Switching Techniques

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Dr.S.ARIVAZHAGAN
Professor & Head, Dept. of ECE
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College
Sivakasi
Introduction
Ø Network - a system of interconnection of
communication stations
Ø Nodes - connections / access points
Ø Switch network - interconnection of several
nodes
Ø Advantages - shared resources, high speed
data rates, less delays
S.Arivazhagan AUT-ME(ES)/DCN 2
Need for Networks
n Interconnection of 2 devices directly point-
to-point is impractical
n 1. long distance
2. requires many links
Ø Topology the way to interconnect multiple
devices
Topology
n Point-to-point link extends connection
between each pair of devices
n eg.
2 stations
3 stations
4 stations
Requirement of point-to point
Link
n Point-to-point link- fully connected or mesh
topology
n N- no. of devices
Links = N(N-1)/2
I/O ports = N-1
Ø If N increases, links increases, I/O hardware
increases & cost increases.
Communication Network
Types of Commn. Network
n Switched Network
n Circuit Switched Network
n Message Switched Network
n Packet Switched Network
n Broadcast Network
n Packet Radio Network
n Satellite Network
n Local Network
Types of Commn. Network
n Switched Communication Network
n Intermediate switching nodes present
n Data are transmitted from source to destination through
the network to the interconnected nodes
n Broadcast Communication Network

• No intermediate switching nodes.
• Transmission from one station is broadcast to and
received by all other stations
Switching Types
Generic Switching Network
C
B
1 2
D
3
5
4
6
A 7
E
F
Circuit Switching
n a dedicated communication path between 2
stations ( eg. Telephone network)
n The main feature is that it provides a fixed
data rate channel, and both stations must
operate at this rate.
n originally developed for the analog-based
telephone system
n bandwidth is continuously reserved
3 Phases
n Circuit Establishment:
Before any signals can be transmitted, and end-to-end
circuit must be established.
n Data Transfer:
Information can now be transmitted from A (say first
station) to E (say other station).
n Circuit Disconnect:
After some period of data transfer, the connection is
terminated usually by the action of one of the two
stations.
Circuit Switching Sequence Diagram
Circuit Switched Network
Circuit Establishment
A 1
B
2
Dedicated path
A & B – Stations
1 & 2 - Nodes
Data Transfer
n Data can be transmitted after circuit
establishment
n Data may be digital or analog
n Connection is Full Duplex
Circuit Disconnect
n After some period of data transfer, on

request by any one station the connection is
terminated
Constraints of Circuit Switching
n Availability of 2 stations at the same time for
data exchange
n Resources must be available & dedicated
through the network between 2 stations
n Channel capacity is fully reserved between
each pair of nodes when circuit connection
is established
Message Switching
n Exchange logical units of data called messages
n also called as store & forward
n a node receives a message, stores it until the
appropriate route is free, then sends it along
n there is no direct link between the sender and
receiver of a transmission
n a message is delivered to the node along one path
then routed along another to its destination.
n the messages are stored and relayed from
secondary storage
Message Switching Sequence Diagram
Transmission Procedure
n Appends a destination address to the
message
n Passed from node to node
n Each node receives and stored briefly and
forwards it to the next node
Difference Between Circuit &
Message Switching
n Circuit switching node is an electronic or
electro mechanic device
n Message switching node is a general
purpose minicomputer
n Delay is more in message switching
Advantages over Circuit
Switching
n Line efficiency is greater
n Simultaneous availability of sender &
receiver is not required
n During heavy traffic in message switching
messages are still accepted but in circuit
switching the data are blocked.
n Can send one message to many stations
Advantages over Circuit
Switching
n Priorities can be established
n Error control & recovery procedures
n Can carry out speed and code conversion
n Messages to in-operative terminals can be
intercepted and rerouted to other terminals
Functions
n Accepts messages from terminals
n Header carries the destination address
n Priority indication is also in the header
n Detects errors and requests retransmission
n Detects format errors
Functions
n Stores all messages and protects from
subsequent damage
n Transmit the stored messages to the desired
addresses
n If in-operative, intercepts the messages and
forwards them to the other terminal
n Serial numbers are given to avoid the loss of
messages
Format Errors
n Address invalid
n Excessive Addresses
n Indirect Format
n Invalid Priority Indicator
n Originator code error
Disadvantages
n Not suited to real time or interactive traffic
n Delay is long & have high variance
n Can’t be used for voice connections /

