INTRODUCTION

A historian and a sociologist, Abn-i-Khuldoon said: “If there is an event there is a

cause.” is the methodology he based to acquire knowledge. Thus, the formation of
India and Pakistan is not a natural and abrupt event. There were so many causes
and factors behind creation. Arab came and settled dawb on Mukran coast, thus,
beginning the process of conversion to Islam. The advancement of Islam in Hind
brought the Muslim nation against Hindus, who later arrogated for a separate state.
In 712 AD, Muhammad Bin Qasim entered into Sindh as a conqueror. He
established the Islamic government and declared Alor (Aror) as the capital of his
government. Due to his endeavors Sindh, the Bab-ul-Islam could become part of
Pakistan. Its fate decided on a Muslim majority basis. With the advancement of
Islam, Islamic culture, and cultural conflicts were transforming Hindu society from
polytheism to theism and getting rid of the caste system and the practice of Sati.
Movements, as Bhugti movement, Ariya Samaj, and the Bharumo Samaj aimed at
to crush the influence of Islam. These infested to put barricades against Muslim
Nationalism which were to result in the creation of separate states. The strength of
Saracen increased against Hindus after the arrival of Sufis. Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan
propounded a theory which served as a beacon light in maintaining difference and
rift between two nations. Pakistan was impossible keeping Two Nation Theory
aside. Policies of the British government, particularly divide and rule, left no
chance for Indians to reach a mutual settlement. The divide resulted in the division
of British India, and the rule was entrusted to individual states to rule their
countries following their social and religious norms. WW-II forced the British, to
quit India, and this could only be possible with the efforts of leadership. 3rd June
Plan and the Indian Independence act introduced for the bifurcation of two equal
and opposite streams. Kashmir is yet to be partitioned but after a long journey.

Creation of Pakistan traced back to its origin. The origin started with the arrival of
Islam in this Continent and Islam produced a diverse and opponent nation to its
inhabitants. The produced rift resulted in Partition. Islam challenged the authorities
of other religions besides inviting rest into the fold. We know, if there is no cause
there is no event. Therefore, there was a cause behind every event. Thus, Islam was
the cause and Pakistan the event. We need to highlight some causes behind this
event in a nutshell, Jinnah's presidential address at the annual session of League at
Lahore,1940. Describes: “India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub-continent
of nationalities, Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations. The Hindus and
the Mussalmans belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and
literature. They neither intermarry nor inter dine and indeed they belong to two
different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.
Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspirations from different sources of history.” (Rabbani 8)
the reality of Pakistan is nothing without Islam. Jinnah had rightly said,” Pakistan
had constituted when a Hindu embraced Islam” religions left indelible influence on
both societies that still cow slighter is prohibited in India. It is interesting to note
that India claims for universal democracy and she abides by Secular Constitution.
Why this prohibition on ritual killing? Indeed it was the impact of Islam on Indian
society long before Partition which resulted in geological formation of Pakistan.
Our demand for Pakistan was instigation from masses to protect Islamic rituals.
Recently Indian Prime Minister Narendar Modi appointed Yogi, who banded on
Muslim butcher shops as well on beef and mutton. In his (Modi) regime as chief
minister at least hundred Muslim families reverted to Hinduism. These are not
anew attempt, their predecessors well tried to bring us into their clerical circles.
Arya Samaj, Bhugti Movement, Shudhi and Sanghatham movements were active
for their heinous crimes. Indian National Congress proved protective cover.

Wandy Mahtram and Widya Mandar Scheme produced by Congress government

to tarnish our identity, such attempts not only forced Jinnah to avert his mind form
Hindu mindset and unity but also encouraged the spirit of Islamic religious circle
to provide him the path for salvation. Religion served as binding force to mix with
Jinnah political insights. Neither he neither denounced nor deviated from religious
politics. It was not his vision to use religions for Political causes but he kept the
religion on priority. On several occasions he projected Muslim community by
separating them from other religious philosophies and antiquities. Addressing
Islam College Peshawar Jinnah stated on 13 Jan 1946 “we have not made the
demand for Pakistan for a piece of land but we wanted to have such laboratory
where we could test the principles of Islam” (Sahibzada 8) “Pakistan had come into
been the day, the first non-Muslim was converted into a Muslim in India”( Jinnah)
Islam Five Sindhi pagans visited Holy Prophet (PBUH) and converted to Islam. All
Muslim invaders had Islam a backing force behind them. “A change in relations
came about because of the Arab invasion of Sindh and Multan in AD 712. Even
then a complete change in relations seems not to have taken place. The Labbes a
west Indian Muslims tribe, claimed to be the descendents of the Hashimites who
sought refuge from Hijaj bin Yosuf, and it was Hijaj bin Yosuf who, as the eastern
viceroy of the caliph, organized the invasion of Sindh” (Kazimi 21) Muslim
Sultanate was supporting them in their cause as Mohammad bin Qasim was
receiving his backing from Wali bin Malik. Mehmud Ghuri didn’t invaded
Somnath before, when pundits were proclaiming and attributing Muslims’ General
futile before Samonath, this their pronouncement invited his wrath. Demolition of
the temple was result of such annoyance. Mohammad Ghuri handed kingdom of
Raja Chohan to Qutub u Din. Such attempts and other were the result of Muslims’
arrival in form of scholars, mystics and invaders. Slave dynasty was to pave way
for successors to install and run governments. Muslims had no presence before
accepts those living at the coast of Malabar. Their no presence replaced with
presence and later this presence converted into minority and after superseding pity
castes and kingdoms Muslims merged into mighty ocean and became parallel with
Hindus. Islam was much benefited with arrival of mystical orders and mystics in
the subcontinent, these orders and descendent of mystics still guide Muslims in 5 |
P a g e complicating issues. Lahore became central seat, it was calling upon non-
Muslims to shun their idle practices and bow before handmade or self-made idols.
Muslims were unique and maintained their unicity against divided and diversified
Hindus. They had faded up from old ritual practices and fabricated rules those
being imposed by rules against the wishes of masses thus Barahemins supported
Bin Qasim in his mission against Dahir. 712 AD Expedition indeed was glory of
Islam, this and other such expeditions first brought Muslims in direct conflict then
minority started ruling majority. Later this rule was snatched by British again
regained in the form of Pakistan first and Bangladesh later. After 712 AD cultural
conflict erupted and immersed into one another Abn-i-Khuldon mentions in his
book Mukadimah that when two nations live together culture conflict and diffusion
prevail which results in the form of mix culture. This is the reason we call our
culture Indo-Islamic culture. ”During the course of a discussion in those days, his
friend Mr. Shakespeare remarked in amazement that he(Syed) was talking about
education for the Muslims in particular for the first time,…. He stated “Iam now
convinced that those Two Nations will never participate in anything together form
their heart. This enmity and conflict, though less emphatic at present, will gain in
intensity with the passage of time due to the educated people, He who lives, will
see” (Saeed 30) Ideology beside Two Nation Theory was also imparting our
Islamic ethics, not to mix identity and culture into Hindu alien society. Pakistan
means the land of pure, was to be proved in coming years, Jinnah rightly said. Our
mother land has been founded what Jinnah had to do, he had just to give a practical
shape. Here too Jinnah mentioned the religion, the cause behind the event of
Pakistan. “I would like to see Punjab, KPK, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated
into a single state as self-government within, or without the British Empire, the
formation of a consolidated North west Indian Muslim state appears to me to be
the final destiny of Indian Muslims, at least of North India” (Kazimi.115) When I
go through this statement or jot it down, I analysis that it is not mere a claim or
statement but Iqbal had some visions to achieve through. If I’m not wrong the
adage has deep purports i.e. Partition proposal, Two Nation Theory, Self-
Government, Prediction and name of Muslim state. Iqbal was not the first to
propound separate state for Muslims indeed Sir John Bright after 1857 war
suggested that Muslims are a separate nation so they should have as separate state.
Iqbal was presenting a partition formula at Allahabad on 30 Dec 1930. He was
convincing the British authorities through his formula of one and separate state
which could be set up by joining above four mentioned provinces into one state for
Muslims. This proposal remained not futile to the Redcliff award commission and
Mountbatten. It convinced the viceroy to amalgamate these Northern and North
Western province into single entity, further more a question arises that why he
didn’t mentioned Bengal and Assam but Cabinet Mission plan on 25 March 1946
did. I deem it fit for response on the above question that the two majority provinces
were far from us. The distance between Bangladesh and Pakistan is of 1600 km
and proved fatal for Pakistan in the days of insurgencies in East Pakistan. The
burning plan “Ganga” brought a tip for India to blockade Pakistan’s air route over
India. This al done on Two Nation Theory basis, I examined that his address to the
nation is the last and final stage of Two Nation Theory. The first stage propounded
by Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan in 1968 after the controversial movement against Urdu
took place in Banaras. His motive behind this move was to distribute Hindu
Muslim Society on communal lines. Hindus and Muslims are separate nation. The
second stage circulated in the meeting with the viceroy Lord Minto, who was
celebrating his vacations at Simla resort, this time the group didn’t separated on
national and communal basis but used the theory on two separate political systems
each to be headed Muslim and Hindus. The demand for separate state was the last
proclaimed by Iqbal himself. “Pakistan is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is
composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands ‘Indian’ and
‘Asian’ that is Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Iran, Sindh, Turkistan, Afhganistan and
BaluchistaN. It means the lands of the Paks- the spiritually pure and clean. It
symbolizes the religious beliefs and the ethnical stocks of our people; and it stands
for all the territorial constituents of our original fatherland. It has no other origin
and no other meaning; and it does not admit of any other interpretation” (Chaudri
225) On 28 January 1933 he wrote ‘Now or Never’ where he not only propounded
the name of Pakistan for the North West Indian Muslims Provinces but also for
North East and South East Muslims majority province. Pakistan name was
constituted for province in North West (PKP, Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan),
Bang-e-Islam for North East province (Bengal and Assam) and Usmanistan for
South East Muslim majority province (Hyderabad). He like Allam Iqbal not only
proposed the formula for division but also envisaged the names of Muslims States.
