151

Chapter 4 Permutation and Combination

Q & A (P.4.2) Instant Drill 3 (P.4.6)
1. When repeated letters are allowed, there are 26 Total number of students = 120 + 76  21
choices for each letter in a password. = 175
When repeated letters are not allowed, there are
26 choices for the first letter in a password and less Instant Drill 4 (P.4.8)
than 26 choices for each of the other letters. Number of ways = 9  7
∴ There are fewer possible passwords. = 63

Review Exercise (P.4.3) Instant Drill 5 (P.4.8)

1. 2nd dice Number of lunch sets = 2  6  5
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 60
1 (1 , 1) (1 , 2) (1 , 3) (1 , 4) (1 , 5) (1 , 6)
2 (2 , 1) (2 , 2) (2 , 3) (2 , 4) (2 , 5) (2 , 6) Instant Drill 6 (P.4.9)
(a) Since the letters and the digits can be repeated, there
1st dice

3 (3 , 1) (3 , 2) (3 , 3) (3 , 4) (3 , 5) (3 , 6)
4 (4 , 1) (4 , 2) (4 , 3) (4 , 4) (4 , 5) (4 , 6) are 26 choices for each letter of the password and

5 (5 , 1) (5 , 2) (5 , 3) (5 , 4) (5 , 5) (5 , 6) 10 choices for each digit.

6 (6 , 1) (6 , 2) (6 , 3) (6 , 4) (6 , 5) (6 , 6) Number of possible passwords

= 26  26  10  10  10

2. 1st toss 2nd toss 3rd toss Outcome = 676 000

(b) Since the letters and the digits cannot be repeated,
H H ................... HHH
there are 26 choices for the 1st letter of the password,
T ................... HHT
H 25 choices for the 2nd letter, 10 choices for the 1st
T H ................... HTH
digit, 9 choices for the 2nd digit and 8 choices for the
T ................... HTT
3rd digit.
H ................... THH
H Number of possible passwords
T ................... THT
T = 26  25  10  9  8
H ................... TTH
T = 468 000
T ................... TTT

Instant Drill 7 (P.4.10)

Instant Drill 1 (P.4.5)
(a) Total number of boys in classes 4A and 4B
Number of choices = 13 + 9
= 15 + 13
= 22
= 28
Total number of girls in classes 4A and 4B
Instant Drill 2 (P.4.5)
= 18 + 19
(a) Number of ways = 3 + 1
= 37
=4
The required number of ways = 28  37
(b) Number of ways = 3 + 1 + 1
= 1 036
=5

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152 Solutions

(b) Number of ways of selecting a boy and a girl from

class 4A
(b) =
= 15  18
= 270 =
Number of ways of selecting a boy and a girl from
class 4B =

= 13  19 =876
= 247 = 336
The required number of ways
= 1 036  270  247 Instant Drill 10 (P.4.19)
= 519
Number of ways =
Alternative Method
Number of ways of selecting a boy from class 4A and = 210
a girl from class 4B
= 15  19 Instant Drill 11 (P.4.19)
= 285
(a) Number of ways =
Number of ways of selecting a girl from class 4A and
a boy from class 4B = 600
= 18  13 (b) Number of ways of selecting the 3 digits
= 234 =
The required number of ways = 504
= 285 + 234 Total number of product codes
= 519 = 600  504
= 302 400
Instant Drill 8 (P.4.16)
Number of ways Instant Drill 12 (P.4.20)
= 5! (a) Consider the 1 particular Chinese magazine and
= 120 2 particular English magazines as one unit.
Together with other magazines, there are
Instant Drill 9 (P.4.18) [(3  1) + (5  2) + 1] units, i.e. 6 units. The number

(a) = of ways of arranging these 6 units is 6!. Also, the

number of ways of arranging the 3 particular
= magazines is 3!.
The required number of ways = 6!  3!
=
= 4 320
=98 (b) Consider all the Chinese magazines as one unit and
= 72 all the English magazines as another unit.
The number of ways of arranging these 2 units is 2!.
Number of ways of arranging the 3 Chinese
magazines

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 153

= 3! Step 2: Since the actresses and the actors have to stand

Number of ways of arranging the 5 English alternately, the 3 actors must be separated by the
magazines actresses. After the actors are arranged, there are
= 5! 4 places for the 4 actresses and the number of ways
The required number of ways of arranging the actresses is 4!.
= 2!  3!  5! The required number of ways
= 1 440 = 3!  4!
Instant Drill 13 (P.4.22) = 144
(a) Step 1: Since the units digit must be 7, there is only
1 choice for the units digit.
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
Instant Drill 15 (P.4.28)
4 places is .
(a) =
Number of 5-digit numbers whose units digit is 7
=1 =
= 360
=
(b) Step 1: Since the number formed lies between 50 000
and 80 000, the ten thousands digit can be 5, 6 = 120
or 7, i.e. there are 3 choices for the ten
(b) =
thousands digit.
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining =

4 places is . =

Number of 5-digit numbers that lie between 50 000 = 35 + 1

and 80 000 = 36
=3
= 1 080 Instant Drill 16 (P.4.29)
(c) Step 1: Since the number formed is even, the units
Number of ways =
digit can be 2, 4, 6 or 8, i.e. there are 4 choices
for the units digit. = 120
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
Instant Drill 17 (P.4.29)
4 places is .
Since 2 particular players must not be included, the
Number of 5-digit even numbers 7 players are selected from the remaining 13 (= 15  2)
=4 players.
= 1 440
Number of ways =

Instant Drill 14 (P.4.22) = 1 716

Step 1: Arrange the actors first.
Number of ways of arranging the 3 actors = 3! Instant Drill 18 (P.4.29)

