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REGION: MATEBELELAND NORTH SEMESTER: 2.2 YEAR 2022

PROGRAMME Bachelor Of Science Honours In Development Studies (BSCHDS) INTAK E: 20

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COURSE NAME: STATISTICS FOR DEVELOPMENT COURSE CODE: BSDS208

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DUE DATE: 07 MAR 2022 SUBMISSION DATE: 07MAR 2022

ASSIGNMENT TITLE:. Statistics quesions

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Issue Date: 3 October 2013 Revision 0

1. Define the following and give examples.

A, Interval scale

Scales that represents quantity and has equal units but for which zero represents simply an
additional point of measurement is an interval scale. Data values are numeric, so they have a
natural meaningful order for example, the time of the day

B. Nominal scale Data serve as labels but the labels have no meaningful order for example,
colour or country. A Nominal Scale is a measurement scale, in which numbers serve as “tags” or
“labels” only, to identify or classify an object. This measurement normally deals only with non-
numeric (quantitative) variables or where numbers have no value.

C, Continuous data represent the numerical values of a continuous variable. A continuous

variable is the one that can assume any value between any two points on a line segment, thus
representing an interval of values. The values are quite precise and close to each other, yet
distinguishably different. All characteristics such as weight, length, height, thickness, velocity,
temperature, tensile strength, etc., represent continuous variables. Thus, the data recorded on
these and similar other characteristics are called continuous data. It may be noted that a
continuous variable assumes the finest unit of measurement. Finest in the sense that it enables
measurements to the maximum degree of precision.

D, Primary data

It is the data which is unprocessed and collected for the first time by the researchers is termed
as primary data. It mainly refers to the one which is original and is originated for the first time
from the primary sources of information, and records of observation done during fieldwork,
through his large efforts, mainly for finding out the solution to the research, for example
population census.

E, Secondary data

Refers to data that is collected to the other the one that is already existing which would have
been collected for certain use, for example, census data records.
F, Quantitative data are those that can be quantified in definite units of measurement. These
refer to characteristics whose successive measurements yield quantifiable observations.
Depending on the nature of the variable observed for measurement, quantitative data can be
further categorized as continuous and discrete data. Obviously, a variable may be a continuous
variable or a discrete variable

G, Qualitative data refers to qualitative characteristics of a subject or an object. A characteristic

is qualitative in nature when its observations are defined and noted in terms of the presence or
absence of a certain attribute in discrete numbers. These data are further classified as nominal
and rank data.

2. Identify the following measures as either qualitative or quantitative:

i) The 30 high- temperature reading of the last 30 days – quantitative.

ii) The scores of 40 students on an English test – quantitative.
iii) The blood types of 120 teachers at high school- qualitative.
iv) The last four digits of pin numbers of all students in a class – qualitative.
v) The genders of the first 40 new-born in a hospital one year- qualitative

3. The ages of people testing HIV positive on a visit to a city clinic are

Ex 1449
i. Mean =
n
= 40 = 36.23

( 40+1) 41
ii. Median = ¿¿ = = 2 = 20.5th
2
= (29 – 28x0.5) + 28 =05 + 28 = 28.5

iii. Mode is the number with highest frequency = 26

iv. Range highest value- smallest value =72-17 = 55

4, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using primary data?

Advantages:

Some common advantages of primary data are:

a) authenticity,
b) specific nature,
c) up to date information.
d) Primary data is very reliable because it is usually objective and collected directly from
the original source
e) Researcher can use information in future projects.

Disadvantage:

a. There are numerous hassles involved in the collection of primary data like taking a
decision such as how, when, what and why to collect.
b. The cost involved in the collection of primary data is very high.

5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data?

Advantage:

a) secondary data is very cheap and

b) not time-consuming
c)  Quality of data is not the responsibility of the investigator.

Disadvantages:

a. It may not be possible that the information or data required for obtaining the secondary
data is available.
b. Getting detailed and clarified data on some topic is not possible in secondary data as a
limited source of information is there.
c. This data would be unrealistic or fake
 d. Definition of variables may differ with those required by researcher.
e. The researcher is not privy to the data.
References
Agresti, A. and Coull, B. A. (1998). Approximate is better than "exact" for interval estimation of
binomial proportions", The American Statistician, 52(2), 119-126.

Berenson M.L. and Levine D.M. (1996) Basic Business Statistics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey.

Bhattacharyya, G. K., and R. A. Johnson, (1997). Statistical Concepts and Methods, John Wiley
and Sons, New York.

Birnbaum, Z. W. (1952). "Numerical tabulation of the distribution of Kolmogorov's statistic for

finite sample size", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, page 425.

Brown, L. D. Cai, T. T. and DasGupta, A. (2001). Interval estimation for a binomial

proportion", Statistical Science, 16(2), 101-133.

Diamond, W. J. (1989). Practical Experiment Designs, Van-Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Dixon, W. J. and Massey, F.J. (1969). Introduction to Statistical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New
York.

Draper, N. and Smith, H., (1981). Applied Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. and Paik, M. C. (2003). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions,
Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.