1. impact of climate change on the ecological state of earth’s natural resources.

A changing climate is leading to more occurrences of extreme events such as droughts

(moisture deficits) and floods (moisture surpluses), which have a negative impact on
crop growth and yields.

2. Adolescent Pregnancy is a Serious Social Problem

Approximately 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 years and 2.5 million girls under 16 years
give birth each year in developing regions. These are the figures that worry, and when
teenagers engage in sexual relationships, they do not think about the consequences.
The consequences for health can be terrible. Therefore, it is necessary to invest much
in the prevention of reproductive health. Prevention should not only be directed at
preventing sexually transmitted diseases and preventing pregnancy in adolescence but
it should be geared towards adopting attitudes about responsible sexual behavior. This
primarily refers to the delay at the beginning of the sexual life of young people because
too early accession to sexual relationships can seriously harm their health.
3. online class to poor Internet accessibility
Jhon Michael Aquino
Grade 11

Chapter 1
1:1 Background of the study

The coronavirus outbreak-mediated pandemic impacted most the sectors globally. This includes
the academic world that consists of millions of enrolled learners and active teachers who
previously had regular classes in their institutions. Due to the pandemic, they got stuck at the
home. To continue the education process, the online class was introduced in most countries,
including India. In this mode, both teaching and learning happen through electronic devices
which are relatively new to the entire teaching-learning community. This study aimed to
understand how online classes had fared for the teachers and students in India. Besides, it tried
to understand the users’ experience and the unique set of challenges that this mode of
education brings.

Four separate questionnaires were created for school students, school teachers, college
students, and college professors. The questions inquired about various aspects of online classes
such as setting up online education at home, knowledge transfer, comfort, evaluation, and
future aspects. The questionnaires were circulated electronically as google forms. The
responses were received from the teachers (school teachers and college professors considering
all courses) and learners (school and college students considering all courses) of various
educational institutions across the country. The data was compiled and the results were
discussed in two ways: the perspectives of teaching versus the learning group and secondly,
school versus college groups on online versus regular classes. Though online training/distance
education is practiced for a long time, the research on the mentioned aspects was limited. This
study is the first of its kind, reflecting the merits and demerits of the new-normal online
education from home in the compiled voice of teachers and learners.The study addresses the
participant’s compliments and grievances about online education compared to regular classes.
This further enlightens how to improve the technologies to make them use more efficiently.
Besides, this study gives a proper framework to modify or create educational policies, laws, and
schemes to obtain equal access to resources for all.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Students employ the Internet in educational matters such as writing papers, searching
for answers to questions, and communicating with classmates on homework. However,
time spent in activities where “surfing the net” occurs could substitute away from time
allocated to reading, studying, and completing homework. This may hurt academic
 performance in the short term. So, the study assessed the effectiveness of the use of
internet services and its effects on students’ academic performances. An official of the
Department of Education (DepEd) on Tuesday assured that the agency continues to
find ways to address the existing and emerging concerns in the implementation of
blended learning this school year but said that Internet connectivity problems are
beyond its control. “Internet problem is not just a problem in the Philippines but it’s
also a problem globally,” Sevilla said. While DepEd recognizes that having an
Internet connection is “one big factor in education but right now,” she noted that
DepEd is adopting a blended learning approach this year.
“DepEd cannot address the Internet problem. What we can do is to move on,” Sevilla
said. “We have to do something and we need to have an alternative while they’re
working on the Internet connection,” she added. Sevilla said that DepEd
acknowledges that slow Internet connection is indeed a problem “but for education,
we need to continue and we need to do something that we can do, and that’s the
modular approach.”

