Optimization of Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data
Transmission System with Single Coil
Pei Yue Wang1 Lin Sang2 Ke Wang2
1
College of automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China;
2
State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, China
E-mail: wangpy@cqu.edu.cn1 sanglin@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn2 wangke@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn2
Abstract –A simultaneous wireless power and data transfer
system for UAV based on double-sided LCC compensation
structure was presented in this paper. To achieve the efficient
2020 8th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA) | 978-1-7281-8890-4/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PESA50370.2020.9344014
power transmission and stable data transmission, the data
transmission gain is firstly set to be promoted through the
analysis on data transfer channel. The double-sided LCC
topology with band-stop trapper is used to reduce the
interference of power channel to data transfer channel. The
coupling relationships between each circuits are taken into
consideration and a matching method of resonance
parameters to increase the data transmission gain is
presented. Based on the relationship between transmission
gain and interference of power channel, an optimization
design method focused on data transfer channel parameters
for improving the signal to noise ratio is presented. Finally,
the simulation and experimental results could verify that the
proposed optimization of simultaneous wireless power and
data transfer system has promoted the SNR and kept stable
power transmission.
Keywords – Wireless power transfer, data transmission,
simultaneous wireless power and data transmission, SNR,
UAV charge
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is becoming
more and more popular because of its high efficiency,
flexibility and stability. In view of the application of WPT
technology, the feedback control of power flow and the
state monitoring of the system inevitably require data
transmission between the transmitter side and receiver side.
Therefore, the research on the simultaneous wireless
power and data transfer (SWPDT) has attracted more and
more attentions.
Generally, there are four major methods of data transfer
to achieve SWPDT. The first data transfer method is to use
the communication module, such as Bluetooth module,
ZigBee, Wi-Fi, etc. However, there is an inevitable delay
time for the communication establishment, therefore, the
stability of information interaction process cannot be
guaranteed [1]. The second data transfer method is by
adding a pair of data transfer coils. But this method also
has some disadvantages, such as the cross-coupling
between the data transfer coils and power transfer coils,
and reducing the flexibility of WPT systems by adding the
signal coils [2]. The third data transfer method is by using
power wave modulation, i.e., taking power waveform as
carrier, and data is modulated by changing the amplitude,
the frequency or the phase of power carrier [3]. The power
modulation method is cost effective for some condition,
because it can avoid using data transfer coils. However,
this method will inevitably lead to output power
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fluctuation. Moreover, it is not easy to implement
bidirectional data transmission. The fourth data transfer
method is to use the coupling coils transmitting the power
and data simultaneously. The data carrier frequency is
usually much higher than the power transfer frequency [4,
5]. Since no additional coils and modules are required, this
method is easy to implement and the system volume using
this method is small. Moreover, it can also achieve
bidirectional data transfer without power transfer
distortion. However, the crosstalk between the power
transfer channel and the data transfer channel is large and
they are susceptible to parameter perturbations. In addition,
currently, the analysis of data transfer gain and the
optimization of data transfer channel parameters are still
lacking.
A SWPDT system which can improve the SNR and
ensure that the modulation and demodulation of data are
not affected by power transfer is presented in this paper. In
the power channel, the constant-current characteristic of
LCC topology could be used to achieve efficient and
stable power transmission, and the filter characteristics of
band-stop network can reduce the interference of power to
the data channel. Based on the analysis of data transfer
channel, an optimum design method of channel parameters
to improve SNR is presented. The correctness and
feasibility of the optimized design method is verified by
the simulation and experimental results
II. PROPOSED SWPDT SYSTEM
The proposed SWPDT system is shown in the Fig.1,
which is composed of power transfer channel and data
transfer channel. The power transfer channel is composed
of a DC power supply, a full-bridge inverter, an LCC
compensation network, a coupling mechanism, a rectifier
and a load. The data transfer channel is composed of a data
source, coupled transformers, compensation capacitors,
adjustment resistances and an output network.
A. Power Transfer Channel
The working frequency of the inverter is ωp. The LCC
compensation network consisting of L1, C1 and Cp (L2, C2
and Cs) is chosen to be applied in this paper for its
characteristic to keep the coil current constant and good
performance to block the interference of power channel.
At the end of the LCC compensation network, a band-stop
network consisting of a parallel LC network is connected
with the coupling mechanism to stop the power flow from
covering up the data voltage. The center frequency of
band-stop network is the data carrier’s frequency ωd.
 Power Transfer Channel The secondary side of the power channel is analyzed
Q1 Q3
L1 L2 similarly. The equation of secondary side could be
Cp Cs
Uin C1 Lb Lp Ls Lb C2 RL obtained:
Q2 Q4
Cb Cb  1
 j MI p  I s  j  Ls  Lb   I s  jC  I L  j L2  I L RE
CTX CRX  s
(6)
Usig LTX LTX LRX LRX CO RO 
RTX RRX I
 s   1 
 j L2  RE  jC2
Signal Transfer Channel  I L  jC2 