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154 Solutions

Number of ways of selecting 2 boys = The required number of ways

Number of ways of selecting 2 girls = =
= 240
Number of committees =

= 1 980 Instant Drill 21 (P.4.32)

(a) Since 2 particular handbags must be included, only
Instant Drill 19 (P.4.30) 4 (= 6  2) more handbags are required to be selected
(a) Total number of people = 4 + 8 from the remaining 10 (= 12  2) handbags.
= 12 The required number of ways
=
The required number of ways =
= 210
= 220 (b) The required number of ways
= 210  6!
(b) The required number of ways =
= 151 200
=4
(c) The required number of ways = 220  4 Instant Drill Corner 4.1 (P.4.10)
= 216 1. (a) Number of choices = 12 + 7
Alternative Method = 19
Number of ways of selecting 3 women
= (b) Number of choices = 12  7
= 56 = 84
Number of ways of selecting 1 man and 2 women
= 2. Number of students = 18 + 14  5
= 112 = 27
Number of ways of selecting 2 men and 1 woman
= 3. Number of choices = 8  3  2
= 48 = 48
The required number of ways
= 56 + 112 + 48 4. (a) Since the digits can be repeated, there are
= 216 6 choices for each place.
Number of 5-digit numbers
Instant Drill 20 (P.4.31) =66666
(a) Total number of people = 6  2 = 12 = 7 776
The required number of ways (b) Since the digits cannot be repeated, there are
= 6 choices for the 1st place, 5 choices for the 2nd

= 27 720 place, 4 choices for the 3rd place, 3 choices for

(b) Number of ways of selecting 4 couples out of 6 = the 4th place and 2 choices for the last place.
Number of 5-digit numbers
Number of ways of selecting 1 person from a couple =65432
= = 720

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 155

Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining

Instant Drill Corner 4.2 (P.4.15)
3 places is .
1. 1! = 1  0! = 1  1 = 1
Number of 4-digit numbers that are less than 6 000
2. 3! = 3  2  1 = 6 =3
= 360
3. 6! = 6  5  4  3  2  1 = 720
4. (a) The required number of ways
4. 2!  4! = 2  1  4  3  2  1 = (3 + 5)!
= 48 = 40 320
(b) Consider all the soft drinks as one unit and all

5. = the fruit juices as another unit. The number of

ways of arranging these 2 units is 2!.
=76
Number of ways of arranging the 3 cans of soft
= 42
drinks
= 3!
6. = Number of ways of arranging the 5 packs of fruit

= 10 juices
= 5!
The required number of ways

Instant Drill Corner 4.3 (P.4.22) = 2!  3!  5!

1. Number of different arrangements = 1 440

=
(c) Step 1: Arrange the 5 packs of fruit juices first.
= 336
Number of ways of arranging the 5 packs
of fruit juices
2. (a) The required number of ways
= 5!
= 7!
Step 2: Since no cans of soft drink are put next to
= 5 040
each other, the 3 cans of soft drink must
(b) The particular watch is in the middle. There are
be separated by the fruit juices. After the
6 places for the remaining 6 watches and the
fruit juices are arranged, there are 6
number of ways of arranging these 6 watches is
places for the 3 cans of soft drinks and
6!.
the number of ways of arranging the soft
The required number of ways
= 6! drinks is .
= 720
The required number of ways

3. Step 1: Since the number formed is less than 6 000, = 5! 

the thousands digit can be 1, 3 or 5, i.e. there
= 14 400
are
(d) Step 1: There are 3 choices to put a can of soft
3 choices for the thousands digit.

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156 Solutions

drink on the leftmost side. =

Step 2: There are 5 choices to put a pack of fruit = 65 780
juice on the rightmost side. (b) Number of ways of selecting 2 vowels =

Step 3: The number of ways to put the remaining Number of ways of selecting 3 consonants

cans and packs is (3 + 5  2)!. =

The required number of ways =

= 3  5  (3 + 5  2)! The required number of ways

= 10 800 =
= 13 300
Instant Drill Corner 4.4 (P.4.32) (c) The required number of ways
1. (a) The required number of ways =
= = 20 349
= 12 650 (d) The required number of ways
(b) Since 3 students are absent, 4 students are = 65 780  20 349
selected from the remaining 22 (= 25  3) = 45 431
students. Alternative Method
The required number of ways Number of ways of selecting 5 vowels
= =
= 7 315 =1
Number of ways of selecting 4 vowels and
2. (a) Number of ways of selecting the tasks in stage I 1 consonant
= =
Number of ways of selecting the tasks in stage II = 105
= Number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and
The required number of ways 2 consonants

= =

= 24 = 2 100
(b) Since 2 particular tasks in stage I must be
selected, only 3 (= 5  2) more tasks are required Number of ways of selecting 1 vowel and

to be selected from the remaining 4 (= 6  2) tasks 4 consonants

in stage I. =
Number of ways of selecting the tasks in stage I = 29 925
= The required number of ways
Number of ways of selecting the tasks in stage II = 1 + 105 + 2 100 + 13 300 + 29 925