1.3 Hypothesis

Teacher-student-Parents relationship has a significant relationship with the academic

engagement of student in schools. Internet has a moderating impact on students’
Academic engagement and teacher’s student relationship in schools. Teachers possess
enough knowledge and experience in the subject matter that qualifies them to be the
teachers. Students normally follow the teachers’ instructions because students have
trust in their teachers. They relate to their teachers and have respect for them. Having
positive communication and connection between the teacher, parents and the students
results in a good relationship between them that makes students more engaged in their
academics.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

Before introducing the conceptual framework, we give a brief overview of some
contemporary methods for analysis of learning process data.
3.1. Intelligent Methods for Processing and Analyzing of Educational Data
Applying modern methods towards the investigation and problem solving of teaching–
learning–assessment of university students is not a new idea and it is already used by several
researchers [11,12,13,14].
The research methods for investigation of relationships and dependencies between
educational indicators, objects or processes could be divided into three main groups:
1. Machine learning;
2. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM);
3. Analysis of big (streaming) data.
The first group of methods is appropriate for exploratory data analysis, predictive analytics
(classification and regression) and text analysis. Exploratory data analysis is an approach to
analysing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods
(clustering). Predictive analytics focuses on the application of statistical models for forecasting
or classification. Machine learning methods for text analytics applies statistical and linguistic
techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources.
Various supervised learning algorithms and neural networks from the first group are
applicable for educational data: for example, J48, Non-Nested Generalisation (NNge) and
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) [15], Random Forest [16], ensemble [17], Deep Learning [18,19].
Clustering methods like k-means [20,21], document frequency method and support vector
machines [22] for students’ data also belong to this group.
The methods for multi-criteria decision analysis with crisp and fuzzy numbers refer to the
second group of research methods. MCDM has been an important part of decision sciences
since 1960. It is used to define ranking and offers a selection of the most suitable candidates
among a set of alternatives, which are evaluated by multiple criteria.
The advantages of MCDM methods are as follows:
1. They are appropriate even on a small number of observations, while the alternative
probabilistic methods are suitable only for a large quantity of homogenous objects.
2. The alternatives could be evaluated both with crisp values and uncertain estimates
(linguistic variables).
3. They work in both individual and group decision-making mode.
The literature review indicates that many researchers apply MCDM methods to examine
educational data. For example, Huzaifa Marina Osman et al. have conducted a study to
investigate adoptions factors of ubiquitous learning with Near Field Communication (NFC) and
have ranked them using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a MCDM approach [23].
To solve the problem of how to select the right and most suitable e-learning systems,
Çelikbilek and Tüylü have inquired into the relations of the system components and have
prioritized them in detail for stakeholders. The authors have revealed causal relations among
the systems’ parts by using fuzzy DEcision MAking Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)
[24].
Naveed et al. have employed AHP and fuzzy AHP methods with group decision-making to
study the diversified factors from different dimensions of the web-based e-learning system
[25].
Ilieva and Yankova have proposed a new decision-making methodology for early students’
failure detection in fuzzy environment. High school background, subjects studied in the
university and activities in learning management systems (LMS) were determined as factors
influencing students’ performance [26].
The last group encompasses the methods for big data analysis. The transitioning to
distance learning and online development of knowledge and skills during the pandemic have
accelerated the introduction of LMS and e-testing in universities. The growth of educational
data volumes has increased their role in planning and decision making. Big data analytics helps
the students’ data to be summarized by various attributes (university, faculty, major, year of
study, syllabus, subject, study topic or test) in real time; for example, by using streaming
algorithms. After analysis of the obtained results, the learning content could be personalized
and optimized, being adapted to the individual learning style of each student. For instance, the
early prediction of risk of dropping out informs instructors which students require more
attention. The data footprints which the students leave about themselves on social networks,
forums or Internet sites may also be used to increase the effectiveness of learning; for instance,
to predict the future career of each student.
Through the big data technologies, the educators could create optimal learning
environment for every student as follows:
1. offer flexible, relevant and personalized e-content;
2. assess objectively from distance in reliable examination environment [27];
3. recommend courses and practices, appropriate for career development.
This group of methods includes also streaming data algorithms, related to data processing
continuously rather than in batches. The huge amount of data, their sequential access and the
restriction that data should be examined in only one pass, require streaming processing.
Streaming data analysis can detect patterns in students’ behaviour in real time, and this
information could be sent to alert instructors. Commonly used algorithms for streaming data
are Very Fast Decision Tree, Hoeffding Adaptive Trees, Stream Clustering (CluSTREAM) and
Stream k-means for classification [28,29,30,31].
The described three groups of methods are suitable for analysis of different volumes of
both structured and unstructured data, as well as data with various attributes (continuous,
discrete and categorical types), which also could be measured with symmetric and asymmetric
fuzzy estimates.
3.2. The Framework for Smart Processing of Educational Data
There is a multitude of studies dedicated to the creation of unified frameworks for
intelligent data analysis [26,32,33,34,35]. Their disadvantages are as follows:
 They do not include all the mandatory stages of data processing according to data
science.
 They cover one or few data analysis algorithms listed in Section 3.1.
 They rely only on paid technologies accessible for a limited number of users.
Regardless of the large number of previous studies, there is still no generally accepted
system for intelligent processing of educational data. In this section, we offer a new detailed
framework (Figure 1), which incorporates classical and modern algorithms for data analysis for
a variety of educational data with specialized software or packages and libraries for
programming languages like R and Python.

