EC103

Values- have been intrinsic part of people's lives. Subjective as they may seem, values differ across
countries, culture and people. In the Philippines, values like hospitality, respect for elders, and the like
are widely emphasized and taught in academic institutions and family households.

-a person's principles or standards of behavior; one's judgment of what is important in life

-the principles that help you to decide what is right and wrong and how to act in various situations.

Values- are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions. They help us to
determine what is important to us. Values describe the personal qualities we choose to embody to guide
our actions, the sort of person we want to be the manner in which we treat ourselves and others, and our
interaction with the world around us. They provide the general guidelines for conduct.

A value in a narrow sense is that which is good, desirable, or worthwhile. Values are the motive behind
purposeful action. They are the ends to which we act and come in many forms.

Personal values- are personal beliefs about right and wrong and may or may not be considered moral.

Cultural values- are values accepted by religions or societies and reflect what is important in each
context.

Values are essential to ethics. Ethics is concerned with human actions, and the choice of those actions.
Ethics evaluates those actions, and the values that underlie them. It determines which values should be
pursued, and which shouldn't.

Courage- is one such value. Those who value courage are willing to stand up for what they believe, even
in the face of strong condemnation. Courage is a moral value when it deals with right and wrong conduct.

Value specifies a relationship between a person and a goal. It is relational in the sense that what one
person values may not be what another person values even in the same situation. For example, a person
who values honesty might blow the whistle on financial wrongdoing by a superior whereas another
person who values loyalty may remain silent. This is an example of values conflict. The honest person
may believe there are limits to loyalty and keeping quiet about a wrongful act out of loyalty might harm
others. The loyal person may believe in the importance of keeping one's confidence even if it might harm
others because of the trusting relationship.

Some values stand up well over the test of time; they are always good or rightful behavior. Honesty and
kindness are two such examples. It is difficult to imagine having a satisfying relationship without them
because they build trust in relationships. There are always exceptions but they are rare. For example, if a
criminal out to do harm to your friend knocks on the door and asks whether you have seen the friend,
you're probably not going to say yes and rationalize it out of a sense of honesty. Here, the greater good. so
to speak is to protect your friend from harm.

I'm a proponent of virtue ethics because it holds that moral values can be turned into excellence of
character with practice and repetition. We become virtuous by being virtuous. We practical wisdom to
make decisions about what virtuous behavior is. It all makes sense at least to me.

From a virtue perspective, it is most important to distinguish Intrinsic from extrinsic value. Intrinsic
value is something that has value in its own right, such as honesty and kindness, whereas extrinsic value
is doing something for another reason (1.e., wealth and fame)

I believe what's missing in society today is the commitment to core ethical values that all people should
strive to achieve, such as honesty, kindness, compassion, respect, and personal responsibility. These are
values to be admired and Illustrative of a person of integrity. Where have they gone???

Priority Values Issues:

Loss of Respect for Elders is an issue that needs to be addressed in advocacy campaigns. Most adults
claim that today's youth no longer practice the traditional values of saying "opo" or "mano po". Joining
the family in praying before meals, assisting elderly people in crossing the street. Due to globalization
issues, the Philippines adapts to economic, socio-cultural, political, technological and environmental
changes, thus, modifying the lifestyle and attitudes of most Filipinos, especially the youth today.
Pornography -particularly in the mass media, should be censored. Any medium that elicits sexual
arousal/excitement or incites lewdness Is pornographic. Pornography is detrimental to the individual's
well-being and slowly corrupts the individual minds.

Lack of Discipline - Discipline is a virtue that can propel a nation, lack of it can stunt a country's growth.
The utter lack of discipline by some Filipinos in littering the stress and polluting rivers poses a danger to
people and aquatic animals. Lack of discipline in obeying traffic rules may lead to accidents and even
death. Smoking in public utility vehicles despite the band shows disregard for the rights of non-smokers.

Abortion and Premarital Sex -the value of forming and maintaining the family as the basic unit of
society can lead to peace and happiness among family members. Teenagers and adults alike need to
realize the repercussions of having premarital sex and undergoing abortion. Poverty is another issue that
forces young people in poor household to enter into early marriages, realizing only in the end that their
actions do not solve their current situation but instead worsen it.

Loss of Faith in God -the Philippines is a very religious country. In Asia. It is dominantly catholic country.
Many claim that Filipinos can survive crisis and hundreds of problems because of their unceasing faith in
God. Loss of faith in God may thus be unheard of in the Philippines. However, to reassure people that God
exists and is always there to provide guidance and help, many religious organizations have reminders for
Filipinos to value God. Another reason why Filipinos endure the hardships and problems and maintain
their faith is that they learn to laugh and smile over their problems no matter how difficult they are.

