Chap 1+2

Fluid Mechanics
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering – Winter Term 2020/2021
Jörg Franke I Senior Lecturer cum Academic Coordinator

Bachelor Programs Civil Engineering (BCE) | Architecture (ARC)
Version 1.00
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Fluid properties
3. Fluid statics
4. Integral and differential conservation laws
5. Potential flow
6. Viscous flow in ducts
7. Flow past immersed bodies
8. Compressible flow
2 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

1. Introduction
Organization of lecture, exercises and the exam
 Course with 6 ECTS credit points, 6 x 30 hours workload (for students)
 30 academic hours lecture
 30 academic hours exercises
 Wednesdays, 08:45-10:15 and 10:30-12:00, planned

 weekly, 23.09.-16.12.2020
 weekly, 20.01.-27.01.2021
 Written exam (120 minutes, open book, after Tet holiday 2021)
 Lecture slides and exercise tasks on eLearning system Moodle

(http://moodle.vgu.edu.vn/)
 Problems with Moodle? Contact Dr. Mark Spittle (mark.spittle@vgu.edu.vn)
 Lecture contents follow roughly

White, F. M. (2016). Fluid Mechanics (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Available in VGU library

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Fluid mechanics: branch of science concerned with moving and static fluids (vast
majority of the universe‘s mass exists in fluid state!).
 Dynamics: branch of science concerned with movement of material under the influence
of external forces (e.g. rigid bodies, elastic bodies, fluids)
 Solid has a preferred shape, while fluid does not
 Fluid deforms continuously under the action of a shear force, however small
solid fluid
(Kundu and Cohen 2002)
1. Introduction
Motivation
 Basic investigations (https://www.dlr.de/media/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-

4995/8426_read-17464/) (PIV = Particle Image Velocimetry)

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Basic investigations – Flow in a pipe junction

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Medicine – Blood flow (cerebral aneurysm)

(https://www.philips.co.in/healthcare/resources/landing/clinical-suites/neuro-suite )

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Medicine – Flow in the upper airways (by CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics)

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Transportation – Car aerodynamics

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Transportation – High speed train aerodynamics
(https://www.dlr.de/media/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4988/8425_read-17281/ )
1. Introduction
Motivation
 Transportation – High speed train aerodynamics (CFD)
(https://mdx2.plm.automation.siemens.com/sites/default/files/Train%20Aerodynamics.jpg)
1. Introduction
Motivation
 Transportation – Vortex behind starting airplane

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Meteorology – Typhoon

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Wind Engineering – Vortex shedding from lighting poles (resonance)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OExYy28moc)
1. Introduction
Motivation
 Wind Engineering – Wind playing with ducks …

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm0rFhZPkZ8)

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Sports Engineering – Humans playing with balls …
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItZwYNWUONw)
1. Introduction
Motivation
 Fluid Dynamics is simply beautiful …

1. Introduction
Motivation
 Fluid dynamics important for physicists and engineers in various fields:
 Meteorology, oceanography, geology

 Aerospace engineering (aircraft design, engine design, climatization of cabin)
 Civil engineering (hydropower plants, irrigation canals, water supply systems, wind
loads, ventilation)
 Mechanical engineering (vehicle design, casting, flow machinery design, energy,

lubrication)
 Chemical engineering (mixing and transport, chemical reacting flows, multiphase

flows)
 Medical engineering (blood circulation, in-/exhalation, incubator)

 Sports engineering (balls, cyclists, ski jumping)

1. Introduction
Motivation
 (One possible) Classification of Fluid Dynamics
Continuum
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid Viscous
Laminar Turbulent
Compressible Incompressible Internal External

1. Introduction
Mathematical conventions
 a scalar
 a vector, symbolic notation (sometimes bold, a)
 ai vector, components
 a·b scalar (dot) product between two vectors => result is a scalar
 axb vector (cross) product between two vectors => result is a vector
 ab dyadic product (⨂) between two vectors => result is a 2nd rank tensor
 𝐴 tensor (2nd rank), symbolic notation
 Aij tensor (2nd rank), components
  Nabla operator
𝑇
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= , ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 dij Kronecker delta
1, 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝛿𝑖𝑗 =
0. 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Fluid properties
3. Fluid statics
4. Kinematics
5. Conservation laws
6. Internal flows
7. External flows

2. Fluid properties
Introduction
 Show relation between molecular behavior and macoscopic properties
 Definition of limit of the continuum hypothesis
 Presentation of (molecular) transport phenomena for mass, heat and momentum

2. Fluid properties
2.1 Continuum hypothesis
Continuum
(Bird, Stewart, & Lightfoot, 2002)

2. Fluid properties
 Every day life (macroscopic): Material as continuum

 Material arbitrarily dividable, with always the same properties
 Field variables (𝜌, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑝, 𝑇) defined in every spatial location
 Field variables vary continuously
 In reality (molecular): molecular structure of material

 Material consists of discrete molecules/atoms (discontinuous)
 Many macroscopic properties of material are caused by dynamics at atomic
length scales
=> Definition of continuum from molecular structure of material
=> Continuum is a model (approximation): limitations (errors)!