1.5 Significance of the study

The Importance of Online Learning to Students and Teachers Considering a
virtual school experience for your child? This article discusses the importance
of online learning to both students and teachers.As technology advances and
user experience improves, so too does the popularity of online education. It’s
been proven to be a successful method of learning and offers a number of
different benefits when compared with traditional education. While it is
beneficial, it also has certain challenges. Understanding the advantages of
online learning is important because it could help you make big decisions
regarding your or your child’s education. In this article, we will discuss the
importance of online learning to students and teachers.an advantage of online
learning is it can connect students and teachers around the world. With
traditional education, location dictates which classes you could sign up for.
This isn’t the case with online learning. You can sign up for classes all over the
world, providing a more in-depth understanding of the global industry and
helping children build their network and develop an international mindset.
Gaining different perspectives and learning about different cultures also aids
children’s thinking skills. This highlights the importance of online learning for
students because it can open the door to new opportunities and help them
develop skills that will serve them well in their future careers.When
considering the importance of online learning to students and teachers,
flexible learning hours are a big influence. Circumstances mean you can’t
always follow the traditional classroom education timetable and being able to
learn with more flexible hours can be an important benefit. Online learning
offers students the opportunity to learn whenever best suits them. This helps
them, and their parents, balance their education with their home life.
Transport to school and their parents working hours are two examples of
external influences that could impact a traditional education, however, with
online learning these don’t have to be a problem. Whether it’s 6 AM or 6 PM,
giving children the flexibility to learn when they feel motivated may also
increase their ability to retain information. Every student learns differently,
and in traditional education, children must adapt to the pace of the class or be
left behind. One advantage of online learning is that children have more
freedom to work at their own pace, which improves their learning experience
and helps them build a better understanding with their teacher. This is also
important for the teacher because it helps them structure their classes to suit
the individual learning requirements of each child. The outcome: improved
grades and a more enjoyable experience for the student and the teacher.
Children learn better and feel more comfortable learning in an environment of
their choosing. This isn’t always possible in a classroom but is one of the key
advantages of online learning. As a student or a parent, you understand where
you work best, whether it’s in the library, at home or anywhere else. Being
able to take a laptop or tablet into your ideal working environment helps
children maximize their potential and gain the most from their education.
Everyone works differently and some students may prefer the classroom, but
for those that don’t, this flexibility can have a positive impact on how they
absorb information and help them improve their grades traditional learning
methods allow the teacher to decide how they will convey information to their
students, but online learning provides more flexibility and gives children
 control over their education. We all learn differently – some of us prefer quiet
study, others like interactive tasks and being challenged under pressure. While
there are tasks online, one of the advantages is that it gives students time to
teach themselves concepts differently. Some students prefer to learn slowly
and explore different learning methods, helping them fully retain information.
Once they feel prepared, they can then take online tests or ask their parents
to challenge them on what they have learned.This article should help you
understand the importance of online learning to students and teachers, and
whether an online learning experience would be beneficial for your child. If
you’re considering a virtual education, you can learn more about the
experience we provide through Nord Anglia schools on our virtual
schools page.

