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Webster, C. (1988) The Health Services since the War, vol. 1,
Problems of Health Care: the National Health Service before 1957,
HMSO, London.
416 Bibliography

West, C. and Goodman, T. (1979) 'Disputes Procedures and

Grievance Procedures', in Bosanquet, N. (ed.), Industrial
Relations in the NHS: the Search for a System.
Whincup, M. (1979) 'Discipline and Dismissal: Legal Aspects', in
Bosanquet, N. (ed.), Industrial Relations in the NHS: the Search
for a System.
Whincup, M. (1985) Law and Practice of Dismissal in the Health
Service, Mercia Publications, Keele.
Whitley, J. (1917) Interim Report on Joint Standing Industrial
Councils, Cd 8606, HMSO, London.
Wilkins, G. (1989) Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists'
Remuneration, Nineteenth Report 1989, Cm 580, HMSO,
London.
Wilkins, G. (1990) Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists'
Remuneration, Twentieth Report 1990, Cm 937, HMSO,
London.
Williams, D. (1977) 'Making Whitley Work', Health Services
Manpower Review, special series 1, pp. 13-14.
Winchester, D. (1983) 'Industrial Relations in the Public Sector'
in Bain, G. (ed.) Industrial Relations in Britain.
Wootton, B. (1962) The Social Foundations of Wage Policy, Unwin
University Books, London.
Working for Patients (1989), Cm 555, HMSO, London.
 Names index

Abel-Smith, B. 79, 299 Gill, K. 126

Asquith, H. 207 Goodman, Lord A. 67
Bain,G. 25 Hancock, C. 376
Barnard, K. 353 Harrison, S. 307, 353
Batstone, E. 352 Hyman,R. 341
Beaumont, P. 222
Jenkins, c. 125
Bevan,A. 64-7,145,154,400
Jinkinson, A. 140,384
Bickerstaffe, R. 152, 157
Joseph, Sir K. 137,261
Blain, H. 135
Brome, V. 66 Kuhn,J. 341
Brown, W. 204,221, 257, 280, 290,
Lee,J. 66
353,376
Leopold, J. 222
Carpenter, M. 25,119,121-4,155, Little, E. 63
264,342 Loveridge, R. 214,260
Castle, B. 81
MacKenzie, H. 124, 390
Chester, T. 209-14,259,266
Mailly, R. 164,171,227,270,311,381
Chowcat, J. 128,384
Manson, T. 156
Clarke, K. 199,345
McCarthy, W. 325,327,335,348,349
Clay, H. 183,206-7,217,257,283
McKersie, R. 210
Clay, T. 71,82, 169
Metcalf, D. 201
Clegg, H. 209-14,257,259,266
Miliband, R. 6
Cowie, V. 220
Morris, W. 346
Craik, W. 154, 155
Morris, G. 263,271,272,298, 344
Daley, J. 140 Mortimer, J. 126
Day, Sir G. 186
Newman, G. 137
Dimmock, S. 164, 297
Nichol, D. 187, 344
Dix, B. 152, 153
Nightingale, F. 193
Dixon, M. 373
Durham, Sir K. 186 Peach,L. 194,352
Dyson, R. 77,79,122,166,221-2,308 Phelps Brown, H. 4, 5
Poole, R. 187,276,366
Eckstein, H. 62
Purcell, 1. 171
Edwards, B. 343,351
Roberts, B. 145,154,155
Fairclough, A. 156
Routh, G. 4,21-3
Ferner, A. 345
Rowthorn, R. 204, 221, 257, 289-90
Fewtrell, C. 318,321, 323, 349 376 '
Fisher, A. 156,157,219
Rydzkowski, S. 272, 298
Flanders, A. 5
Foot, M. 66-7 Scholey, Sir R. 186
Fox,A. 9 Sethi, A. 164, 312
Fryer, R. 156 Sisson, K. 171
418 Names index
Solomon, N. 312 Turner,H. 26
Smith,A. 9
Waldegrave, W. 364,378
Smith, D. 372
Walton, R. 210
Spanswick, A. 264
Webbs, Sand B, 26,49,113,114,
Spary, K. 77, 79, 166
257-9,336
Spoor, A. 135-7, 155 Webster, C. 65
Stansel, R. 312
Williams, D. 219
Swabe, A. 347
Williams, S. 152, 153
Taylor, R. 138, 156,264 Winchester, D. 220,260
Thatcher, M. 15 Woods,S. 114
Thorold Rogers, J. 4 Wootton, B. 18,19,277,281
 Subject index
Numbers in italic refer to tables, those in bold refer to figures

