NCM (2nd) TM5A05 e

177
Chapter 5 More about Probability

Q & A (P.5.2) ∴ B = {2, 3, 5, 7}
1. The required expression is 365  365  365  365. (c) Multiples of 5 between 1 and 24 are 5, 10, 15 and 20.
∴ C = {5, 10, 15, 20}
2. 4 different days are selected from the 365 days and
each day is assigned to each of the 4 people. Instant Drill 2 (P.5.7)
Therefore, the number of possible outcomes that the (a) A  B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, x, y, z}
birthdays of (b) B  C = {a, b, c, d, e, f, w, x, k}
(c) A  C = {x}
(d) A  B = {a, b, c}
Review Exercise (P.5.3)
Instant Drill 3 (P.5.9)
1. P(an ‘A’ is drawn) =
(a) A = {c, d, f, g}
= (b) B = {c, d, e}
(c) A  B = {e}
(d) A  B = {a, b, e, f, g}
2. The multiples of 3 between 1 and 20 inclusive are 3,
6, 9, 12, 15 and 18. There are 6 such numbers.
∴ P(multiple of 3) =
3. The required experimental probability
=
=
P(multiple of 2 or prime)
= P(multiple of 2) + P(prime)  P(multiple of 2 and prime)
4. The required experimental probability =
=
=
=

Instant Drill 1 (P.5.6) Total number of cards = 3 + 4 + 2
(a) x  6x + 8 = 0
2 =9
(x  2)(x  4) = 0 P(‘K’ or ‘Q’) = P(‘K’) + P(‘Q’)
x = 2 or 4
=
∴ A = {2, 4}
(b) Prime numbers smaller than 10 are 2, 3, 5 and 7. =
© Oxford University Press 2015

178 Solutions

(a) The multiples of 4 between 1 and 90 are 4, 8, 12, …, Instant Drill 10 (P.5.22)
84, 88. There are 22 such numbers. (a) Total number of balls = 8 + 7 + 15 + 18 = 48
P(black or white) = P(black) + P(white)
=
=
=
(b) The multiples of 7 between 1 and 90 are 7, 14, 21, …,
77, 84. There are 12 such numbers. (b) P(neither black nor white)
= 1  P(black or white)
=1
=
=
(c) Numbers that are multiples of both 4 and 7 between 1
and 90 are 28, 56, 84. There are 3 such numbers. (c) P(white or yellow or red)
= P(not black)
∴ P(multiple of both 4 and 7) =
= 1  P(black)
=
=1
(d) P(multiple of 4 or multiple of 7)
=
= P(multiple of 4) + P(multiple of 7) 
P(multiple of both 4 and 7)
=
(a) P(a gold necklace from jewellery box A and a silver
= necklace from jewellery box B)
= P(a gold necklace from jewellery box A) 
P(a silver necklace from jewellery box B)
(a) P(grade A or D) = P(grade A) + P(grade D) =
=
=
= (b) P(2 silver necklaces)

= P(a silver necklace from jewellery box A) 
(b) P(grade C or below)
P(a silver necklace from jewellery box B)
= P(grade C) + P(grade D) + P(grade E or below)
=
=
=
=

(a) P(both were born on Sunday)
P(not late for school) = 1  P(late for school)
= P(the elder son was born on Sunday) 
= 1  0.1
P(the younger son was born on Sunday)
= 0.9

Chapter 5: More about Probability 179
= =
(b) P(both were not born on Sunday)

= P(the elder son was not born on Sunday) 
P(the younger son was not born on Sunday)
(a) P(all of them are cured)
= = P(patient taking drug A is cured) 
P(1st patient taking drug B is cured) 
= P(2nd patient taking drug B is cured)
= 0.9  0.8  0.8
=
= 0.576
(c) P(only one of them was born on Sunday) (b) P(exactly two of them are cured)
= 1  P(both were born on Sunday)  = P(only the patient taking drug A is not cured) +
P(both were not born on Sunday) P(only the 1st patient taking drug B is not cured) +
=1 P(only the 2nd patient taking drug B is not cured)

= (1  0.9)  0.8  0.8 + 0.9  (1  0.8)  0.8 +
= 0.9  0.8  (1  0.8)
Alternative Method = 0.352
P(the elder son was born on Sunday and the younger (c) P(at most two of them are cured)
son was not) = 1  P(all of them are cured)
= P(the elder son was born on Sunday)  = 1  0.576
P(the younger son was not born on Sunday) = 0.424
=
P(switches on the fan on the second trial)
=
= P(does not switch on the fan on the first trial) 
P(the younger son was born on Sunday and the elder
P(switches on the fan on the second trial | does not
son was not)
switch on the fan on the first trial)
= P(the younger son was born on Sunday) 
=
P(the elder son was not born on Sunday)
= =
=
∴ P(only one of them was born on Sunday) (a) P(1 red ball and 1 yellow ball)
= P(the elder son was born on Sunday and the = P(1st ball is red and 2nd ball is yellow) +
younger son was not) + P(1st ball is yellow and 2nd ball is red)
P(the younger son was born on Sunday and the = P(1st ball is red) 
elder son was not) P(2nd ball is yellow | 1st ball is red) +
= P(1st ball is yellow) 
P(2nd ball is red | 1st ball is yellow)

180 Solutions
∴ P(reaching A or F)
=
= P(reaching A) + P(reaching F)
=
=
=
(b) P(at least 1 red ball)
= 1  P(2 yellow balls)
= 1  P(1st ball is yellow) 
Let A be the event that a suspect is caught and B be the
P(2nd ball is yellow | 1st ball is yellow)
event that a suspect is convicted.
=1
P(A) = 0.75
= P(A  B) = 0.6
The required probability
= P(B | A)
(a) P(passing through junction R) =
= P(passing through Q) 
=
P(passing through R | passing through Q)
= 0.8
=
= Instant Drill 18 (P.5.42)

(a) P(not rainy tomorrow | rainy today)
P(passing through junction S) = = 1  P(rainy tomorrow | rainy today)
∴ P(passing through junction R or junction S) =1
= P(passing through junction R) +
P(passing through junction S) =
= (b) P(rainy tomorrow | not rainy today)

= 1  P(not rainy tomorrow | not rainy today)
=
=1
(b) P(reaching A)
= P(passing through R)  =
P(reaching A | passing through R)
= Instant Drill 19 (P.5.47)

(a) Total number of students = 7 + 5 = 12
= Number of ways of selecting 3 class representatives
P(reaching F) from 12 students
= P(passing through S)  =
P(reaching F | passing through S) Number of ways of selecting 3 class representatives
from 7 boys
=
=
= ∴ P(3 boys are selected)

= ∴ P(3 boys and 2 girls) =
= =
(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 boys from 10 boys

=
Number of ways of selecting 3 girls from 6 girls
(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 class representatives =
from the remaining 11 students Number of ways of selecting 2 boys and 3 girls
=
=
∴ P(a particular girl is selected)

∴ P(at least 2 boys and at least 2 girls)
= = P(3 boys and 2 girls) + P(2 boys and 3 girls)
= =
=
Number of ways of arranging 4 letters from 6 letters (c) Number of ways of selecting 5 boys from 10 boys
=
=
P(5 boys) =
When ‘F’ is the last letter,
number of ways of arranging 3 letters from the remaining
=
5 letters
= ∴ P(at most 4 boys) = 1  P(5 boys)
=1
∴ P(‘F’ is the last letter) =
=
=

Instant Drill 21 (P.5.49) (a) Total number of members = 7  3 = 21
(a) Number of ways of selecting 5 people from 16 people Number of ways of choosing 4 members from
= 21 members
Number of ways of selecting 3 boys from 10 boys =
= Number of ways of choosing 4 families from
Number of ways of selecting 2 girls from 6 girls 7 families
= =
Number of ways of selecting 3 boys and 2 girls Number of ways of choosing 1 member from each of
= the 4 families chosen
=

182 Solutions
∴ P(from 4 different families) 2. Set {1 357} has 1 element 1 357 only.

∴ 5  {1 357} is not correct.
=
3. 0 is not a positive integer.

=
∴ 0  {all positive integers} is not correct.
(b) P(from at most 3 different families)
= 1  P(from 4 different families) 4. 10 is a positive integer.
=1 ∴ 10  {all positive integers} is correct.
= 5. 1, 2, 5 and 8 are all the elements of both sets

{1, 2, 5, 8} and {5, 1, 8, 2}.
∴ It is correct that sets {1, 2, 5, 8} and {5, 1, 8, 2}
are equal.
Instant Drill 23 (P.5.52) 6. Set {G, O, D} has 3 elements and set {GOD} has
(a) Number of ways of arranging the 9 people = 9! 1 element only.
When Ken and Joe stand at the last 2 positions, ∴ It is not correct that sets {G, O, D} and {GOD}
number of ways of arranging Ken and Joe are equal.
= 2!
number of ways of arranging the remaining 7 people 7. Set {0, 3} has 2 elements 0 and 3.
= 7! 0 and 3 are also elements of set {0, 1, 2, 3, 7}.
∴ The required probability ∴ It is correct that set {0, 3} is a subset of set

{0, 1, 2, 3, 7}.
=
= 8. 6 is an element of set {2, 4, 6} but not an element of

set
(b) Consider Ken, Joe and Liz as 1 unit.
{2, 4, 5, 8}.
Number of ways of arranging the other 6 friends and
∴ It is not correct that set {2, 4, 6} is a subset of set
the 1 unit
{2, 4, 5, 8}.
= 7!
Number of ways of arranging Ken, Joe and Liz
Instant Drill Corner 5.2 (P.5.8)
= 3!
1.
∴ The required probability

1. Set {1, 2} has 2 elements and one of them is 2.
∴ 2  {1, 2} is correct.

2. Instant Drill Corner 5.4 (P.5.14)

1. Events A and B are mutually exclusive events.
2. Events A and B are mutually exclusive events.
3. Events A and B are not mutually exclusive events.