His demand of Pakistan became reality but Usmanistan and Bang-e-Islam could
not. After this pamphlet Lahore Resolution 23 March 1947 was termed as Pakistan
Resolution in Indian newspapers. His demand for Muslims states repeated in this
resolution where leaders demanded no constitution but separate independent
Muslims states from North East and North West majority provinces. Hume Rule
League of Anni Basant with the manifesto of self-government for Indians set up in
1917 and All India Muslim League both joined by Jinnah and ML adopted the
manifesto for Muslim League in 1913. In 1916 Jinnah convinced Congress and
League to agree for self-government. Iqbal however repeated the same as second
option in his speech, in case British government does not agree with the partition
proposal. Indian Muslim State statement could use as name of Muslims’ state but
later on 28 Jan 1933 form London Chaudri Rehmat Ali with his friends, Inayatulla,
Mohammad Sadiq and Mohammad Aslam introduced the name Pakistan,
particularly for Muslim majority areas confined in North and Northwest of British
India. Congress League Attitude Congress champion of politics proclaiming for
universal democracy and secular politics adverse to league, League was
influencing Muslim politics and non-secular approach to preserve Islamic identity
and rights for Saracens. Both nations united to fight against British foe but later
consequences faced by Muslims only. Hindus were gaining benefits while we were
being deprived. Congress made the mind to crush our image before masters; it had
only two Muslims initially. Bengal partition urged us to ponder over future
political, social and economic rights. These rights could only be projected by
seceding from congress and setting up our political agency. Annulment of Bengal
intensified us to divert to politics and electoral separation. Minto received the
Muslims at Simla to concede their demands. Formation and consolidation of such
body resulted in the political rifts and challenging authorities couldn’t lie behind in
tag of war against opposition. Jinnah tried to unite but all efforts went in vain,
when congress rejected Lukhnow pact 1916 first and Delhi proposals later. Nehru
report got published in 1928 to override our unique status under separate Electorate
and weight age. We turned down offers being offered in this commission, rejection
of separate electorate had meant to disassociate Muslims form Muslims and
declare congress only party capable enough to represent both Muslims and Hindus.
The report had objectives of political, constitutional and communal segregation.
Thus Jinnah to disdain these separated motives of Congress articulated 14 points.
Round Table Conferences summoned up to resolve communal and constitutional
issues eroding roots of British Indian Empire. RTCs failed to resolve. Gandhi set
his mind to prove Congress only capable to handle Sub-Continent but rejected by
father of nation on the ground of two nation concept, how could Muslims be
mingled up with Hindus. These anti mingling sentiments resulted in the
constitution of two states later. “A Shocking example of Hindu intolerance was
given by Sir Michael O’Dwayer, when he quoted a directive issued by the congress
chairman of a local board in the Central Provinces to headmasters of all Urdu
Schools, which were attended by Muslims boys, to order the students to
worship(the words Puja ki Jawe) Gandhi’s portrait” (Aziz 51) Role of British Sir
Thomas Roe came as ambassador to acquire permission for East India Company
(EIC) from Jahangir. In response EIC was set up to promote European economy
and trade with Indian subcontinent. “The Great Uprising of 1857 is one of the
important chapters of the struggle for freedom of Indians form foreign domination.
