Anne Marice Manaloto

Prof Ed 103

Pre-Assessment Task No. 4

Challenge your stock knowledge! Write what you remember most about the ideas of the following
theorists. Focus on what you think are their most important ideas about the development of learners.

Sigmund Freud

Freud viewed development as discontinuous; he believed that each of us must pass through a series of
stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturing and parenting during a stage, we may
become stuck in, or fixated on, that stage.

Erik Erickson

From childhood to maturity, Erikson believed that personality develops in a fixed order through eight
phases of psychosocial development. The person goes through a psychological crisis at each level, which
can have a beneficial or negative impact on their personality development. These crises, according to
him, are psychosocial in character because they include individual psychological demands meeting with
societal needs. According to the theory, completing each step successfully results in the development of
a healthy personality and the attainment of basic values. Basic virtues are innate qualities that the ego
can draw on to deal with subsequent crises. Failure to finish a stage effectively can result in a decreased
ability to complete subsequent stages, as well as a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These
stages, on the other hand, can be effectively handled at a later date.

Jean Piaget

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children's intellect evolves through time. A
kid's cognitive growth entails more than just collecting information; the youngster must also create or
develop a mental picture of the world.

Lawrence Kohlberg

He claimed that the most important aspect in moral decision-making was proper moral reasoning, and
that morally correct reasoning eventually results to ethical behavior. Individuals, according to Kohlberg,
go through phases of moral development similar to how they go through stages of cognitive
development.

Lev Vygotsky
Human development is viewed as a socially mediated process in which children acquire cultural values,
beliefs, and problem-solving skills through collaborative conversations with more informed members of
society, according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Culture-specific tools, private speech, and the Zone
of Proximal Development are all notions in Vygotsky's theory.

Learning, according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, is primarily a social process in which the support
of parents, caregivers, peers, and the larger society and culture play a critical role in the development of
higher psychological processes.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

The ecological systems theory of Bronfenbrenner focuses on the quality and context of a child's
surroundings. According to him, as a child grows older, the interaction between various surroundings
becomes more complicated. As a child's physical and cognitive systems develop and mature, this
complexity might emerge.

Post Assessment no. 4

Describe what parents and teachers should do to help children develop into the personsthat they are
meant to be from the point of view of:

Sigmund Freud

Our students/pupils can be classified according to their stage of psychosexual development: Phallic,
Latency, or Genital. As teachers, our job is to help our students/pupils resolve or work through their
internal conflicts at these levels. We can truly assist them if we pay close attention to their specific
demands.In the Latency Stage, for example, play is an outlet for children's sexual drive. If this is
suppressed, the youngster may get fixated or continue to play in ways that are unsuitable for his or her
age as an adult in the future. Let us be more responsible in discussing sexuality themes among our
pubescent/adolescent kids. We need to be more attentive and cautious because we know our pupils are
going through a lot of problems and confusion at this point. Let us teach kids to be sexually responsibly
by describing the changes in their bodies and the implications of their behavior. To clarify their
underlying concerns, let us teach them to be more critical and reflective. Don't forget to lend a helping
hand if they need advise or want to work with their parents. This is referred to as "sex education."

Erik Erickson

Teachers and parents are crucial in identifying each level. Parents will be able to assist their child in
developing trust and confidence in the world, as well as assisting their child in being independent and
doing things for themselves. The instructor will be able to assist the kid in finding their own bodies and
practicing their developing locomotor (physical environment) and linguistic skills, as well as gaining self-
control without losing self-esteem and encouraging children's independence. Children get the ability
and readiness to learn constructive methods of dealing with people and things, as well as how to take
initiative without causing harm to others, as a result of this.

Jean Piaget

This theory challenged teachers to focus on how children learn rather than what they learn, and it
focuses on predictable cognitive (thinking) stages, and the teacher will be able to develop the children
on how to perceive, think, understand, and learn about their world, and the teacher's role is to facilitate
learning by providing a variety of experiences." Discovery learning" provides opportunities for children
to explore and experiment, thereby encouraging a love of learning.” Challenged by the surroundings,
youngsters are continually attempting and mastering new activities. Parents can help their children
recognize that what they do has an impact on the world. They can move on with vigour and swiftly
forget failures because to their great initiative. This offers a youngster a sense of success and helps them
create a sense of purpose in their lives. Parents can teach their children about the environment in which
they live by encouraging them to ask questions rather than being told things.

Lawrence Kholberg

To avoid being punished for misbehaving, young children are primarily motivated to behave
appropriately. Teachers can help lead their students' moral growth by establishing a code of conduct for
the classroom to encourage good behavior by knowing this stage of moral development. Setting clear
boundaries for behavior and penalties for misbehavior is vital for young children who are still in the
early stages of moral formation.

Lev Vygotsky

Children, according to Vygotsky, cannot finish tasks on their own, but can do so with the assistance of
their parents and teachers. The child's independent learning capacities and directed learning are
referred to as the zone of proximal development. This can come from their teacher or peers, and the
child requires aid from others in their immediate area. When parents, teachers, or other sensitive
caregivers notice that their children want assistance, they should guide them to support them in their
learning process. This will help them reach their life goals.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

To begin, an educator must recognize that all of these factors could contribute to a student's success or
failure. The educator must then provide a safe, caring environment in which students can feel safe
enough to take risks in their learning and get help when they encounter difficulties.