Trường Đại Học Nông Lâm TP.

Hồ Chí Minh
Ngành Hệ Thống Thông Tin

MẠNG MÁY TÍNH VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG

(COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS)
Chapter 1 - Overview

Presenter: Dr. Nguyen Dinh Long 1

Email: dinhlonghcmut@gmail.com
Phone: 0947 229599
Google-site: https://sites.google.com/view/long-dinh-nguyen
18 Mar. 2022
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
Outline
Overview of Computer Networks and Communications

Concepts of Computer Networks

Model of OSI-7 layers and TCP/IP

Wireless Transmission (Channel communication)

LAN/WLAN IEEE 802.11

Multi-gigabit WLAN and Applications

Computer Networks Trends and Applications

2
References
Main:
▪ Phạm Ngọc Thắng và Nguyễn Tiến Dũng, 2013, Giáo trình máy tính và mạng máy tính, NXB
Giáo dục.

More:
▪ Hồ Đắc Phương, 2014, Giáo trình Nhập môn Mạng máy tính, NXB Giáo Dục
▪ Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 2003, Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall.
▪ Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Wiley, March 2000.

3
▪ Slides here are adapted from several sources on the Universities and Internet.
Content of Chapter 1
1. History of Communication systems

2. Introduction to communication networks

▪ Block diagram, radio communication

3. Concepts of communication networks

▪ Issues, communication network designs, OSI layer, TCP/IP

4. Communication networks technology

▪ Modulation, multiplexing, multiple access, transmission scheme

5. Applications of computer network and communication

4
1. History of Communication System

▪ 1876 - Bell Telephone

▪ 1920 - Radio Broadcast

▪ 1936 - TV Broadcast

▪ 1960’s - Digital communications

▪ 1965 - First commercial satellite

▪ 1970 - First Internet node

▪ 1980 - Development of TCP/IP

▪ 1993 - Invention of Web

▪ ~ 2000 - Internet traffic surpasses voice!

▪ AnalogComm Systems

▪ DigitalComm Systems

▪ Networked Comm Systems (data packets)

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Early Communication Systems
▪ Telegraph
▪ 1830, Joseph Henry
▪ 1832, Pavel Schilling
▪ 1837, Samuel B. Morse, Morse code
▪ 1844, What Hath God Wrought

▪ Telephone
▪ 1876, Alexander G. Bell (“Watson come here; I need you.”)
▪ 1888, Strowger stepper switch
▪ 1915, US transcontinental service (requires amplifiers)

▪ Wireless telegraphy
▪ 1895, Jagadish Chandra Bose builds radio transmitter
▪ 1896, Marconi patents radio telegraphy
▪ 1901, Marconi, first transatlantic transmission

▪ Radio
▪ 1906, Reginald Fessendend, first broadcast
▪ 1920, first commercial AM radio station (Montreal XWA ! CINW)

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Communication Systems Today

▪ Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice, fax, modem

▪ Radio and TV broadcasting

▪ Citizens’ band radio; ham short-wave radio

▪ Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)

▪ Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts)

▪ Cable television (CATV) for video and data

▪ Cellular phones

▪ Bluetooth, ZigBee, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, ...

▪ GPS

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▪ Many others ...
Significance of Human Communication
▪ Methods of communication:

1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Electrical innovations:
▪ Telegraph
▪ Telephone
▪ Radio
▪ Television
▪ Internet (computer)

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Significance of Human Communication
▪ Communication is the process of exchanging information.

Main barriers are language and distance.

Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the

accumulation,
packaging,
and exchange of information.

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Historical Communication Systems
▪ Face to Face
▪ Writing on letter sheet

▪ Written word (letters)

▪ Wire phone
▪ 1876, Alexander G. Bell (“Watson come here; I need you.”)