Fig.1 SWPDT system with parallel connection

Those resonance parameters of secondary side could be

d  1/ LbCb (1) derived as the primary side. All the parameters of power
channel are obtained, so the current and the output power
The power supply is converted as AC current by full- of the load are also obtained:
bridge inverter, and the source is equivalent to Uin. The
data source should be treated as short-circuit source, and  I L  MU in  L1 L2
when the equivalent circuit of the power channel is shown  (7)
 Pout   MU in  L1 L2  RE
2
in Fig.2.
The TX circuit is parallel connected with the coil and
the impedance of the TX circuit is ZTX. The value of ZTX Through the above analysis, the influence of the data
could be calculated: branch circuits (TX circuit and RX circuit) on the power
channel can be ignored because of their high impedances.
ZTX  j LTX  1/ jCTX  RTX (2) The influence of extra inductance value on the resonance
parameters should be eliminated by LCC compensation.
Ip Is
Therefore, the power channel could be kept in the resonant
L1 L2
state and high efficiency due to LCC topology.
Iin Cp Cs I2 IL B. Data Transfer Channel
C1 ZTX Lp Ls C2 RE The data transmission is also based on magnetic
Uin
coupling and the modulation is based on amplitude shift
Lb
Cb keying (ASK). The whole data channel is divided into four
Lb Zb parts: input tank, transmitter circuit (TX circuit), receiver
Fig.2 Equivalent circuit of power channel circuit (RX circuit) and output tank. There are two coupled
transformers taken as the injection and extraction circuit
The power frequency is much smaller than the data for data carrier in the data channel. The inductance values
carrier frequency which makes impedance very high, so of primary and secondary sides of the transformer are the
the influence of the impedance on TX circuit could be same. The data channel is parallel connected with the
ignored. The primary side of power channel could be coupling mechanism. In this paper, the data transmission
modelled by KCL and KVL law: could be in only one direction at a certain moment.
Therefore, the forward direction is taken as an example
  1  and the analysis is presented based on the equivalent
U in  I in j L1  I p 

 j Lb +L p    Z r  circuit of the forward direction shown in the Fig.3.
  j C p 
 (3)
Input Tank TX Circuit RX Circuit Output Tank
 I in  1 1 
 I   Z r  j C  jC  j Lb +L p    jC1
 p  p 1  CTX CRX
USig LTX LTX Lp Ls LRX LRX CO RO

where Zr is the reflection impedance from secondary side.

MTX M MRX
To eliminate the imaginary part of primary side, the RTX RRX

resonance parameters could be derived: Fig.3 Equivalent circuit of the data channel in forward direction

The impedance of the output tank could be obtained

  1 / L C  1 /
 p 1 1 L p  Lb  L1  C p based on the parallel RLC tank, and the resonant
 (4)
parameters are confirmed by the carrier frequency to
 p  1 / L2 C2  1 /  Ls  Lb  L2  Cs improve the amplitude and filter the other interference.

Substituting (4) into (3) the expression of Ip could be 1

derived d  (8)
LRX Co
I p  U in / j L1 (5) The reflection impedance should be taken into
consideration during the calculation on the impedance of
the RX circuit. So the impedance of the RX circuit ZRX
It is obvious that the current of the coil Ip is constant only
could be obtained. And the imaginary part of ZRX is the
if the L1 is unchanged.
addition of CRX, LS, LRX and the imaginary part of
reflection impedance. The current of the RX circuit could

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 be kept as resonant if the imaginary part were zero A. Output Resistance and Mutual Inductance of the Coils
constantly. So the relationship of parameters are acquired Although the reflection impedance from the RX circuit
based on the resonance and impedance of RX circuit. contained the output resistance, its affection could only be
much weakened if the output resistance is far larger than
1 the value of ω2M2. The condition of the output resistance
d  (9) is required since it should be large enough to reduce the
 LS  LRX  k RX M RX  CRX
affection on Z.
RO  2 M 2 (15)
The impedance of the TX circuit is noted as ZTX
For a better description of the relationship between Ro
1 and Gd, the curve of Ro and Gd was depicted by simulation
ZTX  j L p  j LTX   RM  RTX  Z r (10) software.
j CTX

Therefore, relationship between the induced voltage on

LTX and the output voltage could be obtained.

U O U O U S ITX j Mk RX RO 1
=  (11)
U TX U S ITX U TX RM  RRX  k RX RO ZTX
2

In the input tank, there are the inductance LTX and internal
resistance RM of the coupled transformer, but the reflection
impedance must be taken into consideration. The
impedance of the input tank could be obtained easily Fig. 4 Relationship between Ro and Gd

 2 M TX
2
Zin  j LTX  RM  (12)
ZTX
The imaginary part of the input tank would be eliminated
only if the impedance of the TX circuit is inductive and
the value is matched with the inductance LTX. So the
resonance parameters of the TX circuit could be acquired
as following:

1
d  (13) Fig.5 Relationship between M and Gd
 LTX  LP  kTX M TX  CTX
As shown in the Fig.4, the gain of the data transmission
The gain of the data transmission could be deduced based is increasing while the output resistance is rising at
on the impedance of each circuit when the parameters are different data carrier frequency. The growth of the gain Gd
met with the (8), (10) and (13). The gain noted as Gd is tends to be stable when the output resistance Ro reached a
derived as followed: certain value. So the output resistance should be selected
as larger as possible in the data channel. The relationship
 M TX
between the gain and mutual inductance could be obtained
k RX Ro j M (14)
Gd = by the simulation results shown in the Fig.5. The trend of
RM  RRX  k RX
2
Ro j LT  RT 2M 2 R
RM  2 2 TX T the curve is obviously increasing as the mutual inductance
 LT  RT
rises.

Obviously, the gain is related with the data carrier
frequency ωd, the output resistance Ro, the coupling
coefficient kRX and kTX, the adjustment resistances in RX
circuit and TX circuit RRX, RTX, and the mutual inductance
of the coils M. Since the interference of energy is kept as a
low value, the data to noise ratio would be promoted
drastically if the data transmission gain rises by optimizing
the parameters of data channel.
III. OPTIMIZATION OF DATA CHANNEL PARAMETERS
Based on the above analysis of the data transmission
gain, gain enhancement could be achieved by optimizing
the data channel parameters which include ωd, Ro, kRX, kTX,
RRX, RTX and M. each parameters would be discussed
separately in this part.
B. Coupling Coefficient kRX and kTX
According to the (17), the curve of the coupling
coefficient kRX and the gain is shown in the Fig.6 (a), (b)
and (c) which are under different output resistances
condition.
The output resistances in (a), (b) and (c) are 100kΩ,
500kΩ and 1MΩ respectively and both LTX and LRX are
assumed to be 100uH.It is noteworthy that there is always
an optimal value to maximize the data transmission gain
and all the optimal coupling coefficients are less than 0.2,
which means that the loosely coupling transformer could
achieved higher amplitude of output voltage than tightly
coupling transformer in RX circuit. So it is suitable for
loosely coupled transformer with coupling coefficient less
than 0.2 to be applied in RX circuit. The conclusion that
optimal coupling coefficient kRX is related with the output

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 resistance from the (17) is verified by the simulation
results (a), (b) and (c).
The curve of the coupling coefficient kTX and the gain is
shown in the Fig.7, and the gain Gd is obviously promoted
as the coupling coefficient kTX is increasing. So the
selection of the coupling transformer in the TX circuit is
different from that in the RX circuit, which indicates that
higher coupling coefficient kTX should be selected to
ensure higher data transmission gain Gd.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.6 kRX versus Gd with different Ro (a)100kΩ (b)500kΩ (c) 1MΩ
C. Resistance RTX and RRX
The resistances in the data channel are the key factors to
affect the amplitude of the data output voltage. The
relationship between RTX, RRX and the gain is depicted by
the simulation results in the Fig.8. The range of the gain is
larger when RTX is increasing than that of RRX: the
attenuation of the gain is more than 40 dB at the range of
1-1k ohm of RTX, while the attenuation at the same range
of RRX is within 2 dB. So the effect of RRX on the data
transmission gain could be ignored and stability of the
SWPDT system could be promoted achieved by increasing
the RRX without attenuation.
The small resistance of the RTX should be selected for
a higher amplitude of output voltage. But it should be
pointed out that when the resistance value is too small, a
new oscillation will appear in the waveform, which would
destroy the integrity of the waveform and cause the data
demodulation failure. Therefore, the resistance selection
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should be taken into consideration carefully for a higher
amplitude and complete waveform.
Fig. 7 Relation between coupling coefficient kTX and gain Gd
(a)
(b)
Fig.8 Relation between resistances RTX, RRX and gain Gd (a)RTX (b)RRX
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT
After the above analysis, the simulation and
experimental setup were built to verify the validity of the
proposed design. The parameters of the power channel are
listed in the Table. 1. The working frequency is set to be
85 kHz. The center frequency of the band-stop network is
set to 3MHz which is the data carrier frequency.
The parameters of the data channel are listed in Table
2. The performance of the data channel is focused on the
amplitude of the data output and the gain of data
transmission.
The gains changing with different coupling coefficients
are depicted in the Fig.11. As shown in the Fig.11, the
trend of curves is consistent with the theoretical analysis in
last section. In the (a), the gain is promoting since the
coupled coefficient kTX is increasing. It should be noted
that the deviation between theoretical and experimental
results is caused by the drift of the resonant parameters on
the primary side which is more sensitive than secondary
side. There is an optimal value to approach the maximum
data transmission gain verified by the experimental result
in the Fig. 11(b).
 Table 1: Parameters of power transfer channel data output would not affect demodulation process. The
Parameter Value Parameter Value demodulation data is presented as green line and its
Uin/V 40 L1, L2/uH 14 frequency is 20 kHz, namely 40kbps data rate.
C1, C2/nF 250 M/uH 8
Lp, Ls/uH 31.5 Cp, Cs/nF 53
Lb /uH 47 Cb/pF 60
fp/kHz 85 RL/Ω 5

Table 2: Parameters of data transfer channel

Parameter Value
LTX, LRX/uH 20
CO/pF 140
RO/kΩ 500
RTX/Ω 100
RRX/Ω 100
Fig.10 Waveforms of the power channel and data channel at optimal
parameters

(a)

Fig.11 Waveforms of the data transmission at optimal parameters with

power transmission

V. CONCLUSION

This paper presents a simultaneous wireless power and

(b)
Fig.9 Experimental results and theoretical results (a)kTX (b)kRX
The specific waveforms at the maximum point are
shown in the Fig.10. In the Fig.10, the output voltage of
full-bridge inverter is presented as yellow line and the
peak-peak value is about 80V. The output voltage of the
load is presented as the purple line and its value is 21V, so
the output power is about 88W. The current of the coil is
presented as green line in the (a), and its value is about
5.57A which is constant with the theoretical results. As
shown in the figures, the frequency of the power flow is
shifted to approximately 83 kHz and the deviation is cause
by the offset of parameters.
The waveforms of data transmission are shown in the
Fig.11, including the data input, data output and the
demodulation output. In the Fig.11, the amplitude of the
data input presented as yellow line is 3.8V. The amplitude
of data output presented as blue line is about 8.8V, so the
data transmission gain is about 17dB and the SNR of data
carrier is about 40dB. The load output voltage presented as
purple line is 21.7V which means the power is transmitted
to load and the data output is not covered by the
interference of power. Obviously, the data transmission is
still affected by power flow, especially the data input
whose fluctuation is more obvious than that of data output.
Due to the high data transmission gain, the fluctuation on
data transfer system based on the compensation topology
of double-sided LCC. The compensation topology of the
double-sided LCC is used to achieve the constant current
of the primary coil and output power. And the band-stop
trapper can effectively block the interference of power to
data transfer channel. The data carrier is injected and
extracted in parallel with mutual inductance couplers to
make the data transfer channel high impedance at power
frequency and avoid the data transfer channel affecting the
resonance of the power transfer channel. The data
transmission gain and power interference gain are
analyzed by modeling the data transfer channel. A channel
parameter design method is presented to ensure high SNR
for complete data demodulation. The high efficiency of
power transmission and the feasibility of data transmission
are verified by simulation and experiment applied in UAV.
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