= = 45 431

The required number of ways

= 4. The required number of ways

= 16 =
= 1 680
3. (a) The required number of ways

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 157

5. (a) The required number of ways = 23 + 14  11

= = 26
= 1 365
(b) Number of playing sequences 10. Number of routes = 3  4
= 1 365  4! = 12
= 32 760
11. Number of choices = 6  5
Exercise 4A (P.4.10) = 30
1. Number of choices = 8 + 3
= 11 12. Number of ways = 4  3
= 12
2. Number of choices = 4 + 6
= 10 13. Number of ways = 7  6
= 42
3. (a) Number of choices = 4 + 3
=7 14. Number of choices = 5  8  3
(b) Number of choices = 7 + 1 = 120
=8
15. Number of ways = 4  3  2
4. (a) Number of choices = 5 + 7 = 24
= 12
(b) Number of choices = (5  1) + (7  2) 16. (a) Total number of channels
=9 = 12 + 17 + 6 + 25
= 60
5. Number of choices = 7 + 5 + 4 (b) Total number of channels
= 16 = 12 + (17  2) + 6 + (25  4)
= 54
6. Total number of matches = 12 + 47 + 30
= 89 17. (a) Number of ways = 4 + 4
7. Number of different solutions = 3 + 2  1 =8
=4 (b) Number of ways = 4 + 26  2
= 28
8. The required total number of gift packs
= 18 + 12  5 18. Total number of students = (42 + 35  8) + 29
= 25 = 98

9. (a) The required number of students 19. (a) The required number of students
= 23 + 14 = 14 + 23  29
= 37 =8
(b) The required number of students (b) The required number of students
= 14 + 23  32

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158 Solutions

=5 and the second card is a ‘Q’

= 12  4
20. (a) Number of choices = 3 + 7 + 5 = 48
= 15 Number of ways of selecting the cards such that
(b) Number of choices = 3  7  5 the first card is the spade ‘Q’ and the second
= 105 card is a ‘Q’
=13
21. Number of choices for a dinner set =3
=2546 The required number of ways
= 240 = 48 + 3
∵ 240 > 200 = 51
∴ The claim is agreed.
25. (a) Total number of employees whose age is 35 or
22. (a) Since each of them can stay in any one of the below
hotels, there are 8 choices for each person. = 5 + 22
The required number of ways = 27
=88888 Total number of employees whose age is above
= 32 768 35
(b) Since the people must stay in different hotels, = 9 + 13
there are 8 choices for the 1st person, 7 choices = 22
for the 2nd person, 6 choices for the 3rd person, The required number of ways
5 choices for the 4th person and 4 choices for the = 27  22
last person. = 594
The required number of ways (b) Number of ways of selecting a clerk from each
=87654 age group
= 6 720 = 22  13
= 286
23. Number of routes in method 2 = 2  6 = 12 The required number of ways
∴ The required number of routes = 3 + 12 = 594  286
= 15 = 308
24. (a) Number of ways of selecting a diamond in the Alternative Method
first draw Number of ways of selecting an officer whose
= 13 age is 35 or below and a clerk whose age is
Number of ways of selecting a club in the second above 35
draw = 5  13
= 13 = 65
The required number of ways Number of ways of selecting an officer whose
= 13  13 age is above 35 and a clerk whose age is 35 or
= 169 below
(b) Number of ways of selecting the cards such that = 9  22
the first card is a spade but not the spade ‘Q’, = 198

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 159

Number of ways of selecting an officer from

each age group 28. (a) Number of choices = 5 + 4 + 2
=59 = 11
= 45 (b) Number of choices = 5  4  2
The required number of ways = 40
= 65 + 198 + 45 (c) Number of choices of taking one English class
= 308 and one Chinese class
=54
26. (a) The required number of ways = 20
=435324 Number of choices of taking one English class
= 1 440 and one Mathematics class
(b) Total number of boys = 4 + 3 + 5 = 12 =52
Total number of girls = 3 + 2 + 4 = 9 = 10
The required number of choices Number of choices of taking one Chinese class
= 12  9 and one Mathematics class
= 108 =42
=8
27. (a) Since the characters cannot be repeated, there are The required number of choices
36 (= 26 + 10) choices for the 1st character of = 20 + 10 + 8
the password, 35 choices for the 2nd character, = 38
34 choices for the 3rd character and 33 choices
for the last character. Exercise 4B (P.4.23)
Number of possible passwords
1. (a) =
= 36  35  34  33
= 1 413 720 =
(b) (i) Since the characters can be repeated and
each character can only be a letter, there are =

26 choices for each character of the =4

password.
Number of passwords that contain letters
only
= 26  26  26  26
= 456 976
(ii) If the characters can be repeated and each
(b) =
character can be a letter or a digit,
total number of possible passwords =
= 36  36  36  36
= 1 679 616 =

The required number of passwords =76

= 1 679 616  456 976 = 42
= 1 222 640

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160 Solutions

=876
(c) =
= 336
=
3. The required number of ways = 8!
= = 40 320
= 120
4. The required number of performance sequences
(d) =
= 6!
= = 720

= 5. The required number of arrangements = 7!

= 10  9  8 = 5 040
= 720
6. The required number of ways = (3 + 3)!
= 720
2. (a) =

=
7. Number of fractions =

= = 12

= 24

8. Number of 3-digit numbers =

(b) =
= 120

=
9. Number of ways =

= = 2 520

=
10. The required number of presentation sequences
(c) = =
= 17 160
=

= 11. The required number of ways =

=32143 = 24 360
= 72

(d) =
12. (a) The required number of ways =

= = 20

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 161

The required number of ways

(b) The required number of ways =
= 9!
= 60 = 362 880
(c) The required number of ways
= 5!
= 120

13. (a) There are 12 different zodiac signs and the

zodiac signs of all the participants are different.
∴ The maximum number of participants in the
training camp is 12.
(b) The required number of ways
=
= 95 040

14. = 42 

= 42 

= 42 

(n  2)(n  3) = 42
n2  5n + 6 = 42
n2  5n  36 = 0
(n  9)(n + 4) = 0
n = 9 or 4 (rejected)

15. (a) There are 7 months that have 31 days and the
months of the birthdays of those students are all
different.
∴ The maximum number of the students who
can participate in the lucky draw is 7.
(b) (i) The required number of ways
=
= 210
(ii) The required number of ways
= 7!
= 5 040

16. Since Ken takes the first carriage, the other 9 persons
can take the remaining 9 carriages, and the number of
ways of arrangements is 9!.

