6/9/2021

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
•Introduction
•Applications of Internet
•Communication Technologies in Internet
•Data Processing Technologies in Internet
•Next Generation of Internet
•Standardizing Organizations in Internet

Dr. Md. Saifur Rahman

Professor (Communication and Signal Processing group)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

INTRODUCTION INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE INTERNET
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET FROM ARPANET

The Internet originated over 52 years ago with the Department

of Defense/Advanced Research Project Agency (DOD/ARPA),
which wanted a national communication system so that
computers around the country and the world could send and
receive information.
Technically, the government did not intend to build what we
know now as the Internet; they simply wanted to create a
communication system for defense.
Mid 1960s: DOD wanted a command and control network that
could survive a nuclear war.
1968*: DOD undertook a project to connect various research
centers through a network called ARPANET*.
Standard interconnection protocol - (NCP) .
Traditional circuit-switched telephone networks, were
considered too vulnerable.

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THE INTERNET
ARPA decided to adopt a packet-switched network, consisting of
a subnet and host computers.
The subnet consisted of minicomputers called IMPs (Interface
Message Processors).

Figure 3: The original ARPANET design

The subnet was a datagram subnet, if some lines and IMPs were destroyrd,
messages could be automatically rerouted along alternative paths.

INTRODUCTION INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE INTERNET
Figure 4 shows how rapidly the ARPANET grew in the first 3
years.
(a) 1969
December
(b) 1970
July
(c) 1971
December Figure 4: Growth of the ARPANET

(d) 1972
April

(e) 1972
September

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THE INTERNET
However, NCP failed to keep up ARPANET as it grew rapidly.
Therefore, in 1974, TCP/IP was developed.
Actually TCP and IP are two protocols. However, they are not
stand-alone protocols. Rather they belong to the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
A protocol suite is a hierarchical collection of related protocols.
Late 1970s: NSF (the US National Science Foundation) saw the
enormous impact the ARPANET was having on university
research.
NSF set up a virtual network, CSNET, which supported dial-up
lines and had connections to the ARPANET and other networks.
Using CSNET, academic researchers could call up and leave email
for other people to pick up later.
On January 1 1983: TCP/IP became the only official protocol.
The number of networks, machines, and users connected to the
ARPANET grew rapidly. The growth became exponential.

INTRODUCTION INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE INTERNET
1984: NSF began designing a high-speed successor to the
ARPANET. NSF decided to build a backbone network to connect
its six supercomputer centers. NSF also funded about 20 regional
networks.

Figure 5: The NSFNET backbone in 1988

The complete network, including the backbone and the regional networks, was called NSFNET.

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The regional networks were connected to the backbone to allow

users at thousands of universities, research labs, libraries, and
museums to access any of the supercomputers and to
communicate with one another.
The NSF used the same ARPANET hardware technology and the
same TCP/IP protocol.
The subnets were connected with 56kbps leased lines.

Sometimes in the Mid 1980s: People began viewing the collection

of network as an internet, and later as the Internet.

Growth continued exponentially.

By 1990 : The Internet had grown to 3000 networks and 200,000
computers.

In 1992 : The One-Millionth host was attached.

INTRODUCTION INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE INTERNET
By 1995 : There
were multiple
backbones,
hundreds of mid-
level networks,
ten thousands of
LANs, millions of
hosts, and tens of
millions of users
on the Internet.

The size doubles

approximately
every year
(Paxson, 1994)
Figure 6: The Internet- A Global Network:
a network of networks.

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•The glue that holds the Internet together is the TCP/IP
reference model and TCP/IP protocol stack.
•TCP/IP makes universal service possible and can be compared
to the telephone system.

A machine is on the Internet if it runs the TCP/IP protocol stack,

has an IP address, and has the ability to send IP packets to all
the other machines on the Internet.

By 1995, the NSFNET backbone was no longer needed to

interconnect the NSF regional networks because numerous
companies were already running commercial IP networks.

Today, the original ARPANET does no longer exist, but it is the

ARPANET, which let us enjoy the fruits of the Internet.

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

INTERNET APPLICATIONS
Traditionally, the Internet had four main applications.

THE FOUR MAIN APPLICATIONS

•E-mail : The ability to compose, send and receive electronic

mail has been around since the early days of the ARPANET and
is enormously popular.

•News : Newsgroups are specialized forums in which users with

a common interest can exchange messages.
Worldwide newsgroup discusses their topic of interest among a
select group of people.

•Remote Login : Using the Telnet, Rlogin, or other programs,

users anywhere on the Internet can log on to any other machine
on which they have an account.

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INTERNET APPLICATIONS INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE FOUR MAIN APPLICATIONS
•File Transfer : Using the FTP program, it is possible to copy
files from one machine on the Internet to another. Vast numbers
of articles, databases, and other information are available this
way.
THE OTHER APPLICATIONS
•World Wide Web (WWW) : Up until the early 1990s, the
Internet was largely populated by academic, government, and
industrial researchers. One new application, the WWW changed
all that and brought millions of new, nonacademic users to the
net.
–This was originally invented by Tim Berners-Lee, the Physicist
working in CERN. Later, the WWW developers modified it for
easy use, but did not change any of the underlying facilities.
–The WWW made it possible for a site to set up a number of
pages of information containing text, pictures, sound and video
with embedded links to other pages.

INTERNET APPLICATIONS INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE OTHER APPLICATIONS

–Numerous other kinds of pages have come into existence in a

very short time, including maps, stock market tables, library
and catalogs, recorded radio programs, and even page pointing
to the complete text of many books whose copyrights have
expired.
–Many people also have personal pages (home pages).

•Video Conferencing : Although Internet links tend to be rather

slow, some operate at hundreds of kilobits per second. This
allows slow to moderate speed video conferencing.
–This service requires a camera and a sound card on the PC and
the video conferencing software.
–Using this service, virtual meetings could be used for remote
school, getting medical opinions from distant specialists, and
numerous other applications.

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THE OTHER APPLICATIONS
•Internet Telephone Service : It is easier to provide voice
telephone service over the Internet compared to Video
Conferencing. This is known as Internet Telephony or Voice over
IP.
–This requires a full duplex sound card and a full-duplex
modem.

–Several standards for Internet Telephone Service are now in

use. Of course, telephone companies seriously object to “free” long
distance calling on the Internet.
–This service also allows teleconferencing, voice chat, and voice-
mail.
•Entertainment Industry : Entertainment industry over the
Internet is a huge and growing industry. This includes
–On-line Radio, Web TV, Interactive Real time simulation
games, Interactive TV, Video on demand.

INTERNET APPLICATIONS INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

THE OTHER APPLICATIONS
•Also, there are on-line newspapers, magazines, scientific
journals, and on-line digital library, access to remote
information in financial institutions and Net banking facilities.

FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

There has recently been a great deal of public debate over the
future of the Internet. The following issues will shape/modify the
Internet

•Funding : The Internet is a cooperative system. Different

organizations own different parts of the overall system.
–Some of the Internet’s transmission capacity is subsidized by
governments.
–Some government officials want to completely privatize the
Internet.
–Others fear that this could kill the Internet.

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FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
•Crime/Netiquette : Laws to govern behavior on a network
are unclear.
–Even if they are clear, they are very difficult to enforce.
•Internet community always believed in Open Culture.
–Saying nasty things and sending too many messages were
considered Poor Taste but hardly Criminal

•A growing number of true criminals are taking advantages of

this open culture.
–Stealing Credit Card numbers from buyers.
–Some invite to take part in criminal acts.
–Some Internet users report being sexually harassed by Internet
stalkers who keep sending unwanted messages asking for dates
or sending messages with sexually explicit contents.
–Child molesters and Pornography are also of great concern.

INTERNET APPLICATIONS INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

FUTURE OF THE INTERNET
•Speed : Today’s typical Internet speeds are no longer
sufficient. LANs now run at 100Mbps or higher. Frame relay
may run more than 1Mbps, and ATM may run in some Gbps.
–When many users have access to services offering such speeds
at work they will begin to demand higher Internet access speeds.

–Extensive research is being carried out to achieve higher

speeds.

–Although the path to higher-speed service is unclear, it is likely

that the Internet in the year 2010 will be a very different
network than it is today in terms of transfer speeds.