Grammar Builder 5

ratnrnaf
Builder
A grammar guidebook for students of English
A. Amin
CAVTTRIDGE R. Eravelly
UNIVERSITY PRESS
F.J. lbrahim
PUBLISHEDBY THE PRESSSYNDICATEOF THE UNIVERSITYOF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street,Cambridge,United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS
The Edinburgh Building, CambridgeCB2 2RU, UK
, e w Y o r k ,N Y 1 0 0 1 1 - 4 2 1,fU S A
4 0 W e s t2 0 t h S t r e e t N
477Williamstown Road,Port Melbourne,VIC 3207,Australia
R u i z d e A l a r c 6 n 1 3 ,2 8 0 1 4M a d r i d , S p a i n
Dock House,The Waterfront,CapeTown 8001,South Africa
43-45KretaAyerRoad,Singapore089004
cambridge.org
http : / /w'w-w.
@ CambridgeUniversity Pressand Pan Asia PublicationsSdn Bhd 2004
This book is in copyright. Subjectto statutory exception

and to the provisionsof relevant collectivelicensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of CambridgeUniversity Press.
First published 2004
Printed in Singapore
TypefaceUtopia. System QuarkXPress@
I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 5 94 G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 1
I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 0B G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 2
I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 i 6 G r a m m a rB u i l d e r B o o k 3
ISBN 0 52I 548624 Grammar Builder Book 4
I S B N 0 5 2 1 5 4 8 6 32 G r a m m a rB u i l d e rB o o k 5
r:',:
@& INTRODUCTION & & %
To the student
This book is designedto help you master key concepts in English grammar easily and quickly.
Studentswho need to take written exams as well as those who wish to write rvell will find the
Grammar Builder serieshelpful.
You may use this book for self-studyand practice.An Anslverssection is located at the back of the
book.
To the teacher
The Grammar Bttilder seriesis a useful supplement to any main English languagecourse and is
suitablefor both classroomteaching and self-study.The seriesfocuseson written grammar and the
key grammar conceptsthat studentsneed to knor,vfor written exercises.
How the book is organised
The Grammar Builder seri,es comprisesfive books for beginnerto upper-intermediatelevel learners
of British English.Books 1 and 2 are intended for learnerswho need to acquire the basicsof
grammar. Books 3 to 5 are for learnerswho need to strengthentheir proficienry in grammar and
improve their written English.
Eachbook is made up of 42 to 56 units, and units dealingwith relatedtopics (e.g.prepositions)are

grouped togetherfbr easeof use.
A unit coversthree to five grammar concepts and includes four to six different types of exercises.
Key grammar concepts (e.g.tenses)taught in the lower level books are re-visited and expanded
upon in the other books of this series.For a list of units, refer to Ihe Conrcnrsat the beginning of
eachbook.
The books use a simple but effective three-step approach (error identification, correction, and
practice)to help learnersmaster Englishgrammar.
There are four pagesper unit, and each unit is divided into three sections:Checkytoirtt,Grammar
Points, and Practice.
All units begin with a Checkpointsection containing severalpairs of numbered examplesthat show
common grammatical errors and then their corrected forms. These examplesof correct and
incorrect.usage demonstrateto the student how slight differencesin expressioncan result in
grammaucalerrors.
The studentscan then refer to the correspondingGrammar Pointsin the next sectionl,r'hichexplain
the grammar concepts highlighted under Checkpoint,show how to apply the grammar coniepts
correctly,and provide more examples.
In the third section, Practice,students revise the grammar concepts they have learned by
completing a group of exercises.(The answerscan be found at the back of the book.) This enable's
qrJickrevision of each concept, and allows studentsto seeif there are any aspectsthat they do not
fuliy comprehend. Studentsmay review what they have learned by going through Ihe Grammar
Points again after completing each exercise.The Grammar Points can also be used for quick
relerencepurposes.
There are six revision and evaluation tests towards the back of everv book. These tests deal with
most of the Grammar Poinfscoveredin each book.
iii
,,;@&* CONTENTS &&&,,i'
TTFIIT UNI'T
1.1 Verbs:baseform 2 6.1 Modals: positive statements, 86
passivestructure
I.2 Verbs:with's' and'ing' endings tl
IO 6.2 Modals: negative statements, 90

