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UNIT NO 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL LAYER

1.3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

III V

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(Common to CSE & IT)
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol )

Designed to ensure the wired communication between the various network

devices through internet
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Session and
Presentation Layer
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP/IP, UDP
App. Data
Package

NETWORK
LAYER

DATALINK LAYER

SENDER
(APPLICATION LAYER )
RECEIVER
(PHYSICAL LAYER)
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COMMUNICATION THRU AN INTERNET

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PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

Protocols - synonymous with rule
Standards - standards, which are agreed-upon rules.
ISO (International Standards Organization) is the organization – OSI Layer (1970s).
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is the model
TCP/IP Protocol suite designed prior to OSI model.
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IDENTICAL OBJECTS IN TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

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TCP/IP AND OSI MODEL

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ADDRESSING

Types of Addressing:

1.Physical Addresses
2.Logical Addresses
3.Port Addresses
4.Specific Addresses
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RELATIONSHIP OF LAYERS & ADDRESSES IN TCP/IP

(Local
Address)

(Global
Address)

(Link-layer Address – MAC

address)
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PROTOCOLS USED IN EACH LAYER

Layer 1 &2 => Physical & Datalink Layers – No Specific Protocol used

Layer 3 => Network Layer : -

❖ Internet Protocol (IP)
➢ Defines packet format called datagram
➢ Responsible to choose optimal route
➢ Connectionless protocol – No flow control, No error control, No Congestion
control services
❖ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – Error control
❖ Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) – Multitasking
❖ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – N/W layer address for host
❖ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – To find link-layer address of host/router
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PROTOCOLS USED IN EACH LAYER

Layer 4 => Transport Layer
➢ Stream Control Transfer Protocol (SCTP) – Control over multimedia
➢ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Connection-oriented, Flow
control, Error control, Congestion Control – Connection-oriented.
➢ User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Connection-less, No Flow, error,
congestion control

Layer 5 => Application Layer

➢ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - WWW
➢ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – Email
➢ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
➢ Terminal Network (TELNET)/Secure Shell (SSH)
➢ Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
➢ Domain Name System (DNS)
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Example 1: NODE TO NODE TRANSMISSION (Same Network)

Sender node - physical address 10

Receiver node - physical address 87
Link - Bus topology LAN.
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PHYSICAL ADDRESS EXAMPLE

- 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits;

- every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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Example 2: DATA TRANSMISSION THRU INTERNET

Internet with 2 routers connecting 3 LANs.

Each device (computer or router) - pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection.

Each computer is connected to only one link - only one pair of addresses.

Each router is connected to three networks - three pairs of addresses, one for
each connection.
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Example 3: DATA TRANSMISSION WITH PROCESSES

Two computers communicating via the Internet.

Sender – running 3 processes - Port addresses a, b, & c.

Receiver - running two processes - port addresses j & k.

Process a (sender) ==> process j (Receiver).

Source physical addresses(hop) ==> Receiver physical address (hop)

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PORT ADDRESSES
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Overview:
• 5 layers – Physical , Data-link, Network, Transport, Application

• Protocols –

TCP, IP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, SCTP, HTTP, SMTP, FTP

• Encapsulation & Decapsulation

• Addressing - Physical, Logical, Port, Specific addresses