3.
1. P(cycling or hiking)
= P(cycling) + P(hiking)  P(cycling and hiking)
Instant Drill Corner 5.3 (P.5.10) =

1. (a) The positive factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
∴ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
2. Total number of towels = 5 + 4 + 7 = 16
(b) The positive integers smaller than 7 are 1, 2, 3,
P(white or red) = P(white) + P(red)
4, 5 and 6.
=
∴ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
=
2. The positive integers smaller than 13 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
3. (a) Total number of students = 50 + 30 = 80
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
∴ S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} P(boy) =
(a) A = {5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
=
(b) B = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
(c) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12} (b) P(passing the test) =
(d) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
=
3. (a) C = {3, 5, 6}
(c) Number of boys passing the test = 30  16 = 14
(b) D = {0, 1, 3, 5, 8} P(boy or passing the test)
(c) C  D = {6}
= P(boy) + P(passing the test) 
(d) C  D = {3, 5} P(boy and passing the test)
(e) C  D = {0, 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
=
(f) S = {0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
=
4.

1. Events A and B are complementary events.
2. Events A and B are not complementary events.

184 Solutions
3. Events A and B are complementary events. 2. Events A and B are not independent events.
Instant Drill Corner 5.7 (P.5.22) 3. Events A and B are independent events.
1. P(getting two different numbers)
= 1  P(getting two equal numbers) Instant Drill Corner 5.9 (P.5.32)
= 1  0.22 1. (a) P(a blue card from box A and a red card from
= 0.78 box
B)
2. (a) Total number of coats = 3 + 2 + 4 = 9 = P(a blue card from box A) 
P(a red card from box B)
P(blue) =
=
(b) P(not blue) = 1  P(blue)
=1 =
(b) P(both cards are not red)

=
= P(a blue card from box A and a blue card from
box B)
= P(a blue card from box A) 
P(a blue card from box B)
3. (a) Total number of stamps = 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 16

=
P($7 stamp or $8 stamp)
2. (a) P(both do not pass the test)
= P($7 stamp) + P($8 stamp)
= P(Ivan does not pass the test) 
=
P(Andrew does not pass the test)
= (1  0.9)  (1  0.75)
=
= 0.1  0.25
(b) P(neither a $7 stamp nor an $8 stamp)
= 0.025
= 1  P($7 stamp or $8 stamp)
(b) P(only one of them passes the test)
=1 = P(only Ivan passes the test) +
P(only Andrew passes the test)
=
= 0.9  (1  0.75) + (1  0.9)  0.75
(c) P(not a $5 stamp) = 0.3
= 1  P($5 stamp) (c) P(at least one of them passes the test)
= 1  P(both do not pass the test)
=1
= 1  0.025
= = 0.975

1. P(1st cookie is an almond cookie and 2nd cookie is a
1. Events A and B are independent events.
peanut cookie)

= P(1st cookie is an almond cookie)  Instant Drill Corner 5.11 (P.5.52)

P(2nd cookie is a peanut cookie | 1st cookie is an 1. (a) Number of ways of choosing 3 songs from
almond cookie) 18 songs
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 3 songs from
= 8 Korean songs
=
2. (a) P(two coins are of the same type) ∴ P(all Korean songs)
= P(1st coin is $1 and 2nd coin is $1) +

=
P(1st coin is $2 and 2nd coin is $2)
= P(1st coin is $1)  =
P(2nd coin is $1 | 1st coin is $1) +
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2 songs from
P(1st coin is $2) 
10 Japanese songs
P(2nd coin is $2 | 1st coin is $2)
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 1 song from
8 Korean songs
=
=
∴ P(exactly 2 Japanese songs)
(b) P(two coins are of different types) =

= 1  P(two coins are of the same type)
=1 2. (a) Number of ways of selecting 5 animals from

16 animals
=
=
3. Let A be the event that Jack participates in a car race Number of ways of selecting 5 chickens from
and B be the event that Jack wins a car race. 9 chickens
P(A) = 0.6 =
P(A  B) = 0.4 ∴ P(chickens only)
=
= P(B | A)
= =
(b) Number of ways of selecting 5 ducks from

=
7 ducks
= =
∴ P(chickens only or ducks only)
= P(chickens only) + P(ducks only)

186 Solutions
(b) Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls

=
= 5!
Number of ways of arranging the 3 boys
=
= 3!
(c) P(at least 1 chicken and at least 1 duck) ∴ The required probability
= 1  P(chickens only or ducks only)
=
= 1
=
=
(c) Consider the girls as 1 unit.
Number of ways of arranging the 3 boys and the
3. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 8 children 1 unit
= 8! = 4!
When a particular girl stands at the third Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls
position, = 5!
number of ways of arranging the remaining ∴ The required probability
7 children
=
= 7!
∴ The required probability =
=
Exercise 5A (P.5.11)
=
1. (a) The even numbers between 11 and 19 are 12, 14,
16 and 18.
∴ A = {12, 14, 16, 18}
(b) 2 is the only prime number that is not an odd
number.
∴ B = {2}
(c) x2 + x  42 = 0
(x  6)(x + 7) = 0
x = 6 or 7
∴ C = {6, 7}
(d) The letters in the word ‘BOOK’ are B, O and K.
∴ D = {B, O, K}
2. (a) The names of the four seasons are Spring,

Summer, Autumn and Winter.
∴ P = {Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter}
(b) Hong Kong’s tropical cyclone warning signal
numbers are 1, 3, 8, 9 and 10.
∴ Q = {1, 3, 8, 9, 10}

(c) The months that have 31 days are January,

March, May, July, August, October and
December.
∴ R = {January, March, May, July, August, 6. (a) Set A is an empty set, i.e. A does not contain any
October, December} element, and set B has an element 0.
∴ Sets A and B are not equal.
3. (a) Set {8, 9, 10, 11} has 4 elements and one of (b) 2, 8 and 13 are all the elements of both sets A
them and B.
is 10. ∴ Sets A and B are equal.
∴ 10  {8, 9, 10, 11} is correct. (c) 11, 13, 15 and 17 are all the elements of both
(b) Set {34 567} has 1 element 34 567 only. sets A and B.
∴ 3  {34 567} is not correct. ∴ Sets A and B are equal.
(c) Set {6, 7, 8, 9} has 4 elements 6, 7, 8 and 9, but (d) The element in set A is cat. The element in set B
not 67. is act. They are two different elements.
∴ 67  {6, 7, 8, 9} is not correct. ∴ Sets A and B are not equal.
(d) Set has 3 elements and ,

7. (a) x2  5x + 6 = 0
but not . (x  2)(x  3) = 0
x = 2 or 3
∴ ∴ x2  5x + 6 = 0 has no negative roots.
i.e. B = 
∴ Sets A and B are equal.
4. (a) 1.7 is a decimal.
(b) The prime numbers between 20 and 30 are 23
∴ 1.7  {decimals} is correct.
and 29.
(b) is not a multiple of 2.
i.e. B = {23, 29}
∴ ∴ Sets A and B are equal.
(c) There are infinitely many natural numbers. They
(c) is a rational number.
∴ are 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
i.e. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
(d) 3.5 is a rational number. ∵ Set B has more elements than set A.
∴ 3.5  {rational numbers} is correct. ∴ Sets A and B are not equal.

(d) There are infinitely many multiples of 12. They
5. (a) Set {a, x, e} has 3 elements and one of them is a. are 12, 24, 36, 48, ….
∴ a  {a, x, e} is correct. i.e. A = {12, 24, 36, 48, …}
(b) Set {object} has 1 element object only. The least common multiple of 4 and 6 is 12.
∴ b  {object} is not correct. i.e. B = {12}
(c) Peanut is a kind of food. ∵ Set A has more elements than set B.
∴ Peanut  {all kinds of food} is correct. ∴ Sets A and B are not equal.
(d) Set {wood} has 1 element wood only.

∴ wood  {wood} is correct. 8. (a) Set A has 3 elements 1, 2 and 3.
1, 2 and 3 are also elements of set B.