1.3 Verbs:with'ed' ending
passivestructure
UNTT o,1
6.3 Modals: positive and negative
2.I Subject-verb agreement: the T4 questions, passive structure
number ol a lot of, indefinite tiN['I'
pronouns
2.2 Subject-verb agreement: abstract 1B 7.I Prepositions 9B
nouns, there + verb'to be' 7.2 Prepositions 102
2.3 Subject-verb agreement: 22 UNlT
adjectives as nouns, gerunds, 8 Subject and Predicate 106
units of measurement
UhJTT
UNIT
9.1 Relativeclauses:withwho, which 110
s.r Simptepresent;"dpt"t""t 26
and that
continuous tenses
9.2 Relative clauses:with whose I 14
3.2 Simple past tense 30
2,1 9.3 Relativeclauses:after subiectsof I 18
J.J Past continuous tense
main clauses
3.4 Presentperfect tense 3B
UI'11?
3 . 5 Past perfect tense 42
l0.l Adverbial clauses:with because, 122
3 . 6 Present and past perfect 46 as, since
continuous tenses
10.2 Adverbial clauses:with although, 130
3 . 7 Simple future and future 50 though, even though, while
continuous tenses
10.3 Adverbial clauses:with as, since, 130
3.8 Future perfect and future perfect 54 when, while
continuous tenses
10.4 Adverbial clauses:with so that 134
3.9 Conditionals- the presenttense 5B and so ... that
3.10 Conditionals- simple past and oz
10.5 Adverbial clauses:withif and 138
past perfect tenses should
{JNTT 10.6 Adverbial clauses:with as, as if, 142
4.1 Active and passivevoice: tense 66 as though
and agreement, verbs with two {_!}itT
objects,the use of it
11.1 Reportedclauses:with that, 146
4.2 Active and passivevoice: passive 70 whether, if
infinitive, passive+'ing' form,
11.2 Reportedclauses:with wh-words 150
adverbs
11.3 Reportedclauses:that-clauses 154
4.3 Active and passivevoice: to have 74
with subjunctives
something done, complement of
verb, instructions 11.4 Reportedclausesand conditional 158
clauses:that-clauses with
UNI'T subjunctives and if-clauses
7a
5 . 1 Direct and indirect speech:
positive and negative statements
5 . 2 Direct and indirect speech: 82
positive and negative questions
iv
,;4.i1
6. (QNTENTS * & & 4"':
{.TNIT TEST I
12.1 Adjectivalphrases:with 162 Units 1 - 4 226
prepositions
'FEST
12.2 Adjectival phrases:with present 166 2
and past participles Units 5 - 1l 229
12.3 Adjectivalphrases:with 170
adjectives TNST3
{}NTT Units 12 - lB 232
13.l Adverbial ohrases:with because 174
of
'rEsT4
13.2 Adverbial phrases:with in order 178 235
to, so as to, to
13.3 Adverbial phrases:with present 182 ?EST 5
participles
238
13.4 Adverbial phrases:with after, 186
before, when, while
li;irl tl
[}NTT
241
14.1 Noun phrases:with infinitive 190
(with and without to) and present AruSWtjEtS
participle
14.2 Noun phrases:as complements 194 244
and objects of preposition
14.3 Noun phrases:as subjects 198
U&I{Y
15.1 Sentencestructure:joining two 202
simple sentenceswith either... or
and neither.. . nor
15.2 Sentencestructure:sentence 206
adverbials (as aresult, besides,
moreover)
15.3 Sentencestructure:sentence 210
adverbials (first / firstly, after
that / next / then, finally / lastly)
{ff{?T'
16 Changingword order: with 214
adverbs, had, should, were
tihiilf'
17 Redundancy 218
[TNIT
18 Reference 222
UN]TTil=TVERBS
baseform
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the

Grammar Points section.
.RAMMAR
POINTS
.')
II
t PoTNTS
/cnerr,tnrAR
'ed' or'ing' ending.We use

E The baseform is the simplestform of a verb.It doesnot havethe'sl
the baseform for the presenttensewith plural noun subjectsand the pronoun subjectsI, you,
we and they.
EXAMPLES: Thosetwo supermarketsstock a variety of imported goods.
I have a lot to be thankful for.
You need to changeyour method of work.
We buy our office suppliesfrom the shop acrossthe road.
They think you are the best person for the post of chairman.
REMEMBER!
'to 'to 'to have' can be used as main verbs as well as auxiliaryverbs.
r The verb be', do' and
EXAMPLES: They are the engineersfor the project. (are as main verb)
They are repairing the old bridge. (are as auxiliaryverb)
r The baseform of a verb is alsousedto give instructions,warnings,adviceor commandsto the listener

or to make requests.
E)GMPLES: Check the expiry date on the cans. (instruction)
Don,t enter that room. (warning)
Eat in moderation. @duice)
Put down your weaponsl (command)
Help me carry theseparcels,please. (request)
Takenote thatyou (the listener)is the subjectin each ofthe abovesentences.
We use the baseform of a verb in all positive and negativequestionscontaining the verb 'to do':
A
(a) verb'to do' + noun/pronoun + baseform
EXAMPLES:
Does/Doesn'tDavid use contact lenses?
Do/Don't those people know the club'srules and regulations?
(b) wh-word + verb'to do' +noun/pronoun + baseform

EXAMPLES:When does Ianelle present her paper at the conference?
What didn't they discussat the meeting?
We call the baseform of a verb togetherwith to 'an infinitive' or 'a non-finite verb'.
A sentencewith an infinitive is not complete unlessit contains a finite verb
aswell.
EXAMPLE:Ronald has to finalise the report this afternoon.
Url:yh) (4ryry,
Ronald to finalise the report this afternoon. IX
___r_
('"ryi,
REMEMBER!
r A verb is either finite or non-finite. A finite verb changesits form accordingto the tenseand subjectof
the sentence.A non-finite verb doesnot changeits form.
EXAMpLES: finite verb: iike non-finite verb: to go
Presenttense : Grandma likes to go for short walks in the evening.
Pasttense : Grandma liked to go for long walks when shervasmuch younger.
Singularsubject : She likes to go for short walks in the evening.
Plural subject : They like to go for short walks in the evening.
We use the baseform of a verb with all positive and negativemodals.

(Examplesof modals:can, could, may, might, shall, should, must)
I could revise the timetable for vou.
EXAMPLES: ,7
ll
('n9t Q{.'ryf"q,
I could revised the timetable for you. fI
-'-\ 'ed'
Uryq4, base form + ending
Jaymustn't disturb the baby.
t9as9!.-jry4'
Jaymustn'tdisturbsthe baby. E
negativetbrm of modal baseform +'s' ending
@AJcirclethenumberSoftheSentenceSthatusethebaseformofverbscorrectly.
I Thesehousesare designedto suit the needsof the elderly.
2 He doesn'tto let problems ruin his day.
3 \t\hen are you join us in a game of tennis?
4 Everyresidentialareashould have its own recyclingcentre.
5 Paul mustn't cyclesfast on a wet road.
6 They wishesthe trip to the mountainshad been lessstrenuous.
7 Don't use your mobile phone while you are drivingl
S \A4rydo you stay up very late every night?
9 Pleaseto contribute items for our jumble saleon Saturday.
10 Did Mary get an autographedposter from her favourite singer?
Ten of the underlined verbs are incorrect.Write the correct

verbsin the boxes.
I Don't get annoyedbecauseI didn't phoned you yesterday.
2 The girls askedthe actressto posing for a picture with them.

3 I has to buy two AA batteriesfor my torch today.
4 \Nhat did you saw when you walked up our driveway?
5 We can givesyou a refund or you can chooseanother jacket.
6 Pleaseinforms the members that our chairman has resigned.

,7
a We should remember that both cars needsnew tYres.
B The tourists didn't expectthe island to being so beautiful.
I Doesn'tAnnie know it is time go to work?
t 0 Made sure no one tries to enter or leavethis building.
@J-]Fi1lintheblankswiththecorrectVerbsinthebrackets.
I \Nhich items did vou ? (want / wanted)
2 Vicky, a reply acceptingthe invitation to take part in the inter-school debate.

(write / writes)
3 He might in town to seehis parents.(be / to be)
4 The environment council punish thosewho have fires in their gardens.

(hopes/ must)
J Almost everyfamily in that arearuns a cafe or rents rooms to visitors.

(cater/ to cater)
6 Don't too near the car in front of you. (go / going)
7 Please the cookiesin a tightly sealedcontainer.(store / to store)
B This liquid may the stainson your sofa. (remove/ removes)
9 \&4rydidn't Ken for the role of Iulius Caesar?(audition / auditioned)
10 a little seasoningto bring out the flavour of the meat.

(Sprinkle/ Could sprinkle)
@l]riuintheblankswiththeCorrectwordsinthebox.
can call check didn't read know let listen

to call to check to read to know to let to listen
must see perform repeat say tell
see to perform to repeat to say to tell
Fiona Hi, Steve.Fiona here. I called (1) you Darren Clipton'sgoing

(2) here next month.
Steve \Mhat?How do you (3)
Fiona It's in today'spaper.
Steve Really?Oh, I (4) his performance.I (5) to his songs
all the time. Doesthe paper (6) who is sellingthe tickets for his show?
Fiona I don't know.I (7) the whole article, Steve.
Steve Please(B) for me, Fiona.I'll wait.
Fiona Okay . . . Here it is.You (9) the reservationshotline at 108- 344- 5678.
Steve Please(10) the number,Fiona.
Fiona 108-344-5678.
.-- l-
Steve I've got it. Thanks for letting me know. YoURsCoRE
I
r-a
Fiona You'rewelcome. a ,/ - el
lfla
ar"
Underline the sentenceswith mistakesin the use of verbs and rewrite them
correctly.
One day,just after my exams,My sistersaid,"Henry stoppedwatching TV all day.Don't you has
anlthing elseto do? I think you and your friends should do something useful while waiting for your
exam results.\AIhydon't you put your talents to work? Look around our neighbourhood.Offer sorne
sort of service.You could earns some money for yourselves."
Well, I took her advice and rounded up five friends.After three hours of brainstorming,we
'Youth
decidedto setsup atWork'.The next morning, we sent out flyers listing the things we could do,
such as getting groceries,mowing the lawn, babysitting,washing cars,painting houses,etc.
'Youth
That afternoon, our phones didn't stopped ringing. Today,six months later, atWork' has
100members.We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areasaswell.
I Henry, stop watching W all day.

2
3
4
5
6
UN]TTT=2VERBS
with's' and'ing' endings

GRAMMAR
POINTS
t/"-"^- POINTS
's'
We use the baseform of a verb with the ending for the presenttensein theseways:
(a) with singularnoun subjectsand the pronoun subjectshe, she and it
EXAMPLES: He/She scrutinises everydocument that is to be given to a client.
The painting/It enhancesthe beauty of the room.
(b) with uncountable or collectivenoun subiects
EXAMPLES:
uncountablenoun collecti'e noun
Music soothesme when The jury needs more time to reach
I am stressed. a verdict.
REMEMBER!
I An uncountable noun refersto things that cannot be counted. It alwaystakes a singular verb fbrm,
's'.
evenif it ends in
ExAMeLE: News travels quickly in the IT age.
r A collective noun refers to a group of people or things. It can take both a singular or plural verb. A
singularverb is usedto referto the group as a unit. A plural verb is usedto show that the focus is on the
membersthat make up the group.
EXAMpLES: The community expectsbetter facilitiesfor the handicapped. (community as a unit)
The community meet once a month at the schoolhall to (community as members
discussissues. ofthe group)
r \rVhenthe subjectis a noun phrase,we decidewhether to use a singularor a plural verb by looking at
the head word. (A head word is usually the noun that is the most important part of a noun phrase.)
D(AMPLE: noun phrasesubject
The soldiers' loyaltv towards their officers amazes me.
We use the baseform with the'ing' endingtogetherwith the verb 'to be' in continuoustenses.
(a) presentcontinuoustense: verb'to be' (am / is / are) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:An insect is creeping up my arm.
(b) past continuous tense : verb 'to be' (was / were) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:They were dyeing the fabric an hour ago.
(c) future continuous tense: verb 'to be' (will be) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:The airplanewill be making a brief stop at Dubai in 20 minutes.
'ing' ending is also called the presentparticiple. (It is non-finite verb.)
The baseform with the a
We use it after a noun to describeor identifu the noun. This tlpe of ing' clausefunctions like
a relative clause. 'ing'clause
EXAMPLES:The men standing in the doorway look suspicious.
Qrr
relatrve clause
The men who are standing in the doorway look suspicious.

