Mian Usman Zahid (H.V Lab Report)

The University of Lahore Department of Technology
High Voltage Technology

TEE-4024
Laboratory Manual
Department of Technology
The University Of Lahore

1-Km, Raiwind Road, Lahore
List of Experiments
Title Page
Experiment
No. No.
01 INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB MANUAL AND LAB EQUIPMENT 4
02 STUDY THE DC VOLTAGE TESTING USING VAN D GRAFF GENERATOR 7

03 CALIBERATION OF VOLTMETER BY USING SPEHERE GAP 10
METHOD
04 CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER USING ROAD GAP AND POINT 12

GAP
05 TO DETERMINE FLASH OVER VOLTAGE ACROSS PIN-TYPE 15

INSULATOR
06 - TO DETERMINE STRING EFFICIENCY OF SUSPENSION TYPE 18

INSULATOR.
07 - STUDY OF BREAK-DOWN VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT 21

COMBINATION OF ELECTRODES.
08 DETERMINATION OF FAULT LOCATION BY DIGITALCABLE 24

FAULT LOCATOR MODEL 2000A.
09 MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION 27

FACTOR (TAN δ) OF SOLID INSULATING MATERIAL BY
ELTEL CTS-500KIT.
10 STUDY THE FERRANTI EFFECT AND SURGE IMPEDANCE 30

LOADING IN EHV LINE.
11 MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, DISSIPATION 34

FACTOR (TAN δ) AND RESISTIVITY OF Oil.
38
12 STUDY THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST OF PIN TYPE INSULATOR
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High Voltage Technology Version 1.0
40
13 STUDY THE SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST OF PIN TYPE INSULATOR
HIGH VOLTAGE MEASURMENT USING AMMETER IN SERIES WITH

42
14 HIGH OHMIC RESISTANCE AND VOLTAGE DIVIDOR METHOD
MEASURMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE USING ELECTROSTATIC

44
15 VOLTMERER AND FIELD SENSOR
16 AC VOLTAGE MEASURMENT BY MEANS OF SPHERE GAP AND

47
ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB MANUAL AND LAB EQUIPMENT
Introduction
This exercise is to familiarize the students with the lab equipment and lab manual.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to give a brief introduction of lab equipment’s and lab
manual.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of lab equipment
regarding lab experiments and the availability of equipment according to each lab experiment.
Theory Overview
All the lab equipment’s available in high voltage lab are designed to use for lab experiments
not for the power supply purpose. Lab equipment’s are divided in three categories.
• High voltage Source
• Measuring Equipment
• Test objects
High Voltage Source

High voltage source is a supply that can be categorize according to the nature of voltage type e.g. AC
source, DC source and Impulse source.
Measuring Equipment
These are the instruments used for the measurement of voltage level of high voltage source, they
are also categorized according to type of voltage they are measuring e.g. Sphere gap arrangement is
a measuring instrument that can measuring all three types of voltage.
Test Objects
Test objects are the Devices and insulator whose breakdown voltage level is to be measured e.g.
Motors, cables, capacitors and pin type or suspension type insulators etc.
Equipment / Apparatus
• Power and Distribution Transformers (oil insulated and Resin Cast),

• Instrument Transformers
• Switch Gears, Isolators
• Power Capacitors
• Insulators
• Surge Arresters
• Bushings etc.
• Test Transformer
4|Page
• Connecting Rod
• Connecting Cup
• Floor Pedestal
• Measuring Capacitor
• AC Peak Voltmeter
• HV Rectifier
• Smoothing Capacitor
• Measuring Resistor
• Earthing Switch
• Spacer Tube
• Insulating Rod
Schematic Diagram
Figure 1: Lab Diagram
Procedure
Enlist all the equipment’s available in the lab take their picture and write the purpose of each
equipment in the lab. Make sure the availability of lab equipment according to each lab experiment
Precautions
• Keep a safe distance from High voltage equipment.
• Use control panel to control the equipment.
• Do not take electronics devices near the equipment.
5|Page
Review Questions
• Why it is the purpose of connecting rods.
A connecting rod is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft.
Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and
tensile forces from the piston.
• What is the use of cockrowft Walton circuit?
Cockcroft–Walton circuits are still used in particle accelerators. They also are used in everyday
electronic devices that require high voltages, such as X-ray machines, microwave ovens and
photocopiers.
• Why is earthing necessary.
Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by providing a path (a
protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also causes the protective device
(either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the electric current to the circuit that has the fault.
Assessment Form
Student Name: Instructor Name: Engr Usman Zahid

Qasim Umar Instructor Remarks:
Registration No:
BSEET01183018 Student Grade:
Date: Signature:
6|Page
EXPERIMENT NO: - 2
STUDY THE DC VOLTAGE TESTING USING VAN DE GRAFF GENERATOR
Introduction
This exercise is to familiarize the students with the working of Van De Graff Generator.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to give a brief introduction of working of Van De Graff
Generator for lab testing purpose.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the working of Van
De Graff Generator for DC voltage testing purpose of equipment.
Theory Overview
Now that you understand something about electrostatics and static electricity, it is easy to
understand the purpose of the Van de Graaff generator. A Van de Graaff generator is a device
designed to create static electricity and make it available for experimentation.
The American physicist Robert Jemison Van de Graaff invented the Van de Graaff generator
in 1931. The device that bears his name has the ability to produce extremely high voltages --
as high as 20 million volts. Van de Graaff invented the generator to supply the high energy
needed for early particle accelerators. These accelerators were known as atom smashers
because they accelerated sub-atomic particles to very high speeds and then "smashed" them
into the target atoms. The resulting collisions created other subatomic particles and high-
energy radiation such as X-rays. The ability to create these high-energy collisions is the
foundation of particle and nuclear physics.
• Van De Graff Generator

• Connecting Probes
• Test object
• High Voltage DC voltmeter
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Schematic Diagram
Figure 2: Van De Graff Generator
Procedure
Prepare the circuit according to the diagram given, Supply power to the circuit and set the apparatus
to get the desired voltage by setting the speed of motor and the applied voltage.
Observation, Results and Discussion
Observation Table: -
Sr No. Speed of Motor Applied Voltage Output voltage
1 3000rpm 220v 470v

2 3500rpm 220v 550v
3 4000rpm 220v 650v
Precautions
8|Page
Review Questions
• What it is the purpose of connecting rods?
A connecting rod is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft.
Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and
tensile forces from the piston.
• What is the use of Van De Graff Generator?
A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic-accelerator that is used for scientific experiments to
get high voltages in less time with a high safety factor. The generated charges are used to speed
up subatomic particles. Very high voltages up to the order of 5 Mega Volts can be generated by
using it.
• Why is earthing necessary?
Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by providing a path (a
protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also causes the protective device
(either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the electric current to the circuit that has the fault.
Assessment Form
Student Name: Instructor Name:

Qasim Umar Engr Usman Zahid
Registration No:
BSEET01183018 Instructor Remarks:
Date:
Student Grade:
Signature:
9|Page
EXPERIMENT NO: - 3
CALIBERATION OF VOLTMETER BY USING SPEHERE GAP METHOD.