For a hundred years the East India Company ruled over parts of subcontinent
which had come completely under its control after the annexation of Punjab
(1849), 9 | P a g e Awadh (1856) by Lord Dalhousie” (Sarwar 25) however their
direct rule was imposed on 1 April 1858 after defeating Hindu Muslims coalition
forces in war of independence 1857. It showed the strength of sub-continental
public, to stop such type of surge and collective strength, British started diving into
Indian affairs first and ruling on them later. Lord Minto by conceding the demand
of separate electorate of Muslims paved the way for Political, economic and
territorial separation. It forged Two Nation Theory, Muslims religious thoughts
and need for economy. Christian missionary was working to avert from one’s own
beliefs those Indians working for British government received warning letters if
they don’t accept Christianity. William Bentinck abolished the practice of Sati.
Muharam procession were band, restrictions were imposed on masses in clubs.
Hindus were more inducted into forces and government jobs then Muslims.
Muslims victimized, humiliated and truncated. Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled in
Rangoon, Red Fort was captured and rulers were living on pensions form
government. British many a time in their history lured public to get their support
for their nefarious designs. In 1913 District government took a decision to
demolish a part of Kanpur Mosque on excuse of building road adjoining the
mosque, this episode resulted in bloodbath. After six years, when public was
demonstrating against the illegal arrest of leaders in response to Rowlett Act 1919.
General Dyer ordered to fire on helpless public, this massacre showed the attitude
of British government towards public. During the First World War 1914-1918
Indian were inducted to fights for British. Muslims were fighting against their
Muslims brethren in Turkey. Turkey was to be dismembered; Muslims and Hindus
once again after 1857 gathered to for common survival and cause but failed do to
some mistakes and negligence. Bewilderedness situation of the fate of Ottoman
Empire baffled the Muslims. To support Turkey, Muslims migrated to neighbor
country but produced the anarchy and chaos among Indians. To retrieve form
setbacks Muslims find the away of progress through education. Aligarh School
produced leaders able enough to demand separate state for the nation. 10 | P a g e
“No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to
Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles name, that
geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so
constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may necessary, that the areas in
which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in the North- Western and
Eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in
which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign”. (Bolitho 119)
After this pivotal speech Muslims never looked back again. They had set their final
destiny as Iqbal had vision of separate state for Muslims. They rejected
Constitution; with this rejection indeed they were demanding separate Constituent
Assembly with separate Legislation. Iqbal had only demanded North Western Zone
but Lahore Resolution moved ahead with Eastern zone as well. Word independent
states in plural form indicated to later statesmen to bifurcate Pakistan to set up
Bangladesh. Indeed resolution should have demanded two separate states. Great
leaders had only one vision that was separation. They neither demanded
Bangladesh nor had struggled for it, as Sikh leaders were struggling for Khalistan.
Maulana Bahshani and Mujeeb ur Rehman interpreted Pakistan Resolution in Their
own way that resolution had demanded two separate states not one Pakistan.
Before paying any heed to them we must first look into the presenter i.e. Sher
Bangal and Chief Minister of Bengal Nawab Faz lul Haq a Bengali. Who did not
demanded Bangladesh while a Punjabi Chaudri Rehmat Ali in his “Now or Never”
had demanded “Bang-e-Islam” by joining Bengal and Assam together. “The
Cabinet Mission consisted of AV Alexander, Pethick Lawrence and Stafford
Cripps. In a statement the Quaidi-Azam said that he would try to convince the
members of Mission that the partition of India was the only and the best solution to
the whole problems”. (Saeed 254) against the wishes of Muslims. Jinnah first had
agreed to the grouping but later on due to the attitude of Nehru against the
grouping and his own interpretation of grouping forced Jinnah to call for direct
action day. The day was observed on 16 August 1946. Hindu masses turned this
peaceful observation into bloodbath and great massacre, which force the British
Prime Minister Clement Attlee to announce partition on 20 Feb and had to send
last Governor General for this demarcation. After his arrival Mountbatten endorsed
the Clement by announcing 3rd June plan, later on British Government passed on
Indian Independence Bill to legalize partition. This act ended the long lasting
problems and brought the Muslims’ demanded dream into reality. Indian leaders
could not impasse Muslims National from separation Conclusion Islamic ocean
(culture) dived into Indian River (culture) to change the very structure of Indian
society and leave its durable impacts till Independence. “The longest journey starts
with very small step” (Chinese proverb), independence was the longest journey for
the Muslims and Nationalism was the small step, taken to attain it. It had been
almost impossible for Muslims to demand anything without claiming separate
entity or nation. Hence it is true that creation of Pakistan was not an abrupt event
but Islam and Muslims National served as Cause. Conclusion The causes led to
separate were instigated by INC, and Hinduvta ideologies, their forced result was
the creation of Pakistan. It was impossible to live side by side with Hindus, the
ideology of Modi government has revealed the dire need of freedom and
independence of Pakistan.