Cough: is your body's way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways.

An irritant
stimulates nerves that send a message to your brain. The brain then tells muscles in your chest and abdomen to push
air out of your lungs to force out the irritant.
- -When I’m near the dust I start to cough. (1)
Sneeze: Part of your nose’s job is to clean the air you breathe, making sure it’s free of dirt and bacteria. In
most cases, your nose traps this dirt and bacteria in mucus. Your stomach then digests the mucus, which neutralizes
any potentially harmful invaders.
- My brother usually sneezes at strong smells. (2)
Expectoration: is the act of coughing up and spitting out the material produced in the respiratory tract. (2)
- I hate expecting when I sisk.
Hemoptysis: is the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes.
I went to the doctor to see because along with the cough I was bleeding and he told me that I had hemoptysis. (3)
Dyspnea: is often described as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing,
breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation. (4)
- when he had covid he suffered from dyspnea at night when he tried to sleep.
Wheezing: is the shrill whistle or coarse rattle you hear when your airway is partially blocked. (5)
- Maria desperately took her son to the doctor, and he told her that apparently, he had the Wheezing
Hoarseness: is when your voice sounds raspy, strained, or breathy. The volume (how loud or soft you speak) may
be different and so may the pitch (how high or low your voice sounds). (6)
- My dad is usually hoarse after giving a speech in church.
Asthma: is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. (7)
- Juan David is a boy who suffers from asthma.
Bronchitis: is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and
inflamed. (8)
- The doctor told Juana that she only has acute bronchitis.
Bronchiectasis: is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened, leading to a build-up of
excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection. (9)
- Ileana felt very bad this morning and went to the doctor, the doctor through some X-rays determined that she has
bronchiectasis.
Emphysema: is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath.
- My mom, who likes to smoke a lot, was diagnosed with emphysema.
Atelectasis: is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. (11)
- Last Saturday I was admitted to surgery and due to anesthesia, I got atelectasis
 Pleuritis: is a condition in which the pleura two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your
chest wall becomes inflamed. (12)
- The doctor prescribed anti-inflammatories (AINE) for the pleuritis that caused me the flu.
Cystic Fibrosis: is a disorder that damages your lungs, digestive tract, and other organs. (13)
- Many cases of cystic fibrosis arrive at the San Cristobal hospital
Pneumothorax: is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and
chest wall. (14)
- The doctor ordered an x-ray to look at his lungs and found excess air in the space between the lungs and the chest
wall, or pneumothorax.
Hemothorax: is a collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (the pleural cavity). (15)
- Saulo hit himself hard in the chest and by means of plates the doctor detention that he has a hemothorax.
Bronchoscopy: is a procedure that lets doctors look at your lungs and air passages. (16)
- The pulmonologist ordered a bronchoscopy.
Spirometry: is a simple test used to help diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions by measuring how much
air you can breathe out in one forced breath. (17)
- The specialist indicated to Juana a Spirometry
Pleurocentesis: is a procedure used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space (the space between the lungs
and the wall of the chest) for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. (18)
- Miguel the peasant was indicated for a thoracocentesis.
Tuberculosis: is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an
infected person. (19)
- My grandfather was diagnosed with tuberculosis and the doctor diagnosed him with some antibiotics.
Pneumoconiosis: is a lung disease caused by breathing in certain kinds of dust particles that damage your lungs.
(20)
- Marcos in the middle of his move due to dust inhalation developed pneumoconiosis.
Pulmonary edema: is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. (21)
- Miguel has a pulmonary edema said the doctor after his check the radiography.
Respiratory failure: is a serious condition that makes it difficult to breathe on your own. Respiratory failure
develops when the lungs can't get enough oxygen into the blood. (22)
- My little brother usually suffers from respiratory failure.
Laryngitis: is when your voice box or vocal cords in the throat become irritated or swollen. It usually goes away
by itself within 1 to 2 weeks. (23)
- My uncle Carlitos began to have hoarseness and lose his voice, when he went to the doctor and they carried out
tests, the doctor determined that he suffers from laryngitis.
 Pharyngitis: is an inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in a sore throat. Thus, pharyngitis is a symptom, rather
than a condition. (24)
- I usually suffer a lot from pharyngitis, that's why my common sore throats.
Tonsillitis: is inflammation of the tonsils. It's usually caused by a viral infection or, less commonly, a bacterial
infection. Tonsillitis is a common condition in children, teenagers, and young adults. (25)
- Most of the people who got the COVID-19 virus had tonsillitis as a symptom.
Sinusitis: is inflammation of the sinuses, most caused by a viral or bacterial infection or by an allergy. (26)
- When I was a child, I went to the doctor and was diagnosed with chronic sinusitis
Rhinitis: is when a reaction occurs that causes nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching. (27)
- My stepmother suffers from rhinitis and every morning she sneezes and has a cough.
Rhinoscopy: Examination of the inside of the nose using a rhinoscopy. A rhinoscopy is a thin, tube-like
instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. (28)
- My stepmother due to her allergies in the morning, the doctor told her to have a rhinoscopy.
-References-

1. Cough. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/cough. Accessed May
8, 2019.

2. Farzan S. Producción de tos y esputo [Internet]. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2022 [citado el 19 de junio de

2022]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK359/
3. BIDWELL J, PACHNER R. Hemoptysis: Diagnosis and Management [Internet]. Aafp.org. 2022 [cited 19 June
2022]. Available from:
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1001/p1253.html#:~:text=Hemoptysis%20is%20the%20spitting%20of
,the%20diagnosis%20in%20most%20cases.
4. Trouble breathing [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/basics/definition/sym-
20050890#:~:text=Shortness%20of%20breath%20%E2%80%94%20known%20medically,breath%20in%20a%20
healthy%20person.
5. Wheezing: Definition, Causes & Treatment [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available
from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15203-
wheezing#:~:text=Wheezing%20is%20the%20shrill%20whistle,pneumonia%2C%20heart%20failure%20and%20
more.
6. Hoarseness: Causes, Treatment & Definition [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available
from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17105-
hoarseness#:~:text=Hoarseness%20(dysphonia)%20is%20when%20your,away%20after%20a%20short%20time.
7. Asthma - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-
20369653#:~:text=Asthma%20is%20a%20condition%20in,asthma%20is%20a%20minor%20nuisance.
8. Bronchitis [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchitis/#:~:text=Bronchitis%20is%20an%20infection%20of,inside%20your%2
0lungs%20called%20bronchioles.
9. Bronchiectasis [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2022 [cited 19 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/#:~:text=Bronchiectasis%20is%20a%20long%2Dterm,shortness%2
0of%20breath
10. Emphysema - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 20 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-
20355555#:~:text=Emphysema%20is%20a%20lung%20condition,instead%20of%20many%20small%20ones.
11. Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 20 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684
12. Pleurisy - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 20 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pleurisy/symptoms-causes/syc-
20351863#:~:text=Pleurisy%20(PLOOR%2Dih%2Dsee,pain)%20that%20worsens%20during%20breathing.
13. Cystic fibrosis - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 20 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-
20353700#:~:text=Cystic%20fibrosis%20is%20a%20disorder,mucus%2C%20sweat%20and%20digestive%20jui
ces.
14. Pneumothorax - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 20 June 2022]. Available from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/symptoms-causes/syc-
20350367#:~:text=A%20pneumothorax%20(noo%2Dmoe%2D,a%20portion%20of%20the%20lung
15. Principal P, médica E. Hemotórax: MedlinePlus enciclopedia médica [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. 2022 [citado el
20 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/article/000126.htm
16. Broncoscopia - Clínica Mayo [Internet]. Mayoclinic.org. 2022 [citado el 20 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bronchoscopy/about/pac-
20384746#:~:text=Bronchoscopy%20is%20a%20procedure%20that,throat%20and%20into%20your%20lungs.
17. NHS Choices. Spirometry [Internet]. NHS. 2020. Available from:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spirometry/#:~:text=Spirometry%20is%20a%20simple%20test
18. Pleurocentesis | Pleural Effusion Treatment - Dr. Marc Bowen NYC [Internet]. MXBowen, Physician P.C.
Available from: https://www.mxbowenppc.com/procedures/thoracentesis-pleural-biopsy/
19. NHS. Tuberculosis (TB) [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2017. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-
tb/#:~:text=Tuberculosis%20(TB)%20is%20a%20bacterial
20. Pneumoconiosis [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-
diseases/pneumoconiosis
21. Pennmedicine.org. 2022. Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-
information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/pulmonary-
edema#:~:text=Pulmonary%20edema%20is%20an%20abnormal
22. Respiratory Failure - What Is Respiratory Failure? | NHLBI, NIH [Internet]. www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Available from:
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/respiratory-failure#:~:text=Respiratory%20failure%20is%20a%20serious
23. Laryngitis [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 20]. Available from:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laryngitis/#:~:text=Laryngitis%20is%20when%20your%20voice
24. Pharyngitis [Internet]. www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Available from:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-
diseases/pharyngitis#:~:text=Pharyngitis%20%E2%80%94%20commonly%20known%20as%20sore
25. Tonsillitis symptoms and treatments [Internet]. www.nhsinform.scot. Available from:
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-
throat/tonsillitis#:~:text=Tonsillitis%20is%20inflammation%20of%20the
26. Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders [Internet]. MSD Manual Consumer Version. Available from:
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/ear
27. Rhinitis [Internet]. www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Available from:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-
diseases/rhinitis#:~:text=Rhinitis%20is%20when%20a%20reaction
28. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-
terms/def/rhinoscopy#:~:text=(ry%252DNOS%252Dkoh%252D [Internet]. www.cancer.gov. 2011 [cited 2022
Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-
terms/def/rhinoscopy#:~:text=(ry%2DNOS%2Dkoh%2D