(1) 10 cm dia.
(2) 5 cm dia.
Introduction
This exercise performed to calibrate the high voltage meter using sphere gap as an absolute
instrument.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the method of calibration of voltmeter using sphere
gap.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of instrument
calibration using sphere gap as absolute instrument.
Theory Overview
A uniform field spark gap will always have a spark over voltage within a known tolerance
under constant atmospheric conditions. Hence sphere gap can be used for the measurement of
the peak value of the voltage, if the gap distance is known. The voltage to be measured is
applied between the two spheres and the distance between them gives a measure of spark over
voltage.
Irradiation of sphere gap is needed when measurements of voltage less than 50KV are made
with sphere gaps of 10cm dia. or less. There are various factors that affects the spark over
voltage of the sphere gap are,
1) Nearby earthed objects.
2) Atmospheric conditions & Humidity.
3) Irradiation, & Polarity and rise time of Waveforms.
Sphere gap, 10cm / 5cm dia, Control Panel, H.V. transformer (230V / 100KV, 10KVA),
Capacitor Divider (100 pf), Connecting wires etc.
Schematic Diagram
Figure 2: Circuit Diagram
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Procedure
• Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
• For this experiment both the spheres must of same diameter.
• Adjust the suitable distance between the electrical say 0.5cm and 1cm from
control panel.
• Increase the voltage gradually from control panel till breakdown occur.
• Measure this breakdown / spark over voltage for that gap.
• Change the distance & increase the voltage gradually.
• Repeat the same procedure for both the sphere set.
• Find the percentage error and plot the graph.

Sr. Distance Peak V Actual RMS BDV Value of BDV V1-V2 V1-V2 / V1
no. between BDV at BDV (V2) as per *100 =
o
the 20 and 76 = KV =KV/ √2 voltmeter % Error
sphere cm of HG KV (V1)
(D) cm (A) (B)
01 1 5.6kv 5.6kv 4k 17.2kv 11.6k 68%
02 1 5.6kv 5.6kv 4k 17.2kv 11.6k 68%
03 1 5.6kv 5.6kv 4k 17.2kv 11.6k 68%
04 1 5.6kv 5.6kv 4k 17.2kv 11.6k 68%
Relation between air density factor δ and correction factor K
δ 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.10 1.15
K 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.09 1.12
δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)

P & t: - are atmospheric pressure and temperature while performing the
experiments δ : - Air density factor
K: - correction factor
Precautions
Review Questions
Write in brief the effect of nearby earthed object on the spark over voltage of
sphere gap.
The influence of nearby earthed object on the direct voltage breakdown of
horizontal gaps was studied by Kuffel and Husbands. They surrounded the gap by a
cylindrical metal cage and found that the breakdown voltage reduced materially especially
when the gap length exceeded a sphere radius.
Write in brief the effect of irradiation on the spark over voltage of sphere gap.
A reduction of about 20% in sparkover voltage was observed for spacings of 0.1 D
to 0.3 D for a 1.3 cm sphere gap with d.c. voltages. The reduction in sparkover voltage is less
than 5% for gap spacings more than 1 cm, and for gap spacings of 2 cm or more it is about
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1.5%.
Explain the measurement of high voltage by capacitance voltage divider method.
In electronics, a voltage divider is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) ...
3 Loading effect; 4 Applications. 4.1 Sensor measurement; 4.2 High voltage measurement; 4.3
Logic level shifting ... The transfer function (also known as the divider's voltage ratio) of this circuit
is: H = V o u t V i n = Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2
Assessment Form
Instructor Name: Engr Usman Zahid
Student Name:
Instructor Remarks:
Qasim Umar Student Grade:

Signature:
Registration No:
BSEET01183018
Date:
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 4
CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER USING ROD GAP AND POINT GAP
Introduction
This exercise performed to calibrate the high voltage meter using rod gap and point gap as an
absolute instrument.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the method of calibration of voltmeter using sphere
gap.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of instrument
calibration using sphere gap as absolute instrument.
Theory Overview
A rod gap is also sometimes used for approximate measurement of peak values of power
frequency voltages and impulse voltages. The rods will be either square edged or circular in
spacing varies from 2 to 200 cm. The spark over voltage, as in other gaps is affected by humidity
and air density. (The power frequency breaks down voltage for 1.27 cm square rod in air at 250 C
and a pressure of 760 torr with the vapour pressure of water of 15.5 torr.
A point gap method is also used for measurement of a peak value of power frequency, voltage
and impulse voltage. Standard point gap is constructed and arranged according to the rules
specified by standard. Performing to high voltage testing techniques and point gap should be
thoroughly studied. Complete arrangement consisting of two rods of equal length and cross
section area with their operating gear. Insulating sphere supporting frames leads up to the point at
which the volt is to be measured. One point is perfectly connected directly to earth, while the
other sphere is connected to high voltage conductor leads coming from H. T. transformers.
Transformer (230/100 KV, 10 KVA) Voltage Divider (100pf)
Control Panel, connecting rods, connecting wires, etc.
Schematic Diagram
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Procedure
Same as “Calibration of voltmeter by using sphere gap”

1) FOR ROD GAP
Sr. Distance B. D. V. RMS value of % error

No. between Standard Peak value at RMS BDV V1 (from = V1-V2 /V1
rods in cm value existing value voltmeter) *100
(peak temperature = B / √2
valuein B = KA .(KV)
KV) (A)
1 1.5cm 5.6k 4k 17.2kv 67%
2 1.5cm 5.6k 4k 17.2kv 67%
3 1.5cm 5.6k 4k 17.2kv 67%
δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)

P & t: - are the atmospheric pressure and temperature while doing the
practical δ: - Air density factor
K: - correction factor
2) FOR POINT GAP
Sr. No. Distance in cm or BDV in KV (voltmeter)

mm
01
02
03
GRAPH: - FOR ROD GAP

(i) Distance Vs RMS BDV (Std & Observed)
(ii) Distance Vs % Error.
FOR POINT GAP

(i) Distance Vs RMS (Observed)
Find out the BDV for different spacing and plot the graph between spacing and Standard /
observed BDV rms reading & compare the values.
Precautions
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Review Questions
Explain the effect of atmospheric conditions on the spark over voltage of rod gap.
Various factors that affect the sparkover voltage of a sphere gap are: nearby earthed
objects,; atmospheric conditions and humidity,; irradiation, and; polarity
Write the advantages of high voltage voltage measurement by electrostatic
voltmeter.
The greatest advantage of the electrostatic voltmeter is its extremely low loading effect as only
electric fields are required to be set up. Because of high resistance of the medium between the
plates, the active power loss is negligibly small.
Explain the high voltage measurement by resistance voltage divider method.
A voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can
be measured by a volt meter. The high voltage is applied across the divider, and
the divider output—which outputs a lower voltage that is within the meter's input range—
is measured by the meter.
Assessment Form
Student Name:
Registration No:
Date: Signature:
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 5
TO DETERMINE STRING EFFICIENCY OF SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR.
Introduction
This exercise examines the string efficiency of suspension type insulator to study the energy
loss of the insulator.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study about the measurement of string efficiency of
suspension type insulator and its effects on the system efficiency.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of string efficiency of
insulators and their effects on electrical system and methods of improving string efficiency.
Theory Overview
Suspension type insulator consists of number of porcelain discs connected in series by
metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at bottom end of the string
while the other end is secured to the cross arm of tower. Each disc is designed for low
voltage say 11KV. The number of discs in series would obviously depend on working
voltage e.g. for 66KV, 6discs are required. The ratio of voltage across the whole string to
the product of number of discs & voltage across discs nearest to the conductor is known as
string efficiency.
Voltage across string

String efficiency =
n * voltage across disc to nearest conductor
Where n = number of discs.

String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides potential distribution along
string. The greater the string η, more uniform is the voltage distribution. Although it is
impossible to achieve 100% string η, yet efforts should be made to improve it as close as
possible to this value. The inequality of voltage distribution increases which in increase in no.
of discs in the string. Therefore shorter string has more efficiency than longer one. String
efficiency can be increased by
1) Using longer cross arm.
2) Grading the insulator
3) Using a grid ring.
• String of Suspension Type Insulator

• Sphere Gap
• HV transformers 230V/100KV 10KVA
• Control Panel
• Connecting rods
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Schematic Diagram
Procedure
1) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Set the distance between 10cm diameter sphere to maximum value.
3) Apply a constant voltage to the string say for 7 discs,11KV*7=77KV
4) Now reduce the distance between the spheres till flashover occurs.
5) Note the corresponding distance between the spheres at flashover.
6) Make supply off and make connections for second step, keep maximum
distance between the spheres
7) Decrease the distance from control panel till flash over occurs. It gives the BDV
for (n-1) discs excepting the bottom discs.
8) Repeat the procedure for all discs.
It is found that voltage across the each disc is not uniform. & string efficiency of
suspension type insulator is found to %.
OBSERVATION TABLE: -
δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)
P & t: - are atmospheric pressure and temperature while performing the

experiments
δ : - Air density
factor K: - correction
factor
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FOR 10 CM DIAMETER SPHERE: -
Sr. No. Distance Spark over KV BDV peak at RMS value String
between sphere peak at 200 C & room temp. & of BDV in efficiency
at which spark 760mm HG std. pressure in KV η
over takes place From KV
in cm manufactures B= KA =B/√2
table A
01
02
03
Voltage across the string V1

String efficiency η = =
n * voltage across the disc nearer to conductor n* (V1 - V2)
Precautions
Review Questions
• Why it is necessary to calculate string efficiency.
String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides the potential distribution along
the string. The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution. Thus
100% string efficiency is an ideal case for which the voltage across each disc will be exactly the
same.
• How string efficiency can be increase.
The various methods to improve the string efficiency are : (i) By using longer cross-arms : The
value of string efficiency depends upon the value of K i.e., ratio of shunt capacitance to mutual
capacitance. The lesser the value of K, the greater is the string efficiency and more uniform is the
voltage distribution
• What is efficiency for pin type insulator.
String efficiency becomes 100% if the voltage across each disc is exactly the same, but this is an
ideal case and impossible in practical scenario. However, for DC voltages, insulator capacitances
are ineffective and voltage across each unit would be the same. This is why string efficiency for
DC system is 100%
• Is it necessary to calculate string efficiency in case of dc supply.
String efficiency becomes 100% if the voltage across each disc is exactly the same, but this is an ideal case and
impossible in practical scenario. However, for DC voltages, insulator capacitances are ineffective and voltage across
each unit would be the same. This is why string efficiency for DC system is 100%
Assessment Form
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Student Name: Instructor Name: Enger Usman Zahid

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 6
TO DETERMINE FLASH OVER VOLTAGE ACROSS PIN-TYPE INSULATOR

1) UNDER DRY CONDITION
2) UNDER WET CONDITION
Introduction
This exercise examines the flash over voltage of a pin type insulator under dry and wet
conditions.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the method of calculating flash over voltage and
distance of a pin type insulator.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of determining flash
over voltage and distance of a pin type insulator. .
Theory Overview
It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting line conductor. The pin insulator is
supported on the forged steel pins and bolds, which are skewed to the cross section of this
supporting structure. The conductor is lied to insulator on the grooves. In order to increase the
leakage path, one, two or three rain shades are so designed when these insulators are wet even
then sufficient dry space is provided by the inner shades. For higher voltages the thickness of
the material required for the purpose of the insulation. But the practical way is to use more
than one insulator unit instead of increasing the thickness. Flashover distances when the
insulators are dry and wet are different. The flash over voltage when the insulator is wet is
less. The rain shades should not disturb the voltage distribution. They are so designed that
their surface is right angle to electrostatic lines of forces or they must try to lie in the
equipotential. The pin type insulator is reliable for voltage level up to 50KV max. And they
are never used for voltage beyond 80 KV. Since the suspension insulator is more reliable and
cheaper. The modern practice is “not to used” the pin type insulator beyond 33KV.
• H. V. transformer, 230V / 100KV, 10 KVA
• 11KV pin type fixed on table and its bottom is earthed.
• Connecting wires & rod.
• Control panel etc.
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Schematic Diagram

Procedure
Increase the voltage across pin type insulator (Dry condition) gradually from
control panel till spark over gets.
Note down this spark over voltage.
• Compare the observed value with standard value & find out the percentage error.

Pin Type Insulator = WD-10 type
Flash over voltage – Dry condition = 62.5 KV RMS
Wet condition = 38 KV RMS
1) For Dry Condition: -
Sr. No. Std. Flash over Measured flash over % error Avg. error
Voltage (V1) voltage (V2) KV = (V1-
RMS KV RMS voltmeter reading V2/V1)*
100
1 3.6 2.5 15kv 64%

2 3.6 2.5 15kv 64%
3 3.6 2.5 15kv 64%
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2) For Wet Condition: -
Sr. No. Std. Flash over Measured flash over % error Avg. error
Voltage (V1) voltage (V2) KV = (V1-
RMS KV RMS voltmeter reading V2/V1)*
100
1 4k 2k 12k 58%
2 4k 2k 12k 58%
Precautions
Review Questions
• Write the comparison between pin insulator type Wc & Wd.
Establishments of this type and complies with the current state of progress ... more 'delicious'
condenser was realized with another metal disc, flat and covered with thin layer
of insulating paint (amber or lacquer), and a little more larger ... compared to the third; or it acts
as a simple wire, and in this case it is impossible.
• Write the dimensions of the different types of pin insulator and their flash
over voltage under dry and wet condition.
The pin insulator is used in power distribution for the voltage up to 33kV. ... The
pin type insulator has grooves on the upper end for keeping the ...
The flashover voltage for the moist and dirty surface is less than that for the clean
and dry surfaces. The total dry arcing distance is the sum of all the direct distances
• Compare the properties of porcelain and glass insulator.
Glass is made through a process called annealing and it has a higher dielectric strength
as compared to porcelain. While the resistivity of glass is very high, the coefficient of thermal
expansion is low. Glass insulators also have higher tensile strength and do not heat up in
sunlight, unlike porcelain.
• List the solid dielectrics used in practice.
3) Fibres. ...
4) Mica and Its Products. ...
5) Glass. ...
6) Ceramics. ...
7) Rubber. ...
8) Plastics. ...
9) Polyethylene.
Assessment Form
22 | P a g e

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
23 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: -7
STUDY OF BREAK-DOWN VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF

ELECTRODES.
1) SPHERE 10 CM DIA & SPHERE 5 CM DIA.
2) SPHERE 10 CM DIA & ROD.
3) SPHERE 10 CM DIA & POINT.
Introduction
This exercise examines the effect of different shapes of electrodes on the break down voltage
of air and different types of insulators.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the effect of different shapes of electrodes on the
break down voltage of air and different types of insulators.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of effect of different
shapes of electrodes on the break down voltage of air and different types of insulators. .
Theory Overview
The sphere gap between two spheres is a classic example of weakly non uniform field, the
degree of non-uniformity increases with increase in the ratio in the distance ‘S’ between the
electrodes to their diameter D. the sphere gap happen to be commonly acknowledged means
in the inter-national practice for the measurement of amplitudes of direct AC & impulse
voltages. Volt-Second characteristics of a sphere gap over a large internal of time is a
horizontal straight line & consequently the breakdown voltage of the gap does not depend
upon the duration of application of voltage & on the low of its variation with time. Out of all
the gaps having a weak non uniform field the sphere gap can be prepared mast easily & is has
least dimensions. In case of a gap between two planes each plane will require to have rounded
off edges & for the value discharge distance, diameter of the plane electrode will have to be a
few times larger than the diameter of sphere.
Sphere, Rod, & Point electrode, control unit, HV transformer 10KVA, 230V/100KV,
Capacitor Voltage Divider, Connecting wires etc.
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Schematic Diagram
Procedure
• Place the two spheres of diameter 10cm & 5cm. respectively are shown in circuit diagram.
• Set the distance between them at 0.5cm.
• Increase the voltage with the help of tap changing transformer.
• Observe the voltage at which breakdown takes place.
• Now increase the gap between the two spheres in steps of 0.5cm & observe the breakdown
voltage.
• Take 5 set of readings.
• Now replace the 5cm sphere with
• A rod electrode
• A point electrode & Repeat from step1.
1) FOR SPHERE 10CM & 5CM ELECTRODE
Sr. No. Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS

01
02
03
2) FOR SPHERE 10CM & RAD ELECTRODE

01
02
03
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3) FOR SPHERE 10CM & POINT ELECTRODE

01
02
03
RESULT: - The flashover voltage for the various combination of electrodes have been
observed by varying the distance between them & graph of breakdown voltage Vs
distance betwen electrodes for these combination have been plotted.
CONCLUSION: - It is known that as the surface area between the two electrodes is reduced the
electric field between than becomes non- linear in nature. Thus for the sphere gap the surface area
is maximum and hence the graph revels maximum linearity. As the surface area decreases
from rod gap to point gap graph becomes more non-linear.
Precautions
Review Questions
• What are the effects of humidity on the spark over voltage?
Data have been obtained on the sparkover voltage of the two‐centimeter sphere gap set at a gap
of 4 mm (10.3‐kv peak) showing that: (1) The effect of irradiation is to reduce the sparkover
voltage by approximately 2.5 percent from its unirradiated value and to decrease the scattering of
individual observations by a factor of about four. This irradiation effect is readily saturated by an
open, coredcarbon, arc at 50 cm from the gap. (2) The effect of humidity, which is apparently
independent of the sphere material for the five metals used here, is to increase the sparkover
voltage by +0.13 percent per mm (of mercury) increase in vapor pressure of the water in the
atmosphere.
• What are various methods other than sphere gap used for HV measurement?
by C Ungureanu · Cited by 1 — Choosing the most suitable method for measuring high voltage
depends on the ... It is known that spark gap spheres measure the peak AC voltage with a
precision of ±3%. ... the sphere gap is less than 10 cm and measured voltage below 50 kV [3–
6]. ... The variation of breakdown strength, in /cm, for different gap spacing
• How the field between two electrodes changes as the electrodes are changed.
Thus, by moving the electrodes closer, the resistance goes down and the voltage
the electrode "sees" is higher.
Assessment Form
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Registration No:
Date: Signature:
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EXPERIMENT NO: 8
DETERMINATION OF FAULT LOCATION BY DIGITAL CABLE FAULT

LOCATOR MODEL ELTEL 2000A.
Introduction
This exercise is about the detection of fault location in high voltage transmission line using a
digital cable fault locator using ELTEL 2000A.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the working procedure of detecting the location of
fault in a high voltage transmission line using fault locating device ELTEL 2000A.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of using ELTEL 2000A
to detect fault location of transmission line.
Theory Overview
Fault locator is an essential complement to distance protective relay for transmission lines and
fault recorder. Fault location are installed along with distance protection scheme and fault
recorders, fault locator measures and indicates accurately the distance between the substation
and the point of fault. Fault locator is connected to the line secondary CTs & VTs of the line
under normal conditions, the fault locator monitors three phase currents & the ground current,
voltage input signals continuously. The operation of the fault locator is with following steps
(1) Data collection, (2) Starting of fault locator, (3) Sorting of measured instantaneous values,
(4) Filtering of measured signals, (5) Determination of type of fault, (6) Solution of fault
equation, (7) Pre-location of results.
The input analog signals are converted into digital signals in A/D converter and stored in
memory for every six cycles continuously. When a fault occurs, trip circuit from the
protective relay initiates the fault locator’s calculation program. The pre-fault sample values
& during fault sample values are used for calculating the distance of the fault. The calculation
of distance is based on the principle relays. The fault distance is shown as % of total line
length on two digital front mounted LED display.
Various types of fault that occur in a power systems are

1) Shunt type fault
a) Single line to ground fault (LG)
b) Line to line ground fault (LL)
c) Double line to ground fault (LLG)
2) Series type fault

a) Open conductor fault (one or two conductors are open)
Digital cable fault locator, Kit with circuit, connecting wires etc.
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Schematic Diagram
Procedure
1) Connect all batteries i.e. 6V 10A & 12V, 3.8A.

2) Switch ON the instrument.
3) Create a fault at (20% to 100%) in between appropriate phases.
4) Connect stimulating Board according to diagram.
5) Keep Earth / open switch in earth position.
6) Keep V1/V2 voltage switch in V1 position.
7) Keep fault resistance selector in 1MΩ position.
8) Keep V1/V2 voltage range selector switch at 20V position.
9) Null display reading to zero.
10) Press push to read V1 display.
11) Change V1/V2 switch to V2 position.
12) Press push to read V2 display.
RESULT: - All types of faults are located by digital cable fault locator.
CONCLUSION: - It is found that the calculation of distance is based on the principle of distance
relay. Also fault location chosen in a % of total length is nearly equal to the distance of fault from
end (calculated) i.e. selected value of fault locations & calculated value of fault locations are
found to be same .
Precautions
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Review Questions
• What are the principles used to locate open circuit fault?
Different techniques are required to detect open-circuit faults in radial circuits. ... Phase
overcurrent and earth fault relays are used to detect short-circuit faults ... The principle is
similar to the loss of phase detection at overhead.
• What are the principles used to locate short circuit fault.
In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For
example, a short circuit is a fault in which current bypasses the normal ... In power systems,
protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other ... This
method makes use of the principle of superposition.
• What are the methods to know the types of fault?
Normal Fault Animation.
Thrust Fault Animation.
Blind Thrust Fault Animation.
Strike-slip Fault Animation.

Student Name:
Registration No:
Date: Signature:
30 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 9
MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION FACTOR (TAN δ) OF

SOLID INSULATING MATERIAL BY ELTEL CTS-500KIT.
Introduction
This exercise is about the detection of capacitance and dissipation factor of solid insulator
using a digital cable fault locator using ELTEL CTS- 500.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the working procedure of detecting the capacitance
and dissipation factor of solid insulator using device ELTEL CTS- 500.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of using ELTEL CTS-
500 to detect the capacitance and dissipation factor of solid insulator.
Theory Overview
General description about ELTEL – CTS – 500 Model: - It is a,
• Self contained instrument designed for the accurate measurement of capacitance and Tan delta
of electrical insulation. The test set is suitable for making two terminals or three terminal
measurements on a specimen that may be grounded or floating.
• The test set operates at a frequency of 80KHZ with voltage at 500v.
• Equipment works on the principle of transformer ratio bridge type circuit.
OPERATING INSTRUCTION: -
1) Connect the ground test lead to station ground using the test lead provided.
2) Set the selector switch to the required position.
3) Connect the instrument to the specimen to be tested.
4) Connect H & L cable of meter to High and Low voltage side transformer respectively
5) Guard connects to earth and transformer body to earth separately.
6) Set detector phasing switch.
7) Set DF range 0 to 1%.
8) Set Cap multiplier to .01 uF.
9) Set capacitance switch to 5 & capacitance dial to 000.
10) Turn bridge power Switch ON.
11) If the detector swings to the right, turn the capacitance multiplier switch in
counter clockwise direction until the detector swings to the left.
12) Advance the Capacitance switch clockwise until the detector swings to the then
turn the switch back by one step.
13) Adjust the multi turn Capacitance dial to bring the detector to zero position.
14) Turn the detector phasing switch to DF.
15) Bring the detector to zero by the DF range switch and DF dial.
16) Turn the detector phasing switch to C and adjust C to null position.
17) Repeat above three steps until no further adjustment is required.
Eltel Tan Delta Set, Testing transformer, connecting wires, etc.
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Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
1) Clean the transformer after isolating from the system and other accessories.
2) Remove oil and dry it.
3) Short the HV & LV terminals.
4) Short the Neutral to corresponding terminal.
5) For UST Place the selector switch at UST (Ungrounded Sample Test CHL) For UST - means
measurement of H – L.
6) Repeat the operating instruction (1 to 14).
7) For second set of observation – ie. For measurement of H – GND – keep selector switch at L –
Guard. And repeat the operating instruction.
UST = Ungrounded Specimen Test.

GST = Grounded Specimen Test
1) FOR CAPACITANCE: -
Sr. No. Mode Multiplier Switch Dial Capacitance calculation =

A B C A X (B + 0.C )
01 UST 0.001uf 7 561 .007561
02 UST 0.001uf 7 561 .007561
CALCULATIONS: -
Capacitance = A X ( B+0.C)
= .001*7 + .001* .561
= 0.007561 uF
= 7561 PF= 75.61%
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2) FOR DISSIPATION FACTOR (tan δ): -
Sr. No. Mode Dissipation Dial % tan δ = Lower Scale +

Factor (DF) D 0.D * (Difference of Scale)
Range
01 UST 10-20 258 150
02 UST 10-20 258 150
RESULT: - Capacitance and % tan δ between two winding are found to be as follows,
1) between H & L UST ----------, ---------- %
2) between H & L Guard ---------, --------- %
3) between L & H Guard ----------, ---------- %
Precautions
• Transformer must be isolated from the supply and load.

• Clean the transformer and transformer bushings.
• Results will be better in the dry atmosphere.
• While shorting the HV & LV terminals sag is not allowed.
• Person should kept away several feet the test object, otherwise it may effects on the
results.
• It should be noted that in the GST mode of testing, the full test voltage is present between
the shells of the UHF connector and the body of the unit. Take care as to not to come in
contact with these two simultaneously.
• This instrument must always be connected to ground with the supplied leads and front
panel ground binding post prior to and during all measurements.
• The apparatus being tested must be cleaned and correctly grounded to avoid any
possibility of lethal floating potential.
Review Questions
• Which are the different circuits used for the measurement of capacitance
anddissipation factor.
The test measures the capacitance and dissipation factor (or loss factor) of the
transformer insulation system. For two winding dry-type transformer. ... Short-circuit all
low voltage bushing terminals and the neutral bushing.
• What information we get from the dissipation factor and capacitance
related toinsulation.
Dissipation factor (tan δ)or DF is defined as the ratio of the ESR and capacitive
reactance. ... Equivalent Series Resistance or ESR for short is the sum of the ohmic
losses of the dielectric, materials and connections used in the construction of
the capacitor.
• List the methods to detect partial discharge.
• a cable or other object being tested.

• a coupling capacitor of low inductance design.
• a high-voltage supply with low background noise.
• high-voltage connections.
• a high voltage filter to reduce background noise from the power supply.
• a partial discharge detector.
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• PC software for analysis.

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
34 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 10
STUDY THE FERRANTI EFFECT AND SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING IN EHV

LINE
Introduction
This exercise is about the study of high voltage line behavior due to Ferranti effect and surge
impedance loading.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the high voltage line behavior due to Ferranti effect
and surge impedance loading.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of high voltage line
behavior due to Ferranti effect and surge impedance loading.
Theory Overview
1) FERRANTI EFFECT:
The phenomenon of rise in voltage at the receiving end of the open circuited or lightly loaded line
is called the Ferranti effect, owing to its first being observed on the Deptford mains laid down by
S. Z. De Ferranti in1890. This rise in voltage is due to the end of self-inductance of the charging
current being is phase with the applied voltage at the sending end of the line & thus both
capacitance & inductance are necessary to call this phenomenon. The effect becomes more
pronounced as the line length increases.
To prove this analytically, consider the equation Vs for nominal π model of line,
Vs = A VR + B IR = (1+ YZ/2) VR + Z IR
At no load IR = 0
Vs = (1 + YZ/2) VR
Vs – VR = (YZ/2) VR
Where Z = (r + jwL)l & Y = jwCl l = length of line
If resistance of line neglected ; Z = jwLl
Vs – VR = ½ (jwLl) * ( jwCl) VR
Vs - VR = -1/2 (w2l2) LC VR
For overhead lines,
1/√LC = Velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves on the line
= Velocity of light = 3 * 108 m/s.
Vs – VR = - ½ [( 2πf)2 l2] / (3*108)2 VR
Thus (Vs – VR ) is negative. It means that VR>Vs. also it is clear that Ferranti effect depends on
frequency and length of line. It does not depend on conductor diameter and spacing between
conductor.
35 | P a g e
2) SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING:

Surge Impedance: - The square root of the ratio of the line impedance (Z) & shunt admittance
(Y) is called the surge impedance (Zo) of the line i.e. Zo = √(Z/Y) where Z =R + jX & Y =G +
jB. Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a loss free line. For a heavy copper
conductor & well insulated line the resistance (R) & leakage conductance (G) can be taken as zero
& therefore, surge impedance Zo = √(L/C) which is a pure resistance. Its value varies between
400Ω & 600Ω in case of overhead transmission line and 40Ω & 60Ω in case of underground
cable.
SIL: - This is defined as the load (of unity power factor) that can be delivered by the line of
negligible resistance. Power transmitted, PR =VRL 2 / Zo MW, where VRL is the receiving end
line voltage in KV & Zo is the surge impedance in Ω. PR is called the surge impedance loading or
natural power of the line.
The above expression gives the limit of the maximum power that can be delivered by a line & is
useful in the design of transmission line. This can be used for the comparison of loads that can be
carried on the transmission line at different voltages.
The power transmitted through a long transmission line can be increased either by increasing is
the value of receiving end voltage ( VRL) or by reducing surge impedance (Zo).
Nowadays the trend is of employing higher & higher voltages for transmission, therefore this is
the most commonly adopted method for increasing the power limit beyond which it is neither
economical nor practicable to increase the value of receiving end line voltages.
Since the spacing between the conductors, which depends upon the line voltage employed, cannot
be reduced much, so the value of surge impedance (Zo) cannot be varied as such. However, some
artificial means, such as series capacitors (capacitors in series with the transmission lines) or
shunt capacitors (capacitors in parallel with the transmission lines) can be used to reduce the
value of surge impedance (Zo).
For a loss free transmission line, surge impedance, Zo = √ (L/C) & propagation constant, γ = jw√
LC = jB where B is the phase shift, which determines the torque angle δ between Vs & VR &
hence the system stability.
By the use of series capacitors, surge impedance (Zo) & phase shift (B) get reduced due to
decrease of line inductance (L). This improves the system stability limit also. But it causes
difficulties under short circuit conditions of the system as no satisfactory protection of capacitors
has yet been devised. These capacitors are also helpful in reducing line drops & so voltage
variations.
By use of shunt capacitors, through the surge impedance (Zo) is reduced but the phase shift (B) is
increased due to increase in the value of C. Hence stability conditions become worse, especially
when synchronous machines are used as loads. So this method is not used in case of long
transmission lines, especially when stability limits are present.
High voltage transmission line model, High voltage AC source, connecting rods
36 | P a g e
Schematic Diagram
Z=R+JX
Procedure: -
Attach the high voltage AC source to transmission line model, attach the dummy load at the
receiving end of the line. Vary the load at the receiving end and observe the sending end and
receiving end voltage of the line.
1) SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING
Sr. No. Psend Vsend Isend Prec Vrec Irec

01 0.98 0.308 11.63 290.38 550.99 240
02 0.78 0.246 14.42 233.08 686.08 250
2) FERRANTI EFFECT
Sr. No. Vsend Vrec

01 0.68 0.214
02 0.61 0.192
CALCULATION: -
For SIL, Power transmitted,
PR = V2RL/ Zo MW.
Precautions

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Review Questions
• Clearly explain the Ferranti effect in the field of electrical power system.
In electrical engineering, the Ferranti effect is the increase in voltage occurring at the receiving
end of a very long (> 200 km) AC electric power transmission line, relative to the voltage at the
sending end, when the load is very small, or no load is connected.
• What is surge impedance and surge impedance loading?
Now that we have understood Surge Impedance, we can easily define Surge Impedance
Loading. SIL is defined as the power delivered by a line to a purely resistive load equal in value
to the surge impedance of that line. Hence we can write. The unit of SIL is Watt or MW.
• What is difference between characteristic impedance and surge impedance?
Characteristics impedance = sq rt(Z/Y). The characteristics impedance is calculated for the transmission line with losses.
The term Surge impedance is reserved for the special case of loss less line. For the loss less line the resistance(R) and
conductance(G) are zero.

Student Name:
Registration No:
Date: Signature:
38 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 11
MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, DISSIPATION FACTOR (TAN δ)

AND RESISTIVITY OF OIL.
Introduction
This exercise is about the study of Dielectric constant, Dissipation factor and resistivity of the
oil.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the Dielectric constant, Dissipation factor and
resistivity of the oil.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of Dielectric constant,
Dissipation factor and resistivity of the oil.
Theory Overview
The Schering Bridge is an electrical circuit used for measuring the insulating properties of
electrical cables and equipment. It is an AC bridge circuit, developed by Harald Schering. It
has the advantage that the balance equation is independent of frequency.
The connections of the Schering bridge under balance conditions are shown in the figure
below.
39 | P a g e
In this diagram:
• C1 = capacitor whose capacitance is to be determined,

• R1 = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor C1,
• C2 = a standard capacitor,
• R3 = a variable non-inductive resistance,
• C4 = a variable capacitor,
• R4 = a non-inductive resistance in parallel with the variable capacitor C4.
Oil Loss Angle Meter (Model MLO – 1D), Million Mega ohm Meter (Model LS– 3D),
Three Terminal Oil Test Cell, Heating Chamber etc.
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
A) Measurement of Dielectric Constant
Equipment: - Oil Loss Angle Meter, Three Terminal Oil Test Cell.
Before proceeding to make this test, clean the oil cell throughly. This may be ensured by
testing empty clean cell on Million Megohm Meter.
1) connect the oil loss angle meter to 230V AC, 50 Hz power supply.
2) Switch on the equipment.
3) Keep ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘SET ZERO’ position.
4) Keep the voltage at zero.
5) Mount the oil cell on insulated base plate and connect the empty cell to the oil loss
angle meter by the cable provided. The connection should be (a) Terminal HV connect
to outer case. (b) Terminal LV to inner case & (c) Guard terminal should be connect to
middle terminal of oil test cell.
6) Now put ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘HV ON’ position.
7) Gradually raise the voltage to about 300V.
8) With the help of ‘NULL’ control adjust the null meter to read 1.00.
9) Put ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘SET ZERO’ position.
10) Do not alter or disturb the voltage or control knob.
11) Pour required quantity of oil in the cell
12) Now put ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘HV ON’ position.
13) Null meter will show a different reading. This new reading directly shows the
Dielectric Constant of the sample under test.
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B) MEASUREMENT OF DISSIPATION FACTOR (TAN δ)
Equipment: - Oil Loss Angle Meter, Three Terminal Oil Test Cell, Heating Chamber etc.
Tan δ for oils is normally measured at 900C as recommended by I. S. I., but for R& D purpose it
can be at any temperature upto 1500C.
1) Clean the Oil Cell throughly, this can be ensured by measuring resistance
on Million Megohm Meter which should by practically infinite.
2) Pour oil to be tested in the cell gradually, the oil enters the space cavity
in between the electrodes of cell through holes provided.
3) Keep Oil Cell in Heating Chamber.
4) Connect Heating Chamber to 230V AC, 50 Hz supply.
5) Switch on the Heating Chamber. Pilot lamp will come on.
6) Switch on the Heater by a switch marked Heater ON/OFF. LED will glow indicating
that Heater is ON.
7) Connect the sensing probe to the Heating Chamber by means of connecting its 3 pin
lunar socket probe in the oil cell carefully.
8) The meter on Heating Chamber will indicate the temperature of the oil in cell.
9) Connect Oil Loss Angle Meter to 230V AC, 50Hz power supply.
10) Keep the voltage Zero and ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘SET ZERO’ position.
11) Connect the Three Terminal Oil Cell to the instrument.
12) Slowly raised the voltage to create the desired stress level.
13) When the temperature of oil cell in heating chamber reach to 900C, then heater supply
will be cut off automatically and heater ‘ON’ indication lamp will go off. The trip
setting may be changed if required by adjusting the ‘TRIP SET control.
14) Put ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘HV ON’ position.
15) When the temperature is 900C, with the help of ‘NULL’ control adjust the null
indicator to read 5.00.
16) Again put ‘OPERATE’ switch in SET ZERO. Set the zero on tan δ meter carefully
with the help of set zero control.
17) Put ‘OPERATE’ switch in ‘HV ON’ position and read the value of tan δ on the DP %
directly in percentage.
Sr. No. IC IR C uF Tan(δ)

01 2 20 0.5 4
02 4 20 0.5 8
Precautions

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Review Questions
• What are the various methods to calculate dielectric constant, dissipation

factor andresistivity of oil?
Dielectric Constant (DC) and Dissipation Factor (DF) according ASTM D150, IEC
60250 ... Dielectric Constant is used to determine the ability of an insulator to store ...
ratio between the insulating materials capacitive reactance to its resistance at a ... The
test can be conducted at different frequencies, often between the 10Hz.
• Write all the parameters for good quality transformer oil.
Electrical properties: Dielectric strength, specific resistance, dielectric dissipation factor.
Chemical properties: Water content, acidity, sludge content.
Physical properties: Interfacial tension, viscosity, flash point, pour point.
• What is meant by pure and commercial liquid?

Pure liquid: Which are chemically pure, structurally simple and do not contain any impurity even in
trace of 1 in 109 is called pure liquids. Commercial liquids: are chemically impure and contain
mixtures of complex organic molecules.

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
42 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 12
STUDY THE LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST OF PIN TYPE INSULATOR
Introduction
This exercise is about the study of lightening impulse test of Pin type insulator.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the flash over range of pin type insulator by applying
lightening impulse voltage.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the flash over range of
pin type insulator by applying lightening impulse voltage.
Theory Overview
Lightning overvoltage, originated by lightning strokes hitting the phase wires of overhead
lines or the busbars of outdoor substations. The amplitudes are very high, usually in the order
of 1000 kV or more, as every stroke may inject lightning currents up to about 100 kA and
even more into the transmission line each stroke is then followed by travelling waves, whose
amplitude is often limited by the maximum insulation strength of the overhead line. The rate
of voltage rise of such a travelling wave is at its origin directly proportional to the steepness
of the lightning current, which may exceed 100 kA/μsec, and the voltage levels may simply
be calculated by the current multiplied by the effective surge impedance of the line.
Too high voltage levels are immediately chopped by the breakdown of the insulation and
therefore travelling waves with steep wave fronts and even steeper wave tails may stress the
insulation of power transformers or other h.v. equipment severely. Lightning protection
systems, surge arresters and the different kinds of losses will damp and distort the travelling
waves, and therefore lightning over voltages with very different wave shapes are present
within the transmission system.
Lightening impulse generator, Pin type insulator, connecting rods.

.
43 | P a g e
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
Attach the Pin type insulator with Lightening impulse voltage generator according to the
schematic diagram. Apply the lightening impulse voltage to the pin type insulator and observe
for flashover if occurs, if not then repeat the test by increasing the applied voltage until
flashover occurs.
Sr. No. Applied voltage Flashover Voltage

01 1.9 1.9
02 1.05 2.3
Precautions

Review Questions
• What is lightening?
Lightning is a strong and fast discharge of electricity from a storm cloud to the ground, within
the cloud, or to another cloud. Lightning forms due to the separation of electrical charges. As air
and moisture rise, positive charges are carried to the top of the storm cloud.
• Why we use cascaded arrangement.
The overall reason for cascading amplifiers is the need for an increase in amplifier output to meet
a specific requirement, e.g., to increase the signal strength in a Television or radio
receiver. Using a cascade, or multistage, amplifier can provide your design with a higher current
gain or voltage gain.
• What is the voltage range of pin type insulator?
These insulators are used for the transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33
kV
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Registration No:
Date: Signature:
45 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 13
STUDY THE SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST OF PIN TYPE INSULATOR
Introduction
This exercise is about the study of switching impulse test of Pin type insulator.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the flash over range of pin type insulator by applying
switching impulse voltage.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the flash over range of
pin type insulator by applying switching impulse voltage.
Theory Overview
Switching over voltages caused by switching phenomena. Their amplitudes are always related
to the operating voltage and the shape is influenced by the impedances of the system as well
as by the switching conditions. The rate of voltage rise is usually slower, but it is well known
that the wave shape can also be very dangerous to different insulation systems, especially to
atmospheric air insulation in transmission systems with voltage levels higher than 245 kV.
Both types of overvoltage are also effective in the l.v. distribution systems, where they are
either produced by the usual, sometimes current-limiting, switches or where they have been
transmitted from the h.v. distribution systems. Here they may often cause a breakdown of
electronic equipment, as they can reach amplitudes of several kilovolts, and it should be
mentioned that the testing of certain l.v. apparatus with transient voltages or currents is a
need today. Such tests also involve ‘electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests’.
Switching impulse generator, Pin type insulator, connecting rods.

.
46 | P a g e
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
Attach the Pin type insulator with Lightening impulse voltage generator according to the
schematic diagram. Apply the lightening impulse voltage to the pin type insulator and observe
for flashover if occurs, if not then repeat the test by increasing the applied voltage until
flashover occurs.
Sr. No. Applied voltage Flashover Voltage

01 2.7 2
02 2.3 2.4
Precautions

Review Questions
• What is lightening?
Lightning is a strong and fast discharge of electricity from a storm cloud to the ground, within
the cloud, or to another cloud. Lightning forms due to the separation of electrical charges. As air
and moisture rise, positive charges are carried to the top of the storm cloud.
• Why we use cascaded arrangement.
The overall reason for cascading amplifiers is the need for an increase in amplifier output to meet
a specific requirement, e.g., to increase the signal strength in a Television or radio
receiver. Using a cascade, or multistage, amplifier can provide your design with a higher current
gain or voltage gain.
• What is the voltage range of pin type insulator?
These insulators are used for the transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33
kV
47 | P a g e

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
48 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 14
HIGH VOLTAGE MEASURMENT USING AMMETER IN SERIES WITH HIGH

OHMIC RESISTANCE AND VOLTAGE DIVIDOR METHOD
Introduction
This exercise is about the study of measuring techniques of Ammeter in series with high
ohmic resistor and voltage divider circuit.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the measuring techniques of Ammeter in series with
high ohmic resistor and voltage divider circuit.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the measuring
techniques of Ammeter in series with high ohmic resistor and voltage divider circuit.
Theory Overview
Ohm’s law provides a method to reduce high voltages to measurable quantities,i.e. adequate
currents or low voltages. The simplest method employs a micro ammeter in series with a
resistor R of sufficiently high value to keep the loading of an h.v. source as small as possible.
Thus for a pure resistance R, the measured quantities are related to the unknown high voltage.
If the voltage drop across the ammeter is neglected, which is usually allowable due to the
small terminal impedance of such instruments. For d.c. voltage measurements, average
current-indicating instruments such as moving coil or equivalent electronic meters are used
giving the arithmetic mean value of Voltage.
V=IR
V=R2/R1+R2
High voltage resistors, Ammeter, connecting rods.

.
49 | P a g e
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
Attach the measuring circuit according to the schematic diagram. Apply the voltage to the
testing insulator and observe reading on ammeter, repeat the test to get the average value.
Sr. No. R1 R2 Applied voltage Current Reading

01 100k 100k 220 4.5
02 200k 200k 220 9.09
Precautions

Review Questions
• What is Ammeter?
Ammeter, instrument for measuring either direct or alternating electric current, in amperes.
An ammeter can measure a wide range of current values.
• Why we use cascaded arrangement of resistor.
The impact of input and output loading can be minimized by cascading two amplifiers with
appropriate input and output characteristics. Multistage cascading can be used to
create amplifiers with high input resistance, low output resistance and large gains.
• What is the impedance of Ammeter?
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. A “clamp-on” ammeter measures current through
a wire by measuring the strength of the magnetic field around it rather than by becoming
part of the circuit, making it an ideal ammeter.
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Student Name: Instructor Remarks:
Qasim Umar
Registration No: Student Grade:
BSEET01183018
Signature:
Date:
51 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: - 15
MEASURMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE USING ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMERER AND

FIELD SENSOR
Introduction
This exercise is about the study the working of electrostatic voltmeter and field sensor by
measuring high voltage AC and DC voltage.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the the working of electrostatic voltmeter and field
sensor by measuring high voltage AC and DC voltage.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the the working of
electrostatic voltmeter and field sensor by measuring high voltage AC and DC voltage.
Theory Overview
Similar to electrostatic voltmeters the generating voltmeter, also known as the rotary
voltmeter or field mill, provides a lossless measurement of d.c. and, depending upon the
construction, a.c. voltages by simple but mainly mechanical means. The physical principle
refers to a field strength measurement, and preliminary construction was described by
Wilson,who used the principle for the detection of atmospheric fields which are of small
magnitude.The principle of operation is explained by Fig. 3.11. An adequately shaped,
corona-free h.v. electrode excites the electrostatic field within a highly insulating medium
(gas, vacuum) and ground potential. The earthed electrodes are subdivided into a sensing or
pick-up electrode A, a guard electrode G and a movable electrode M, all of which are at same
potential. Every field line ending at these electrodes binds free charges, whose density is
locally dependent upon the field gradient E acting at every elementary surface area.
For measurement purposes, only the elementary surface areas dA D a of the electrode A are
of interest. The local charge density is then, ϭ(a) = εE(a(, with ε the permittivity of the
dielectric. If the electrode M is fixed and the voltage V (or field-distribution E(a)) is changed,
a current i(t) would flow between electrode A and earth. This current results then from the
time-dependent charge density, ϭ(t, a), which is sketched as a one-dimensional distribution
only. The amount of charge can be integrated by
where A is the area of the sensing electrode exposed to the field. This time varying charge is used by
all kinds of field sensors, which use pick-up electrodes (rods, plates, etc.) only. If the voltage V is
constant, again a current i t will flow but only if M is moved, thus steadily altering the surface field
strength from full to zero values within the covered areas.
Thus the current is The integral boundary denotes the time-varying exposed area A(t) and ,ϭ(a) as
well as E(a) are also time dependent if the voltage is not constant. The field lines between h.v. and
sensing electrode comprise a capacitive system. Thus the charge q can be computed by an
electrostatic field computation or by calibration of the system. The integration across the time-
52 | P a g e
varying area A(t), however, provides a time-varying capacitance C(t), and also if the voltage changes
with time, q(t)= C(t)V(t) and
Electrostatic voltmeter and field sensor, High voltage AC and DC source, connecting rods.
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
Attach the Electrostatic voltmeter with power source according to the schematic diagram.
Apply the voltage to the meter and observe reading, if not then repeat the test by increasing
the applied voltage and take values.
Sr. No. Applied voltage Measured Voltage

01 220 218.6
02 220 218.6
Precautions

53 | P a g e
Review Questions
• What are the advantages of electrostatic voltmeter?

They are unchanged by stray attractive fields, though electrostatic fields (set up. ...
They draw small power as of mains. ...
Their readings are free of waveform and frequency.
They can use for both d.c and a.c. measurements.
• What is the working of electrostatic voltmeter?

An electrostatic voltmeter uses the attraction force between two charged surfaces to create a
deflection of a pointer directly calibrated in volts.
• What type of voltages we can measure with electrostatic voltmeter?

Electrostatic voltmeters of the attracted disc type may be connected across the
high voltage circuit directly to measure up to about 200 kV, without the use of any potential
divider or other reduction method. [The force in these electrostatic instruments can be used to
measure both a.c. and d.c. voltages].

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
54 | P a g e
EXPERIMENT NO: 16
AC VOLTAGE MEASURMENT BY MEANS OF SPHERE GAP
Introduction
This exercise is about the study the working of Sphere Gap by measuring high voltage AC
and DC voltage.
Objectives
Objective of this experiment is to study the working of Sphere Gap by measuring high
voltage AC and DC voltage.
Outcomes
By the end of this experiment, student will have basic understanding of the Sphere Gap by
measuring high voltage AC and DC voltage.
Theory Overview
Two adjacent metal spheres of equal diameters whose separation distance is limited, as discussed
later, form a sphere gap for the measurement of the peak value of either d.c., a.c. or both kinds of
impulse voltages. The ability to respond to peak values of voltages, if the duration of the peak region
is not too short in time (1–3 μsec), is governed by a short statistical time lag, i.e. the waiting time for
an electron to appear to initiate an electron avalanche and breakdown streamer, and an equally
short formative time lag required for the voltage breakdown or fast current increase within the
breakdown channel. The limitation in gap distance provides a fairly homogeneous field distribution
so that no pre discharge or corona appears before breakdown; the formative time lags are, therefore,
also short. The permanent presence of primary or initiatory electrons within the regions of maximum
field gradients to start critical avalanches within a short time lag is of great importance. The electrical
field distribution within the high field regions must sufficiently be controlled by the geometry of the
electrode and the air density as well as its composition must be known. Air is composed of various
types of molecules which will influence the breakdown voltage. All these influences can be
accounted for by the well-known breakdown criteria of gases besides the primary electron impact,
whose presence is a prerequisite.
Sphere Gap Appratus, High voltage AC and DC source, connecting rods.
55 | P a g e
Schematic Diagram
Procedure: -
• Draw the test circuit similar to that shown in fig.but containing more elements.
• Measure the high voltage by means of sphere air gap and the low voltage by means of
voltmeter for the distances of 1 and 2 cm. Repeat the measurement at 1 cm distance with
connected electrostatic voltmeter. Use the air gap characteristics (given for standard
atmopsheric conditions). Make the correction of breakdown voltages for real atmosphering
conditions.
• Calculate the voltage ratio of test transformer for both breakdown distances. Remember
that the breakdown voltage is given in kVpeak and low voltage in Vrms.
U1 - low voltage
U1 mean – mean value of low voltage (for three consequence readings)
U2 stand – HV for standard atmospheric conditions as read from characteristics of sphere air gap
U2 pT - corrected high voltage taken into account the real atmospheric conditions
η- Transformer voltage ratio a - distance between air gap

56 | P a g e
Precautions

Review Questions
• What are the advantages of sphere Gap?
The sphere gaps can be used for Impulse, AC or DC voltage calibration according to the
IEC 60052 recommendation. The sphere-gap presents the undeniable advantage of a
direct and straightforward voltage measurement, where only the sphere diameter and
their distance gives a voltage measurement within ± 3 % accuracy.
• What is the working of Sphere Gap?
Sphere gaps are used as control gaps as well as devices for measuring high impulse voltages; in
the latter case, the magnitude of the voltage is computed according to the distance between
the spheres when a discharge occurs.
• What type of voltages we can measure with Sphere Gap?
Sphere gaps are used for voltage measurements and have only limited range with uniform
electric field. In this respect, Rogowski proposed a design for uniform field electrodes for
breakdown voltages up to 600 kV.

Registration No:
Date: Signature:
57 | P a g e
LIST OF EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LAB

• Power and Distribution Transformers (oil insulated and Resin Cast), Reactors
• Rotating Machines
• Power Cables
• Instrument Transformers
• Switch Gears, Isolators
• Power Capacitors
• Insulators
• Surge Arresters
• Bushings etc.
• Control Desk
• Test Transformer
• Discharge Rod
• Connecting Rod
• Connecting Cup
• Floor Pedestal
• Measuring Capacitor
• AC Peak Voltmeter
• HV Rectifier
• Smoothing Capacitor
• Measuring Resistor
• Earthing Switch
• Spacer Tube
• Insulating Rod
• Top Electrode
• DC Voltmeter
• Smoothing Capacitor/Impulse Capacitor
• Load Capacitor
• Charging Resistor
• Wave Front Resistor
• Wave Tail Resistor
• Sphere Gap
• Drive for Sphere Gap
• Top Electrode
• Low Voltage Divider
• Triggering Device
• Electronic Trigger Sphere
• Impulse Volt Meter
58 | P a g e

Mian Usman Zahid (H.V Lab Report)

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The University of Lahore Department of Technology

High Voltage Technology

The University Of Lahore

02 STUDY THE DC VOLTAGE TESTING USING VAN D GRAFF GENERATOR 7

04 CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER USING ROAD GAP AND POINT 12

05 TO DETERMINE FLASH OVER VOLTAGE ACROSS PIN-TYPE 15

06 - TO DETERMINE STRING EFFICIENCY OF SUSPENSION TYPE 18

07 - STUDY OF BREAK-DOWN VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT 21

08 DETERMINATION OF FAULT LOCATION BY DIGITALCABLE 24

09 MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION 27

10 STUDY THE FERRANTI EFFECT AND SURGE IMPEDANCE 30

11 MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, DISSIPATION 34

HIGH VOLTAGE MEASURMENT USING AMMETER IN SERIES WITH

MEASURMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE USING ELECTROSTATIC

16 AC VOLTAGE MEASURMENT BY MEANS OF SPHERE GAP AND

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB MANUAL AND LAB EQUIPMENT

High Voltage Source

• Power and Distribution Transformers (oil insulated and Resin Cast),

Figure 1: Lab Diagram

Student Name: Instructor Name: Engr Usman Zahid

STUDY THE DC VOLTAGE TESTING USING VAN DE GRAFF GENERATOR

• Van De Graff Generator

Figure 2: Van De Graff Generator

Observation, Results and Discussion

Sr No. Speed of Motor Applied Voltage Output voltage

1 3000rpm 220v 470v

Student Name: Instructor Name:

CALIBERATION OF VOLTMETER BY USING SPEHERE GAP METHOD.

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram

Observation, Results and Discussion

δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)

Qasim Umar Student Grade:

Figure 3: Circuit Diagram

Observation, Results and Discussion

Sr. Distance B. D. V. RMS value of % error

δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)

Sr. No. Distance in cm or BDV in KV (voltmeter)

GRAPH: - FOR ROD GAP

FOR POINT GAP

TO DETERMINE STRING EFFICIENCY OF SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR.

Voltage across string

Where n = number of discs.

• String of Suspension Type Insulator

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram

δ = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t)

P & t: - are atmospheric pressure and temperature while performing the

FOR 10 CM DIAMETER SPHERE: -

Voltage across the string V1

Student Name: Instructor Name: Enger Usman Zahid

TO DETERMINE FLASH OVER VOLTAGE ACROSS PIN-TYPE INSULATOR

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram

Observation, Results and Discussion

1) For Dry Condition: -

1 3.6 2.5 15kv 64%

2) For Wet Condition: -

Student Name: Instructor Name: Engr Usman Zahid

STUDY OF BREAK-DOWN VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram

Observation, Results and Discussion

Sr. No. Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS

2) FOR SPHERE 10CM & RAD ELECTRODE

Sr. No. Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS

3) FOR SPHERE 10CM & POINT ELECTRODE