2. Fluid properties
Molecular structure of material
 Atomic length scale (diameter): d ~ 10-10 m = 1 Å(ngström)

 Molecules/atoms have kinetic energy (thermal movement)
 Intermolecular/-atomic interaction (force)
=> ratio of both determines aggregate state
Solid Liquid Gas

Intermolecular Intermolecular Intermolecular
interaction >> interaction  interaction <<
thermal energy thermal energy thermal energy

2. Fluid properties
Example: mass density r (mass/volume, M/V)
Mean molecular/atomic mass Thermal Macroscopic

fluctuations Density gradients
in volume V:

N
mi
r i 1
V
N: number in V
mi: single mass
M M*
Extrapolation to x:
r ( x)  lim 
V 0 V V*
Mass density r as
continuous function
in space und time! 0

2. Fluid properties
Analogous for other field variables (u,v,w,p,T)
 Mean velocity in volumen V:
1
i 1 c i N: number of atoms/molecules in V
N
u
N ci: molecule/atom velocity
 Mean molecule/atom velocity from mean kinetic energy:
1 2 1
i1 mi c i
N
mc 
2
2 N
 Temperature from mean molecule/atom velocity:
1 2 3 c: mean molecule/atom velocity

mc  k BT
2 2 kB: Boltzmann constant

2. Fluid properties
Mean molecule/atom velocity (atmospheric pressure, 20°C):
 Air: c ~ 500 m/s

 Water: c ~ 600 m/s
 much larger than „normal“ |u|!
 Averaging over large N (statistics), or sufficient large V*
 Range of validity / limits of continuum theory for fluids
Micro-
50 mm 50 mm
channels

2. Fluid properties
Range of validity / limits of continuum theory for fluids
Minimum number of molecules / atoms:

N = 108 = 100000000
=> Necessary volume V* (characteristic length ℓ = V*1/3)
at atmospheric pressure and 20°C (Orders of magnitude!)
 Water: V* = 10-21 m3 => ℓ = 10-7 m = 0.1 mm

 Air (gas): V* = 10-18 m3 => ℓ = 10-6 m = 1 mm
Continuum theory valid if

typical macroscopic length scale L >> ℓ

2. Fluid properties
Range of validity / limits of continuum theory for fluids (detailed for gases)
Knudsen number as dimensionless number
f f: mean free molecular/atomic path

Kn  L: characteristic length scale of flow
L
Continuum flow 0 < Kn < 10-2
Slip flow 10-2 < Kn < 10-1
Nearly free molecular flow 10-1 < Kn < 10
Free molecular flow 10 < Kn < 

2. Fluid properties
Range of validity / limits of continuum theory for fluids (detailed for gases)
Knudsen number as dimensionless number
f f: mean free molecular/atomic path

Kn  L: characteristic length scale of flow
L
Mean free path for air at room temperature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path

2. Fluid properties
Summary
Mean (average over volume V* or number N) molecular/atomic
properties are extrapolated to V* -> 0.
=> Continuous distribution of field variables (space, time)
Field variables of continuum fluid mechanics:
• Mass density r ( x, t )
• Velocity u( x, t )
• Pressure p( x, t )
• Temperature T ( x, t )

2. Fluid properties
2.2 Transport phenomena
Mass diffusion
 Diffusion of one gas (species) into another
 Random migration will lead to perfect mixing
 Fully seperated
 Mixing by random motion (collisions)
 Fully mixed

2. Fluid properties
Mass diffusion
 Transport from higher to lower

concentration C
 Fick‘s law
𝑞𝑚 = −𝑘𝑚 𝛻𝐶
 𝑞𝑚 : (molecular) mass flux

 𝑘𝑚 : diffusion coefficient
 𝛻𝐶: concentration gradient
(Kundu and Cohen 2002) C

2. Fluid properties
Heat conduction (temperature diffusion)
 Transport from higher to lower

temperature T
T(y)
 Fourier‘s law
𝑞 = −𝑘𝛻𝑇 𝑞
 𝑞: (molecular) heat flux

 𝑘: thermal conductivity
 𝛻𝑇: temperature gradient
(Kundu and Cohen 2002) T

2. Fluid properties
Momentum diffusion
 Intermolecular collisions (momentum

exchange) tend to make u uniform (reduce
gradient)
 Momentum flux equivalent to existence of

shear stress t
 For Newtonian fluid
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
 𝜇: dynamic viscosity
(Kundu and Cohen 2002) u