According to the 2007 World Values Survey, the Philippines ranks 38 in the World's Happiest Countries,
along with fellow Southeast Asian Countries:

• Thailand (27)
• Singapore (31)
• Malaysia (34)
• Vietnam (36)
• Japan (434)
• China (54)

Juvenile Delinquency -to prevent juvenile delinquency, values campaigns targeting the youth are
important. Many teenagers' resort to drugs, smoking, and other vices because they suffer tern Identity
crisis and parental neglect. The desire to conform to a group or acceptance by the group has led many
individuals to form their own clubs, Joining fraternities, and others. Teaching virtues and persuading the
youth to join worthwhile activities like sports and civic-oriented project can be done through advocacy
ads. The school, the home, and the mass media are the major influences of the youth in combating
delinquency.

Prostitution- is the world's oldest profession. The Mass media play a significant controlling the rise in
act of prostitution. An advocacy advertising campaign may be big help, but the political will of
government officials and policy makers counts a lot in eliminating prostitution.

Violence in Mass Media -Does society shape mass media, or do mass media shape society? While society
can dictate the content and programming of broadcast, print, and non-traditional media, the contents or
message influence people a lot. Advertisement reflects the values, lifestyles, and personalities of people
and can even change their culture as a result of new progressive ads. In this context, violence in mass
media becomes critical because many, particularly the parents and the moral guardians of society, believe
that violence can alter the behavior of people-especially the youth-who may imitate them audiences
should be reminded to be vigilant of violent scenes shown on television, since these are seen by
children's viewers. Movies shown on television and depicting violence and sexuality also need to be
monitored all is not lost, because there are still ads that promote values. In the long run, a strong and in-
depth values campaign can clearly "shape" our future.

Values

 Refer to the importance a person aches to things or ideas that serve as guide to action.
 It made of a set of beliefs.
 Person's principles of standard of behavior
People learn values through any or all of the following:

 Modeling
 Communication of attitudes
 Unstated but implied attitudes
 Religion

People learn values through any or allof the following:

 Modeling
o Parents, teachers, friends, and other people oftentimes become models to person who would
later exhibit good behavior in workplace.
 Communication of Attitudes
o When a person often hears from acquaintances the risk of buying products imported from a
certain country, the person may develop negative values about that country.
 Unstated but Implied Attitudes
o For instance, if a person sees joy and happiness in every member of his family whenever
another member graduates from college, the person will develop the same values impliedly
exhibited.
 Religion
o The just and fair treatment of people is a value that is taught by priests and ministers of
various religious sects. Persons who are exposed to the teachings develop values that support
such beliefs.

Types of Values:

 Achievement -this is a value that pertains to getting things done and working hard to accomplish
goals.
 Helping and concern for others -this value refers to the person's concern with other people and
providing assistance to those who need help
 Honesty -this is a value that indicates the person's concern for telling the truth and doing what he
thinks is right.
 Fairness -this is a value that indicates the person's concern for impartiality (neutrally) and fairness
for all concerned.

Espoused versus Enacted Values

 Espoused Values -are what members of the organization say they value.
 Enacted Values -those that are reflected in the actual behavior of the individual members of the
organization.

Classification of Values

 Terminal Values-represent the goals that a person would like to achieve in his/her lifetime.
 Instrumental Values-refer to preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving the terminal
values.

Instrumental Values

 Ambition
 Honesty
 Self-sufficiency (independence)
 Courage
 Forgiving nature
 Helpfulness
 Self-control
 Independence
 Obedience
 Open-mindedness
 Cleanliness
 Affection/love
 Politeness
 Rationality
 Responsibility
 Competence
 Cheerfulness
 Intelligence
 Imagination

Terminal Values

 Happiness
 Pleasure
 Self-respect
 Freedom World peace
 Equality
 Achievement
 Inner peace Beauty in art and nature
 Family security
 Salvation
 Friendship
 Mature love
 Wisdom
 Prosperity
 National security
 Social respect
 Exciting, active life

Attitude

o Are feelings and beliefs that largely determine how employees will perceive their environment,
commit themselves to intended actions, and ultimately behave.
o Reflect how one feels about something.

Main Components of Attitudes

Attitudes consist of the following components:

 Cognitive
 Affective
 Behavioral

Main Components of Attitudes

 Cognitive - Component of attitude that refers to the opinion or belief segment of an attitude. An
example is the opinion indicated in the statement "my boss is fickle. Minded; he cannot stick to his
decisions."
 Affective component of an attitude that refers to the emotional or feeling segment. The bad feeling
insinuated in the statement "I hate my boss" is an example.
 Behavioral component of an attitude refers to the intention to behave in a certain way toward
someone or something.

Differences in Personal Disposition

-people differ in their personal disposition. Some have attitudes that are positively affective while some
have negative affective attitudes

 Positive Affectivity-refers to personal characteristic of employees that inclines them to be predispose

to be satisfied at work
 Optimistic
 Upbeat
  Cheerful
 Courteous
 Negative Affectivity is a personal characteristic of employees that incline them to be predisposed to
be dissatisfied at work
 Pessimistic
 Downbeat
 Irritable
 Sometimes Abrasive

How Attitudes are formed

Attitudes

o Are formed through learning

o Provide clue to the behavioral intentions or inclination of an employee.

Two methods that mostly influence attitude formation:

 Direct Experience
 Indirect means of social learning