TOMATO DISEASES DETECTION APPLICATION

CASE STUDY AT KICUMBI SUB COUNTRY

BY

2018/KCS/1392/F
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF
COMPUTING LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN
THESTUDY LEADING TO A PROJECT IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE AWARD OF THE DEGREEOF A
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
OF KABALE UNIVERSITY.

AUGUST, 2021
 DECLARATION

As researcher Aguma Ronald and Basile Kubwimana declare that this is our original work,
which has never been Presented by any person to any institution for any academic award.

Signature: ……………………………………………..Date:……………………………………..

Name:……………………………………………………and ……………………………………..

Reg.No:……………………………………………….and………………………………………

Department …………………………………………

Faculty ……………………………………………

Kabale University

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 APPROVAL

I certify that Aguma Ronald and Basile Kubwimana carried out the study under my supervision
and guidance. The research proposal is ready to be submitted for examination with my approval
as a University

supervisor

…………………………………. ……………………………….

Mr. TAMALE MICHEAL Date

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i

APPROVAL....................................................................................................................................ii

Abstract........................................................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem statement:....................................................................................................................2

1.3 Objectives..................................................................................................................................3

1.3.1 Main Objective.......................................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives.................................................................................................................3

1.3.3 Scope.......................................................................................................................................3

Time.............................................................................................................................................3

Geographical................................................................................................................................3

1.4 Significances of the study..........................................................................................................3

1.5 Conceptual framework...............................................................................................................4

Image Acquisition........................................................................................................................4

Image Preprocessing....................................................................................................................4

Image segmentation.....................................................................................................................4

Feature Extraction........................................................................................................................4

Detection and Classification of Plant Diseases............................................................................5

Agent Systems..............................................................................................................................6

SECTION TWO..............................................................................................................................7

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7

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2.1 Existing systems........................................................................................................................7

2.2 Approaches used in the existing Applications...........................................................................8

2.2.1 Off-device Image Processing Approaches..........................................................................8

2.2.2 On-device segmentation Approaches..................................................................................9

2.2.3 On-device image Features Extraction Approaches.............................................................9

2.2.4 On-device Image Processing Approaches...........................................................................9

2.3 Machine Learning and Computer Vision as applied to the research.......................................10

SECTION THREE.........................................................................................................................12

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................12

3.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................12

3.1 Research approach...................................................................................................................12

3.2 Target population.....................................................................................................................12

3.3 Sampling techniques................................................................................................................13

3.4 Sample size..............................................................................................................................13

3.5 System Development Methodologies......................................................................................13

3.5.1 Design Architecture..........................................................................................................14

3.5.2 User Interface design........................................................................................................14

3.6 Data collection methods..........................................................................................................16

3.6.1 Questionnaires...................................................................................................................16

3.6.2 Interviews..........................................................................................................................16

3.7 System Design Techniques......................................................................................................17

3.8 Use case diagram.....................................................................................................................18

3.9 TESTING.................................................................................................................................18

References:....................................................................................................................................20

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 List of Figures
Figure1: show how the famer of Kicumbi sub-country will use the application.............................6
Figure 2: Agent system....................................................................................................................6
Figure3: show the System Development Methodologies..............................................................15
Figure 4: Level 0-diagram.............................................................................................................15
Figure 5: Flow chart.......................................................................................................................16
Figure 6: shows how the software detect disease from the image upload.....................................17

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 Abstract

The use of technology in the detection and analysis process increases the accuracy and reliability
of these processes. A plant disease is defined as “anything that prevents a plant from performing
to its maximal potential”. This definition includes abiotic and biotic plant diseases. The abiotic
diseases caused by conditional external to the plant. It cannot multiply from plant to plant. Biotic
diseases caused by living organisms, which are called plant pathogens when they infect plants.
Pathogens can spread from plant to plant and may infect all types of plant tissues including
leaves, shoots, stems, crowns, roots, tuber, fruits, seeds, and vascular tissues. Plant pathogens
consist of fungi, organism, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, viroids etc., three components are
absolutely necessary for diseases to occur in any plant system which are, a susceptible host plant,
a virulent pathogen, a favorable environment. The chain of events involves in disease
development such as Inoculation, Penetration, infection, Incubation, Reproduction, and Survival.
The following are the common tomato diseases; Verticillium wilt, Southern bacterial wilt,
Septoria leaf spot, Late blight, Fusarium wilt, and Early blight. [1].Plant diseases are a
significant threat to human existence because they are likely to lead to droughts and famines.
They also cause substantial losses in cases where farming is done for commercial purposes. The
use of computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) could improve the detection and
fighting of diseases. Computer vision is a form of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves using
computers to understand and identify objects. It is primarily applied in testing drivers, parking,
and driving of self-driven vehicles and now in medical processes to detect and analyze objects
[2]. Computer vision helps increase the accuracy of disease protection in plants, making it easy
to have food security.  Computer vision helps increase the accuracy of disease protection in
plants, making it easy to have food security. One of the areas that CV has helped most is the
detection of the severity of the diseases. Deep learning (DL), a part of the CV, is useful and
promising in determining the severity of diseases in plants and animals [3]. It is also used to
classify diseases and avoid the late detection of diseases [1].

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 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This study will be an investigation of the extent to which the diseases in tomatoes, which destroy
production in agriculture, sector which contributes to the growth of a given economy such as the
kicumbi sub-country economy. This section presents the background, the statement of the
problem, the purpose of the study, the objectives of the study, the research questions, the scope
of the study, the significance, Conceptual framework.

1.1 Background of the study

Tomato disease detection is a very important research content in the field of machine vision. It is
a technology that uses machine vision equipment to acquire images to judge whether there are
diseases in the collected plant images [3]. At present, machine vision-based plant diseases
detection equipment has been initially applied in agriculture and has replaced the traditional
naked eye identification to some extent.

For traditional machine vision-based tomato disease detection method, conventional image
processing algorithms or manual design of features plus classifiers are often used [3]. This kind
of method usually makes use of the different properties of tomato diseases to design the imaging
scheme and chooses appropriate light source and shooting angle, which is helpful to obtain
images with uniform illumination. Although carefully constructed imaging schemes can greatly
reduce the difficulty of classical algorithm design, but also increase the application cost. At the
same time, under natural environment, it is often unrealistic to expect the classical algorithms
designed to completely eliminate the impact of scene changes on the recognition results [5].

In real complex natural environment, tomato diseases detection is faced with many challenges,
such as small difference between the lesion area and the background, low contrast, large
variations in the scale of the lesion area and various types, and a lot of noise in the lesion image.
Also, there are a lot of disturbances when collecting tomato diseased images under natural light

1
conditions. At this time, the traditional classical methods often appear helpless, and it is difficult
to achieve better detection results.

In recent years, with the successful application of deep learning model represented by
convolutional neural network (CNN) in many fields of computer vision (CV, computer-vision),
for example, traffic detection [4], medical Image Recognition [7], Scenario text detection [6],
expression recognition [8], face Recognition [8], etc. Several tomato disease detection methods
based on deep learning are applied in real agricultural practice, and some domestic and foreign
companies have developed a variety of deep learning-based plant diseases detection Wechat
applet and photo recognition APP software. Therefore, plant diseases detection method based on
deep learning not only has important academic research value, but also has a very broad market
application prospect.

1.2 Problem statement

Farmers have been facing a challenge of timely predicting whether their tomato plantations are
healthy or diseased. Due to the fact that some farmers unaware about the diseases makes it
difficult for them to protect their tomatoes and take measures to ensure their safety. Reaching for
the experts is the only solution left to the farmers. However, reaching the experts on time,
looking for them and consulting them repeatedly after traveling long distances might prove to be
expensive. Moreover, the bureaucracy involved in the process as the farmer has to see the sub
county agricultural officers and the officers look for the appropriate experts to treat the disease,
which takes time and therefore timely treatment, is not achieved because when the experts come
to administer the treatment they find when the plants are already damaged. That is why a tomato
disease detection application is proposed which will help the farmers to timely detect diseases in
their tomato plantation through taking the image of the suspected diseased tomato leaf and
uploading it into the application, the application will run the image through a number of machine
learning algorithms and provides the results whether the tomatoes are diseased or healthy. If the
tomatoes are diseased, the application will suggest on which acaricides to use and where to get
the original acaricides and if found to be healthy, the application will get advice on how to
maintain his plantation in good health.

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1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main Objective

To develop a Tomato disease detection application that will provide the status whether the plant
is health or diseased and recommend what the farmer should do.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i. To investigate how the existing Tomato disease detection applications operate

ii. To develop the proposed application

iii. To test and validate the developed application

1.3.3 Scope

Time

A period of four months will be enough to gather all information that will be used to develop a
Tomato disease detection Application

Geographical

The development of Tomato disease detection Application will take four months and will take
place in Kicumbi Sub-County Kabale district.

1.4 Significances of the study

Tomato disease detection Application will be a mobile application that will improve tomato
disease management decisions through preventing errors that cost time and money, making
tomato diagnosis more accurate. This will be achieved by taking the image of the diseased leaf
and uploading it into the application, the image is run through a number of machine learning
algorithms and the best remedy is given thus preventing errors that cost time and money
compared to when a farmer could just administer the medication without any knowledge of
which disease his is treating. The application will help the farmer stop being exposed to
chemicals for no reason, maximize farm’s productivity and protect the environment. This will be

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achieved because some farmers administer acaricides to their tomato plantation yet they are
sometimes healthy. This will be achieved using the dataset that has images of all types of
diseases that affect tomatoes and images of healthy leaves, which will result into high
performance, usability and ease of use.

1.5 Conceptual framework

Image Acquisition

Image acquisition is the first method of digital image processing and it is described as capturing
the image through digital camera and stores it in digital media but in our case we shall use the
images (dataset) from the study done by other researchers and published as plant village dataset

Image Preprocessing

Image preprocessing is to remove noise from the image or other object removal, different
preprocessing techniques. Here we are using image scaling. Image scaling is used to convert the
original image into thumbnails because the pixel size of original image is large and it require
more time for the overall process hence after converting the image into thumbnails the pixel size
will get decreases and it will require less time.

Image segmentation

Image segmentation is the important step to separate the different regions with special
significance in the image, these regions do not intersect each other and each region should meet
consistency conditions in specific regions. The division of an image into its constituent objects or
regions is called Segmentation. The level to which the subdivision is carried out depends on the
problem being solved. That is, segmentation should stop when the objects of interest or the
regions of interest in an application have been isolated. Several techniques have to be applied to
achieve a desirable level of segmentation sufficient to carry out recognition.

Feature Extraction

Feature Extraction is an important part in the disease detection. It plays an important role in
identification of an object. Feature extraction is used in many applications in image processing.

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Color, texture edges, morphology are the features, which are used in disease detection. It is
found that morphological result gives more result than any other features. Texture shows how the
color is distributed in the image, hardness of the image.

Detection and Classification of Plant Diseases

The final stage is the detection of the diseases and with the help of disease classify the plants
with the disease matches with the given dataset. For the disease detection and classification, we
are implementing the deep learning algorithm. Deep learning algorithm is used to classify the
specified image into appropriate disease hence it will be easy to detect the disease and find out
the remedy over the disease. Deep learning algorithm is the part where we are finding out the
relevancy count of the pixels by comparing the images with the data set. According to the
relevancy count we will find out the matched disease

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Figure1: show how the famer of Kicumbi sub-country will use the application

Agent Systems

An agent system is made up of an agent and its environment. The agent receives stimuli from the
environment and carries out actions in the environment. An agent is made up of a body and a
controller. The controller receives percepts from the body and sends commands to the body. A
body includes sensors that convert stimuli into percepts and actuators that convert commands
into actions. According to the research the sensor in this case will be the camera that captures the
image and the actuator in the research will be the phone.

Figure 2: Agent system

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 SECTION TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Existing systems

Chen et al. [7] used a combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial

Intelligence (AI) technologies to detect the rice blast disease in its early stages called RiceTalk, it
was developed to detect rice blast utilizing non-image IoT devices, which generate sensing data
from soil cultivation, this was used because the rice fields are always influenced by soil,
humidity, temperature, rainfall and sometimes the wrong use of fertilizers can lead to the
diseases to occur. The sensed data could be automatically accuracy of 89.4% for detecting a rice
blast disease in the natural agricultural field. However, the RiceTalk is expensive because of the
sensors used in picking data from the soil directly and run through various sensors than utilizing
the procedure of taking images of the leaves of the rice itself and it doesn't give advice on which
acaricides to use and where to get original acaricides.

On the basis of deep convolutional neural network, a novel rice plant disease detection approach
was developed by Yang Lu et al. [10]. They used a dataset which contains 500 images include
diseased and non-diseased paddy stems and leaves. Classification was carried out with ten
common rice diseases. They showed that their approach attained higher accuracy than the
conventional machine learning method. The experimental outcomes represented the effectiveness
and feasibility of their proposed model. However also its dataset is small thus its accuracy is
doubted and more so it also does not givae advice on how farmer can keep their platations
healthy and which acaricides to use, who are the authentic sellers etc.

The Plantix Application was released by PEAT in 2016 and is freely available in different
languages for any smartphone using the Android operating system. The core function of the
application is the automated classification of performance and availablity using ConvNets and
involves four steps; taking a picture of the infected plant, classifying the image using several
ConvNets, confirming or rejecting the diagnosis by the user and receiving further information on
causes, preventive measures and control options. When taking a picture of a diseased plant in the

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field, the user can upload the image either directly to a remote server, or the image can be stored
on the smartphone and uploaded as soon as a functioning internet connection is available. This
enhances the app’s usability in rural and remote areas with low mobile internet connectivity.
Once uploaded, the image is classified using multiple ConvNets (one network to determine if the
image contains a relevant crop or no plant at all (e.g., an object); one network to classify the crop
type; and one to classify the disease). Then, the most similar crop disease combinations (further
referred to as “classes”) are displayed to the user and ranked according to their softmax
probabilities (see section “Convolutional Neural Networks and Softmax Probability”). Based on
this probability ranking as well as a symptom description and reference images for comparison,
the user can either confirm or reject the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the user
receives further information on causes, preventive measures, and biological or chemical
treatment options. So far Plantix is the only Plant disease detection application that at least
addresses all the challenges except that it does not refer authentic places where farmers can get
authentic acaricides.

In 2017, Saillog launched called Agrio. Agrio helps farmers around the world to identify crop
diseases, deficiencies, and pests through uploaded pictures to the artificial intelligence
algorithms and a community of collaborators. Tens of thousands of farmers are already
benefiting from Agrio’s system and more are downloading it every day. Agrio’s basic functions
allows for early detection and provides farmers with specific treatment protocols that enhance
agricultural competence. AgrioShield notifies farmers in advance what crop diseases and pests
were detected within notable radii to their farms. For example, aphids are vectors for several
viruses and by leveraging the knowledge of their arrival on nearby fields, farmers can prevent
irreversible virus distribution. AgrioShield’s artificial intelligence algorithm sends alerts to
farmers’ smartphones, along with the preventative measures they can take to impede infestations.
It uses Off-device Image Processing Approach which is unreliable in areas with poor internet
connectivity.

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2.2 Approaches used in the existing Applications

2.2.1 Off-device Image Processing Approaches

Researchers started learning the matter of image processing on mobile devices. Owing to the
limited computing capacity on mobile phones and PDAs, there are diverse approaches to dealing
with this issue, of which the most significant will be server-client based system. The user
captures an image using mobile device, which is next sent to a server that bring out the actual
processing work. Later than processing, the respond is sent back to the user via the mobile phone
networks. In this approach only the mobile device can be used to capture the plant image,
sending the image to the server, this require high cost and time to transfer the image to the
server. This approach is used in Agrio notifies farmers in advance what crop diseases and pests
were detected within notable radii to their farms.

2.2.2 On-device segmentation Approaches

In this approach the image capturing, pre-processing and segmentation done on the mobile
devices, the segmented image portion send to the server for further classification and diseases
identification. Once the disease has been identified that it is sends back to the user mobile
(mobile client) via an SMS with an accuracy rate. The proposed approached identifies leaf spots
and leaf blotch diseases on the plant leaf and it is tested in Mobile devices namely, Android
phones or tablets.

2.2.3 On-device image Features Extraction Approaches

In this approach describes the issue of image processing on mobile devices. One of the solutions
is the use of a server-client based system. The user captures an image with the mobile device,
which is then preprocessed in mobile device itself (features extraction) and the extracted features
sent to the server that carries out the actual processing work (classification). After classification,
the reply is sent back to the user via the mobile phone network. The major advantage is that the
task can be carried out in both mobile phone and server. Hence the features only sent to the
server data transfer time and cost significantly reduced by the farmer. However, this system
requires a constant network connection to be available, which can be difficult in certain areas or
inside buildings.

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2.2.4 On-device Image Processing Approaches

In this approaches the image processing done on the mobile device itself without sending the
image or features to the server for preprocessing and classification. In this approach, image can
be capturing, preprocessing and classification done on the mobile device itself. Hence the farmer
no needs to have internet connection, transferring of image or features, image transfer cost.

2.3 Machine Learning and Computer Vision as applied to the research

Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that uses computer algorithms that
can improve automatically through experience and the use of data. Machine learning algorithms
build a model based on sample data known as training data in order to make predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms include;

Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply what has been learned in the past to new
data using labeled examples to predict future events. Starting from the analysis of a known
training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an inferred function to make predictions about
the output values. The system is able to provide targets for any new input after sufficient
training. The learning algorithm can also compare its output with the correct, intended output and
find errors in order to modify the model accordingly. It includes the following Algorithms;
Nearest Neighbor, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Linear Regression, Support Vector Machines
(SVM), and Neural Networks

Computer vision is a part of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning that enables
computers and systems to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos and other
visual inputs and take actions or make recommendations based on that information. It uses two
essential technologies that is; a type of machine learning called deep learning and a
convolutional neural network (CNN). The research will use convolutional neural network (CNN)
because its a type of artificial neural network used in image recognition and processing that is
specifically designed to process pixel data. CNNs are powerful image processing, artificial
intelligence (AI) that use deep learning to perform both generative and descriptive tasks, often
using machine vison that includes image and video recognition, along with recommender

10
systems and natural language processing and belongs to the Supervised machine learning
algorithms.

Machine learning uses algorithmic models that enable a computer to teach itself about the
context of visual data. If enough data is fed through the model, the computer will “look” at the
data and teach itself to tell one image from another. Algorithms enable the machine to learn by
itself, rather than someone programming it to recognize an image.A CNN helps a machine
learning or deep learning model look by breaking images down into pixels that are given tags or
labels. It uses the labels to perform convolutions (a mathematical operation on two functions to
produce a third function) and makes predictions about what it is seeing. The neural network runs
convolutions and checks the accuracy of its predictions in a series of iterations until the
predictions start to come true. It is then recognizing or seeing images in a way similar to humans.

The research will use convolutional neural network (CNN) and machine learning as follows;
convolutional neural network will be used to successfully capture the Spatial and Temporal
dependencies in an image through the application of relevant filters. The architecture performs a
better fitting to the image dataset due to the reduction in the number of parameters involved and
reusability of weights. This will be achieved will the help of multiple filters, multiple channels
and multiple layers.
A convolutional layer is responsible for recognizing features in pixels.
A pooling layer is responsible for making these features more abstract.

A fully-connected layer is responsible for using the acquired features for prediction.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses the research methodology and includes; Research Approach, Target
Population. It also presents the manner in which these data will be utilized and integrated in the
study and at the same time, such as Sampling Techniques, Sample Size, System Development
Methodologies, Data Collection Methods, System Design Techniques and how the dissertation
will proceed to answer the aims and objectives in order to reach to the conclusion which
includes: Testing, Tools for Implementation.

3.1 Research approach

The research will use the mixed method approach where development of the application will
combine both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative research methods are
designed to collect numerical data that can be used to measure variables. It is structured and
statistical; its results are objective and conclusive. The development of tomato disease detection
application will involve applying the quantitative approach in collecting the images (dataset) of
leaves of the tomatoes both healthy and diseased. Qualitative research is primarily exploratory
research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It
provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research. Quantitative research will be used in to discover the reasons and opinions
why farmers use certain methods of disease detection in plants.

3.2 Target population.

The target population of the application are the farmers of kicumbi sub-county. According to the
National Population and Housing Census 2014, Kicumbi sub-county has a total 3,789 people.
Where at least 80% of the population depends on agriculture for a living.

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3.3 Sampling techniques.

Stratified random sampling Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into strata (or
subgroups) and a random sample is taken from each subgroup. A subgroup is a natural set of
items. In this case Subgroups will be cells (Villages) that make up Kicumbi sub-county, therefor
our sampling is based on size. Stratified sampling is often used where there is a great deal of
variation within a population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately
represented.

3.4 Sample size.

Since the National Population and Housing Census was done in 2014, from then up to now the
population has been increasing, the research will use 70% as the confidence level where the
corresponding z-score is 1.30. Since the population will be more of an estimate, the research will
use 0.5 as the standard deviation. The confidence interval for 70% (margin error) is +_ 5%.
Therefore, using the following formula, we can calculate the sample size.

Sample size = (Z-Score)2 * StdDev * (1-StdDev) / (Confidence interval)2

(1.30)2* (0.5) *(1-0.5) / (0.05)2

= (2.0736) * (0.25) / 0.0025

= 0.5184 / 0.0025

= 207 people

3.5 System Development Methodologies.

In the development of the tomato disease detection application, the researcher will use the
Incremental Model during the development process where the software requirement is broken
down into many standalone modules in the software development life cycle. Once the modules
are the split then incremental development will be carried out in steps covering all the analysis,
designing, implementation, carrying out all the required testing or verification and maintenance.
In incremental models, each iteration stage is developed and hence each stage will be going

13
through requirements, design, coding and finally the testing modules of the software
development life cycle. Functionality developed in each stage will be added on the previously
developed functionality and this repeats until the software is fully developed. At each
incremental stage there will be though review basing on which the decision on the next stage will
be taken out.

Figure3: show the System Development Methodologies.

3.5.1 Design Architecture

Tomato disease detection application consists of the detecting object interface design and
modeled with Unified Modelling Language (UML). It was developed using tools such as python,
google colab, kotlin, xml and html. Its main features include uploading image and detect if is
health.

3.5.2 User Interface design

The application user interface will be developed using Android Studio due to its advantages
explained below.

Open Source

Android studio is open-source and free of cost, which helps developers to install it quickly and
readily available for use. There are a lot of Kotlin frameworks and developer can choose any of
the frameworks to work. All the features and tools will be provided to the developer for that
framework easily. As it is open-source, it makes the application ready with android in quick time
and makes the mobile development faster with the help of providing the tools and other features
easily.

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Keras is an open source neural network library written in Python. It is capable of running on top
of TensorFlow. Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, it focuses on
being user-friendly, modular, and extensible and helps to deploy the model from python to
android studio development

Platform independent

Python is mainly supported by all the operating systems like Windows, UNIX, and Linux etc.
The Python based developed web applications can be easily run on any platform. It can be
integrated with other programming language and database easily and there is no requirement of
re-development. It helps in saving a lot of effort and cost.

Database

Researchers will analyze 54,306 images of plant leaves, which have a spread of 38 class labels
assigned to them. Each class label will be a crop-disease pair, and we make an attempt to predict
the crop-disease pair given just the image of the plant leaf. Researcher will use three different
versions of the whole PlantVillage dataset. Researcher will start with the PlantVillage dataset as
it is, in color; then we experiment with a gray-scaled version of the PlantVillage dataset, and
finally Researcher will run all the experiments on a version of the PlantVillage dataset where the
leaves will be segmented, hence removing all the extra background information which might
have the potential to introduce some inherent bias in the dataset.

Maintenance

Android studio framework is mainly used to make the mobile application development easier
and maintain the code automatically. The model view controller architecture in Android Studio
framework helps the code to be easily maintained and used.

Development requirements

During preparation of the model the researchers will use

Python

Google Colab

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Google Driver

During the user interface the researchers will use the following tools:

JDK

Android Studio

Emulator

TensorFlow Library

3.6 Data collection methods

3.6.1 Questionnaires

The researchers prepare questionnaires form and address them to the famers of kicumbi sub-
country, the famers answer the asked question. This process of collecting data through an
instrument consisting of a series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals
it is administered to. Can be administered in large numbers and is cost-effective. It can be used to
compare and contrast previous research to measure change.

The development of the tomato disease detection application will be developed basing to the
information from the resident of Kicumbi sub-country in particular from famers.

3.6.2 Interviews

Tomato disease detection application is built using the information acquired from the resident of
Kicumbi sub-country, the researchers will interview the famer for that area, through interviews
information is obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators. Structured interviews are
performed by using survey forms, whereas open interviews are notes taken while talking with
respondents. The notes are subsequently structured (interpreted) for further analysis. Open-ended
interviews, which need to be interpreted and analyzed even during the interview which leads to a
smooth information gathering.

3.7 System Design Techniques

Figure 4: Level 0-diagram

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Figure 5: Flow chart

1.The input test image is acquired and preprocessed in the next stage and then it is converted into
array form for comparison.

2.The selected database is properly segregated and preprocessed and then renamed into proper
folders.

3.The model is properly trained using CNN and then classification takes place.

4.The comparison of the test image and the trained model take place followed by the display of
the result.

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5.If there is a defect or disease in the plant the software displays the disease along with the
remedy.

3.8 Use case diagram

Figure 6: shows how the software detect disease from the image upload

3.9 TESTING

Incremental Integration Testing

the researchers build a neural network, which is a large cluster of computers with graphical
processing units. Using a deep-learning approach an emerging area of machine learning that
uses algorithms to model high-level abstractions in data across multiple processing layers, re-
searchers feed more than 53,000 images of diseased and healthy plants into the network and
will train them to recognize patterns in the data.

Tomato disease detection application uses incremental integration testing approach where
computer programmers integrate or combine the components or modules individually applying

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stubs or drivers to expose the issues or defects. This testing technique is recognized as the
incremental integration testing. When unit testing is accomplished, computer programmer
executes the integration testing. This is the procedure of confirming the interfaces and interaction
among the components or modules. Stubs are used in Top-down testing approach and are known
as “called programs”. Stubs help simulate the interface between lower lever modules which are
not available or developed. Drivers are used in Bottom-up testing approach and are known as
“calling programs”. Drivers help simulate the interface between top level modules which are not
developed or available. Tomato disease detection application will be tested using incremental
integration testing mostly using Top-down Integration type of incremental integration where the
training module will be tested first and then integrated with the interface then the overall testing
will be done to see how the whole application works.
Top-down Integration - This type of integration testing takes place from top to bottom. Un-
available Components or systems are substituted by stub sop-down testing is a type of incre-
mental integration testing approach in which testing is done by integrating or joining two or
more modules by moving down from top to bottom through control flow of architecture struc-
ture. In these, high-level modules are tested first, and then low-level modules are tested. Then,
finally, integration is done to ensure that system is working properly.

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[3]. Amy D. Timmerman and Kevin Korus - “Introduction to Plant diseases”, the board of
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