2. Fluid properties
Momentum diffusion
 Dynamic viscosity: necessary force (per

area) that is needed to generate the 𝜇
velocity gradient du/dy
𝜏
𝜇=
𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑦 liquid
 Units: N s / m2
 𝜈: kinematic viscosity gas

𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
 Units: m2 / s (Zierep and Bühler 2018)
 Dynamic viscosity depends on temperature

(and slightly on pressure), 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝑝, 𝑇

2. Fluid properties
2.4 Data for common fluids
All diagrams and tables in section 2.4 from

White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, 4th edition,
McGraw-Hill
 Dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases as

function of temperature (at pressure of 1
atm = 101 325 Pa)

2. Fluid properties
All diagrams and tables in section 2.4 from

White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, 4th edition,
McGraw-Hill
 Kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases

as function of temperature (at pressure of 1
atm = 101 325 Pa)

2. Fluid properties
 Density and viscosity of water (at pressure of 1 atm = 101 325 Pa)

2. Fluid properties
 Density and viscosity of air (at pressure of 1 atm = 101 325 Pa)

References
Bird, R. B., et al. (2002). Transport Phenomena. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Kundu, P. K. and I. M. Cohen (2002). Fluid Mechanics. San Diego, Academic Press.
White, F. M. (2016). Fluid Mechanics. New York, McGraw-Hill.
Zierep, J. and K. Bühler (2018). Grundzüge der Strömungslehre: Grundlagen, Statik und
Dynamik der Fluide. Wiesbaden, Springer Vieweg.

VGU
VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Jörg Franke
Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward,

Thu Dau Mot City,
Binh Duong Province,
VIETNAM
Tel. (0650) 222 0990 Ext. 115
Mobil 081 487 3675
joerg.franke@vgu.edu.vn
visit www.vgu.edu.vn

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Fluid Mechanics

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering – Winter Term 2020/2021

Jörg Franke I Senior Lecturer cum Academic Coordinator

4. Integral and differential conservation laws

6. Viscous flow in ducts

7. Flow past immersed bodies

2 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Course with 6 ECTS credit points, 6 x 30 hours workload (for students)

 30 academic hours lecture

 30 academic hours exercises

 Wednesdays, 08:45-10:15 and 10:30-12:00, planned

 Lecture slides and exercise tasks on eLearning system Moodle

 Problems with Moodle? Contact Dr. Mark Spittle (mark.spittle@vgu.edu.vn)

 Lecture contents follow roughly

 Available in VGU library

 Solid has a preferred shape, while fluid does not

 Basic investigations (https://www.dlr.de/media/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-

5 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Basic investigations – Flow in a pipe junction

6 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Medicine – Blood flow (cerebral aneurysm)

7 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

8 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Transportation – Car aerodynamics

9 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Transportation – High speed train aerodynamics

 Transportation – High speed train aerodynamics (CFD)

 Transportation – Vortex behind starting airplane

12 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

13 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Wind Engineering – Vortex shedding from lighting poles (resonance)

 Wind Engineering – Wind playing with ducks …

15 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Sports Engineering – Humans playing with balls …

 Fluid Dynamics is simply beautiful …

17 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Fluid dynamics important for physicists and engineers in various fields:

 Meteorology, oceanography, geology

 Mechanical engineering (vehicle design, casting, flow machinery design, energy,

 Chemical engineering (mixing and transport, chemical reacting flows, multiphase

 Medical engineering (blood circulation, in-/exhalation, incubator)

18 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 (One possible) Classification of Fluid Dynamics

Compressible Incompressible Internal External

19 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

21 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Show relation between molecular behavior and macoscopic properties

 Definition of limit of the continuum hypothesis

 Presentation of (molecular) transport phenomena for mass, heat and momentum

22 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

(Bird, Stewart, & Lightfoot, 2002)

23 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 Every day life (macroscopic): Material as continuum

 In reality (molecular): molecular structure of material

=> Definition of continuum from molecular structure of material

=> Continuum is a model (approximation): limitations (errors)!

24 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

Molecular structure of material

 Atomic length scale (diameter): d ~ 10-10 m = 1 Å(ngström)

=> ratio of both determines aggregate state

Solid Liquid Gas

25 22.09.2020 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY