7.

The role of reproduction is to provide for the continued existence of a species; it is the process by
which living organisms duplicate themselves. The reproductive organs of vertebrates consist of gonads
and associated ducts and glands. In addition, some vertebrates, including some of the more primitive
fishes, have organs for sperm transfer or ovipository (egg-laying) organs. Gonads produce the gametes
and hormones essential for reproduction.

Hormones regulate growth, sex drive, sexual development, reproduction, sexual function, metabolism,
and thirst among other things.

Follitropin (FSH) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary and its
release into the blood is under the control of the hypothalamic hormone, gonadotropin releasing
hormone. This hormone functions to regulate the production of germ cells, a process called
gametogenesis.

Luteinizing hormone (LH), the other reproductive pituitary hormone, aids in egg maturation and
provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary.

Progesterone. This hormone is made by the ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy. It stimulates
the thickening of the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized egg.

Medical intervention like reproductive health programs can be a great hel and these may be the target
outcomes, such as reduction in STD/HIV prevalence, increased contraceptive practice, universal prenatal
care and child immunization, increased levels of obstetrical complications managed by medical staff, and
elimination of maternal mortality.

8. Invertebrates have small nervous systems, consisting of many small brains (ganglia). Because of the
small number of neurons and the distributed organization of their nervous systems, invertebrates are
thought to have limited cognitive capacity.

The vertebrate nervous systems are more complex, centralized, and specialized. Without the nervous
system, humans would not be able to function. The cells, tissues, and organs of the vertebrate nervous
system collectively coordinate the body and allow an organism to sense and respond to stimuli. In a
vertebrate nervous system there are two major divisio, a Central Nervous System that contains a brain
and spinal cord and a Peripheral ervous System made up of peripheral sensory and motor nerves.

The central nervous system is the body's processing center. The brain controls most of the functions of
the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the five senses of seeing, hearing,
feeling, tasting and smelling. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. While the main function of the
peripheral nervous system is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay
between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.

9. Some defense mechanisms animals use to protect themself from other animals are liquid secretions,
some animals spray liquids from their body that could be either a urine spray or a blood spray.
Camouflage, exampls are octopus and chameleon they can change there colours according to their
surroundings. Gaseous Secretions, scent glands are also used as defence mechanism emitting very
pungent and bad smell, thus forcing the predators to run. Detaching of body parts, When a lizard breaks
its tail, the predator may focus on the tail and hence the lizard manages to escape.

The effect of introducing of a new species to the indigenous population in an environmen may cause
extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for
limited resources, and altering habitats.

Adaptation are inheritable characteristics that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in
an environment. Animals, which are unable to adapt to changing environmental changes die. These
adaptations are a result of genetic changes. The animals that survive pass on the mutated genes to their
offsprings.

10. Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter
cells, whereas meiosis results in four sex cells. Meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in
each of the four daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between
paired chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced through meiosis exhibit an
amazing range of genetic variation.

The human reproductive system includes a set of male and female reproductive organs which functions
together to produce offspring. The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the
production and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in females, the carrying of a fetus. Both
male and female reproductive systems have organs called gonads that produce gametes. A gamete is a
haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete during fertilization, forming a single diploid cell
called a zygote. Besides producing gametes, the gonads also produce sex hormones. Sex hormones are
endocrine hormones that control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at
puberty, and reproduction once sexual maturation has occurred.

Living things are able to reproduce themselves. If organisms fail to do this, populations will diminish and
disappear as their members die from old age, disease, accidents, predation, etc. Animal reproduction is
very vital in our society, for agricultural development, poverty reduction, food security gains and
improved human nutrition.