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ICWG V/I
KEY WORDS: Aerial Survey, GNSS/INS Integration, IMU, Direct Georeferencing, Photogrammetry
ABSTRACT:
GNSS-Aided Inertial Navigation for Direct Georeferencing of aerial imagery and other sensors such as LIDAR is a well accepted
technology that has been in use since the mid 1990’s. Position accuracies of 10 cm RMS horizontal and 15 cm RMS vertical are
routinely achieved using post-processed kinematic ambiguity resolution (KAR) differential GNSS processing along with specific
operational restrictions that are necessary due to the nature of the airborne environment. These include: flying turns of less than 20
deg bank angle, flying less than 30 km from a reference GNSS receiver in order to correctly fix integer ambiguities, and keeping the
maximum baseline separation to less than 75 km once the ambiguities are fixed. Each of these restrictions significantly reduces the
efficiency of airborne mapping, and hence increases the overall cost.
In order to overcome these limitations, Applanix has developed a new patent pending post-processed GNSS-Aided INS software
called POSPac Mobile Mapping Suite (formerly POSPac Air 5.0). This software incorporates two new technologies, Applanix IN-
FusionTM and Applanix SmartBaseTM, that together provide the ability to fly turns with greater than 20 deg bank angle, and fly at
distances up to 70 km from the nearest GNSS reference station, without sacrificing accuracy or reliability
This paper provides details on the new Applanix IN-Fusion technology and Applanix SmartBase module implemented in POSPac
MMS. It will then present results from a series of studies into the performance of POSPac MMS using various reference station
networks from around the world. Finally it will present performance and cost saving results when flying bank angles at greater than
20 degs from a series of actual survey flights.
1. INTRODUCTION
Figure 5 60 km Network
2.2 Applanix DSS Case Study Figure 11 Test Flight Trajectory and SmartBase
Network
As part of the USGS certified manufacturing process for the
Applanix DSS, a directly georeferenced medium format camera
system, each DSS undergoes a final acceptance test in the form
of a flight test over a geometric test range. The acceptance test
involves validating the calibration of the DSS and the accuracy
Figure 12 shows a plot of the distance to the nearest base station
for one of the flights. As indicated by the peaks and valleys, the
turns are anywhere from 36 to 49 km from the nearest station.
Two of the DSS flight tests were flown with maximum bank 1 60 25 0.17 0.19 0.07 8
angles of 25 deg. The remaining 6 were flown with maximum 2 60 25 0.16 0.17 0.15 7
bank angles of 30 to 40 degrees. In all cases the Applanix IN- 3 60 40 0.06 0.14 0.09 3
Fusion technology was able to remain in fixed integer
4 60 30 0.13 0.12 0.23 4
ambiguity mode, even during the turns.
5 60 40 0.12 0.13 0.15 4
Figure 13 shows a plot of the roll for one of the flights that had 6 40 30 0.07 0.09 0.19 2
bank angles up to 40 deg, with the exposure times indicated by 7 60 30 0.08 0.08 0.07 2
the blue squares. Figure 14 shows the number of SV’s tracked
8 60 35 0.12 0.07 0.07 2
during the same flight. During the turns this drops to as low as
5. Figure 15 shows the solution status for the same flight, which Avg 0.11 0.12 0.13
always remains in fixed integer even as SV’s come in and out
of the solution. Table 1 provides a summary of the checkpoint Table 1: RMS Accuracy vs. GCP, 15 cm GSD
residuals for the 8 flights. In each case the RMS accuracy is
well within the DSS system accuracy specification of 1.2 X
effective GSD RMS horizontal and 3 X effective GSD RMS
vertical (approximately 20 cm and 50 cm RMS respectively).
The average RMS over the 8 flights is 11 cm and 12 cm
horizontal, and 13 cm vertical.
Table 2 is a summary of the average turn times for the flights. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The turn times are defined as the time between the last photo in
a line and the first photo in the next line. The percent The authors would like to thank the entire POSPac Air team for
improvement is computed with respect to the flight having a the months of blood, sweat and tears they have put into this
maximum bank angle of 25 deg with170 sec average turn time. development. Thanks are also given to J.P. Barrier from
Track’air for his useful input on optimal aircraft bank angles for
survey missions.
# Max Roll Avg Spd Avg Turn %
(deg) (knot) (sec) Improve’t 5. REFERENCES
1 25 105 170 n/a
Hakli P., 2004, Practical Test on Accuracy and Usability of
2 25 97 150 n/a Virtual Reference Station Method in Finland, FIG Working
3 40 97 110 35 Week 2004, Athens, Greece
4 30 97 120 29
5 40 116 110 35 Hutton J., Bourke, T., Scherzinger, B., 2007, New
6 30 116 140 18 Developments of Inertial Navigation Systems at Applanix,
7 30 116 130 24 Photogrammetric Week 2007
8 35 127 120 29
Avg 28 Landau H., Vollath U., and Chen X., 2002, Virtual Reference
Table 2: Summary of Average Turn Times Station Systems, Journal of Global Positioning Systems, Vol. 1,
No. 2, 2002
The results show that simply by increasing the bank angle from
25 deg to 30 to 40 deg, the time to fly the turns was reduced by
an average of 28%. Using the average time to turn of 170
seconds for the 25 deg bank angle flight, this translates to an
average savings of 48 seconds per turn. With an average of 12
turns per flight, and an average of 50 flights per year, this
translates to a savings in flight time of 12x44x48 = 28,800
seconds or 8 hours. Such a savings could easily be doubled or
tripled for standard survey missions that have many more turns
than a DSS flight test, especially if the turns are being flown at
a bank angle less than 25 deg (say at 15 to 20 deg).
3. CONCLUSIONS