188 Solutions
∴ Set A is a subset of set B. (b)

(b) 4 is an element of A but not an element of B.
∴ Set A is not a subset of set B.
9. (a) A  B = {p, q, r, s, c, m, n}
(b) A  C = {p, q, r, s, a, b, c, d, e}
(c) A  B = {p, q}
(d) A  C =  (c)
10. (a) B  C = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7}

(b) A  C = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}
(c) A  B = {2, 7}
(d) A  C = 
(d)
11. (a) A  B represents the audiences who like

‘Internal’ or ‘Ocean’.
(b) A  B represents the audiences who like both
‘Internal’ and ‘Ocean’.
(c) A  B represents the audiences who like
‘Internal’ but dislike ‘Ocean’.
15. (a)
12. (a) B = {2, 3, 8}
(b) A = {3, 5, 7, 8}
(c) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
(d) A  B = {2}
13. (a) A = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7} (b)

(b) A  B = {2, 6}
(c) A  B = {2, 4, 5, 6}
(d) A  B = {4, 5}
(e) A  B = 
14. (a)
(c)

(d) = {2, 3, 5, 7}
B = {0, 1, 4, 6, 8}
(i) A  B = {0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}
(ii) A  B = {0, 1, 4, 6, 8}
(iii) A  B = {2, 3, 5, 7}
(A  B) = {0, 1, 4, 6, 8}
(iv) A  B = {2, 5}
16. (a) When x = 2 and y = 3, (A  B) = {0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}
x+y=2+3=5 (b) (i) From the results of (a)(i) and (a)(iv),
∴ (2 , 3)  {solution of x + y = 5} is correct. A  B = (A  B) is correct.
(b) When x = 6 and y = 4, (ii) From the results of (a)(ii) and (a)(iii),
x + 2y = 6 + 2(4) = 2 > 0 A  B = (A  B) is correct.
∴ (6 , 4)  {solution of x + 2y > 0} is
correct. 20. (a)
(c) When x = 2 and y = 7,

8x  2y = 8(2)  2(7) = 30 > 5
∴ (2 , 7)  {solution of 8x  2y < 5} is not
correct.
(b)
17. (a) A = {2, 7}
(b) B = {2, 3, 6, 7}
(c) A  B = {2, 4, 5, 7}
(d) A  B = {3, 6}
18. A = {x: x is a positive integer smaller than 4} (c)

= {1, 2, 3}
A = {4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {multiples of 3 between 1 and 7} = {3, 6}
B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}
(a) A  B = {1, 2}
(b) A  B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (d)
(c) A  B = {4, 5, 7}
(d) A  B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7}
19. (a) x2  7x + 10 = 0
(x  2)(x  5) = 0
x = 2 or 5
∴ A = {2, 5}
A = {0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}
B = {prime numbers smaller than 8}

190 Solutions
21. (c) P(coffee or dessert)

= P(coffee) + P(dessert)  P(coffee and dessert)
4. P(History or Geography)
= P(History) + P(Geography) 
22. P(History and Geography)
5. P(Tom or Paul)
= P(Tom) + P(Paul)
= 0.38 + 0.25
Exercise 5B (P.5.23)
= 0.63
1. P(by bus or by MTR)
= P(by bus) + P(by MTR)  P(by bus and by MTR)
= 0.3 + 0.85  0.2
= 0.95
2. (a) P(diamond or ‘K’)

= P(diamond) + P(‘K’)  P(diamond and ‘K’)
(b) P(red or ‘A’)

= P(red) + P(‘A’)  P(red and ‘A’)
3. (a) P(coffee) =
(b) P(dessert) =

6. Total number of apples = 7 + 5 + 8 = 20

P(red apple or green apple) 12. (a) Number of banknotes
= P(red apple) + P(green apple) = 29 + 26 + 23 + 18 + 3 + 1
= 100
=
(b) (i) P(less than or equal to $20)
= = P(less than $20) + P(equal to $20)
=
7. (a) P(‘J’ or ‘Q’) = P(‘J’) + P(‘Q’)
=
=
(ii) P(greater than $20)
= = 1  P(less than or equal to $20)
(b) P(spade or heart) = P(spade) + P(heart) =1
=
=
=
13. (a) Total number of books on the bookshelf
= 6 + 4 + 10
8. P(6 or a prime number)
= 20
= P(6) + P(a prime number)
P(English novel) =
=
=
=
(b) P(Chinese novel or science magazine)
= 1  P(English novel)
9. P(not buying clothes in that shop)
= 1  P(buying clothes in that shop) =1
= 1  0.52
=
= 0.48
10. P(not yellow) = 1  P(yellow) 14. (a) The following shows the sums of the numbers on
the dice.
=1
Number on the 2nd dice
= 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number on the 1st dice
11. (a) P(not late) = P(early or on time) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
= P(early) + P(on time) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
= 0.48 + 0.46 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
= 0.94 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(b) P(late) = 1  P(not late) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

= 1  0.94 P(sum is less than 4)
= 0.06

192 Solutions
(b) P(sum is not less than 4)

(d) P(multiple of 6 or multiple of 9)
= 1  P(sum is less than 4)
= P(multiple of 6) + P(multiple of 9) 
=1
P(multiple of both 6 and 9)
= =
=
15. (a) P(red) = 1  P(not red)
=1
17. (a) Number of girls = 40  25 = 15
= P(girl) = =
(b) P(blue) = 1  P(not blue)

(b) P(wear glasses)=
=1
=
=
(c) P(girl or wear glasses)
(c) P(not yellow) = P(red or blue) = P(girl) + P(wear glasses) 
= P(red) + P(blue) P(girl and wear glasses)
= =
= =
16. (a) The multiples of 6 between 1 and 100 are 6, 12, 18. (a) Total number of pets
18, …, 96. There are 16 such numbers. =5+8+6+2
= 21
P(dog)
= = P(dog from shop A or dog from shop B)
= P(dog from shop A) + P(dog from shop B)
(b) The multiples of 9 between 1 and 100 are 9, 18,
27, …, 99. There are 11 such numbers. =
=
(c) Numbers that are multiples of both 6 and 9
(b) P(cat from shop A or dog from shop B)
between 1 and 100 are 18, 36, 54, 72, 90. There
= P(cat from shop A) + P(dog from shop B)
are 5 such numbers.
=
∴ P(multiple of both 6 and 9)
= =

19. (a) Total number of students

=1
= 50 + 20 + 25 + 10 + 45 + 15 + 30 + 5
= 200 =
(c) Number of male singers who are not single

=93
(b) P(British boy or American girl)
=6
= P(British boy) + P(American girl)
=
P(not single or male)
=
= P(not single) + P(male)  P(not single and
male)
20. (a) Total number of employees
=
= 8 + 12 + 13 + 3 + 5 + 7
= 48 =
(b) (i) Total number of officers
=3+5+7
22. (a) Percentage of green rubber rings
= 15
= 1  10%  12%  30%
P(officer) = = 48%
P(red or green) = P(red) + P(green)
=
= 30% + 48%
(ii) Total number of employees over the age of = 78%
35
=
= 13 + 7
= 20 =
P(over the age of 35) = (b) P(neither red nor green)

= 1  P(red or green)
=
=1
(iii) P(officer or over the age of 35)
= P(officer) + P(over the age of 35)  =
P(officer and over the age of 35)
(c) P(blue or yellow or green)
= = P(not red)
= 1  P(red)
=
= 1  30%
= 70%
21. (a) P(single) = =
= =
(b) P(not single) = 1  P(single)

23. (a) P(A does not win and does not lose)

194 Solutions
= P(they draw) (b) Number of basketballs made in Japan

= 1  P(A wins)  P(A loses) = 50  30%  40%
=6
=1
Number of footballs made in Japan
= = 50  20%  30%
=3
(b) P(B wins) = P(A loses)
P(made in Japan) =
=
(c) P(the match does not end up with a draw)

(c) P(volleyball or made in Japan)
= 1  P(they draw)
= P(volleyball) + P(made in Japan) 
=1 P(volleyball and made in Japan)
=
=
=
24. (a) P(Japanese or Korean)
= P(Japanese) + P(Korean) 
Exercise 5C (P.5.32)
P(Japanese and Korean)
1. P(a head each time)
∴ P(Japanese and Korean)
= P(a head in the 1st toss and a head in the 2nd toss)
= P(Japanese) + P(Korean) 
= P(a head in the 1st toss)  P(a head in the 2nd toss)
P(Japanese or Korean)
=
= 35% + 16%  40%
= 11%
=
=
(b) P(neither Japanese nor Korean) 2. P(greater than 4 and tail)

= 1  P(Japanese or Korean) = P(greater than 4)  P(tail)
= 1  40%
=
= 60%
=
=
=
3. P(2 girls)
= P(a girl from group A and a girl from group B)
25. (a) Number of volleyballs = P(a girl from group A)  P(a girl from group B)
= 50(1  30%  20%)
=
= 25
=
P(volleyball) =
=
4. (a) P(a white ball from bag X and a black ball from

bag Y)
=
= P(a white ball from bag X) 
P(a black ball from bag Y)
7. The required probability
=
= P(1st card is black)  P(2nd card is ‘J’, ‘Q’ or ‘K’)
= =
8. (a) P(both numbers are odd)

= P(1st number is odd)  P(2nd number is odd)
(b) P(two balls are not black) =

= P(a white ball from bag X) 
=
P(a white ball from bag Y)
=
(b) The required probability
= = P(1st number is a prime number) 
P(2nd number is a composite number)
5. P(both of them are made in China) =

= P(the fan is made in China) 
=
P(the television is made in China)
= 60%  30%
9. (a) P(both letters are ‘C’)
=
= P(‘C’ is selected from ‘CHOICE’) 
= P(‘C’ is selected from ‘EXCHANGE’)
=
6. (a) The required probability
=
= P(pointing to ‘1’ in the first trial) 
P(pointing to ‘3’ in the second trial) (b) The required probability
= P(‘I’ is selected from ‘CHOICE’) 
=
P(‘G’ is selected from ‘EXCHANGE’)
=
=
(b) The required probability
=
= P(pointing to an even number in the first trial)

P(pointing to an odd number in the second
10. (a) P(a tie with spots) =
trial)
(b) P(cotton shirt and a tie with stripes)
=
= P(cotton shirt)  P(a tie with stripes)