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162 Solutions
17. Consider all the unoccupied spaces as one unit.
Together with the 7 cars, there are (7 + 1) units, i.e.
8 units. The number of ways of arranging these 8
units
is 8!
The required number of ways = 8!
= 40 320
18. (a) The required number of ways =
= 12
(b) Number of ways of selecting 5 digits
= Together with Simon, there are (1 + 1) units, i.e.
= 30 240
Total number of employee numbers
= 12  30 240
= 362 880
19. (a) Since the letter D is in the middle, there are
6 places for the remaining 6 letters and the
number of ways of arranging these 6 letters is 6!.
The required number of ways = 6!
= 720
(b) Step 1: Since the first letter is A, there is only
1 choice.
Step 2: Since the last letter is not M, there are
5 choices.
Step 3: The number of ways of arranging the
remaining 5 letters is 5!.
The required number of ways = 1  5  5!
= 600
20. Step 1: Since three members cannot swim in butterfly,
there are 5 (= 8  3) choices to select a
member to swim in butterfly.
Step 2: The number of ways of selecting members to
swim in the remaining 3 strokes is . = 48
The required number of ways
=5
= 1 050
© Oxford University Press 2015
21. (a) Number of all arrangements = 4!
= 24
(b) Consider Peter and Paul as one unit. Together
with other 2 persons, there are (2 + 1) units, i.e.
3 units. The number of ways of arranging these
3 units is 3!. Also, the number of ways of
arranging Peter and Paul is 2!.
The required number of ways
= 3!  2!
= 12
(c) Consider Peter, Paul and Mary as one unit.
2 units. The number of ways of arranging these
2 units is 2!. Also, the number of way of
arranging Peter, Paul and Mary is 3!.
The required number of ways
= 2!  3!
= 12
22. (a) Step 1: Since the number formed is an odd
number, the units digit can be 1, 3 or 5,
i.e. there are 3 choices for the units digit.
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
3 places is .
The required number of ways
=3
= 72
(b) Step 1: Since the number formed is an even
number, the units digit can be 2 or 4, i.e.
there are 2 choices for the units digit.
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
4 places is 4!.
The required number of ways
= 2  4!
23. (a) Step 1: Since the ten thousands digit cannot be 0,
there are 9 choices for the ten thousands
 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 163

digit. digit can be 0 or 5.

Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining Suppose the units digit is 0. The number of ways to
4 places is .
fill the remaining 3 places is .
Number of 5-digit numbers = 9 
Suppose the units digit is 5. Since the thousands digit
= 27 216 cannot be 0, there are 8 choices for the thousands
Alternative Method digit. The number of ways to fill the remaining 2
Number of permutations of any 5 digits taken
places is .
from the digits 0 to 9 inclusive
= The required number of 4-digit numbers
= 30 240 = +8
Number of permutations of any 4 digits taken = 952
from the digits 1 to 9 inclusive if the ten
thousands digit is 0 25. (a) Step 1: Arrange the male speakers first.
= Number of ways of arranging the 5 male
= 3 024 speakers
Number of 5-digit numbers = 30 240  3 024 = 5!
= 27 216 Step 2: Since a female speaker is not
(b) Step 1: Since the number formed lies between immediately followed by another female
30 000 and 60 000, the ten thousands speaker, the
digit can be 3, 4 or 5, i.e. there are 3 2 female speakers must be separated by
choices for the ten thousands digit. the male speakers. After the male
Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining speakers are arranged, there are 6 places
4 places is . for the 2 female speakers and the number
Number of 5-digit numbers that lie between of ways of arranging the female speakers
30 000 and 60 000
is .
=3
= 9 072
The required number of ways = 5! 
(c) Step 1: Since the tens digit is 3, there is only
1 choice for the tens digit. = 3 600
Step 2: Since the ten thousands digit cannot be 0, (b) Step 1: Since the seminar begins and ends with a
there are 8 choices for the ten thousands female speaker, the number of ways of
digit. arranging the 2 female speakers is 2!.
Step 3: The number of ways to fill the remaining Step 2: After the female speakers are arranged,
3 places is . the male speakers can only be arranged

Number of 5-digit numbers whose tens digit is 3 between the female speakers. The

=18 number of ways of arranging the male

= 2 688 speakers is 5!.

The required number of ways = 2!  5!

