Sec.11.5 Summary 801 Figure 11.13(d) shows S,(e!) with M = Sin Eq, (11.78). S(e/”) and two of the frequency- scaled and translated copies of S(e/”) are indicated explicitly in Figure 11.{3(d). It is clear that aliasing has been avoided and that all the information necessary to reconstruct the original sampled real bandpass signal now resides in the discrete-time frequency interval —1 <@ < x. A complex filter applied to s4[n] can transform this information in useful ways, such as by further bandlimiting, amplitude or phase compensation, etc., or the complex signal can be coded for transmission or digital storage. This processing takes place at the low sampling rate, and this is, of course, the motivation for reducing the sampling rate. The original real bandpass signal s,[n] can be reconstructed ideally by the following procedure: 1. Expand the complex sequence by a factor M; i.e., obtain nina {gia tens sSissatins xy 2. Filter the signal s,{n] using an ideal complex bandpass filter with impulse response hi[n) and frequency response Hi(e!”) 0, -m 0. It can be shown that such a signal can be sampled with sampling rate 2x/T = AQ, directly yielding the complex sequence se}. 11.5 SUMMARY In this chapter, we have discussed a variety of relations between the real and imaginary parts of Fourier transforms and the real and imaginary parts of complex sequences. These relationships are collectively referred to as Hilbert transform relationships. Our approach to deriving all the Hilbert transform relations was to apply a basic causality principle that allows a sequence or function to be recovered from its even part. We showed that, for a causal sequence, the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier trans- formare related through a convolution-type integral. Also, for the special case when the complex cepstrum of a sequence is causal or, equivalently, both the poles and zeros of its z-transform lie inside the unit circle (the minimum-phase condition), the logarithm of the magnitude and the phase of the Fourier transform are a Hilbert transform pair of each other. Hilbert transform relations were derived for periodic sequences that satisfy a modified causality constraint and for complex sequences whose Fourier transforms vanish on the bottom half of the unit circle. Applications of complex analytic signals to the representation and efficient sampling of handpass signals were also discussed.