Name: ID:

Q4 (4+3+13=20 p.) Let T : P3 pRq Ñ R4 be the linear transformation defined by

´ ¯
T pppxqq “ pp´1q , pp0q , pp1q , p1 p0q .

Here, p1 pxq denotes the derivative of ppxq.

paq Show that KerpT q “ t0u.
pbq Show that dim ImpT q “ 4
pcq Let T ´1 : R4 Ñ P3 pRq be the inverse of T . Write the rule T ´1 pa, b, c, dq.

(a) Write ppxq “ a ` bx ` cx2 ` dx3 . Then pp´1q “ a ´ b ` c ´ d, pp0q “ a, pp1q “ a ` b ` c ` d. Since
p1 pxq “ b ` 2cx ` 3dx2 , we have p1 p0q “ b. We have

T pa ` bx ` cx2 ` dx3 q “ pa ´ b ` c ´ d, a, a ` b ` c ` d, bq

Suppose T pa ` bx ` cx2 ` dx3 q “ p0, 0, 0, 0q. Then a “ b “ 0 and a ´ b ` c ´ d “ 0, a ` b ` c ` d “ 0.

Hence c ´ d “ 0, c ` d “ 0, then c “ d “ 0. Therefore KerpT q “ 0.
(b) By the dimension formula, we have

dim P3 pRq “ dim KerpT q ` dim ImpT q.

Since dim P3 pRq and dim KerpT q “ 0 by (a), we have ImpT q “ 4.

(c) Because
T ´1 ps ´ t ` u ´ v, s, s ` t ` u ` v, tq “ s ` tx ` ux2 ` vx3
we solve the system $
’
’ a “ s´t`u´v
’
& b “ s
’
’
’ c “ s`t`u`v
%
d “ t
We obtain
a c a c
s “ b, t “ d u “ ´b` , v “´ ` ´d
2 2 2 2
Therefore ´a c¯ 2 ´ a c ¯
T ´1
pa, b, c, dq “ b ` dx ` ´b` x ` ´ ` ´ d x3
2 2 2 2
 Name: ID:

Q5 (2+18=20 p.) Let P : R4 Ñ R4 be the skew-projection onto the plane

W “ tpx, y, z, tq | x ´ y ` z ´ t “ 0u parallel to the vector v “ p1, 1, 1, 0q.
paq Find a basis of W . (No proof needed.)
pbq Write the rule P px, y, z, tq.

(a) tp1, 1, 0, 0q, p´1, 0, 1, 0q, p1, 0, 0, 1qu is a basis of W . (There are other answers.)
(b) We solve
px, y, z, tq “ ap1, 1, 0, 0q ` bp´1, 0, 1, 0q ` cp1, 0, 0, 1q ` dp1, 1, 1, 0q
or equivalently the system $
’
’ x “ a´b`c`d
’
& y “ a`d
’
’
’ z “ b ` 2d
%
t “ c
We obtain a “ ´x ` 2y ´ z ` t, b “ ´x ` y ` t, c “ t, d “ x ´ y ` z ´ t. Then

P px, y, z, tq “ p´x ` 2y ´ z ` tqp1, 1, 0, 0q ` p´x ` y ` tqp´1, 0, 1, 0q ` tp1, 0, 0, 1q

“ py ´ z ` t, ´x ` 2y ´ z ` t, ´x ` y ` t, tq

Another solution Let F “ tv1 “ p1, 1, 0, 0q, v2 “ p´1, 0, 1, 0q, v3 “ p1, 0, 0, 1q, v “ p1, 1, 1, 0qu be a basis
of R4 and let E be the standard basis of R4 . The change of basis formula reads:

MEE pP q “ MFE pIdqMFF pP qMEF pIdq

where Id : R4 Ñ R4 is the identity linear transformation. We have

¨ ˛
1 ´1 1 1
˚1 0 0 1‹
MFE pIdq “ ˚
˚ ‹
‹
˝0 1 0 1‚
0 0 1 0

by computing Idpv1 q, Idpv2 q, Idpv3 q, Idpvq. By definition, we have

¨ ˛
1 0 0 0
˚0 1 0 0‹
MFF pP q “ ˚ ‹.
˚ ‹
˝0 0 1 0‚
0 0 0 0
Computing the coordinates of p1, 0, 0, 0q, p0, 1, 0, 0q, p0, 0, 1, 0q, p0, 0, 0, 1q with respect to the basis F , we
have ¨ ˛
´1 2 ´1 1
˚´1 1 0 1‹
MEF pIdq “ ˚
˚ ‹
‹
˝0 0 0 1‚
1 ´1 1 ´1
The product is
¨ ˛
0 1 ´1 1
˚´1
˚ 2 ´1 1‹‹
˚ ‹
˝´1 1 0 1‚
0 0 0 1
Hence
P px, y, z, tq “ py ´ z ` t, ´x ` 2y ´ z ` t, ´x ` y ` t, tq