24. Since the number formed is divisible by 5, the units = 240

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164 Solutions

= 154 440
26. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls = 5! The required number of ways
Number of ways of arranging the 4 boys = 4! = 154 440  2 520
The required number of ways = 5!  4! = 151 920
= 2 880
(b) Consider the particular boy and the particular 29. (a) Consider all the English books as one unit.
girl as one unit. Together with other boys and Together with the other books, there are
girls, there are [(4  1) + (5  1) + 1] units, i.e. 8 (2 + 3 + 1) units, i.e. 6 units. The number of
units. The number of ways of arranging these 8 ways of stacking these 6 units is 6!. Also, the
units is 8!. Also, the number of ways of number of ways of stacking the 4 English books
arranging the particular boy and the particular is 4!.
girl is 2!. The required number of ways
The required number of ways = 8!  2! = 6!  4!
= 80 640 = 17 280
(c) Step 1: Arrange the boys first.
Number of ways of arranging the 4 boys
= 4! (b) Consider the books of the same type as one unit.
Step 2: Since the boys and the girls have to stand Since there are 3 types of books, there are 3
alternately, the 4 boys must be separated units.
by the girls. After the boys are arranged, The number of ways of stacking these 3 units is
there are 5 places for the 5 girls and the 3!.
number of ways of arranging the girls is Number of ways of stacking the 2 Chinese books
5!. = 2!
The required number of ways Number of ways of stacking the 3 Mathematics
= 4!  5! books
= 2 880 = 3!
Number of ways of stacking the 4 English books
27. (a) The required number of ways
= 6! = 4!
= 720 The required number of ways
(b) The required number of ways = 3!  2!  3!  4!
= 6! = 1 728
= 720
Exercise 4C (P.4.33)
28. (a) The required number of ways
1. (a) =
=
= 2 520 =
(b) Total number of ways of arranging 5 people to
=
handle 5 different tasks
= =5

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 165

6!
(b) =
5!(6  5)!
(d) =
10!
= 9!(10  9)!
6!
= 5!1!
=
10!
= 21
9!1!
(c) =
=

=
=
=
=
= 28

(d) =
3. (a) =
=

=1 =

2. (a) =
(b) =
=
=
=1+ =1
= 1 + 36 (c) =
= 37
=
(b) =

=
=

= =

= 56  6
= 50
4. The required number of ways =
(c) =
= 20

5. The required number of ways =

=
= 35
= 10  20
= 200

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166 Solutions

selected from the remaining

6. The required number of ways =
16 (= 17  1) workers.
= 56 The required number of ways
=
= 560
7. The required number of ways =
(b) Total number of ways of selecting workers if
= 126 there is no restriction
=
= 2 380
8. The required number of ways =
The required number of ways
= 792 = 2 380  560
= 1 820
Alternative Method
9. (a) Number of different kinds of juice =
Since the oldest worker is not included, 4
= 21 workers are required to be selected from the
remaining
(b) Number of different kinds of juice =
16 (= 17  1) workers.
= 35 The required number of ways
=
= 1 820
10. Total number of straight lines =

= 105 14. (a) Number of different samples

=
11. (a) 3 different points can form a triangle. = 142 506
(b) Since the 4 defective light bulbs are not selected,
Number of triangles =

= 56 the 5 sample light bulbs are required to be

(b) 4 different points can form a quadrilateral. selected from the remaining 26 (= 30  4) light
bulbs.
Number of quadrilaterals =
Number of different samples
= 70 =
12. Since the first 2 questions must be selected, only = 65 780
6 (= 8  2) more questions are required to be selected
from the remaining 8 (= 10  2) questions.
The required number of ways 15. Number of ways of selecting 3 different letters from
= the word ‘FOLK’
= 28 =
Number of ways of selecting 3 different letters from
13. (a) Since the oldest worker is included, only the word ‘DANCE’
3 (= 4  1) more workers are required to be =

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The required number ways =
= 40
16. (a) Number of ways of choosing 8 different numbers
from the integers 1 to 14 inclusive
= Since the first question in section B must be
Number of ways of choosing 4 different numbers
from the integers 15 to 20 inclusive
= 4 (= 5  1) questions.
The required number of ways =
= 45 045
(b) Since there are only 7 odd numbers from the
integers 1 to 14 inclusive, at least 1 even number
must be chosen.
Since there are only 3 odd numbers from the
integers 15 to 20 inclusive, at least 1 even
number must be chosen.
∵ The product of any integer and an even
number is even.
∴ It is not possible that the product of the
12 numbers chosen is odd.
17. Number of ways of recruiting 2 men =
Number of ways of recruiting 3 women =
The required number of ways =
= 525
18. (a) Number of ways of selecting the questions in
section A
= ‘AUTHORIZE’. Since exactly 3 vowels are
Number of ways of selecting the questions in
section B
= Number of ways of selecting 3 vowels =
The required number of ways =
= 60
(b) Since the first 2 questions in section A must be
Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 167
selected, only 3 (= 5  2) more questions are
required to be selected from the remaining
4 (= 6  2) questions.
Number of ways of selecting the questions in
section A
=
selected, only 2 (= 3  1) more questions are
required to be selected from the remaining
Number of ways of selecting the questions in
section B
=
The required number of ways
=
= 24
19. Number of ways of selecting 3 cats =
Number of ways of selecting 4 cats =
Number of ways of selecting 5 cats =
The required number of ways
=
= 3 367
20. Number of ways of selecting Chinese novels =
Number of ways of selecting English novels =
Number of ways of selecting science books =
The required number of ways
=
= 240
21. (a) There are 5 vowels and 4 consonants in the word
selected, only 2 (= 5  3) more letters are
required to be selected from the 4 consonants.
Number of ways of selecting 2 consonants =
The required number of ways
=
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168 Solutions