▪ Wireless mobile (high data-rate), multiple communication media

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Historical of Communication Systems
▪ 1G – First generation of mobile network
▪ 1980s
▪ AMPS, TACS application
▪ 2.4-9.6 kbps data rate
▪ Several KHz bandwidth

▪ 5G-NR – 5th generation of mobile network

▪ 2020s
▪ > 1Gbps data rate, 10ms latency, 1M connections
▪ MIMO, massive MIMO
▪ OFDM
▪ > 20MHz bandwidth
▪ Voice, HD video, streaming, game high-configuration, video meeting, ...
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Historical of Communication Systems
▪ ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
▪ 1969
▪ first connected computer network
▪ using packet-switching instead of direct connections
▪ relied on phone lines

▪ Explosion of Internet, networking

IoT Cloud
IPv6

5G AI

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New Communication Systems
▪ Smart phone, laptop, …
▪ For the Microsoft platforms called Smartphone 2002 and Smartphone 2003
▪ Iphone 13: 6.2 inches, 128GB, RAM-4GB, 13MP camera, 3.1GHz Dual core,
GPU graphics, HDR display, 16M colors, 5GHz, MIMO, Bluetooth v5.1
Light, Proximity, Accelerometer, Barometer, Compass, Gyroscope sensors
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▪ Metaverse, Virtual-Reality, …

▪ More …
Historical of Communication Systems
▪ 1940s
▪ Number of mobile users ~ 50K
▪ Mobile traffic: 100 MB
▪ Single antenna
▪ Several connections per BS

▪ 2020
▪ 5.27 billion users
▪ Mobile traffic: 127 exabytes
▪ Massive antenna number (128, 256, ...)
▪ 1M connections per BS

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The magic of communication network
(the service for everyone)
Market of Communication systems (Mobile network)
Global popular is estimated up to 8 billion people (2020)
→ estimated global popular is using communication services (5.27 billion users)
Each user statistically used 2GB/month for exchanging data traffic
Global data traffic per year is to exceed: 126.48 exabytes (1exabyte = 1e9 GB)

Mobile network services are with $0.01/min (at data rate. 100Mbps) or $0.57/GB (Vietnam)

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The magic of communication network
(the service for everyone)
Market of Communication systems (Mobile network)
Global popular is estimated up to 8 billion people (2020)
→ estimated global popular is using communication services (5.27 billion users)
Each user statistically used 2GB/month for exchanging data traffic
Global data traffic per year is to exceed: 126.48 exabytes (1exabyte = 1e9 GB)

Mobile network services are with $0.11/min (at data rate. 100Mbps) or $0.57/GB (Vietnam)

127 exabytes = 127 1018 bytes = 127  8 1018 bits

127 exabytes (100Mbps )  170 109 mins  $18.7 billion

127 exabytes  127 109 GB  $72.4 billion

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Persons Ray Tomlinson
Robert Metcalfe

developed Ethernet in 1973

sent the first e-mail in 1971
Tim Berners-Lee

Leonard Kleinrock
Invention: Digital
packet switching
-- 1950s

Invention:
TCP/IP -- 1974
proposed the idea of ARPANET, one of the
earliest computer networks in 1961 Paul Baran
Vint Cerf 17
Persons

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2. Introduction to communication system

▪ The purpose of a communication system is to transport an information bearing signal from a source to a
user destination.

o Analog communication systems: the information bearing signal is continuously varying in both
amplitude and time.

o The performance metric: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)

o Digital communication system: the information bearing signal is represented by a sequence of discrete
messages.

o The performance metric: BER (Bit Error Rate)

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Types of Communication Information
Major classification of data: analog vs. digital
▪ Analog signals
▪ speech (but words are discrete)
▪ music (closer to a continuous signal)
▪ temperature readings, barometric pressure, wind speed
▪ images stored on film

▪ Analog signals can be represented (approximately) using bits

▪ audio: 8, 16, 24 bits per sample
▪ digitized images (can be compressed using JPEG)
▪ digitized video (can be compressed to MPEG)
▪ Bits: text, computer data