Achieving a 'Balance Plan for Action' Ambulance staff 140-1

284
Acts of Parliament
Community Care Act 1990 61
Employment Protection Act 1975
165, 303
Employment Protection
(Consolidation) Act 1978 236
Equal Pay Act 1975 22
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act
1974 165,294-5
Industrial Relations Act 1971 53,
165
Local Government Act 1929 63
Medical Act 1858 63
National Health Act 1977 176
National Health Act 1983 176
National Health Service Act 1946
225
Nurses Act 1943 78
Nurses, Midwives and Health
Visitors Act 1979 48
Professions Supplementary to
Medicine Act 1959 260
Terms and Conditions of
Employment Act 1959 260
Trade Unions Act 1984 68
Trade Unions and Labour Relations
Act1974 68,165,303
Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge
381
Advisory, Conciliation and
Arbitration Service (ACAS)
259,261,310,351
survey of flexible working
practices 380
Affordability argument 282
Allowances 337
Amalgamated Union of Engineering
Workers (AUEW) 116
Ambulance service 147
'havoc wrought by local variation'
380
bonus scheme 164
dispute (1989-90) 170,274-5,276,
344-5
grading agreement 247
London weighting allowance 287
pay 21
comparison with ancillary
grades 151
Ancillary staff 178,142
bonus scheme 164,297,334
contracting out effects 205
employer-level local bargaining
11
grading agreement 247
normal working week 248
overtime (1990) 24
pay 21,24
strike action (1972) 298
turnover 304
vulnerability to change 398
Annualleave 248
Appraisals systems 338
Arbitration 258--63
Area Health Authorities abolishment
192
Association of Clerks and Stewards of
Mental Hospitals 27
Association of Clinical Biochemists
(ACB) 51,203
Association of Professional,
Executive, Clerical and
Computer Staff (APEX) 116
Association of Scientific, Technical
and Managerial Staffs
(ASTMS) 115, 125, 379
Bargaining 341
collective 6, 201, 207, 257
outcomes 8--9
intra-organizational 210
'minimum rate' vs 'effective rate'
379
420 Subject index
new responses / arrangements
378-96
self-governing trusts 392
Barking 381
Blacking of work 348
Bodmin Asylum strike (1918) 342
Bonus payments 164,297,334,337
Brentford nurses dispute (1921) 342
British Association of Occupational
Therapists (BAOT) 51
British Dental Association (BDA) 51
British Dietetic Association (BDA)
51
British Medical Association (BMA)
26,28,265-6,395-6
antagonism to self-governing trusts
395
campaign pack 395
collective bargaining claim 396
foundation 63
Industrial Relations officers 60
mass resignations threat 262-3
membership (1979/1987) 51
NHS relationship 62-8
Place of Work Accredited
Representatives 60, 70
Professional Relations Unit 70
structure 69
trade union aspects 68-71
British Medical Guild 68
British Orthoptic Society (BOS) 51
Budgetary controls 182
Business performance concepts 201
Care assistant 397-8
Carmen and Roadsmen's Union of
Parish of Camberwell 152
Cartels 9
Centre for Policy Studies 199
Chartered Society of Physiotherapists
(CSP) 51,104-6
Chiropodists 248
Christie Hospital consultant 185
Circulars
HC(79)20 ('If Industrial Relations
Breakdown') 20, 167-8,
268-9,343-4
HC(84)13 193
HRC(73)11 218
Citizen network decision 182
Civil Service 187
Clegg Commission's Report (1979)
167,281
Closed shop 307-8
Code of Practice (1971) 165,169,327
Communication 7-8,352
Comparability argument 282, 282-3
Competitive tendering 204
Comparability Commission (1979)
268
Conditions of service 328-41
Confederation of Hospital Service
Employees (COHSE) 115,
117-24
membership 116,117,120,267
pay determination 202
policy-making process 118
self-governing trusts consideration
390
structure 118
Consultation 8
Contractors 178-80,205
cost cutting 205
Cost of living argument 281-2
Council for Professions
Supplementary to Medicine
48
Counselling 317
Craftsmen, bonus scheme 164
Customary right withdrawal 326
Customer-driven system 182
Decentralization 183-4
Decentralized bargaining 201
Decentralized personnel management
system 382
Dentists 17,55-6
pay determination 59-61
Department of Health and Social
Services (DHSS)
national disputes procedure (1980)
345
senior civil servants 187
Directly managed units 1
Discipline 316-24
informal warning 317
right of appeal 323
shop stewards action 318-19
Discretionary payments 177
Disputes procedure 341-50
District general hospitals 264
District Health Authorities 41, 174,
192
Doctors 17,54-71,394-6
consultants 54, 265, 285-6, 395
female 22
merit payments 61,337
private payments 342-3
future in hospitals 398
general practitioners 180-1,395
hospital 265-6, 284
incentives 193
 Subject index 421