= 60 = 364
(b) Number of ways of selecting 5 vowels = =1
Number of ways of selecting 4 vowels and Alternative Method
1 consonant Number of ways of selecting 1 boy and 2 girls
= =
= 20 = 168
The required number of ways Number of ways of selecting 2 boys and 1 girl
= 1 + 20 + 60 =
= 81 = 196
The required number of ways = 168 + 196
22. (a) The required number of ways = 364
=
= 60 24. (a) Total number of gifts = 7 + 8
(b) If he gets enough money to buy a magazine of = 15
price $21, he selects at least 2 $10 coins.
The required number of choices =
Number of ways of selecting 3 $10 coins
= = 5 005
= 10 (b) Since 3 of the selected gifts are from shop B,
Number of ways of selecting 2 $10 coins and only 3 (= 6  3) more gifts are required to be
1 other coin selected from the 7 gifts from shop A.
= Number of ways of selecting 3 gifts from shop A
= 70 =
The required number of ways Number of ways of selecting 3 gifts from shop B
= 10 + 70 =
= 80 The required number of choices
=
23. (a) Total number of students = 1 960
=8+7 (c) The required number of choices
= 15 = 5 005  1 960
The required number of ways = 3 045
=
= 455 25. (a) Number of ways of selecting 2 boy scouts and
(b) The required number of ways 3 girl guides
= =
= 56 = 720
(c) Number of ways of selecting 3 girls Number of ways of selecting 1 boy scout and
= 4 girl guides
= 35 =
The required number of ways = 135
= 455  56  35 Number of ways of selecting 5 girl guides

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 169

= =
=6 = 21 252
The required number of ways = 720 + 135 + 6 (b) The required number of ways
= 861 = 21 252  4!
(b) Total number of ways of selecting the = 510 048
representatives if there is no restriction
= 29. (a) Since 2 particular paintings must be included,
= 3 003 only 3 (= 5  2) more paintings are required to
The required number of ways be selected from the remaining
= 3 003  861 10 (= 12  2) paintings.
= 2 142 The required number of ways
=
= 120
26. The required number of ways =
(b) The required number of ways
= 90 = 120  5!
= 14 400
27. (a) Total number of officers = 4  2
=8 30. (a) The required number of ways
The required number of ways =
= = 120
= 280 (b) Number of ways of selecting 2 red balls and
(b) Since the 4 selected numbers come from another ball
3 different departments, 2 of the selected =
members must come from 1 department and the = 135
remaining 2 members come from 2 other Number of ways of selecting 2 white balls and
departments. another ball
Number of ways of selecting 1 department from =
the 4 departments = 100
= Number of ways of selecting 2 green balls and
Number of ways of selecting 2 departments from another ball
the remaining 3 departments =
= = 66
Number of ways of selecting 1 officer from a The required number of ways
department = 135 + 100 + 66
= = 301
The required number of ways (c) Total number of balls
= =6+5+4
= 48 = 15
Total number of ways of selecting 3 balls if there
28. (a) The required number of ways is no restriction

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170 Solutions

= = 45
= 455
The required number of ways 3. Number of different set dinners = 2  4  3
= 455  120  301 = 24
= 34
4. Number of different ways = 5  2  6  3
= 180
Alternative Method
Number of ways of selecting 3 red balls =
5. Total number of codes =
Number of ways of selecting 3 white balls =
Number of ways of selecting 3 green balls = = 30 240

The required number of ways

=
6. Number of permutations =
= 34
= 60 480

31. (a) Number of ways of getting three of a kind

= 7. Total number of ways =
= 52
Number of ways of getting a pair of another kind = 17 160

=
= 72 8. The required number of ways =
The required number of ways
= 32 760
= 52  72
= 3 744
9. Number of all possible messages = 5!
(b) Number of ways of getting four cards of a kind
= 120
=
= 13
Number of ways of getting one another card 10. (a) Number of 3-digit numbers =
=
= 120
= 48
The required number of ways (b) Number of 4-digit numbers =
= 13  48
= 360
= 624
(c) Number of 6-digit numbers = 6!
= 720
Supplementary Exercise 4 (P.4.38)
1. Total number of swimming facilities
= 41 + 43 11. Number of choices =
= 84
= 8 008

2. Total number of shops = 34 + 19  8

12. Since one particular ball must be selected, only

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 171

5 (= 6  1) more balls are required to be selected from Alternative Method

the remaining 11 (= 12  1) balls. Number of ways of selecting a white ball from
The required number of ways bag A and a black ball from bag B
= =31
= 462 =3
Number of ways of selecting a black ball from
13. (a) The required number of ways bag A and a white ball from bag B
= =24
= 715 =8
(b) Since 3 particular pianists must not be included, The required number of ways
4 pianists are required to be selected from the =3+8
remaining 10 (= 13  3) pianists. = 11
The required number of ways
=
= 210
14. (a) Number of 3-digit numbers
=432 16. (a) Step 1: Since the number formed is divisible by
= 24 10, the units digit must be 0, i.e. there is
(b) Number of 3-digit numbers only 1 choice for the units digit.
=444 Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
= 64 3 places is .
Number of 4-digit numbers
15. (a) Number of ways of selecting a white ball from =1
each bag = 504
=34 (b) Step 1: Since the number formed is not divisible
= 12 by 10, the units digit must not be 0, i.e.
Number of ways of selecting a black ball from there are 9 choices for the units digit.
each bag Step 2: Since the ten thousands digit cannot be 0,
=21 there are 8 choices for the ten thousands
=2 digit.
The required number of ways Step 3: The number of ways to fill the remaining
= 12 + 2 3 places is .
= 14 Number of 5-digit numbers
(b) Total number of ways of selecting a ball from =98
each bag = 24 192
= (3 + 2)(4 + 1)
= 25 17. (a) Step 1: Since the first letter is S or T, there are
The required number of ways 2 choices for the first letter.
= 25  14 Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
= 11 5 places is .