interactive terminal host connections
Packet Switching
n Combine the advantage of circuit and
message switching
n Minimize the disadvantage of both
n Like message switching , but the length of
the data units called packets presented to
the network is limited
n Typical length is 1000 to a few 1000 bits
n Data packet contains data plus destination
address
Procedures for Handling Packets
n Two procedures
• Data gram – Each data packet is treated
independent
• Virtual Circuit - a virtual connection is
established before any packets are sent
Packet Switching - Sequence Diagram
4 5
6
A
A, E &F – STATIONS 7 E
4,5,6 &7 - NODES
Data gram Approach
n Station A has 2 packets to send Station E
n At first A pops out 1-2-3 to node 4
n Then for each packet, node 4 decides the routing
path
n Node 4 finds for packets 1 & 2, node 5 has lesser
no. of packets in queue for transmission than node
7. so it sends packets 1 & 2 to node 5
n But for packet 3 node 5 is busy than node 7, so it
sends packet 3 to node 7
Virtual Circuit
n a Call request packet is send to node 4 initially to
request a connection
n Node 4 decides the route to send the request & all
subsequent data
n If E is ready to accept the connection it sends out a
call accept packet to node 6
n It is passed back to A through node 5 &4
n Now actual data transfer occurs between A & E
n If A or E wants to terminate, then a clear request
packet is sent by the required one to the other
Main Characteristics
n a Route between stations is set up prior to
data transfer
n No dedicated transmission path is required
Difference between VC & DG
n DG – need to make routing decision for each
packet & only once for each connection
n VC – no need to make routing decision for
each packet but a logical connection should
be established before actual data transfer
Advantages of VC
n may provide services like
Sequencing - all packets follow the same
route
Error Control - all packets arrive correctly
Flow Control - sender does not make an
overflow at the receiver with data
Advantages of DG
n a call set up phase is avoided
n more primitive and more flexible
n more reliable
External and Internal Operation
n Packet switching - datagrams or virtual circuits
n Interface between station and network node
n Connection oriented
n Station requests logical connection (virtual circuit)
n All packets identified as belonging to that connection & sequentially
numbered
n Network delivers packets in sequence
n External virtual circuit service
n e.g. X.25
n Different from internal virtual circuit operation
n Connectionless
n Packets handled independently
n External datagram service
n Different from internal datagram operation
Combinations (1)
n External virtual circuit, internal virtual circuit
n Dedicated route through network
n External virtual circuit, internal datagram
n Network handles each packet separately
n Different packets for the same external virtual
circuit may take different internal routes
n Network buffers at destination node for re-
ordering
Combinations (2)
n External datagram, internal datagram
n Packets treated independently by both network
and user
n External datagram, internal virtual circuit
n External user does not see any connections
n External user sends one packet at a time
n Network sets up logical connections
External
Virtual
Circuit and
Datagram
Operation
Internal
Virtual
Circuit and
Datagram
Operation
Relative performance of switching
techniques
Actual performance
n No. of stations
n No. & arrangement of nodes
n Total load on the system
n Length of exchange between 2 stations
n Processing speed of the nodes
n Packet size
Observations
n For interactive traffic message switching is not
appropriate
n For light or intermittent loads circuit switching
is the most efficient eg. Public telephone system
n For heavy and sustained loads a leased circuit
switched line is the most effective
n Exchange of moderate to heavy amount of data
packet switching is preferable
n For short messages & for flexibility Datagram
message switching is good
n For long exchanges for relieving stations of
processing burden Virtual Packet switching is
good
THANK YOU

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SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

n Broadcast Communication Network

n Data may be digital or analog

n Connection is Full Duplex

n After some period of data transfer, on

n Delay is long & have high variance

n Can’t be used for voice connections /

n more primitive and more flexible

n All packets identified as belonging to that connection & sequentially

n External virtual circuit service

n Different from internal virtual circuit operation

n External datagram service

n Different from internal datagram operation

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