junior 265-6,343 Go-slows 348

numbers 54
pay 17,21-3,59-61
sanctions applications 265-6
workforce compositon 54-9
Doctors and Dentists Review Body
(DDRB) 277-8,285
Domestic service costs 204
Draughtsmen and Allied Technicians
Association (DATA) 126
Dual membership 166
Early retirement 333
Earnings charges for specific groups
(1979-90) 290
East Anglia Regional Hospital
Authority 371
Electrical, Electronic
Telecommunications and
Plumbing Union (EETPU)
115,116
Electricians 280
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital
for Women, London 345
Employers 163-95
discretion 176-8
Epsom Health Care Trust 390-1
Equal opportunities 330-2
Equal Opportunities Commission
330
Equal Opportunities Policy 331-2
Favours 326
First Community Health (Mid-
Staffordshire) 392, 393
Federation of Professional
Organizations (FPO) 54, 96
Flexibility 10-11,378-81
ACAS survey 380
local government involvement
380-1
Merseyside 381
pay 10-11
skills 10
Frontier of control 8
General Medical Council (GMC) 48,
63
General Municipal, Boilermakers and
Allied Trades Union
(GMBATU) 115,116,379
General Nursing Council, employer
discipline 319
General Whitley Council, see Whitley
Councils
'Goodwill' areas of work 348
Gradings 247, 337
Grievances 324-8
definition (International Labour
Organization) 325
handling 327
Guild of Nurses 121
Griffiths report (1983) 190,193
Guillebaud report (1956) 175-6,213
Guy's Hospital, London 182,382
Halsbury Inquiry (1971) 123,281
Health Authorities 174-6
Health Boards 41
Health Service Indicators 340-1, 371
Health visitors
grading structure 15
pay 15
workforce composition 71-6
workload 286
Health Visitors Association (HVA)
51, 92, 94
Hetherington Committee 154
Hillingdon Consortia 390
Hospital(s) 299
available beds 32
distribution by size/type 300-1
district general 264
union membership extent/ density
304
Hospital Management Committees
191
Hospital Physicists Association
(HPA) 51
Hospital porter, pay 20
Hospitals and Welfare Services Union
(HWSU) 121
IBM 194
Impasse resolution mechanisms 9
Incomes Data Service (IDS) 371
Independent Management Secretariat
343
Industrial action 167,170,262-76,
341-50
1972-3 263-4
1974 264-5
1982 270,271-2
1989-90 170,274-5
Industrial Disputes Tribunal 296
Industrial relations 5-12
conduct 173-95
tradition 25-31
Industrial Relations Code of Practice
341
Inflexibility 379
422
Institutionalization of conflict 6
Job evaluation 201,335-6
Job regulation 5
Joint Consultative Committee aCC)
120,124,294,312
categories of staff represented on
302-3
procedures 312
Joint consultative/negotiating
arrangements 308-15
Joint Industrial Councils 207
Joint regulation 201
Joint Shop Stewards Committee
aSSC) 170,297,308,313,
314-15
Just-in-time internal service
arrangements 201
Laboratory technician, female 22
Labour markets 375-6
Lincolnshire Ambulance Service 394
Living wage doctrine 114
Local government involvement in
flexible pay 380-1
Local government manual workers
strike (1970) 263
Local industrial relations
management 350-4
Lockouts 348
London County Council Employees'
Protection Association 152
London Weighting Consortium 287
McCarthy Report (Making Whitley
Work, 1976) 165,189,214,
363
conciliation 217-18
flexible national agreements 379
inflexibility 245
local discretion 216
Management/managers 39-42,
163-95,376-8
ascendancy 172-3
authority in industrial relations
183-8
command chain 186
contracts 194
disciplinary action 185
general 249-50, 252
merit payments 249
insecurity of tenure 194
lack of local powers 379
management of managers 190-5
Merseyside 381
national policy / strategy 188-90
pay 191,194-5,374
Subject index
performance-related packages
376-7,397
senior 372,373, 376-7
unilateral senior contracts 372
unit general 371-2
Management Executive 185-6
Managerial relations 163
Manufacturing, Science and Finance
(MSF) 115, 124-9
Committe T. 128
membership 116
Market 360-400
Marketforces 24
Marks and Spencer style of personnel
function 383
Marxist view 6
Measured day work 336
Medical Laboratory Technicians 126
Mental Hospitals and Institutional
Workers Union (MHlWU)
121
Midwives
grading 15
pay 15
flexibility 338-40
regrading 337
workforce composition 71-6
workload 286
Ministry of Health (1947) 208
Model scheme, new 335