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172 Solutions

The required number of permutations Step 2: Since the male judges and the female
=2 judges must sit alternately, the male
= 5 040 judges can be arranged as follows:
(b) Step 1: Since the first letter is neither I nor E, (i) (F1, F2, F3 and F4 represent the
there are 6 choices for the first letter. 4 female judges.)
Step 2: Since the second letter is neither I nor E,
F1 F2 F3 F4
   
there are 5 choices for the second letter.
Step 3: The number of ways to fill the remaining
(ii) F1 F2 F3 F4
   
4 places is .
The required number of permutations : possible places of the 4 male judges
=65 For (i) or (ii), there are 4 places for the
= 10 800 male judges and the number of ways of
(c) Step 1: Since the first letter is a vowel, it can be arranging them is 4!.
E, I or O, i.e. there are 3 choices for the The required number of ways
first letter, = 4!  4!  2
Step 2: Since the last letter is also a vowel, there = 1 152
are 2 choices for the last letter.
Step 3: The number of ways to fill the remaining
4 places is .
The required number of permutations (c) Consider the 2 particular judges as one unit.
=32 Together with the other judges, there are
= 2 160 (8  2 + 1) units, i.e. 7 units. The number of
ways of arranging these 7 units is 7!. Also, the
18. Consider Mr Chan as one unit and the other 5 men as number of ways of arranging the 2 particular
another unit. There are 2 units and the number of judges is 2!.
ways of arranging these 2 units is 2!. Also, the The required number of ways
number of ways of arranging the other 5 men is 5!. = 7!  2!
The required number of ways = 10 080
= 2!  5! (d) The required number of ways
= 240 = 40 320  10 080
= 30 240
19. (a) Total number of judges
=4+4 20. (a) Number of possible arrangements
=8 = 8!
The required number of ways = 40 320
= 8! (b) Number of arrangements that two particular
= 40 320 people sit on the first row
(b) Step 1: Arrange the female judges first. =  6!
Number of ways of arranging the 4 = 8 640
female judges Number of arrangements that two particular
= 4!

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 173

people sit on the second row =

=  6! = 30
= 8 640 Number of ways of choosing 1 point on AB and
Number of possible arrangements 2 points on BC
= 40 320  8 640  8 640 =
= 23 040 = 40
Number of triangles
21. Since a, b and c are different prime numbers, each of = 30 + 40
the numbers, the product of any two of the numbers = 70
and the product of the 3 numbers are the factors of N.
1 is a factor of N. 24. (a) The required number of ways
Number of factors of N =
= + +1+1 = 56
=8 (b) Since the tallest and the shortest students are
chosen, only 1 (= 3  2) more student is required
to be chosen from the remaining
6 (= 8  2) students.
The required number of ways
=
=6
(c) The required number of ways
22. Number of ways of selecting 2 members from the = 56  6
Wong’s family = 50
=
Number of ways of selecting 2 members from the
Tse’s family
=
The required number of ways
=
= 210

23. (a) Number of ways of choosing 2 points on AB =

Number of ways of choosing 2 points on BC =

Number of quadrilaterals
=
= 60
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2 points on AB and
1 point on BC

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174 Solutions

Alternative Method
Number of ways of choosing students if the
tallest student is chosen and the shortest one is
not
= 26. Number of ways of selecting 2 bottles of soft drink
Number of ways of choosing students if the =
shortest student is chosen and the tallest one is =6
not Since 2 bottles of soft drink are selected, the
= remaining
Number of ways of choosing students if both the 3 (= 5  2) bottles of drink are selected from 7 bottles
tallest and the shortest students are not chosen of juice and 2 bottles of soymilk.
= The required number of ways
The required number of ways
=6
=
= 50 = 504

25. (a) The required number of ways 27. Total number of ways of selecting 4 cards
= =
= 5 005 = 270 725
(b) Number of ways of selecting 6 actors Number of ways of selecting 4 cards without hearts
= =
= 28 = 82 251
Number of ways of selecting 5 actors and The required number of ways
1 actress = 270 725  82 251
= = 188 474

= 392 Alternative Method

The required number of ways Number of ways of selecting 1 heart and 3 cards from

= 28 + 392 the other 3 suits

= 420 =
(c) Since the number of actors and actresses selected = 118 807
are the same, 3 actors and 3 actresses are Number of ways of selecting 2 hearts and 2 cards
selected. from the other 3 suits
The required number of ways =
= = 57 798
= 1 960 Number of ways of selecting 3 hearts and 1 card from
(d) The required number of ways the other 3 suits
= 5 005  1 960 =
= 3 045 = 11 154
Number of ways of selecting 4 hearts
=

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 175

= 715 teachers and 2 junior form teachers

The required number of ways =
= 118 807 + 57 798 + 11 154 + 715 = 63
= 188 474 Number of ways of choosing 1 senior form
teacher and 3 junior form teachers
=
= 105
28. Total number of passengers that the 3 cars can hold
=2+4+5 Number of different groups
= 11 = 63 + 105
Since the total number of passengers that the cars can = 168
hold is one more than the number of people, one car (b) The required number of ways
will have an empty seat. = 63  4!
Number of ways of arrangements if the empty seat is = 1 512
on the car which can hold 2 passengers
= 31. (a) In a convex n-sided polygon, 2 vertices can form
= 1 260 a straight line and there are straight lines.
Number of ways of arrangements if the empty seat is But
on the car which can hold 4 passengers n of them are not diagonals.

= Number of diagonals

= 2 520 =

Number of ways of arrangements if the empty seat is =

on the car which can hold 5 passengers
= =

= 3 150
=
The required number of ways
= 1 260 + 2 520 + 3 150
=
= 6 930
=
29. (a) Since the numbers of men and women selected
(b) Let n be the number of sides of this polygon.
are the same, 3 men and 3 women should be
From (a),
selected.
The required number of ways = 54

= n2  3n = 108
= 4 704 n2  3n  108 = 0
(b) The required number of ways (n  12)(n + 9) = 0
= 4 704  6! n = 12 or 9 (rejected)
= 3 386 880 ∴ The number of sides of this polygon is 12.

