 2.
For instance, when x =π/4, tan x = sin π/4/cos π/4 = 1, so 2tan π/4 = 2(1) = 2
3

2 (π/4, 2) (5π/4, 2) (9π/4, 2)

0
-π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2

-1

(-π/4, -2) -2 (3π/4, -2) (7π/4, -2)

-3

π
Example 2 Graph y = − tan⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟
⎝ 4⎠

This graph will have 2 changes. First, since it is negative, it be reflected on the x-axis
(turned upside-down). Also, as in our y = Asin(wx+h) + v, h is the horizontal
displacement. Since h >0, the graph is shifted to the left.
y = -tan x
y = -tan (x+ pi/4)

2 2

1 1

0 0
-π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2

-1 -1

-2 -2

Vertical Asymptotes now at π/4, 5π/4 ,9π/4, etc.

 Graph of Cot Function
Recall that the domain of the cotangent function is all real numbers
except for all integral multiples of π (i.e. 0, π, 2π, 3π, etc.), because
at those values the tangent function is undefined (at those values
cos x = ±1 and sin x = 0, and cot x = cos x/ sin x).

Vertical Asymptotes
2

1 (π/4, 1) (5π/4, 1) (9π/4, 1)

0 π/2
-π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2

(-π/4, -1) -1 (3π/4, -1) (7π/4, -1)

-2
2.8 Phase Shifts and Sinusoidal Curve Fitting

Previously, when talking about transformations, I used the following equation for a
sinusoidal graph:
y = Asin(ωx + h) + v

This is not the standard form. The standard form is:

y = Asin(ωx - φ) + B
Notice in this form we use – φ, instead of + h. So this means
if φ > 0, the graph is shifted to the RIGHT, and
if φ < 0, the graph is shifted to the LEFT.
In the previous form, I said that h was the horizontal displacement. However, the actual
amount of the horizontal displacement, or phase shift, is φ/ω. How do we get this?
Recall that the period of the sine function is 2π.
sin(ωx - φ) = sin((ωx – φ) + 2π )
The period will begin with ωx – φ = 0 Æ x = φ/ω = starting point of one cycle. We see
from this that this shows that the starting point is shifted from 0 to φ/ω.
And end with ωx – φ = 2π Æ x = 2π/ω + φ/ω = ending point of one cycle.
Also remember that the new period is T = 2π/ω
Example 1
Find amplitude, period, phase shift of y = 3sin(2x –π)
A = 3, ω = 2, φ = π
Amplitude = A = 3
This that the y values range from -3 to 3.
Period T = 2π/ω = 2π/2 = π
This means that the whole sine cycle is squeezed into a period of π.
Phase shift = φ/ω = π/2.
x = φ/ω = starting point of one cycle = π/2.
x = 2π/ω + φ/ω = ending point of one cycle = 2π/2 + π /2 = 3π/2
Since φ > 0, the graph is shifted to the right, so start the cycle at x = φ/ω = π/2.
4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0.000

π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 5π/4 3π/2 2π

-1.000

-2.000

-3.000

-4.000
 Example 3 Finding a Sinusoidal Functions from Temperature Data
Average
Monhly Average Montly Temperature for Jan-Dec.
Month Temp
80
1 29.7
70
2 33.4
60
3 39
50
4 48.2
40 Series1
5 57.2
30
6 66.9
20
7 73.5
10
8 71.4
0
9 62.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 51.4
11 39
12 31

We will fit this to the STANDARD sinusoidal function:

y = Asin(ωx - φ) + B

Step 1: To find the amplitude A, we compute

A = largest data value - smallest data value

73.5 − 29.7 2
= = 21.9
2
Step 2: Determine the vertical shift, B, by finding the average of the highest
and lowest value.
B = 73.5 + 29.7
= 51.6
2
Step 3: Find frequency, ω. Cycle will (hopefully) repeat itself every year,
so period = 12 months.
T = 12. Use the fact that T = 2π/ ω to solve for ω.
ω = 2π/T = 2π/12 = π/6

Step 4: Using A=21.9, ω = π/6, and B = 51.6,determine horizontal shift by

choosing an arbitrary data point (x,y) from the given table and solving the
equation for φ.
⎛π ⎞
y = 21.9 sin ⎜ x − ϕ ⎟ + 51.6
⎝6 ⎠
 Let’s choose the first data point, x = 1 (Jan.), y = 29.7
⎛π ⎞
29 .7 = 21 .9 sin ⎜ (1) − ϕ ⎟ + 51 .6
⎝6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
− 21 .9 = 21 .9 sin ⎜ − ϕ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
− 1 = sin ⎜ − ϕ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠
-π π
When does sin = - 1? For consistenc y, we will choose an angle between and .
2 2
⎛ -π ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟ = −1
⎝ 2 ⎠
π π
−ϕ = − Solve for ϕ by getting all other term s on the other side.
6 2
π π π 3π 4π 2π
+ =ϕ = + = =
6 2 6 6 6 3

So.. A sine function that fits the data is

⎛π 2π ⎞
y = 21.9 sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 51.6
⎝6 3 ⎠
Avg Monthly Temp y=21.9*sin((pi/6)*x - 2pi/3) + 51.6

80

70

60

50

40

30

20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
 Homework
[(From last lecture) Ch. 2.6 p. 166-169
#11* , 23*,25,27, 33*,35, 39*,43, 53, 63*, 67*, 69, 81 ]
Ch. 2.7 p.176 #11,13,19
Ch. 2.8 p.189 #5,11,13,19,21