196 Solutions
14. P(two items drawn are of the same type)

=
= P(both are ball pens) + P(both are pencils)
= = P(1st one is a ball pen)  P(2nd one is a ball pen) +
P(1st one is a pencil)  P(2nd one is a pencil)
(c) P(silk shirt, black trousers and a tie with spots)
= P(silk shirt)  P(black trousers)  =
P(a tie with spots)
=
=
= 15. P(only one odd number)

= P(1st one is odd and 2nd one is not odd) +
P(1st one is not odd and 2nd one is odd)
11. (a) P(both of them buy in that shop)
= P(1st one is odd)  P(2nd one is not odd) +
= P(Wilson buys in that shop) 
P(1st one is not odd)  P(2nd one is odd)
P(Ellen buys in that shop)
= 0.2  0.6 =
= 0.12
=
(b) P(only Wilson buys in that shop)

= P(Wilson buys in that shop) 
P(Ellen does not buy in that shop) 16. (a) P(both are below standard)
= 0.2  (1  0.6) = P(1st screw is below standard) 
= 0.08 P(2nd screw is below standard)
= 4%  4%
12. P(both of them do not have lunch in that restaurant)
=
= P(Mr Wong does not have lunch in that restaurant)
 =
P(Miss Lee does not have lunch in that restaurant)
(b) P(only one of the screws is below standard)
= = P(1st screw is below standard and the 2nd
screw is not below standard) +
= P(1st screw is not below standard and the 2nd
screw is below standard)
=
= P(1st screw is below standard) 
P(2nd screw is not below standard) +
13. P(neither Kevin nor Lily is included) P(1st screw is not below standard) 
= P(Kevin is not selected from the men’s club)  P(2nd screw is below standard)
P(Lily is not selected from the ladies’ club) = 4%  (1  4%) + (1  4%)  4%
= =
= =

17. (a) P(both make a basket) 18. (a) P(Zoe brings only one of them)
= P(Fiona makes a basket)  = P(Zoe brings a sleeping bag only) +
P(Fanny makes a basket) P(Zoe brings a torch only)
= 0.4  0.3 = 0.8  (1  0.2) + (1  0.8)  0.2
= 0.12 = 0.68
(b) P(both do not make a basket) (b) P(Zoe brings both of them)
= P(Fiona does not make a basket)  = P(Zoe brings a sleeping bag) 
P(Fanny does not make a basket) P(Zoe brings a torch)
= (1  0.4)  (1  0.3) = 0.8  0.2
= 0.6  0.7 = 0.16
= 0.42 P(Zoe brings none of them)
(c) P(only one makes a basket) = P(Zoe does not bring a sleeping bag) 
= 1  P(both make a basket)  P(Zoe does not bring a torch)
P(both do not make a basket) = (1  0.8)  (1  0.2)
= 1  0.12  0.42 = 0.2  0.8
= 0.46 = 0.16
∴ The probability that Zoe brings both of
them is equal to the probability that Zoe
brings none of them.
Alternative Method
P(Fiona makes a basket and Fanny does not 19. (a) P(only one of the letters chosen is ‘L’)
make a basket) = P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘TOOL’ and the letter
= P(Fiona makes a basket)  chosen from ‘GOLD’ is not an ‘L’) +
P(Fanny does not make a basket) P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘GOLD’ and the letter
= 0.4  (1  0.3) chosen from ‘TOOL’ is not an ‘L’)
= 0.28 = P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘TOOL’) 
P(Fiona does not make a basket and Fanny P(the letter chosen from ‘GOLD’ is not an ‘L’) +
makes P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘GOLD’) 
a basket) P(the letter chosen from ‘TOOL’ is not an ‘L’)
= P(Fiona does not make a basket) 
=
P(Fanny makes a basket)
= (1  0.4)  0.3 =
= 0.18
(b) P(two letters chosen are the same)
P(only one makes a basket)
= P(the two letters chosen are ‘O’) +
= P(Fiona makes a basket and Fanny does not
P(the two letters chosen are ‘L’)
make a basket) +
= P(an ‘O’ is chosen from ‘TOOL’) 
P(Fiona does not make a basket and Fanny
P(an ‘O’ is chosen from ‘GOLD’) +
makes a basket)
P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘TOOL’) 
= 0.28 + 0.18
P(an ‘L’ is chosen from ‘GOLD’)
= 0.46
=

198 Solutions
22. P(both go swimming)

=
= P(Iris goes swimming)  P(Noel goes swimming)
(c) P(two letters chosen are different)
= 0.7  0.6
= 1  P(two letters chosen are the same)
= 0.42
=1 P(at most one of them goes swimming)
= 1  P(both go swimming)
=
= 1  0.42
= 0.58
20. (a) P(both odd)
= P(an odd number from the box)  23. (a) P(all three courses)
P(an odd number from the bag) = P(Physics)  P(Mathematics) 
P(Liberal Studies)
=
= 0.5  0.6  0.4
= = 0.12
(b) P(at most two courses)
= 1  P(all three courses)
= 1  0.12
= 0.88
(b) P(product is an even number)

= P(at least one number shown is an even
24. (a) P(none of them go to airport by bus)
number)
= P(the 1st one does not go to airport by bus) 
= 1  P(both odd)
P(the 2nd one does not go to airport by bus) 
=1
P(the 3rd one does not go to airport by bus)
= = (1  0.3)  (1  0.7)  (1  0.8)

= 0.042
(b) P(exactly two of them go to airport by bus)
21. (a) P(both cannot solve)
= P(only the 1st one does not go to airport by bus) +
= P(John cannot solve)  P(Mark cannot solve)
P(only the 2nd one does not go to airport by bus)
= +
P(only the 3rd one does not go to airport by bus)
= = (1  0.3)  0.7  0.8 + 0.3  (1  0.7) 
(b) P(at least one can solve) 0.8 + 0.3  0.7  (1  0.8)
= 1  P(both cannot solve) = 0.506
(c) P(at least one of them goes to airport by bus)
=1
= 1  P(none of them go to airport by bus)
= = 1  0.042
= 0.958

25. (a) P(all red balls) = =
= =
P(all white balls) = =
(b) P(they fail in both subjects)

=
= P(Joel fails in both subjects) 
P(Kate fails in both subjects)
P(all black balls) =
=
=
=
∴ P(all balls are of the same colour)
= P(all red balls) + P(all white balls) +
=
P(all black balls)
(c) P(at least one of them does not fail in both
=
subjects)
= 1  P(they fail in both subjects)
=
=1
(b) P(2 red balls, 1 black ball)

= P(1st ball is red, 2nd ball is red and 3rd ball is
black) +
27. (a) The required probability
P(1st ball is red, 2nd ball is black and 3rd ball
= P(win the 1st two games) +
is
P(lose the 1st game, win the 2nd game and the
red) +
3rd game) +
P(1st ball is black, 2nd ball is red and 3rd ball
P(win the 1st game, lose the 2nd game and win
is
the 3rd game)
red)
= 0.6  0.6 + (1  0.6)  0.6  0.6 +
= + +
0.6  (1  0.6)  0.6
= 0.648
=
(b) ∵ 0.648 > 0.6
∴ The three-game match is more
26. (a) P(they pass in both subjects)
advantageous to Vincent.
= P(Joel passes in both subjects) 
P(Kate passes in both subjects)
Exercise 5D (P.5.43)

200 Solutions
1. P(George wins)
=
= P(the 1st student does not win) 
P(George wins | the 1st student does not win)
4. (a) P(both numbers are odd)
=
= P(1st number is odd) 
P(2nd number is odd | 1st number is odd)
=
=
2. (a) P(both are boys)

=
= P(chairperson is a boy) 
(b) P(both number are even)
P(vice-chairperson is a boy | chairperson is a
= P(1st number is even) 
boy)
P(2nd number is even | 1st number is even)
=
=
=
=
(b) P(both are girls)
(c) P(1st number is even, 2nd number is odd)
= P(chairperson is a girl) 
P(vice-chairperson is a girl | chairperson is a
P(2nd number is odd | 1st number is even)
girl)
=
=
=
=
3. (a) P(two sprinters)

= P(1st one is a sprinter) 
5. (a) P(both are not hearts)
P(2nd one is a sprinter | 1st one is a sprinter)
= P(1st card is not a heart) 
=
P(2nd card is not a heart | 1st card is not a
heart)
=
=
(b) P(1st one is a sprinter, 2nd one is a long distance
runner)
=
= P(1st one is a sprinter) 
(b) P(1st card is red, 2nd card is not a spade)
P(2nd one is a long distance runner | 1st one is
= P(1st card is red) 
a sprinter)
P(2nd card is not a spade | 1st card is red)
=
=

= =
6. (a) P(both balls are white) 8. (a) P(both are women)

= P(1st ball is white)  = P(1st one is a woman) 
P(2nd ball is white | 1st ball is white) P(2nd one is a woman | 1st one is a woman)
= =
= =
(b) P(both balls are red) (b) P(at least one man)
= P(1st ball is red)  = 1  P(both are women)
P(2nd ball is red | 1st ball is red)
=1
=
=
=
∴ P(both balls are of the same colour)

9. P(Fanny wins) =
= P(both balls are white) +
P(Carmen wins)
P(both balls are red)
= P(Fanny draws a white ball) 
=
P(Carmen draws a black ball | Fanny draws a white
ball)
=
=
7. (a) P(both students by MTR)

=
= P(1st student by MTR) 
∴ P(either one of them wins)
P(2nd student by MTR | 1st student by MTR)
= P(Fanny wins) + P(Carmen wins)
=
=
=
=
(b) P(one student by bus, one student by MTR)

= P(1st student by bus, 2nd student by MTR) +
P(1st student by MTR, 2nd student by bus)
10. P(first two candles are yellow, 3rd candle is pink)
= P(1st student by bus) 
= P(1st candle is yellow) 
P(2nd student by MTR | 1st student by bus) +
P(2nd candle is yellow | 1st candle is yellow) 
P(1st student by MTR) 
P(3rd candle is pink | first two candles are yellow)
P(2nd student by bus | 1st student by MTR)
=
=

202 Solutions
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

1
11. Let A be the event that Ruby participates in the (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
writing contest and B be the event that Ruby wins a 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6
2
prize. (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
P(A) = 0.35 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6
3
P(A  B) = 0.2 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Number on the 1st dice

4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6
4
= P(B | A) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
= 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6

5
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
= 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6
6
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
=
(The numbers in the brackets are the sums of the
numbers shown on the dice.)
12. Let A be the event that the seed germinates and B be P(sum is greater than 8)
the event that a flower is produced.
=
P(A) =
=
P(A  B) =
(b) P(two numbers are equal and sum is greater than
The required probability 8)
= P(B | A)
=
=
=
(c) The required probability

=
= P(two numbers are equal | sum is greater than
8)
=
=
13. (a) The following shows the results of throwing two

dice.
Number on the 2nd dice
1 2 3 4 5 6

14. P(revises and passes the test)

= P(revises)  P(passes the test | revises)
= 0.2  0.85 16. Since the total value of the coins taken is greater than
= 0.17 $2.6, the possible outcomes are $1, $2 or $2, $2.
P(does not revise and passes the test)
P(one $1 coin, one $2 coin) =
= P(does not revise) 
P(passes the test | does not revise) =
= (1  0.2)  0.65
P(two $2 coins) =
= 0.52
=
= P(revises and passes the test) +
∴ P(total value of the coins taken is greater than
P(does not revise and passes the test)
$2.6)
= 0.17 + 0.52
= P(one $1 coin, one $2 coin or two $2 coins)
= 0.69
=
15. P(tomato sauce from bag A and tomato sauce from bag B)
=
= P(tomato sauce from bag A) 
P(tomato sauce from bag B | tomato sauce from bag
A) 17. (a) P(only one student passes)
= P(1st student passes and 2nd student does not
=
pass) +
= P(1st student does not pass and 2nd student
passes)
P(salad dressing from bag A and tomato sauce from
= P(1st student passes) 
bag B)
P(2nd student does not pass | 1st student passes)
= P(salad dressing from bag A) 
+
P(tomato sauce from bag B | salad dressing from
P(1st student does not pass) 
bag A)
P(2nd student passes | 1st student does not
=
pass)
= =
∴ P(tomato sauce from bag B)

=
= P(tomato sauce from bag A and tomato sauce
(b) P(at most 1 student does not pass)
from bag B) +
= 1  P(both students do not pass)
P(salad dressing from bag A and tomato sauce
= 1  P(1st student does not pass) 
from bag B)
P(2nd student does not pass | 1st student does
=
not pass)
= =

204 Solutions
= =
18. (a) P(all keys are gold)

= P(1st key is gold) 
P(2nd key is gold | 1st key is gold) 
P(3rd key is gold | first two keys are gold) (b) P(exactly three draws are needed)
= P(gold coin in the 1st draw) 
=
P(gold coin in the 2nd draw | gold coin in the
= 1st draw) 
P(silver coin in the 3rd draw | gold coins in the
P(all keys are silver)
first two draws)
= P(1st key is silver) 
P(2nd key is silver | 1st key is silver)  =
P(3rd key is silver | first two keys are silver)
=
=
(c) P(at least three draws are needed)
= = 1  P(exactly one draw is needed) 
P(exactly two draws are needed)
∴ P(the keys taken are of the same colour)
= P(all keys are gold) + P(all keys are =
silver)
=
=
= 20. (a) P(reaching G)

= P(passing through fork B) 
(b) P(at least 1 gold key and at least 1 silver key)
P(reaching G | passing through fork B)
= 1  P(the keys taken are of the same colour)
=
=
=
=
(b) P(reaching K)
= P(passing through fork C) 
19. (a) P(exactly two draws are needed)
P(passing through fork D | passing through
= P(gold coin in the 1st draw) 
fork C) 
P(silver coin in the 2nd draw | gold coin in the
P(reaching K | passing through forks C and D)
1st draw)
=
=

=
21. P(arriving at E directly from B) =
=
P(arriving at E from B via C)
= P(passing through C)  ∴ P(entering the depot)
P(arriving at E | passing through C) = P(entering the depot through A and B or
entering the depot through A, B and C)
=
=
=
=
∴ P(arriving at E)
= P(arriving at E directly from B or
arriving at E from B via C)
23. (a) Let A be the event that a staff member is married

=
and B be the event that a staff member owns
property.
22. (a) P(colliding with the parked train) P(A) = 65% = 0.65
= P(turning right at A)  P(A  B) = 25% = 0.25
P(going straight ahead at B | turning right at A) The required probability
 = P(B | A)
P(going straight ahead at C | turning right at A
=
and going straight ahead at B)
= =
= =
(b) P(entering the depot through A and B) (b) P(B) = 40% = 0.4
= P(turning right at A)  The required probability

P(turning right at B | turning right at A) = P(A | B)
= =
= =
P(entering the depot through A, B and C) =

= P(turning right at A) 
P(going straight ahead at B | turning right at A)
24. (a) P(falls today | rose yesterday)

= 1  P(rises today | rose yesterday)
P(turning right at C | turning right at A and
= 1  0.72
going straight ahead at B)
= 0.28

206 Solutions
(b) P(rises today | fell yesterday)

=
= 1  P(falls today | fell yesterday)
= 1  0.68
=
= 0.32
25. (a) P(will not suffer from lung cancer | smoker) 3. Number of ways of choosing 2 letters from 26 letters
= 1  P(will suffer from lung cancer | smoker)

=
= 1  0.15
= 0.85 Number of ways of choosing 2 letters from 5 vowels
(b) P(will not suffer from lung cancer | non-smoker)
=
= 1  P(will suffer from lung cancer | non-
smoker) ∴ P(both letters chosen are vowels)
= 1  0.01
=
= 0.99
Exercise 5E (P.5.53)
1. Number of ways of selecting 2 numbers from
10 integers
Prime numbers between 1 and 10 are 2, 3, 5 and 7.

There are 4 such numbers.
Number of ways of selecting 2 numbers from these 4. (a) Total number of pets = 6 + 7 = 13
4 prime numbers Number of ways of choosing 4 pets from 13 pets
= =
∴ P(the 2 numbers selected are prime numbers) Number of ways of choosing 4 cats from 6 cats
=
=
∴ P(the 4 pets chosen are cats)
=
=
2. Number of ways of drawing 4 cards from 52 cards

=
= (b) Number of ways of choosing 4 rabbits from
Number of ways of drawing 4 cards from 13 hearts 7 rabbits
= =
∴ P(the 4 cards drawn are hearts) ∴ P(the 4 pets chosen are rabbits)

= =
Number of ways of selecting 1 boy and 1 girl

=
=
5. Number of ways of selecting 2 pieces of fruit from ∴ P(1 boy and 1 girl)
9 pieces of fruit
=
=
=
Number of ways of selecting 1 apple from 8 apples
=
8. (a) Number of ways of drawing 3 badges from
∴ P(the lemon is selected) 9 badges
=
=
Number of ways of drawing 3 gold badges from
5 gold badges
=
=
∴ P(3 gold badges)
6. Number of ways of picking 5 books from 8 books
=
=
When 2 particular books are picked, =
number of ways of picking 3 books from the (b) Number of ways of drawing 1 gold badge from
remaining 6 books 5 gold badges
=
=
Number of ways of drawing 2 silver badges from
P(2 particular books are picked)
4 silver badges
=
=
Number of ways of drawing 1 gold badge and
=
2 silver badges
=
7. Number of ways of selecting 2 students from
∴ P(1 gold badge and 2 silver badges)
5 students
=
=
Number of ways of selecting 1 boy from 3 boys =
Number of ways of selecting 1 girl from 2 girls 9. (a) Number of ways of selecting 4 students from
20 students

208 Solutions
= number of ways of choosing 6 countries from the

When Gary is selected, remaining 11 countries
number of ways of selecting 3 students from the =
remaining 19 students ∴ P(Japan is not chosen)
=
=
∴ P(Gary is selected)
= =
=
11. Number of ways of forming a 3-digit number =
(b) Number of ways of selecting one student from Number of ways of forming a 3-digit number with the
Gary and Sue units digit equal to 1
= =
When Gary or Sue is selected, ∴ P(the units digit is ‘1’)
number of ways of selecting 3 students from the
=
remaining 18 students
=
=
∴ P(only one of them is selected)
= 12. Number of ways of arranging the 6 letters = 6!

When the 1st letter is ‘E’ and the last letter is ‘I’,
= number of ways of arranging the remaining 4 letters
= 4!
10. (a) Number of ways of choosing 6 countries from ∴ The required probability =
12 countries
= =
Number of ways of choosing 2 countries from
Japan, France and Spain 13. Number of ways of arranging the 6 people
= = 6!
Number of ways of choosing 4 countries from When Noel is the 2nd one to perform,
the remaining 9 countries number of ways of arranging the remaining 5 people
= = 5!
∴ P(exactly two of them are chosen) ∴ P(Noel is the second one to perform)
= =
=
=
(b) When Japan is not chosen,

14. (a) Number of ways of drawing 2 balls from 7 balls 8 male models
= =
Number of ways of drawing 2 balls from 3 white
balls Number of ways of choosing 3 female models
= from 10 female models
∴ P(the balls drawn are white) =
Number of ways of choosing 2 male models and
=
3 female models
=
=
∴ P(at least 2 male models and at least
(b) Number of ways of drawing 2 balls from 4 black 2 female models)
balls = P(3 male models and 2 female models) +
= P(2 male models and 3 female models)
∴ P(the balls drawn are of the same colour)
= P(the balls drawn are white) + =
P(the balls drawn are black)

=
=
16. (a) Number of ways of selecting 4 oranges from

=
20 oranges
=
15. (a) Number of ways of choosing 5 people from Number of ways of selecting 4 oranges from
18 people 6 rotten oranges
= =
Number of ways of choosing 3 male models ∴ P(all oranges are rotten)
from
8 male models =
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 female models
from 10 female models (b) Number of ways of selecting 2 oranges from
= 6 rotten oranges
Number of ways of choosing 3 male models and =
2 female models Number of ways of selecting 2 oranges from
= 14 good oranges
∴ P(3 male models and 2 female models) =
Number of ways of selecting 2 rotten oranges
=
and 2 good oranges
=
=
∴ P(exactly 2 oranges are rotten)
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2 male models
from

210 Solutions
(c) Number of ways of choosing 3 players from the

=
5 tallest players
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 players from the
other 7 players
=
(c) P(at most 3 oranges are rotten) Number of ways of choosing 3 out of the 5
= 1  P(all oranges are rotten) tallest players and 2 other players
=1
=
= Similarly,
number of ways of choosing 4 out of the 5 tallest
17. (a) Number of ways of choosing 5 players from players and 1 other player
12 players =
= Number of ways of choosing the 5 tallest players
When the tallest player is chosen, from the 5 tallest players
numbers of ways of choosing 4 players from the =
remaining 11 players ∴ P(at least 3 out of the 5 tallest players are
= chosen)
∴ P(the tallest player is chosen) = P(3 out of the 5 tallest players are chosen)
+
=
P(4 out of the 5 tallest players are chosen) +
P(5 tallest players are chosen)
=
=
(b) When both the 2 shortest players are chosen,
number of ways of choosing 3 players from the
=
remaining 10 players
=
P(both the 2 shortest players are chosen) 18. (a) Number of ways of selecting 6 animals from
21 animals
= =
Number of ways of selecting 3 pigs from 13 pigs
=
=
∴ P(the 2 shortest players are not both Number of ways of selecting 3 cows from 8
chosen) cows
= 1  P(both the 2 shortest players are =
chosen) Number of ways of selecting 3 pigs and 3 cows
= =
∴ P(numbers of pigs and cows are the same)
=

= =
∴ P(exactly 5 shirts)
=
(b) P(numbers of pigs and cows are different) =
= 1  P(numbers of pigs and cows are the same)

=
=1
(b) P(at least 3 hats)
= = 1  P(exactly 5 shirts)
=1
20. (a) Number of ways of selecting 8 lockers from

(c) Number of ways of selecting 6 pigs from 13 pigs 18 lockers
= =
Number of ways of selecting 5 pigs and 1 cow Number of ways of selecting 1 large locker and
= 7 small lockers
Number of ways of selecting 4 pigs and 2 cows =
=
∴ P(number of pigs is more than that of cows) Number of ways of selecting 2 large lockers and
= P(6 pigs) + P(5 pigs and 1 cow) + 6 small lockers
P(4 pigs and 2 cows) =
∴ P(at most 2 large lockers)
=
= P(1 large locker and 7 small lockers) +
P(2 large lockers and 6 small lockers)
=
=
19. (a) Number of ways of choosing 7 items from

=
15 items
(b) P(at most 5 small lockers)
=
= 1  P(at most 2 large lockers)
Number of ways of choosing 5 shirts from 5
=1
shirts
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 hats from 10 hats

21. (a) Number of ways of choosing 4 chefs from
= 18 chefs
Number of ways of choosing 5 shirts and 2 hats =

212 Solutions
Number of ways of choosing 4 restaurants from =1

6 restaurants
=
Number of ways of choosing 1 chef from each of =
the 4 restaurants chosen
= 24. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 11 pieces of
∴ P(from 4 different restaurants) jewellery
= 11!
=
Number of ways of arranging the 4 rings = 4!
= Number of ways of arranging the 7 necklaces =

7!
(b) P(from at most 3 different restaurants)
= 1  P(from 4 different restaurants)
=1 =
= (b) Consider the 4 rings as 1 unit.

Number of ways of arranging the 7 necklaces
and the 1 unit
= 8!
Number of ways of arranging the 4 rings = 4!
=
22. Number of ways of arranging the 7 persons = 7!
Consider Mr and Mrs Lee as 1 unit.
Number of ways of arranging the other 5 persons and 25. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 7 letters = 7!
the 1 unit Consider the 3 vowels as 1 unit and the
= 6! 4 consonants as another unit.
Number of ways of arranging Mr and Mrs Lee Number of ways of arranging these 2 units = 2!
= 2! Number of ways of arranging the vowels = 3!

Number of ways of arranging the consonants =
4!
= ∴ The required probability =
=
23. Number of ways of arranging the 12 applicants
= 12! (b) Arrange the vowels first.
Consider Ray and Kate as 1 unit. Number of ways of arranging the vowels = 3!
Number of ways of arranging the remaining Since the 3 vowels and the 4 consonants are
10 applicants and the 1 unit arranged alternately, the vowels must be
= 11! separated by the consonants and there are 4
Number of ways of arranging Ray just before Kate places for the 4 consonants.

Number of ways of arranging the consonants =

1. P(blue pen) =
4!
=
=
2. (a) P(driver) =
=
26. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 14 people
= 14!
∴ =
Consider the 5 women as 1 unit.
14k = 3k + 99
Number of ways of arranging the 9 men and the
11k = 99
1 unit
k=9
= 10!
(b) Let n be the number of new designers.
Number of ways of arranging the 5 women
If the probability of selecting a designer is
= 5!
doubled, then
=
=
=
(b) Number of ways of arranging the 5 women
n + 42 = 3n + 21
= 5!
2n = 21
Number of ways of arranging the 9 men
n = 10.5
= 9!
∵ n should be an integer.
∴ The probability of selecting a designer will
not be doubled.
=
(c) Arrange the men first.

Number of ways of arranging the men
3. (a) P(yellow ball) =
= 9!
Since no women stand next to each other, the
∴ =
5 women must be separated by the men and there
70 = 2m + 28
are 10 places for the 5 women.
2m = 42
Number of ways of arranging the women
m = 21
=
(b) Let a be the number of white balls removed from
∴ The required probability = the box.
If the probability of selecting a white ball is
=
halved, then
=
Supplementary Exercise 5 (P.5.58)

214 Solutions
(f) (A  B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

=
(g) A  B = {2}
105  3a = 210  10a
(h) A  B = {1, 3, 4, 5}
7a = 105
a = 15
7. (a) P(toy A) =
∴ It is possible that the probability of
selecting a white ball is halved.
=
4. (a) 3x2  7x  6 = 0 (b) P(toy B) =

(3x + 2)(x  3) = 0
=
x= or 3
(c) P(toys A or B)
∴ P= = P(toy A) + P(toy B)  P(toys A and B)
(b) Letters c, o, n, s, i and u appear in the word =
‘conscious’.
∴ R = {c, o, n, s, i, u} =
5. (a) Set {16, 17, 18, 19} has 4 elements 16, 17, 18 8. (a) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
and 19, but not 1.
=
∴ 1  {16, 17, 18, 19} is not correct.
(b) 7 is a factor of 91. =
∴ 7  {factors of 91} is correct.
(b) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all the elements of both sets
{2, 3, 4, 5} and {3, 4, 2, 2, 5}. =  P(A  B)
∴ It is correct that sets {2, 3, 4, 5} and

∴ P(A  B) =
{3, 4, 2, 2, 5} are equal.
(d) Set {0, 2, 4} has 3 elements 0, 2 and 4.

0, 2 and 4 are also elements of set {0, 1, 2, 4}.
∴ It is correct that set {0, 2, 4} is a subset of 9. (a) P(racing or shot put)
set = P(racing) + P(shot put) P(racing and shot

{0, 1, 2, 4}. put)
=
6. (a) A = {2, 3, 5}
(b) A  B = {1, 2, 4} =
(c) A  B =  (b) P(neither racing nor shot put)

(d) B  S = {2} = 1  P(racing or shot put)
(e) B = {1, 3, 4, 5}
=

= P(passing A)  P(passing G)  P(passing H)

=
=
10. (a) P(grade A, B or C)

=
= P(grade A) + P(grade B) + P(grade C)
(b) P(passing B and I)
= 0.13 + 0.25 + 0.4
= P(passing B)  P(passing I)
= 0.78
(b) P(grade D) =
= 1  P(grade A, B or C)
=
= 1  0.78
= 0.22
(c) P(passing H) =
11. (a) P(getting 6)

14. (a) P(sunny) = 1  P(cloudy)
= 1  P(getting 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5)
= 1  0.56
=1 = 0.44
(b) P(sunny in two successive days)
=
= P(1st day is sunny)  P(2nd day is sunny)
(b) P(even) = = = 0.44  0.44
= 0.193 6
P(odd) = 1  =
15. (a) Let the 3 different styles be A, B and C.
∵ >
P(a pair of A) = =
∴ The probability of getting an even number
is greater than the probability of getting an P(a pair of B) = =
odd number.
P(a pair of C) = =
12. (a) P(both numbers are greater than 2) ∴ P(same style)

= P(1st number is greater than 2)  = P(a pair of A) + P(a pair of B) +
P(2nd number is greater than 2) P(a pair of C)
= =
= =
(b) P(1st number is 1, 2nd number is a factor of 6)

= P(1st number is 1)  (b) P(different styles)
P(2nd number is 1, 2, 3 or 6) = 1  P(same style)
= =1
= =
13. (a) P(passing A, G and H) 16. Let E be the event that Jimmy has lunch in the

216 Solutions
restaurant and F be the event that he orders set lunch

=
A.
P(E) = 0.72 When a particular movie channel is selected,
P(E  F) = 0.48 number of ways of selecting 3 channels from the
The required probability remaining 11 channels
= P(F | E) =
∴ P(a particular movie channel is selected)
=
=
=
= =
(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 channels from
17. Number of ways of drawing 3 cards from 52 cards 7 sports channels
= =
Number of ways of drawing 3 cards from 26 black Number of ways of selecting 2 channels from
cards 5 movie channels
= =
Number of ways of selecting 2 sports channels
∴ P(all cards are black) = and 2 movie channels
=
= ∴ The required probability
=
18. Number of ways of choosing 5 people from 14 people
= =
Number of ways of choosing 3 actors from 8 actors

20. Number of ways of arranging the 5 letters = 5!
=
When ‘G’ is in the middle,
Number of ways of choosing 2 actresses from number of ways of arranging the remaining 4 letters
6 actresses = 4!
= ∴ P(‘G’ is in the middle)
Number of ways of choosing 3 actors and 2 actresses =

=
=
∴ P(3 actors and 2 actresses) =
21. Number of ways of arranging 3 people from 6 people

=
=
Number of ways of arranging A, C and D in the order
19. (a) Number of ways of selecting 4 channels from D, C, A
12 channels =1


=
=
(b) Two digit numbers that are multiples of 10 are

=
10, 20, 30, …, 90. There are 9 such numbers.
∴ P(a multiple of 10) =

22. (a) B = {prime numbers smaller than 10}
= {2, 3, 5, 7} =
A  B = {2, 3, 5, 7}
(c) Two-digit numbers that are smaller than 40 and
(b) x2  4x + 3 = 0
multiples of 10 are 10, 20 and 30. There are
(x  1)(x  3) = 0
3 such numbers.
x = 1 or 3
∴ P(smaller than 40 or a multiple of 10)
∴ C = {x: x2  4x + 3 = 0}
= P(smaller than 40) + P(a multiple of 10) 
= {1, 3}
P(smaller than 40 and a multiple of 10)
B  C = {3}
=
(c) B = {1, 4, 6, 8}
(d) B  C = {1}
=
(e) A  C = {1, 2, 3, 5}
(A  C) = {4, 6, 7, 8}
25. (a) P(green apple) = 1  60%
= 40%
23. (a)
=
(b) Number of rotten red apples

= 200  60%  5%
=6
(b) P(rotten apple)

= P(rotten red apple) + P(rotten green apple)
(c) P(green apple or rotten apple)

= P(green apple) + P(rotten apple) 
P(rotten green apple)
24. (a) Two-digit numbers are 10, 11, 12, …, 99. There
are 90 two-digit numbers. =
Two-digit numbers smaller than 40 are 10, 11,

=
12, …, 39. There are 30 such numbers.
∴ P(smaller than 40) =

26. P(S4 or S5) = P(S4) + P(S5)

218 Solutions
(b) P(both oranges are of brand B)

=
= P(a brand B orange is taken from bag P) 
= P(a brand B orange is taken from bag Q)
=
27. (a) P(both hit the target)
=
= P(A hits the target)  P(B hits the target)
P(both oranges are of brand C)
=
= P(a brand C orange is taken from bag P) 
= P(a brand C orange is taken from bag Q)
(b) P(both miss the target) =

= P(A misses the target)  P(B misses the target)
=
=
∴ P(both oranges are of the same brand)
= = P(both oranges are of brand A) +
P(both oranges are of brand B) +
= P(both oranges are of brand C)
(c) P(only one hits the target) =
= 1  P(both hit the target) 
P(both miss the target) =
=1 (c) P(both oranges are not of brand A)

= P(the orange from bag P is not of brand A) 
= P(the orange from bag Q is not of brand A)
=
28. (a) Total number of oranges in bag P
=4+5+3 =
= 12 ∴ P(at least one orange is of brand A)
Total number of oranges in bag Q = 1  P(both oranges are not of brand A)
=6+8+2
=1
= 16
P(both oranges are of brand A) =
= P(a brand A orange is taken from bag P) 
P(a brand A orange is taken from bag Q)
29. (a) P(not allergic to seafood)
= = 1  P(allergic to seafood)
= 1  0.1
=
= 0.9
(b) P(allergic to seafood and peanut products)
= P(allergic to seafood) 
P(allergic to peanut products)
= 0.1  0.02

= 0.002 = 1  P(both journeys use the overpass)

(c) P(allergic to seafood or peanut products)
=1
= P(allergic to seafood) +
P(allergic to peanut products)  =
P(allergic to seafood and peanut products)
(iii) P(both journeys use neither the overpass
= 0.1 + 0.02  0.002 nor
= 0.118
the tunnel)
= P(both journeys use the hill road)
30. (a) P(both B and C malfunction)
=
= P(B malfunctions)  P(C malfunctions)
= 0.3  0.4 =
= 0.12
(b) P(the device functions properly)
32. (a) P(all representatives of 4C will give wrong
= P(A does not malfunction) 
answers)
P(at least one of B and C does not
= (1  0.6)(1  0.8)(1  0.75)
malfunction)
= 0.02
= (1  0.2)  (1  0.12)
∴ P(4C will get 10 marks)
= 0.704
= 1  P(all representatives of 4C will give
wrong answers)
31. (a) (i) P(using the hill road)
= 1  0.02
= 1  P(using the overpass) 
= 0.98
P(using the tunnel)
(b) If only 4C wins the contest, then 4C gets 90 or
=
100 marks.
P(4C gets 90 marks)
=
= P(4C answers 9 questions correctly)
(ii) P(using the overpass but not going to the
= 0.989  0.02  10
petrol station)
P(4C gets 100 marks)
= P(using the overpass)  = P(4C answers 10 questions correctly)
P(not going to the petrol station)
= 0.9810
= ∴ P(4C will win)
= P(4C gets 90 marks) +
= P(4C gets 100 marks)
(b) (i) P(both journeys use the overpass) = 0.989  0.02  10 + 0.9810
= 0.983 8, cor. to 4 d.p.
=
= 33. (a) P(both are odd numbers)

= P(1st number is odd)  P(2nd number is odd)
(ii) P(at least one journey use the hill road or
the =
tunnel)
=

220 Solutions
P(at least one even number)

=
= 1  P(both are odd numbers)
=1
(b) P(one even number, one odd number)

= P(1st number is even, 2nd number is odd) +
P(1st number is odd, 2nd number is even)
P(2nd number is odd | 1st number is even) +
P(1st number is odd) 
P(2nd number is even | 1st number is odd)
34. (a) P(exactly three draws are needed)

= P(1st medal is silver) 
P(2nd medal is silver | 1st medal is silver) 
P(3rd medal is gold | first two medals are
silver)
(b) P(at most two draws are needed)

= 1  P(exactly three draws are needed)
=1
35. P(A does not draw his own gift and D draws his own
gift)
= P(A draws the gift from B or C) 
P(B and C do not draw the gift from D | A draws the
gift from B or C) 
P(D draws his own gift | A draws the gift from B or
C, and B and C do not draw the gift from D)

36. (a) P(suffers from dental or eye diseases) = 0.2

= P(suffers from dental diseases) +
P(suffers from eye diseases)  (b) (i) P(wins two matches successively)
P(suffers from both dental and eye diseases) = P(wins the first match | not injured) 
∴ P(suffers from both dental and eye diseases) P(wins the second match | injured)
= P(suffers from dental diseases) + = 0.6  0.2
P(suffers from eye diseases)  = 0.12
P(suffers from dental or eye diseases) (ii) P(loses at least one match)
= 15% + 11%  21% = 1  P(wins two matches successively)
= 5% = 1  0.12
= 0.88
=
= 38. (a) Number of ways of selecting 3 tourist spots from

9 tourist spots
(b) P(suffers from eye diseases | suffers from dental
=
diseases)
= Number of ways of selecting 3 tourist spots from
district A
=
Number of ways of selecting 3 tourist spots from
=
district C
=
∴ P(the tourist spots are in the same district)
=
= P(the tourist spots are in district A) +
P(the tourist spots are in district C)
=
=
(c) P(suffers from dental diseases | suffers from eye
diseases)
= =
(b) Number of ways of selecting a tourist spot from

each of the 3 districts
=
=
∴ P(the tourist spots are in different districts)
=
=
37. (a) P(wins | injured) = 1  P(loses | injured)