30. (a) Number of ways of choosing 2 senior form 32. (a) x2  x  56  0

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176 Solutions

(x  7)(x  8)  0 (b) Number of choices for a customer to order a

x  7 or x  8 salad
=

= 20 

= 20 

= 10n(n  1)
Since the number of choices is at least 560,
10n(n  1)  560
n2  n  56
n2  n  56  0
From (a), n  7 (rejected) or n  8.
∴ The minimum value of n is 8.

33. (a) Let p(x) = x3 + kx2 + 2x  120.

∵ x  6 is a factor of p(x).
∴ p(6) = 0
6 + k(6) + 2(6)  120 = 0
3 2

36k = 108
k = 3
(b) (i) Since 3 different points can form a triangle,
the number of triangles that can be drawn
=

(ii) = 20

n(n2  3n + 2) = 120
n3  3n2 + 2n  120 = 0
Let f(n) = n3  3n2 + 2n  120.
From (a), n  6 is a factor of f(n).
Using long division,
f(n) = (n  6)(n2 + 3n + 20)
∴ (n  6)(n2 + 3n + 20) = 0
∴ n = 6 or n2 + 3n + 20 = 0 (rejected)

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 177

34. B
Total number of transportation options 39. D
= 10 + 16 + 6 Number of ways of choosing 3 kinds of food
= 32 =
Number of ways of choosing 4 kinds of drink
35. A =
Step 1: Since the number formed is an odd number, Number of choices =
the units digit can be 1, 3, 5 or 7, i.e. there are
4 choices for the units digit. 40. A
Step 2: Since the ten thousands digit cannot be 0, Among the 7 numbers on the cards, 3 of them are
there are 6 choices for the ten thousands digit. multiples of 6.
Step 3: The number of ways to fill the remaining Number of ways of selecting 2 multiples of 6 and
3 places is . 2 other numbers
Number of 5-digit odd numbers =
=46 = 18
Number of ways of selecting 3 multiples of 6 and
=46
1 other number
=46 =
=4
=46
The required number of ways
=66544 = 18 + 4
= 22
36. D
Number of patterns 41. C
= Number of ways of selecting 7 women
= 120 =
= 3 432
37. C Number of ways of selecting 1 man and 6 women
Number of different ways =
= = 30 030
= 2 520 Number of different juries
= 3 432 + 30 030
38. B = 33 462
Since Peter must be in the middle, the other 4 persons
stand in the remaining 4 positions. 42. (a) (i) 3 628 800
Number of arrangements (ii) 725 760
= (b) (i) 3 628 800
(ii) 645 120

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178 Solutions

digit.
43. B 44. C Step 2: The number of ways to fill the remaining
4 places is .
Number of 5-digit numbers
Inquiry & Investigation 4.1 (P.4.44) =9 (1M)

Investigation Steps = 27 216 (1A)

1. A rectangle is formed by 2 horizontal lines and (b) Since the number formed is a multiple of 5, the

2 vertical lines. units digit can be 0 or 5.

∴ x = 2, y = 2 Suppose the units digit is 0. There are 9 choices

for the ten thousands digit and the number of

2. (a) 3 horizontal gridlines can be found in Fig. 1. ways to fill the remaining 3 places is .
(b) 4 vertical gridlines can be found in Fig. 1.
Suppose the units digit is 5. Since the ten

3. (a) Number of ways of selecting 2 horizontal lines thousands digit cannot be 0, there are 8 choices

= for the ten thousands digit. The number of ways

(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 vertical lines to fill the remaining 3 places is .
=
Number of 5-digit numbers
= (1M)
4. Number of rectangles =
= 5 712 (1A)

5. = 18
3. (a) Total number of coins
By counting, there are 18 rectangles in Fig. 1.
=6+7
= 13
Conclusion
The required number of ways
Number of rectangles formed = = 18
= (1M)
= 1 287 (1A)
Extension
(b) The required number of ways
(a) Number of rectangles formed in a 5  4 grid = (or 1 287  5!) (1M)
= = 154 440 (1A)
= 150 (c) Number of ways of selecting 2 gold coins and
(b) Number of rectangles formed in an m  n grid 3 silver coins
= =
The required number of ways
Unit Test (P.4.45)
1. The required number of members =  5! (1M)

= 19 + 16  30 (1M) = 63 000 (1A)

=5 (1A)

4. B
2. (a) Step 1: Since the ten thousands cannot be 0, Number of ways that Sammy can go to his office
there are 9 choices for the ten thousands from the lobby

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 Chapter 4: Permutation and Combination 179

=3+2 = 210
The required number of ways = 4  (3 + 2) Number of ways of selecting 1 teacher and 5 students
=
5. B = 3 024
Number of ways of awarding the gold and silver Number of different committees
medals = 74 613  210  3 024
= = 71 379

Since the medals can be awarded in 210 ways,

= 210

= 210

= 210

x(x  1) = 210
x  x  210 = 0
2

(x  15)(x + 14) = 0
x = 15 or 14 (rejected)

6. B
Consider Joey, May and Jess as one unit. Together
with
3 of their friends, there are (3 + 1) units, i.e. 4 units.
The number of ways of arranging these 4 units is 4!.
Also, the number of ways of arranging Joey, May and
Jess with Jess in the middle is 2!.
Number of arrangements
= 4!  2!
= 48

7. C
Total number of people
= 12 + 10
= 22
Number of ways of selecting 6 people if there is no
restriction
=
= 74 613
Number of ways of selecting 6 students
=

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