1.6 scope and delimitation of the study

Furthermore, there is considerable concern from the academic community about the quality
of online learning. Pre-pandemic, some faculty and students were already skeptical about the
value of online learning. The longer the pandemic lasts, the more they may question the value
of online education, asking: Can online learning during the pandemic produce learning
outcomes that are similar to face-to-face learning before the pandemic? Despite the
documented benefits of online learning prior to the pandemic, the actual impact of online
learning during the pandemic on students’ academic performance is still unknown due to
reasons outlined below.

On one hand, several factors beyond the technology used could influence the effectiveness of
online learning, one of which is the teaching context. The sudden transition to online learning
has posed many challenges to faculty and students. Faculty may not have had adequate time to
carefully design online courses to take full advantage of the possibilities of the online format.
Some faculty may not have had prior online teaching experience and experienced a deeper
learning curve when it came to adopting online teaching methods . Students may have been at
the risk of increased anxiety due to concerns about contracting the virus, on time graduation,
finances, and employment , which may have negatively impacted learning performance .
Therefore, whether online learning during the pandemic could produce learning outcomes
similar to those of online learning implemented during more normal times remains to be
determined.

Most existing studies on online learning in dental education during the pandemic have only
reported students’ satisfaction. The actual impact of the online format on academic
performance has not been empirically investigated. The few studies that have examined
students’ learning outcomes have only used students’ self-reported data from surveys and
focus groups. According to Kaczmarek et al. , 50 % of the participating dental faculty at Harvard
University perceived student learning to have worsened during the pandemic and 70 % of the
students felt the same. Abbasi et al.reported that 86 % of medical and dental students in a
Pakistan college felt that they learned less online. While student opinions are important,
research has demonstrated a poor correlation between students’ perceived learning and actual
learning gains . As we continue to navigate the “new normal” in teaching, students’ learning
performance needs to be empirically evaluated to help institutions gauge the impact of this
grand online learning experiment

1.6 Definition of Terms

Career- an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life and with
opportunities for progress.

Pandemic- (of a disease) prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the

whole world; epidemic over a large area.

Internet-  global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.

Online Class- An online class is a course conducted over the Internet. They
are generally conducted through a learning management system, in which
students can view their course syllabus and academic progress, as well as
communicate with fellow students and their course instructor.
Jhon Michael M. Aquino
HUMMS II-Hope

Balangkas ng Pananaliksik
I.
 
Pamagat
Uso o Abuso? Mga salik na nakakaapekto sa pananakot at pang-
aasar (bullying) atsosyal, emosyonal at sikolohikal na
epekto nito sa kabataan ayon sa pananaw ngmga mag-aaral sa
sekondarya.
II.
 
Paglalahad ng Suliranin
Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglalayong matukoy at masuri ang mga
salik nanakakaapekto sa pananakot at pang-aasar (bullying) at
sosyal, emosyonal atsikolohikal na epekto nito sa kabataan ayon
sa pananaw ng mga mag-aaral sasekondarya.Ang pag-aaral na
ito ay naglalayong masagot ang mga sumusunod na
katanungan:1.
 
Ano ang bullying?2.
 
Ano ang profayl ng mga respondent?1.1
 
Kasarian1.2
 
Katayuan sa Buhay 3.
 
Anu-ano ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa pananakot at pang-
aasar sa mgakabataan?4.
 
Anu-ano ang mga sosyal, emosyonal o sikolohikal na epekto
nito sa mgakabataan?5.
 
Anu-ano ang mga posibleng solusyon sa mga nasabing sularin
upangmapigilan ang paglalala nito?
III.
 
Kalahok
Tinatarget ng pag-aaral na ito ang mga mag-aaral ng
sekondarya.Ang mga kalahok ay bubuin ng mga estudyante na
magmumula sa unang pangkat(pilot section) ng una
hanggang ikaapat na antas ng sekondarya.Kakailanganin din ang
partisipasyon ng guidance counsellor sa pag-aaral na itoupang
matiyak ang istratehiyang makatutulong sa paglutas ng nasabing
suliranin.
IV.
 
Instrumentong Gagamitin
Gagamitin sa pag-aaral na ito ang paraan ng pakikipanayam at
sarbey