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ME8691
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING
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UNIT - 3
CAD STANDARD
Topics Covered
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Standards For Computer Graphics
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Graphics Standards
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Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
• GKS is basically a set of procedure which can be called by user programs to carry
out certain generalized functions such as arc,circle,ellipse etc.
• It is a standardized system of graphical functions for processing graphical data to
create and process 2D images.
• GSK implementations have been made by many hardware manufactures in many
languages.
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Features of GKS
• It is an independent device ,it can work with all types of input and output devices.
• All text and annotation can be prepared and stored in natural languages.
• Graphic functions are defined for both 2D and 3D
• GKS defines an international coordinate system called normalized device
coordinate system .
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Standards For Exchange Images
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Open Graphics Library (Opengl)
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Data Exchange Standards
• The goal was to define a standard to cover all aspects of a product (i.e.
geometry, topology, tolerances, materials, etc.), during its lifetime.
• Fundamental difference in IGES and STEP.
• The central unit of data exchange in the IGES model is the entity.
• The central unit of data exchange in the STEP model is the application,
which contains various types of entities.
• Data is exchanged between systems it is done in terms of application units.
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IGES, STEP, CALS
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Flag section
IGES File structure
• Used only with the compressed ASCII and binary
format • IGES data in a file can be represented in
two formats
ASCII and binary
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
• ASCII format comprises two types : fixed 80-
character record length and compressed format .
• Compressed format contains compressed file by
eliminating spaces from the
records.
Start section
• Provides a human –readable description of the
file, such as
the sending system that generated the original
data, the pre-processor ,and the product being
described.
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Directory Entry section
• Is a list of all the entities together with
Global section certain of their attributes.
• Included information telling the pre- • All product definition data are expressed
processor and as a list of predefined entities (geometry
information needed by the post –processor and annotation entitles ) .
to interpret the • Entry each entity occupies two 80 –
files. character records that are divide into a total
• Some item specified example : the data of twenty 8-character fields .
and time of the file generation . • First and the eleventh field contains entity
type number .
• Second field contains pointer to the
Parameter data entry for the entity in the
parameter data section.
• Remain entity will contain (line fonts
,layer number, transformation matrix )
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Parameter data section
• Section contains the actual data
defining each entity listed in the Terminate data section
directory entry section . • Section contains a single record which
• Example: straight line entity is defined specifies the number of records in each
by the 6 coordinates its two end points . of the four preceding sections for
• Each entity always has two records in checking purpose
the directory entry section and number
of records need for each entity in the
parameter data section.
• Parameter data is placed in free format
of columns 1 through 64.
• Column 65 left blank.
• Columns 66 to 72 on all parameter
data records contain the entity pointer
specified in the first record of the entity
in the data entry section
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Continuous acquisition and life –cycle support (CALS).
• It was developed by US department of defense.
• It prescribes the formats for storage and exchange of technical data.
• Focuses mainly technical publications
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STEP
• STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a new International
Standard (ISO 10303) for representing and exchanging product model information.
• Support any industrial application such as mechanical, electric, plant design, and
architecture and engineering construction.
• To include all four types of data which is relevant to the entire life- cycle of a
product: design, analysis, manufacturing, quality assurance, testing, support, etc.
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Thank you
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