Multi-unionism 116,304
Municipal Employees' Association
(MEA) 152-3
National agreements 329
variants at local level 328
National Ambulance Services
Association (NASA) 155
National Association of Health
Authorities (NAHA) 200
National Association of Health
Service Personnel Officers
(NAHSPO) 200,241,252
National Association of State Enrolled
Nurses 80
National Asylum Workers Union
(NAWU) 120
National Audit Office 178,204
National Board of Prices and Incomes
(NBPI) 280
National Health Service (NHS)
administrative/ clerical staff
131-2
changes in composition of staff
31-9
common pay settlement date 271
 Subject index
dispute (1978-9) 343--4
dispute (1982) 169,192-3,344
employing organizations 173
funding 40
London weighting allowances
287
manual workers 140
see also Ancillary staff
pay differences changes (1979-90)
290
procedures 315-16
reforms (1990s) 1-2
refusal to treat 'last' patient in
queue 348
reorganization (1974) 192
shop steward recognition 156
strikes 263, 266, 267
works/maintenance staff 143-4
National and Local Government
Officers Association
(NALGO) 19,115,129--40
affiliation to TUC 137
Health Section 183
membership 116,130
negotiation process 139
poaching of members 137
self-governing consideration 390
structure 139
National minimum wage 114
National Municipal Labour Union
153
National Union of County Officers
(NUCO) 121
National Union of Gold, Silver and
Allied Trades (NUGSAT)
125
National Union of Public Employees
(NUPE) 115,140-58
ambulance staff 140-1
health section officers 157
history 151--8
membership 116,145-8,154, 156
negotiation in self-governing trust
389-90
pay bargaining 148--51
policy-making process 146
structure 146,151-8
workforce composition 140-1
Natural wastage 333
Negotiation 8
New Earnings Survey (NES) 15-16,
329
Normal working weeks 248
Northern Ireland 41,147,174
Northumbria Ambulance Service
394
423
Nurses
grading structure 15
Halsbury salary levels 265
industrial action (1974) 264-5
managers 377
pay 15-16
normal working week 248
pay 15-17,22,82-9
flexibility 338--40
Pay Review Body 177,202
regrading 337
State Enrolled, pay 203
State Registered, pay 203
workforce composition 71-6
workload 286
Nurses, Midwives and Health
Visitors Review Body (1989)
199
Nurses Salaries Commission 76
Oregon Experiment 182
Overtime 329
ban 348
'Paper for General Managers of Self-
Governing Trusts: Personnel
Policy and Practice' 385-6
Patients First (1979) 192
Pay 3-5,364-75
administrative staff 21
affordability 15
ambulance staff, see Ambulance
staff
clerical staff 21
comparability 15
end of 202-6
differences 14-25
discretionary payments 177
doctors 17,21-2,59-61
flexibility 10-11
health visitors 15
hospital porter 20
local issue 334
managers, see Managers
merit 337-8
midwives, see Midwives
national vs local bargaining 200-1
nurses, see Nurses
nursing auxiliaries 15-16
payment-by-results 201, 336
pay round (1990-91) 365-70
performance-related 337-8,370-5
professions allied to medicine 18,
286
public sector pay settlements
(1984--90) 367-8
radiographers 246,249,343
424 Subject index
settlements (1990) 369
structure/ proposed banding
structure (1984-5) 338,339
Whitley Council determination
216,242-50
Payment systems 328-41, 362
Pay Review Board 222
nurses 177
Pay Review Bodies II, 18,202,256,
276-89,363
report (1991) 61
Pay Review Settlement (1982) 202
Performance Indicators 340
Physiological Measurement
Technicians (PMT) 203
Pilkington Report (1960) 65
Policy Board 185-6
Portsmouth schoolteachers strike
(1896) 342
Priestly Commission 15, 283
Private sector development 171
Privatization 170
negotiators guide 205-6
trade unions research unit 206
Productivity gains 336
Productivity /workload argument
282
Profession(s) 46-108
recruitment 23-4
Professions Allied to Medicine
(PAMs; formerly Professions
Supplementary to Medicine)
17-18,48,92-5
analysis by occupation 97-100
bargaining arrangements 95-104
distribution 101
earnings increases 103
pay 18,286
Pay Review Body 203,286
Professional unqualified 397-8
Professional associations
(organizations) 7, 46-108
attack on role 165-6
authority level 302-7
Council 52
membership numbers (1979/1987)
51
organization at workplace 302-7
trade union registration 52
Professional and Technical Council
208
Provincial Medical and Surgical
Association 63
Radiographers 248-9
normal working week 248
pay 246,249,343
Reconstruction Committee (1916) 207
Redeployment 333
Reduction of workforce 332-4
Redundancy 332
compulsory 333-4
voluntary 333
Regional Health Authorities 41,174
Regulation 3(2) 176
Resource Allocation Working Party
(RAWP) 41-2,175
Review Bodies 200-1
'Ring fencing' of posts 315
Royal Coillege of Midwives (RCM)
51,90-2
structure 93
Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
76-82
'Grade Expectations' 284
Labour Relations Committee 79
membership 51, 77
newspaper advertisements (1986)
169-70
'no strike' clause 90
opposition to 'Working for
Patients' proposals 383
pay determination 82-9
structure 89-90
trade union membership 81
Royal Commission on NHS report
(1979) 192,198, 220
Rubber Windmill 371
St Andrew's Ambulance Association
147
St Benedict's Hospital, Tooting 345
Sandwell Health Authority 324
Schoolteachers strike (1985-6) 261
Scotland 41,147,174
Secretary of State for Health 39-40,
186
Self-governing trusts 181-3
bargaining in 392
management wants 385-8
opposition to 383-5
personnel managers intentions 390
staff transfer 387
trade union responses 381-5,387,
388-96
Sex discrimination monitoring 331
Sexual harassment 325-6,331
Shift work 329-30
Shoplifting 322
Shop stewards 156,302,303-7
dealing with grievances 325-6,
349
 Subject index
discipline cases 318-19
facilities 305
training 304
Single employer bargaining 2
Single-employer combine committee
314
Single-employer trusts 10
Socialist Medicine Association 66
Society of Chiropodists (SoC) 51
Society of Radiographers (SoR) 51,
106-7
South Derbyshire Health Authority
323
South London Vestry Employees'
Labour Association 152
Speech therapists 247,288, 289
Strikes 348,363
NUPE steward-encouraged 349
Student Nurses Association 80
Subcontracting 170-1
Teachers, lunchtime supervision
withdrawal 348
Technical, Administrative and
Supervisory Section (TASS)
115,125-6
Theft 322
Therapy helper 397-8
Top Salaries Body 278
Total quality management 201
Trade union(s) 7, 113-58
authority level 302-7
common rule 49
future 398-9
living wage doctrine 114
local activities 302-7
see also Shop stewards
multiple-occupation 116,304
organization at workplace 302-7
restriction of numbers 49
Trades Union Congress (TUC) 167,
310-11
Code of Practice 165,169
disputes procedure evidence 347
fair level of pay for health workers
221
Improving Industrial Relations in
NHS (1981) 189
inter-union hostilities 311
pay comparability for NHS
members 202
Transport and General Workers
Union (TGWU) 115,116
Trent Document 180, 184
Trent Regional Hospital Authority
371
425
Union of Construction, Allied Trades
and Technicians (UCAT)
115,116
Union of Shop, Distributive and
Allied Workers (USDAW)
116
Unionization levels 362
United Kingdom Central Council 48
Volunteers 269,270
Wales 41, 174
Walsall Trust 393-4
Warlow Report (1989) 189,374-5
West Dorset Consortia 391
Whitley Councils 29,135,198-252
Administrative and Clerical 209,
228
agreement form 233-8
Ambulance 228-9
Ancillary Staffs 229
arbitration 213
areas of concern 214-16
Clay's analysis (1929) 206-7
Committee B. 213
Dental 208
enabling agreements 311
function 223-8
functional councils 216
general (GWC) 208-9
function 211,213
scope 233
seat allocation 233
Section 32 238-40, 273
Section 33 237-8,346
Section 38 238
Section 39 237
Section 40 240-1
Section 46 236
hospital medical and dental staffs
232
maintenance staff 232
management side 28
managers removed from 194
medical 208
nurses and midwives 209
nursing and midwifery staffs
negotiating 230-1
once and future system? 206-33
optical 208,230
organization 223-8
pharmaceutical 208, 230
professional and technical staffs 'B'
229-30
professions allied to medicine and
related grades of staff 231-2
426 Subject index

regional appeals committees 211 Work 3-5

Scottish Advisory Committee 208 definitions 247
Social Services Committee report to rule 348
(1989) 273-4 Working for Patients (White Paper)
staff side composition 210,214 179,182,184,204
staff side organizations 28-31, opposition to 383
135-6 self-governing trusts 381-2
structure 223-8 Workplace collective bargaining
subcommittees 213 294-354