Lecture: 3

SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary
Department of Mechanical and Automobile
Institute of Engineering,
Thapathali Campus,
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
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 Human Factor
• Engineers will often focus on the technically difficult design factors and overlook the small but
important details.
• The result is often an unhappy customer saying, “They should have thought about that.”
• The simplest is to imagine how the customer would use the device.
• It is critical to think about the minute details such as where the user will look, bend down, push
buttons, move, and so on.

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 Ergonomics
• scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other
elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design
in order to optimise human well-being and overall system performance.
• The basic tenets of ergonomics include
i. Do not exceed physical limits and cause damage.
ii. Relax: Don’t overwhelm senses and cause an impulsive reaction.
iii. Make it easy for the brain to understand the message.
iv. Do not require prolonged or exaggerated exertion.
v. Effort should require minimal control and effort.

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 Vehicle Ergonomics

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 Human Engineering Considerations

• Stress
• Information overload/confusion
• Eye strain
• Noise: Direct hearing or annoyance
• Comfortable temperature and humidity
• Isolate lower frequency vibrations to prevent motion sickness
• Isolate high frequency vibrations to prevent loss of sensation and
nerve damage

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 DFX
• Design for X (DFX) is a methodology that works towards improving processes in a specific field (X) like
manufacturing, power, variability, cost, yield and reliability. So, depending on the needs, the
methodology works towards designing for improvement (excellence) in the realm of focus.
• DFX is a design mentality which highlights certain aspects above rest.
• X is the variable like cost, function or power.
• If we opt for DFX methodology for power for a design of an electric power then we’ll prioritize the
overall output from the motor above other aspects like materials, cost, power consumptions and so
on.
• The family of design for X (DFX) techniques has been developed to capture the knowledge of experts,
giving designers guidelines for analysis and redesign.
• There is no single body of “design-for” techniques.
• Design for assembly (DFA) and design for manufacturing (DFM; sometimes called DFMA) are the two
most popular.
• The reason why DFX is simple; it works!
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 Advantages of DFX
• Allows Designers to prioritize one aspect or selling
point for the product.
• Makes the product/process seamless and ensures
reliability.
• Creates a competitive marketplace:- One product
specializes in one aspect, the other specializes in
another.
• Leads to innovations: - When designers are objective on
their outlook, they have much more room to be
creative than “just designing an overall product”.

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 Steps in DFX
• Determine the issue (X) targeted for consideration.
• Determine where to focus: the product as a whole, an individual component, a subassembly, or a
process plan.
• Identify methods for measuring the X characteristics, and techniques to improve them. These
techniques may include mathematical or experimental methods, computer modelling, or a set of
heuristics.
• The DFX strategy is implemented by insisting the product development team focus on the X and by
using parametric measurements and improvement techniques as early in the design process as
possible.

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 Design for Manufacturability (DFM)

• Reduce the total number of parts

• Develop a modular design
• Use of standard components.
• Design parts for multi-use.
• Design for ease of fabrication

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Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary