07.1 SGS-NDT-009 Procedure ASME V PT

Code: SGS–NDT–009
Industrial Services Business Line, Global

Version: 2.0
Date: 2022-05-31
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION
Page: 1 of 14

(ASME V Article 6)
SGS Industrial Services
NDT
SGS – NDT – 009
Issued By Reviewed By Approved By
MARCO Digitally signed by

MARCO ORLANDO
ORLANDO AUCANCELA
AUCANCEL GUAMAN
Date: 2022.05.31
A GUAMAN 15:56:16 -05'00'
Eng. Oscar Delgado L.

Technical Manager Eng. Alfredo Tenorio Eng. Marco Aucancela
Industrial & Environment ASNT NDT Level III ASNT NDT Level III
SGS del Peru S.A.C. Register: 193571 Register: 175531
2022– 05 – 29 2022 – 05 – 30 2022 – 05 – 31
If this document is printed or being viewed from other than the SGS Industrial Division Quality SharePoint Server, it is an uncontrolled copy and may no
longer be valid, check SharePoint to verify version and date.
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TABLE TO CHANGE CONTROL
04
03
02
01 2022/05/31 Revision Updated OD AT AT MA
00 2016/06/07 Developed Issue JT JT OD OD
Rev. Purpose of Details of

Date Prepared Reviewed Reviewed Approved
N°. Emision changes
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INT RODUCT ION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

2 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 DEFINIT IONS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4 QUAL IFICAT ION OF PE RSONNEL ............................................................................................................................................ 4
5 SAFET Y PRECAUT IONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
6 SURFACE CONDIT ION .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
7 COMPAT IBILIT Y OF MAT ERIALS .............................................................................................................................................. 6
8 PROCESS CONT R OLS .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
9 PENET RANT PR OCESS ES .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
10 COMPIL AT ION OF T E CHNIQUE S ......................................................................................................................................... 12
11 ACCEPT AN CE ST AND ARD ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
12 REPORTIN G .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
13 RE- EXAMINAT ION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
14 INDEX OF T ECH NIQUE S ............................................................................................................................................................ 14
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1 INT RODUCT ION

This Procedure details the methods to be used by SGS Personnel for the Dye Penetrant Examination of
components and weldments in ferritic and non-ferritic materials, in accordance
with ASME V Article 6. The procedure is applies to all materials and product forms and the standards are
listed in references.
This Procedure is only valid when read with the appropriate Technique sheet
2 REFERENCES
Records of references and related documents are contained in a database and maintained by the QA
department. The current status of the document are controlled by the database and records of procedure
review recorded there. If changes to a document are required as a result of the review then the procedure
is updated and re-issued.
ASME Boiler & Pressure Liquid Penetrant Examination.

Vessel Code, Section V,
Article 6
ASME Boiler & Pressure Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method.
Vessel Code, Section V,
Article 24,
SE-165
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Non-Destructive
Testing
ASNT CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive Testing
Personnel
3 DEFINIT IONS
ASNT American Society of Non Destructive

Testing
ASME American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
COSHH Control Of Substances Hazardous to
Health
4 QUAL IFICAT ION OF PERSONNEL

Unless otherwise specified by the client or contract, Dye Penetrant Inspection personnel applying this
procedure shall be familiar with this procedure and all other referenced documents and be qualified to the
relevant Level, Sector and Category for the item being inspected in accordance with;
• CSWIP Grade 2
• SNT Level 2
• ISO 9712 Level 2
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Utilisation of other approval schemes is permitted by prior agreement between contracting parties. The
approval scheme to be used shall be detailed in and form part of the specific technique sheet. Typical
schemes are listed below:
Technicians shall be capable of reading the letter sizes equivalent to those defined as Jaeger 1 or Times
New Roman N4.5 at a distance of 30cm and shall be tested for colour blindness particularly in the colours
or shades of gray to be used in subsequent testing. The visual acuity test shall be carried out annually and
a record of the tests shall be maintained on file. The colour test is only required once as it is rare that this
deteriorates.
5 SAFET Y PRECAUT IONS

Personnel applying this procedure shall work in accordance with company procedures and the CoSHH
regulations.
Some of the materials used in magnetic particle inspection may be toxic; therefore they must be used in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. There are assessment sheets available from line
management and related sites for the chemicals in use. These sheets, as defined by the CoSHH
Regulations, detail the PPE required, precautions to be taken while using consumables and action to be
taken if inhalation, ingestion or splashing on to eyes occurs.
Where work is undertaken in confined spaces, additional company and client requirements may be imposed.
DPI consumables should be used in well-ventilated areas and kept away from sources of heat, sparks or
naked flames.
Flammable fluids and aerosols used in conjunction with high currents can be a fire hazard and so care
should be taken to reduce the risk of sparks when using such equipment.
Electrical safety is also a consideration when using magnetising equipment, therefore all equipment shall
be in good order and fully insulated. Where required, mains supply shall be protected by an ELCB (Earth
Leakage Circuit Breaker).
All electrical equipment shall be inspected for obvious defects prior to any inspection. Halogen lamps
should be used with caution when carrying out Dye Penetrant Inspection due to the flammable nature of
the consumable materials. The properties of the consumable materials create two significant problems in
this regard;
i) The low flash point of such materials mean that arcing from a broken bulb, exposed wire or
damaged fitting could result in ignition.
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The auto ignition temperatures of the consumable material can be within the temperature range reached
by the bare bulb of halogen type light, given the right conditions, this could result in ignition
6 SURFACE CONDIT ION

The surface to be examined shall be free from grease, oil, rust, scale, slag and adhering or embedded grit,
sand or other extraneous materials that may interfere with the interpretation of the test. Cleaning by
mechanical means, (e.g. grinding) shall have the Client’s prior approval.
The methods of pre-cleaning used for cleaning the surface must not be detrimental to the metal, surface
finish or the test itself.
Some surface treatments can also leave undesirable surfaces e.g. blasting, peening etc. These treatments
should be avoided when penetrant inspection methods are to be employed.
Since penetrant inspection is used to locate surface breaking flaws, it is crucial that the surfaces to be
examined are completely clean and so a pre-cleaning operation is included in the process.
Aluminium based abrasives and/or stainless steel wire brushes used for cleaning stainless steel surfaces
(including welds) must be free from contaminants or traces of any other material.
Welded surfaces from which slag has been removed may be tested without dressing provided that the
surface contour will not inhibit the satisfactory interpretation of the examination. It may be necessary to
improve the surface condition (e.g. by abrasive paper or local grinding) to permit accurate interpretation of
indications. Weld surface finish shall be a minimum 12µm
Grinding shall be carried out by the requestor’s personnel
The component shall be in the temperature range of 10 – 50°C. Where it is necessary to test materials
outside the specified temperature range it will be necessary to test the suitability of the penetrant product
family in accordancewith ISO 3452-2 prior to use.
7 COMPAT IBILIT Y OF MAT ERIALS

Penetrant materials shall be suitable for the intended application and meet the requirements of ISO 3452-2.
When using penetrant on certain materials, i.e. austenitic stainless steel, titanium or nickel base alloys,
there is a need to restrict chloride/fluoride Ion and sulphur content. In the absence of a specific
requirement these should be limited to 1%, i.e. Halogen free systems.
It is essential that the penetrant process materials are compatible with the material to be inspected and
the ultimate use of the component.
Penetrant process materials may have a deleterious effect on certain products, e.g. fuels, lubricants,
hydraulic fluids etc. In such instances it should be established, prior to testing, that all contact areas
can be successfully cleaned post-testing.
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All consumables used must be from the same manufacturer’s system.
Aerosol containers of penetrant and developer shall be thoroughly agitated prior to application.
8 PROCESS CONT ROLS

SGS use only portable kits for Dye Penetrant Inspection which do not require process control since
they are in aerosol form.
In the event that SGS are required to use ‘Fixed Installation’ equipment, the equipment involved shall meet
the requirements of ASME V
9 PENET RANT PROCESSES

There are several penetrant inspection applications. The flow chart below describes the operational steps
for the following methods;
• Solvent Removable
• Water Washable
Unless otherwise specified by a client or contract, SGS shall use portable kits for the Solvent
Removable or Water Washable Processes using visible penetrants.
There are essential stages, which are common to all the processes as detailed below.
9.1 PRE-CLEAN
All examined surfaces shall be pre-cleaned. As a minimum requirement the surface to be examined shall
be wiped with a solvent dampened cloth. Other appropriate cleaning methods may be applied dependant
the nature of the surface contaminants.
After cleaning, the surfaces to be examined shall be dried by either evaporation at ambient temperature or
by low pressure re-circulating hot air at a temperature not exceeding 125°F (52°C).
The penetrant shall be applied at least one minute after the completion of the pre-cleaning process to
ensure that the cleaner has fully evaporated.
9.2 PENETRANT APPLICATION
The penetrant should be uniformly applied over the entire surface under examination. Occasional re-
application may be necessary to prevent the penetrant drying during the penetration time. The
application may be achieved by spraying, brushing or immersion.
The temperature of the surface under examination shall be within the limits of 50° to 125°F (10° to 52°C).
Where it is not practical to comply with these temperature limitations, other temperatures may be used
provided that the procedure is qualified in accordance with Section 13.0. Penetration / dwell times are
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critical. Table 1 shows the minimum dwell times to be implemented in the use of this Operating
procedure:
In the case of weld examination, the test area shall include, as a minimum, 25mm on each side of
the weld to sufficiently encompass the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ).
The method to be used and the applicable dwell time shall be detailed on the applicable technique sheet.
9.3 PENETRANT REMOVAL

After the specified penetration dwell time has elapsed, any penetrant remaining on the surface shall be
removed, taking care to minimise removal of penetrant from discontinuities. The removal methods
applicable to the varying penetrant types are as follows:
▪ Water Washable Penetrants

Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a water spray. The water pressure shall
not exceed 50 psi, and the water temperature shall not exceed 43 C.
▪ Post Emulsifying Penetrants

With post emulsifying penetrants, the emulsifier shall be applied by spraying or dipping.
Emulsification time is critical, and governed by surface roughness and type of discontinuities sought.
It shall determined and qualified by actual tests. After emulsification, the mixture shall be removed
by a water spray using the same processes as for water washable penetrants.
▪ Solvent Removable Penetrants

Excess solvent removable penetrants shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper,
repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed. The remaining traces
shall be removed by lightly wiping the surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with solvent.
To minimise removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of excess
solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetrant and prior to
developing, is prohibited.
On completion of the removal of excess penetrant the surface shall be examined under the appropriate
lighting to ensure that the sensitivity is not impaired by excessive background indications.
The surface under examination shall be dried either by evaporation at ambient temperature or by low
pressure re- circulating hot air at a temperature not exceeding 125°F (52°C). Local heating or cooling of
the examination surface is permitted provided the temperature of the component remains within the
temperature range specified above, (unless otherwise agreed between contracting parties).
For Solvent removable techniques the surface may be dried by natural evaporation, blotting, wiping or
forced air.
9.4 DRYING COMPONENTS
The stage of drying and drying method varies from process to process as detailed below.
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Solvent Removable
The drying method is by evaporation and sufficient time should be allowed for the remover to completely
evaporate after cleaning. The drying period should be kept to a minimum and shall not exceed 10
minutes.
Water-washable
The drying of the test surface after cleaning shall be accomplished by blotting with lint-free cloth or
absorbent paper and normal evaporation or by a combination of the following:-
• In a hot air-circulating oven, such that the temperature of the component does not exceed 50ºC
and not in excess of 10 minutes.
• By the action of forced, warm air, with the drying time being kept to a minimum and the surface
temperature of the component not being allowed to exceed 50ºC.
• By the action of dry, clean compressed air from a supply at a pressure not exceeding 2 bar.
The method of drying prior to developing shall be specified on the applicable technique sheet.
9.5 DEVELOPING
The developer should be applied as soon as possible after the completion of excess penetrant removal.
The maximum interval time shall be as stipulated in the specific procedure sheets. The developer coating
should be sufficient to draw the penetrant from the discontinuities without being too excessive so as to
mask indications.
For solvent removable techniques only wet developers may be used. For fluorescent methods both wet
and dry developers are permissible.
▪ Dry Developer Application

Dry developer should only be applied to a dry surface. Application should be by soft brushing, hand
powder applicator, powder gun, storm cabinet, or by other agreed means providing a fine even
coating is ensured across the full inspection area.
▪ Wet Developer Application

Prior to application of wet developers, it must be ensured that adequate agitation takes place to
ensure adequate dispersal of the suspended particles.
Aqueous developers may be applied to wet or dry surfaces. Application shall be by immersion,
brushing, spraying or other agreed means, providing a thin even coating is ensured over the whole
of the inspection area. Developer drying time may be shortened by use of circulating air providing
the test surface temperature is not allowed to exceed 125 F.
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Blotting is not permitted.
Non-Aqueous developers shall only be applied to dry surfaces. Application shall be by spraying
unless confined space restrictions prevent it, then brushing is permitted. Drying shall be by natural
evaporation. A fine even coat over the entire inspection area is required.
Development Time for final interpretation begins immediately after the application of the dry developer
or when wet developers become dry. Interpretation also begins at this stage to detect areas of excessive
bleed out. The minimum development times are as shown in Table 1. Longer times may be required
dependent on the type of defect being sought. Longer development times shall be detailed on a contract
specific technique sheet as required.
Final interpretation shall take place immediately after the completion of the development time. Longer
times are permitted by prior agreement providing excessive bleed out does not hinder defect
interpretation. This shall be detailed on a contract specific technique sheet. If the inspection area is too
large to allow completion of the inspection in the allotted times then the whole inspection process should
be carried out in stages to accommodate this problem.
Minimum Dwell Times Table 1 (ASME V Table T-672)
Dwell Times
(Note (1))
(minutes)
Material For Type of
m Discontinuity Penetran Develope
t r
Aluminium, Castings and Cold shuts, 5 10
magnesium, welds porosity, lack of
steel, brass and fusion, cracks /
bronze, titanium linear indications
& high (all forms)
temperature
alloys
Wrought materials Laps, cracks (all 10 10
– extrusion, forms)
forgings,
Carbide Tipped plate Lack of fusion, 5 10
Tools porosity, cracks
Plastic All Forms Cracks 5 10
Glass All Forms Cracks 5 10
Ceramic All Forms Cracks 5 10
NOTE:
(1) For temperature range 50 F to 125 F (10 C to 52 C). For temperature range 40 F to
50 F (5 C to10 C ) the penetrant dwell time is doubled.
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9.6 VIEWING CONDITIONS

Color Contrast (Visible) Penetrants
When viewing visible dye penetrants, the area under examination shall be illuminated by daylight or
artificial light to a level of not less than 1000 lux. Viewing shall be such that glare is avoided. The light
level shall be determined using a calibrated white light meter or by reference to the table below
Table 2 shows the results of tests carried out with various sizes of bulbs and can be used as a guide. It
may be possible to move the light source closer where it does not give sufficient levels as long as the test
area is not obstructed.
White Light Output from Portable Light Sources
Wattage of LUX Distanc

Bulb e
500 Watt 400 1000mm
Halogen 0
100 Watt 520 975mm
Halogen
100 Watt Pearl 500 580mm
Fluorescent Penetrants
When using fluorescent penetrants, the area under examination shall be darkened and the inspection of
the test surface shall be carried out under black light conditions. The minimum light level at the test
surface shall be 1000 micro watts/cm2. The light intensity should be checked every eight hours during
constant use, when conditions or workstations change or whenever a bulb is changed. An instruction is
provided in Appendix 1.
Prior to viewing, at least 5 minutes shall be allowed for the black light source to warm up and at least
5 minutes for the Operators / Technicians eyes to become accustomed to the conditions. No
photosensitive Spectacles or contact lenses are permitted to be worn by the inspector.
Reflectors and filters should be checked and cleaned daily when in use. Cracked or broken filters shall
be replaced immediately.
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DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION Page: 12 of 14
9.7 INSPECTION
Inspection shall be carried out immediately on application of the developer to identify areas of heavy
'bleed out' and periodically throughout the development time.
Indications suspected to be caused by surface marks (e.g. machine marks), spurious indications and
areas of pigmentation, which may mask discontinuities, shall be cleaned and re-tested. All re-tests shall
be carried out using the process initially used.
The required development time shall be detailed on the applicable technique sheet.
9.8 POST-INSPECTION CLEANING

If the presence of residual test material would be considered objectionable and required by the client,
treated surfaces shall be cleaned after completion of final testing, using the same methods and materials
applied during the penetrant removal stage of the test.
10 COMPIL AT ION OF T ECHNIQUES

SGS shall apply this procedure in conjunction with the appropriate standard technique sheet/s detailed in
Section 15.
Where required, by a client or contract, job specific technique sheets shall be compiled and issued to
address any differing parameters that may be applicable. These technique sheets shall overrule the
standard and must be read in conjunction with this procedure.
Technique sheets shall be compiled and/or approved by personnel qualified to at least Level 2 in the
appropriate method, sector & category
The technique shall supply at least the following information:-
• Client
• Contract number
• Job Specific technique number (See Appendix 1 for numbering system to be used)
• Components or material covered by technique
• Operator qualification requirements
• Standard on which technique is based, including the year of issue.
• Acceptance criteria to be applied, including the year of issue.
• Pre-cleaning requirements: e.g. type of cleaner, cleaning method or any other contract
requirements.
• Penetrant to be used
• Penetration time
• Type of remover
• Drying method
• Type of developer
• Development time
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• Temperature ranges
• Method(s) of application
• Any other requirement of a contract/client
11 ACCEPT ANCE ST ANDARD

The levels of acceptance shall be in accordance with the relevant section of the referencing code specified
by the Client.
12 REPORTING
All examinations carried out in accordance with this procedure and /or associated specific techniques /
procedures shall be the subject of a written report which will contain all the relevant information by factual
content or cross reference to the associated procedures to satisfy the following minimum requirements:
• Unique report number

• Client details
• Procedure Reference
• Technique Reference
• Test Specification
• Acceptance Specification
• Object and drawing references
• Place and date of examination
• Material type and dimensions
• Post weld heat treatment, if required
• Location of examined areas, type of joint
• Welding process used
• Name of the company and operator carrying out the testing including certification level of the operator
• Surface conditions
• Temperature of the object
• Number of repairs if specific area repaired twice or more
• Contract requirements e.g. order no., specifications, special agreements etc.
• Sketch showing location and information regarding detected defects,
• Extent of testing
• Test equipment used
• Description of the parameters used for each method
• Description and location of all recordable indications, including sketch or photographs as necessary
• Examination results with reference to acceptance level.
• Technicians Signature authorising the report as true and accurate
The report shall be written on the Standard DPI Report form,. All sections of the report must be completed.
Where not applicable the abbreviation 'N/A' inserted, or where not known the abbreviation 'N/K' inserted.
13 RE- EXAMINAT ION

Any re-examination required shall be carried out by the liquid penetrant system originally used. Where
any changes in the liquid penetrant procedure used for re-examination occur, it must be accompanied by
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written authorisation from the client and shall include a cleaning procedure which will ensure the complete
removal of any penetrant residues of the original penetrant. These residues may reduce the sensitivity of
the re-examination.
A re-examination shall be carried out if the background is such that interpretation of indications is
impaired or when the customer requests a re-examination.
14 INDEX OF T ECHNIQUES
Technique Number Description

PT-001-ASME Colour contrast - Solvent removable
PT-002-ASME Colour contrast – Water wasahble

07.1 SGS-NDT-009 Procedure ASME V PT

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07.1 SGS-NDT-009 Procedure ASME V PT

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Code: SGS–NDT–009

Industrial Services Business Line, Global

DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

SGS – NDT – 009

Issued By Reviewed By Approved By

MARCO Digitally signed by

Eng. Oscar Delgado L.

TABLE TO CHANGE CONTROL

01 2022/05/31 Revision Updated OD AT AT MA

00 2016/06/07 Developed Issue JT JT OD OD

Rev. Purpose of Details of

1 INT RODUCT ION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 INT RODUCT ION

ASME Boiler & Pressure Liquid Penetrant Examination.

ASNT American Society of Non Destructive

4 QUAL IFICAT ION OF PERSONNEL

5 SAFET Y PRECAUT IONS

6 SURFACE CONDIT ION

Grinding shall be carried out by the requestor’s personnel

7 COMPAT IBILIT Y OF MAT ERIALS

All consumables used must be from the same manufacturer’s system.

8 PROCESS CONT ROLS

9 PENET RANT PROCESSES

9.3 PENETRANT REMOVAL

▪ Water Washable Penetrants

▪ Post Emulsifying Penetrants

▪ Solvent Removable Penetrants

9.4 DRYING COMPONENTS

▪ Dry Developer Application

▪ Wet Developer Application

Blotting is not permitted.

9.6 VIEWING CONDITIONS

White Light Output from Portable Light Sources

Wattage of LUX Distanc

9.8 POST-INSPECTION CLEANING

10 COMPIL AT ION OF T ECHNIQUES

11 ACCEPT ANCE ST ANDARD

• Unique report number

13 RE- EXAMINAT ION

Technique Number Description

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