= 1  0.8

222 Solutions
39. (a) Number of ways of drawing 8 balls from 15 balls

=
Number of ways of drawing 1 golf ball from ∴ P(exactly 2 toy cars)
6 golf balls
=
=
Number of ways of drawing 7 tennis ball from
=
9 tennis balls
= (b) Number of ways of choosing 4 toy cars and 2 toy
Number of ways of drawing 1 golf ball and guns
7 tennis balls =
= Number of ways of choosing 5 toy cars and 1 toy
Number of ways of drawing 8 tennis balls from gun
9 tennis balls =
= Number of ways of choosing 6 toy cars from 7
∴ P(at least 7 tennis balls) toy cars
= P(1 golf ball and 7 tennis balls) + =
P(8 tennis balls) ∴ P(more toy cars than toy guns)

= P(4 toy cars and 2 toy guns) +
= P(5 toy cars and 1 toy gun) +
P(6 toy cars)
=
=
(b) P(at least 2 golf balls and at least 2 tennis balls)
= 1  P(at least 7 tennis balls)
=
=1
(c) Number of ways of choosing 6 toy guns from
= 9 toy guns
=
40. (a) Number of ways of choosing 6 toys from 16 toys P(6 toy guns) =
=
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 toy cars from 7
∴ P(at most 5 toy guns)
toy cars
= 1  P(6 toy guns)
=
=1
Number of ways of choosing 4 toy guns from
9 toy guns =
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 toy cars and 4 toy
guns
=

41. Number of ways of arranging the 8 people

= 8!
Consider the 3 boys as 1 unit and the 5 girls as
another unit.
43. (a) P(both yellow) =
Number of ways of arranging these 2 units = 2!
Number of ways of arranging the 3 boys = 3! =
Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls = 5!
=
(1 + x)(6 + 7x) = 60
= 6 + 13x + 7x2 = 60
7x2 + 13x  54 = 0
42. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 12 objects = (b) 7x2 + 13x  54 = 0
12! (x  2)(7x + 27) = 0
Consider the 4 cups as 1 unit. x = 2 or  (rejected)

Number of ways of arranging the 8 bowls and
Number of blue lucky stars = 4  2
the 1 unit
=8
= 9!
Number of red lucky stars = 3  2
Number of ways of arranging the cups = 4!
=6
(c) P(the other one is also yellow) =
=
=
(b) Arrange the bowls first.
Number of ways of arranging the bowls = 8!
Since no cups are arranged next to each other, 44. (a) From the diagram, a  5 and 1  b  a  9.
the 4 cups must be separated by the bowls and ∴ 1ba5
there are 9 places for the 4 cups. ∵ The median is 35.
∴ =5
Number of ways of arranging the cups =
b + a = 10
∴ The required probability = ∴ a = 5 and b = 5
(b) Number of ways of choosing 5 employees from
= 14 employees
(c) Number of ways of arranging the cups on the left =
= 4! Number of ways of choosing 2 employees who

Number of ways of arranging the bowls on the are over the age of 34
right =
= 8! Number of ways of choosing 3 employees who
are not over the age of 34
=
= ∴ The required probability

224 Solutions
45. C
50. B
P(passes the public exam)
46. C
= P(passes the mock exam and passes the public exam) +
P(getting C or below)
P(fails in the mock exam and passes the public
= 1  P(getting above C)
exam)
= 1  (10% + 20%)
= P(passes the mock exam) 
= 70%
P(passes the public exam | passes the mock exam) +
P(fails the mock exam) 
47. C
P(passes the public exam | fails the mock exam)
P(hitting the target in the fourth shot)
= 0.7  0.8 + (1  0.7)  (1  0.6)
= P(not hitting the target in the first three shots) 
= 0.68
P(hitting the target in the fourth shot | not hitting
the target in the first three shots)
51. B
= (1  0.3)  (1  0.3)  (1  0.3)  0.3
P(the sum is even)
= 0.102 9
= P(2 odd numbers) + P(2 even numbers)
48. B =
Number of ways of drawing 3 cards

=
= 10  10  10
Number of ways of drawing 3 different cards
= 10  9  8 52. B
P(the numbers of the three cards drawn are different) Number of ways of arranging the 7 guests = 7!
When Mr and Mrs Chan sit next to each other at the
=
right end,
= number of ways of arranging Mr and Mrs Chan = 2!

number of ways of arranging the remaining 5 guests
= 5!
49. C
P(at least three draws are needed)
= 1  P(one draw or two draws are needed) =
=1 =

53. A 63. D
Number of ways of forming a 6-digit number = 6!
When the number formed is an odd number with the Unit Test (P.5.68)
first 3 digits formed by 1, 2, 3, the last digit is 5. 1. (a) P(a blue ball and a white ball)
Number of ways of arranging the first 3 digits with 1, = P(a blue ball from bag P) 
2, 3 P(a white ball from bag Q)
= 3!
= (1M)
Number of ways of arranging the digits 4 and 6
= 2! = (1A)
(b) P(2 balls are of the same colour)
= = P(2 red balls or 2 white balls)
= P(2 red balls) + P(2 white balls)
=
= P(a red ball from bag P) 
P(a red ball from bag Q) +
P(a white ball from bag P) 
54. (a)
P(a white ball from bag Q)
(b) (i)
= + (1M)
(ii)
= (1A)
(iii) yes
2. Number of ways of arranging the 9 watches = 9!

55. (a) Arrange the 6 jewellery watches first.
Number of ways of arranging the jewellery watches
(b)
= 6!
Since no fashion watches are arranged next to each
other, the 3 fashion watches must be separated by the
56. (a)
jewellery watches and there are 7 places for the
(b) 3 fashion watches.
Number of ways of arranging the fashion watches
57. (a) =

(b)
= (1M)
58. (a) = (1A)
(b)
59. A 60. D 61. B 62. B

226 Solutions
3. (a) Number of ways of selecting 5 members from

=
30 members
=
Number of ways of selecting 5 members from
7. D
14 men
Number of ways of arranging the 9 people = 9!
=
When Mabel stands at the front and Jack stands in the
∴ P(only men) = (1M) middle,
number of ways of arranging the remaining 7 people
= (1A) = 7!
(b) Number of ways of selecting 4 men from 14 men ∴ The required probability
= =
Number of ways of selecting 1 woman from
=
16 women
=
Number of ways of selecting 4 men and 1
woman
=
∴ P(at most 3 men)
= 1  P(only men)  P(4 men and 1
woman)
11 C 414  C116
=1  (1M)
783 C530
= (1A)
4. D
5. C
P(red stick)
= P(box A and red stick) + P(box B and red stick)
= P(box A)  P(red stick | box A) +
P(box B)  P(red stick | box B)
6. C
P(red | not yellow) =

NCM (2nd) TM5A05 e

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NCM (2nd) TM5A05 e

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

177

Chapter 5 More about Probability

3. The required experimental probability

Instant Drill 6 (P.5.16)

© Oxford University Press 2015

Instant Drill 7 (P.5.17)

= (b) P(2 silver necklaces)

Instant Drill 12 (P.5.30)

© Oxford University Press 2015

(b) P(both were not born on Sunday)

=1 P(only the 2nd patient taking drug B is not cured)

© Oxford University Press 2015

= Instant Drill 18 (P.5.42)

= (b) P(rainy tomorrow | not rainy today)

= Instant Drill 19 (P.5.47)

© Oxford University Press 2015

= ∴ P(3 boys and 2 girls) =

(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 boys from 10 boys

(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 class representatives =

∴ P(a particular girl is selected)

Instant Drill 22 (P.5.50)

© Oxford University Press 2015

∴ P(from 4 different families) 2. Set {1 357} has 1 element 1 357 only.

3. 0 is not a positive integer.

=1 ∴ 10  {all positive integers} is correct.

= 5. 1, 2, 5 and 8 are all the elements of both sets

(a) Number of ways of arranging the 9 people = 9! 1 element only.

number of ways of arranging Ken and Joe are equal.

= 7! 0 and 3 are also elements of set {0, 1, 2, 3, 7}.

∴ The required probability ∴ It is correct that set {0, 3} is a subset of set

= 8. 6 is an element of set {2, 4, 6} but not an element of

Instant Drill Corner 5.1 (P.5.5)

© Oxford University Press 2015

2. Instant Drill Corner 5.4 (P.5.14)

2. Events A and B are mutually exclusive events.

3. Events A and B are not mutually exclusive events.

Instant Drill Corner 5.3 (P.5.10) =

Instant Drill Corner 5.6 (P.5.20)

2. Events A and B are not complementary events.

© Oxford University Press 2015

(b) P(both cards are not red)

3. (a) Total number of stamps = 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 16

Instant Drill Corner 5.10 (P.5.42)

© Oxford University Press 2015

= P(1st cookie is an almond cookie)  Instant Drill Corner 5.11 (P.5.52)

= P(1st coin is $1 and 2nd coin is $1) +

(b) P(two coins are of different types) =

=1 2. (a) Number of ways of selecting 5 animals from

(b) Number of ways of selecting 5 ducks from

© Oxford University Press 2015

(b) Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls

2. (a) The names of the four seasons are Spring,

© Oxford University Press 2015

(c) The months that have 31 days are January,

(d) Set has 3 elements and ,

∴ 3.5  {rational numbers} is correct. ∴ Sets A and B are not equal.

∴ a  {a, x, e} is correct. i.e. A = {12, 24, 36, 48, …}

∴ b  {object} is not correct. i.e. B = {12}

(d) Set {wood} has 1 element wood only.

© Oxford University Press 2015

∴ Set A is a subset of set B. (b)

10. (a) B  C = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7}

11. (a) A  B represents the audiences who like