▪ Analog signals can be converted into bits by quantizing/digitizing

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Types of Communication Information
Major classification of communication systems: analog vs. digital

▪ Analog communication systems convert

(modulate) analog signals into modulated (analog) signals

▪ Digital communication systems convert

information in the form of bits into binary/digital signals

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Types of Communication Information
Analog Messages
▪ Early analog communication
▪ telephone (1876)
▪ phonograph (1877)
▪ film soundtrack (1923, Lee De Forest, Joseph Tykoci´nski-Tykociner)

▪ Key to analog communication is the amplifier (1908, Lee De Forest, triode vacuum tube)

▪ Broadcast radio (AM, FM) is still analog

▪ Broadcast television was analog until 2009

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Types of Communication Information
Digital Messages
▪ Early long-distance communication was digital
▪ semaphores, white flag, smoke signals, bugle calls, telegraph

▪ Teletypewriters (stock quotations)

▪ Baudot (1874) created 5-unit code for alphabet. Today baud is a unit meaning one symbol per second.
▪ Working teleprinters were in service by 1924 at 65 words per minute

▪ Fax machines: Group 3 (voice lines) and Group 4 (ISDN)

▪ In 1990s the accounted for majority of transPacific telephone use. Sadly, fax machines are still in use.
▪ First fax machine was Alexander Bains 1843 device required conductive ink
▪ Pantelegraph (Caselli, 1865) set up telefax between Paris and Lyon

▪ Ethernet, Internet

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Block diagram of Communication Systems

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Block diagram of digital communication systems

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Basic diagram of communication systems

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Basic communication signal processing blocks

▪ Transmitter:
o Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the
source output.
o Channel coding: introduce redundancy to provide reliable communication over a noisy channel.
o Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over the channel.

❖ Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio,
satellite channels, mmWave channel, military channels, …).

❖ Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source decoder.

❖ Our goal is to communicate with any time of information with anyone at anytime from anywhere.
This is possible with aid of Communication System Design.

Noise and Attenuation degrade or interferes with the transmitted information.

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Types of Communication Network (Ranges)

▪ Wide Area Networks (WANS)

▪ Span large areas (countries, continents, world)
▪ Use leased phone lines (expensive!) 1980’s: 10 Kbps, 2000’s: 2.5 Gbps User access rates: 56Kbps – 155 Mbps
typical
▪ Shared communication links: switches and routers e.g, IBM SNA, X.25 networks, Internet

▪ Local Area Networks (LANS)

▪ Span office or building
▪ Single hop (shared channel) (cheap!)
▪ User rates: 10 Mbps – 1 Gbps E.g., Ethernet, Token rings, Apple-talk

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 TYPE
Type of Cells
OF CELLS

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

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Types of Communication Network (Ranges)

❖ Cellular Systems Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

❖ Satellite Systems
❖ Wireless broadband access (WiMax-compatible)
Metropolitan Area
❖ Paging Systems (one way, two way) Networks MAN
❖ Radio broadcast (analog/digital audio/video)
❖ Cordless phone, personal handyphone system
❖ Wireless LANs
❖ Bluetooth
❖ Ultra-wideband radios
Local Area Network LAN
❖ Zigbee radios Personal Area Networks PAN
❖ Infrared wireless optical (IrDa)
❖ Remote control (toy, garage door)
❖ Special purpose: radar, sonar, missile guidance,…,etc
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Mobile wireless generation

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Types of Computer Networks

Local Area Networks (LAN)

▪ “Local” means every computer can hear every other computer

▪ ◮ Packet switching instead of circuit switching (no dedicated channels)

▪ ◮ Data is broken down into packets

▪ ◮ Originally proprietary protocols; e.g., Ethernet was a collaboration between Intel, DEC, and Xerox. (DEC?)

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Local Area Networks (LAN)
What is a local area network (LAN)?

➢ Network in limited geographical

area such as home or office
building
➢ LAN covers a small region of
space typically a single building,
schools or at home
Types of Computer Networks

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

▪ WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range) to an access point

▪ As with LANs, data is broken down into packets

▪ Channel access is shared (random access)

▪ Access protocols for WLANs are much more complex than for LANs

▪ Backbone Internet provides best-effort service (no QOS guarantee)

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Types of Computer Networks
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• connects LANs in city or
• Town

•A collection of LANs with the same

geographically area for instant a city

•MAN across long distances can be best

connected using fibre optic
Types of Computer Networks
What is a wide area network (WAN)?

➢ Network that covers large geographic

area using many types of media

➢ Internet is world’s largest WAN

➢ Can be a collection of LANs or WANs or the mix of two

with a very large geographical area for instant a country or
even beyond the border

➢ Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be

used to connect this type of network.
Types of Computer Networks

▪ Wide Area Networks; the Internet

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Differentiate between the three types of computer networks
Wireless LAN Standards
▪ 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
o Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
o Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
o Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN
▪ 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) cards have
o Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) all 3 (a/b/g)
o OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
o Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

▪ 802.11n (Hot stuff, standard close to finalization)

o Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
o Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
o Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range
o Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

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Wireless LAN Standards
.

42
Wireless LAN Standards
.

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Types of Communication Networks

▪ Wide Area Networks; the Internet

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Types of Communication Networks

Satellite Systems
▪ Satellites cover very large areas

▪ Different orbit heights: GEOs (39000 Km), MEO (10000 Km), and LEOs (2000 Km)

▪ Optimized for one-way transmission, such as radio (XM, DAB) and television (SatTV) broadcasting

▪ Latency (round trip delay) can be a problem

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Types of Communication Networks

Bluetooth
▪ Ericsson, 1994, named for King Harald Bl°atand Gormsen

▪ Intended as replacement for cables, such as RS-232

▪ Now used for input devices, cell phones, laptops, PDAs, etc.

▪ Short range connection (10–100 m)

▪ Bluetooth 1.2 has 1 data (721 Kbps) and 3 voice (56 Kbps) channels,
and rudimentary networking capabilities

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Types of Communication Networks
❑ Ultra wideband Radio (UWB)

▪ UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)

o Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent
▪ A carrier is not necessarily needed
▪ Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz)
▪ High data rates, up to 500 Mbps
▪ 7.5 GHz of “free spectrum” in the U.S. (underlay)
▪ New UWB proposals (802.15.3): OFDM-based or

CDMA-based
▪ Limited commercial success to date

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Types of Communication Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios
▪ Wireless personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios.

▪ ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide.
▪ Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps

▪ The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring
applications
▪ Very low power consumption
Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

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Tradeoffs 802.11n
3G
Rate
802.11g/a

Power
802.11b
UWB
Bluetooth
ZigBee Range

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3. QoS Requirements and Design Challenges
▪ QoS: quality-of-service

Voice Data Video

Delay <100ms - <100ms

Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%

BER 10-3 10-6 10-6

Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps

Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

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Communication System - Challenges
▪ Three main problems:
o The path loss
o Noise (interference)
o Sharing the radio spectrum

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Issues of Communication networks

▪ Attenuation
– Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless
transmission. It is proportional to the square of the distance between the
transmitter and receiver.

▪ Noise
– Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the
communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with
the transmitted message.

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How to work? – Communication Network Technology

▪ Communication channels

▪ Modulation

▪ Multiplexing, multiple access, switching

▪ Protocol, OSI layer

▪ Transmission schemes

▪ Spread Spectrum

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Types of Electronic Communication

▪ Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are

▪ 1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions
▪ 2. Analog or digital signals.

Simplex
– The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex.
– This type of communication is one-way. Examples are:
▪ Radio
▪ TV broadcasting
▪ Beeper (personal receiver)

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Types of Electronic Communication

Half Duplex
– The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are:
▪ Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
▪ Citizen band (CB)
▪ Family radio
▪ Amateur radio

Full Duplex
– Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex.
– When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The telephone is an example of
this type of communication.

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Modulation and Multiplexing
▪ Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one
place to another.

Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.
Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

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Modulation and Multiplexing
▪ Modulation at the transmitter:

57
Modulation and Multiplexing
▪ Types of modulation.
(a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation

58
Modulation and Multiplexing
Multiplexing
– Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same medium or channel.
– The three basic types of multiplexing are:
▪ Frequency division
▪ Time division
▪ Code division

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Multiple Access
▪ Multiple access
o FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
o TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
o SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
o SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
• FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access)
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

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OSI Model
▪ OSI 7 layers for data transmission

61
TCP/IP Model
▪ TCP/IP 4 layers

62
Transmission Schemes
Baseband Transmission
– Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for
transmission over the medium.
▪ In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted.

▪ In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.

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Transmission Schemes
Broadband Transmission
– A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or data.
– A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances through space.
– A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for
transmission.

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Transmission Schemes
Broadband Transmission
– The two most common methods of modulation are:
▪ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
▪ Frequency Modulation (FM)

– Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.

– Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is converted to frequency-varying tones.
– Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data from digital to analog and back again.
– Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.

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Classification of radio spectrum

66
Frequency spectrum

67
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency
– A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to its frequency and wavelength.
– Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time.
– A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
– Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
– The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
– Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
– Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
– The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).

68
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
▪ Frequency and wavelength.

(a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength

69
Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.
▪ Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information.

▪ Spectrum Management and Standards

▪ – Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up by the United States and other countries to control
spectrum use.
▪ The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal in spectrum management.
▪ – Standards are specifications and guidelines necessary to ensure compatibility

70
Bandwidth – Why?
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

71
Bandwidth
More Room at the Top
– Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between approximately 30 kHz and 300 GHz has been spoken for.

– There is tremendous competition for these frequencies, between companies, individuals, and government services in
individual carriers and between the different nations of the world.

– The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most precious natural resources.

– Communication engineering is devoted to making the best use of that finite spectrum.

– Great effort goes into developing communication techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to transmit given
information and thus conserve spectrum space.

– This provides more room for additional communication channels and gives other services or users an opportunity to take
advantage of it. 72
Transmission of Information

▪ Information source

▪ Continuous -e.g., voice, video

▪ Discrete -e.g., text, computer data

Signal
▪ Analog (continuous valued)
▪ Digital (discrete valued)

Why digital transmission?

▪ Can remove unwanted “noise” to reproduce digital signal
▪ Can eliminate redundancy

Digital transmission of continuous data

▪ Sample
▪ Quantize
▪ Encode
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5. Applications of Computer network and Communication

▪ Broadcast TV/Radio

▪ Recent move toward digital broadcast (Satellite TV/Radio)

▪ 2009: all TV broadcast is going digital (HDTV) -why?

▪ Digital telephony

– Wired and wireless

▪ Computer communications/networks

▪ Resource sharing Computing: mainframe computer (old days)Printers, peripheralsInformation, DB access and
update
▪ Internet Services Email, FTP, Telnet, Web access

▪ Today, the vast majority of network traffic is for internet applications

– Internet is also starting to carry traditional applications Radio, TV, phone

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Applications of Computer network and Communication
Simplex
▪ AM and FM broadcasting

▪ Digital radio

▪ TV broadcasting

▪ Digital television (DTV)

▪ Cable television

▪ Facsimile

▪ Wireless remote control

▪ Paging services

▪ Navigation and direction-finding services

▪ Telemetry

▪ Radio astronomy

▪ Surveillance

▪ Music services

▪ Internet radio and video 75

Applications of Computer network and Communication
Duplex
▪ Telephones

▪ Two-way radio

▪ Radar

▪ Sonar

▪ Amateur radio

▪ Citizens radio

▪ Family Radio service

▪ The Internet

▪ Wide-area networks (WANs)

▪ Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)

▪ Local area networks (LANs)

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