Lecture: 10

SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary
Department of Mechanical and Automobile
Institute of Engineering,
Thapathali Campus,
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
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 Continuity and Momentum Equations

• For all flows, ANSYS solves conservation equations for mass and momentum.
• For flows involving heat transfer or compressibility, an additional equation for energy conservation is
solved.
• For flows involving species mixing or reactions, a species conservation equation is solved.
• If the non-premixed combustion model is used, conservation equations for the mixture fraction and
its variance are solved.
• Additional transport equations are also solved when the flow is turbulent.

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 Mass Conservation Equation
• The equation for conservation of mass, or continuity equation is the general form of
the mass conservation equation and is valid for incompressible as well as compressible flows. The
source Sm is the mass added to the continuous phase from the dispersed second phase (for example,
due to vaporization of liquid droplets) and any user-defined sources.
• For 2D axisymmetric geometries, the continuity equation

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 Momentum Conservation Equations

• Conservation of momentum in an inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame is described by

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 Navier-Stokes Equation
• Navier-Stokes equation, in fluid mechanics, a partial differential equation that describes the flow of
incompressible fluids. The equation is a generalization of the equation devised by Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler in the 18th century to describe the flow of incompressible and
frictionless fluids. In 1821 French engineer Claude-Louis Navier introduced the element of viscosity
(friction) for the more realistic and vastly more difficult problem of viscous fluids. Throughout the
middle of the 19th century, British physicist and mathematician Sir George Gabriel Stokes improved
on this work, though complete solutions were obtained only for the case of simple two-dimensional
flows. The complex vortices and turbulence, or chaos, that occur in three-dimensional fluid
(including gas) flows as velocities increase have proven intractable to any but approximate numerical
analysis methods.

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 Fluid Flow Networks
• Fluid flow networks are used for water or other liquid equilibrium distribution in buildings, cities and
industrial systems. A pipe network is the system of pipes connecting one or more systems of pipes to
various delivery points.
• Under steady state laminar flow conditions, these systems become analogous to axially loaded bars.
Flow in a pipe is said to be laminar for Reynold’s number up to 2300. Reynold’s number Re for a
circular pipe of diameter D is defined as Re = ρVD/μ
•

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 • Consider a typical pipe flow network element. Volume flow q1 and q2 are related to element nodal
pressures p1 and p2 by the Hagen-Poiseuille law as

Assembling the element stiffness matrix gives the equations relating global nodal pressure P1, P2, P3, ….
And global nodal flow rates Q1, Q2, Q3,…..

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 Fluid Load
• Pressure
• Velocity
• Flow rate
• Temperature
• Heat flux
• Heat Generation
• Hydraulic Head
• Hydraulic Diameter

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 Modal and analysis of turbo machines

• Any devices that extracts energy from or imparts energy to a continuously moving stream of fluid
(liquid or gas) can be called a turbomachine.
• The Examples of turbomachine: windmills, waterwheels, ship propeller, hydraulic and gas turbines,
pump and compressor.
• The work principle of turbomachine: the energy transfer being carried out by the action of one or
more rotating blade rows.
• The dynamic action of rotating blades sets up forces between the blades and fluid while the
components of these forces in the direction of blade motion give rise to the energy transfer between
the blades and fluid.

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 Fluid Flow Model Analysis
Fluid Mixing Problem

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 Turbine Blade

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 Centrifugal Pump

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