ing'clause
The boy addressingthe group of visitors is one of our friends.
'ing'clause
Gqsr"ftJ
We know the boy addressingthe group of visitors .
@;lCrossouttheincorrectVeIbformStocompletetheSentenceS'
I That cartoonist create I creates wonderful characterswith iust a few strokesof his pen.
2 Sandra correctI corrects her children wheneverthey make a mistake.
3 The lawyer handles I handli m y c a s ei s o u I o f t o w n .
4 The ship'ssail is slackenI is slackenin now that the wind has dropped.
5 Mary and Lily I want I wants I to go for a drive in my new car.

6 She ordered food from a caterer I specialisingin Chinese food.
specialises
.7
a MrWearnes lavish I lavishes his wife with gifts on their wedding anniversary.
B Peter mutter I was mutterin to himself when I walked in.
I Mr Kim and his wife ratins I are ooeratin a laundrette.
l 0 This cream rotect I Drotects your skin from the harsh rays of the sun.
@4FillintheblankswiththecorrectWordSintheboxes.
t (a) Bob h i so p p o n e n d
t u r i n gd e b a t e s . antagonise
(b) Don't your sisterby taking her things without allt
her permission.
2 (a) The girls paper flowers are going to decorate are making
the hall. making
(b) They arrangementsto fetch you from the bus
station.
(a) The lady her son'sletterlooks sad. reads

(b) My sister poetry whenever she feelssad. reading
(a) He the newspaperdaily in searchof a job. scrutinises

(b) The editor the report noticed it had a number scrutinisi
of errors.
5 (a) The band at the hotel loungeis from the entertaining

Philippines. is entertainin
(b) She h e r g u e s t sw i t h s t o r i e so l h e r t r a v e l s .
The verb in the box shouldbe at one of the two placesmarked (

Circlethe correct( .
I Kathy (voluntary work at the hospital( once a fortnight. does
2 The player( with the refereeis ( Alan. arguing
3 Larry ( the overheadbridge( to get to his office. USES
4 The athletes(impatiently( for the gamesto begin. are waiting
5 The expedition team ( out earlier than the otherswants to reachthe village
setting
before( nightfall.
6 George(what you have done (for his family. appreclares
7 The government(a greatdeal of importance(on self-reliance. places
8 The inhabitants ( against(the logging activitiesin their area. areprotesting
9 She( that Liz is the one who ( deservesthe praise. insists
10 The woman (to Samuelis ( a TV reporter. speaking

.rrr- -l!=
YOURSCORE
I
The mistakesin the use of verbs have been underlined.

T-l
| ,/:^l
lr" lA
Write the correct verb forms in the boxes.
Ellen Hunter running her own business.She I

manageeventssuch as annual dinners, talks 2
and birthdays.Thoseuse her servicesinclude 3
banks,fashion housesand governmentagencies.
At the moment, Ellen is managethe
promotion of a new product for a cosmetichouse.
Sheand her team of five assistantshaving many
thingsto do beforethe specialoccasion.For instance,
her assistantshave send out invitation cardsand
packagesdoor gifts for the guests.Ellen
need to finalise the programme and plan what
shehasto sayas the Masterof Ceremonies.
Ellendemandthe best not onlv from
her assistantsbut also from herself.Shesetsthe
standardand they have to follow it. Becauseher
work is highly professional,Ellen'sclients often
recommendsher to their friendsand associates.
@-']UnderlinethesentenceswithmistakesandrewritethemcorrectlyuSing
verbswith the's' or'ing' ending,or the'ing' clause.
Tina David,looksat that signlTheroad leadsto Dolphin'sBayis under repair.
David That'sall right. We can use the other road to Dolphin's Bay.
Tina That road have a lot of potholes.I think we should go somewhereelsetoday.
David Okay.Takemy mobile phone from the glovecompartment and phone Martin. He lives
about 20 minutes away.We'll visit him if he'sfree today.
Tina His phone is ring. . . I don'tthink he'sin.
David Oh, I forgot. On Saturdayshe goesriding or he play a game of tennis at his club.
Tina Let'scheckwhere he is. I'll call him on his handphone . . . Hi, Martin. Tina here.
\;\trere are you?
Martin Hi, I wasjust about to call you. I'm in front of your house.I wanted surprisethe two
ofvou.
I Dauid,look at that sigrt!
2
UNTTT"5VERBS
with'ed' ending

GRAMMAR
POINTS
,9@
'&-
rr - POINTS
'ed' ending for the past tense.

We use the baseform of a verb with the
EXAMPLES: Mary encouragedher daughterto study music.
The devicemeasured her blood pressureaccurately.
Tom'sillnesscausedus a lot of anxiety.
The associationcalled for a pressconferenceon Saturday.
REMEMBER!
r The following are some ways of forming the past tenseof regularverbs:
baseform of verb +'ed' baseform of verb endingin'e' +'d'
EXAMPLES: CATN+ CATNCd EXAMPLES: ATgUE + ATgUCd
reign - reigned refuse- refused
b a s e f o r m o f v e r be n d i n g i n 2 f i ' + ' e d '
baseformofverbendinginaconsonant
EXAMPLES: bury - buried + the same consonant+'ed'
worry+worried E X A M P L EcSr a: m + m + e d - c r a m m e d
refer+r+ed-referred
'x' and'y'.
Note that the doublingof consonantsdoesnot applyto'w',
'ed'
r The past tenseof an irregularverb doesnot consistof the baseform of the verb with ending.
EXAMpLES: bend - bent -
catch caught +
go went
set - set tise - rose weave+ wove
g We use the past participle in perfect tenseswith the verb'to have' and passivesentenceswith
'to
the verb be.
EXAMpLES: They have decided to do the job. (presentperfecttense)
Ian had called for an ambulance. (pastperfect tense)
Your suggestionsare accepted. (passivesentence)
The widowwas comforted bv her friends. (passivesentence)
10
REMEMBER!
r Thepastparticipleis thebaseform of theverbwith the'ed'endingfor a regularverb.It is
formedin otherwaysfor irregularverbs.
Baseform Past form Past participle form
Regularverbs finish finished finished
wlpe wiped wiped
Irreguiarverbs hear heard heard

(TWoforms the same) leave left left
lrregularverbs eat ate eaten
(Threeforms different) take took taken
Irregularverbs cost cost cost

(Threeforms the same) put put put
The past participle on its own is a non-finite verb.We use it after a noun to describewhat
happenedto the noun. This type of 'ed' clausefunctions like a relativeclause.
EXAMPLES: ,ed.clause
The skier trapped in the snowstorm is an American.

._r.
tlerl, Qgrgru
relative clause
The skier who is trapped in the snowstorm is an American.
'cd'clause
The car abandoned by the robbers had a falsenumber plate.
'ed'clause
The policeexaminedthe car abandoned by the robbers

I
Ugg::'bj Q9!U Qerysleq!,
REMEMBER!
r Presentparticiplesareactivein meaningwhilepastparticiplesarepassive
in meaning.
FXAIIPI F:
ing clarrse
The pedestrian suing the motorist is very upset. (Thepedestrian is doing the action.)
'ed'clause
The pedestrian sued by the motorist is verv upset. (Thepedestrian is receivingthe action.)
ll
@ aC r o s s o u t t h e i n co rre ctve rb fo rmstocompletethesentences.
I The policeman issuedI was issued the motorist a ticket for speeding.
2 Gifts exchangedI were exchanged between the representativesof the two countries.
3 He suffered I was suffered a lot of bruiseswhen he fell from a tree.

4 The building designedI wasdesigned by Mr Shawis remarkable.
c His tenant h a s d e c i d e d I w a s d e c i d e d to move out of the apartment in September.
6 The tired old man accepted the seat offered I was offered by Mrs Evans.
n
I Tours arranged I have a by that travel agencyare hectic.
I The information rovided I was orovided bv the media was inaccurate.
I The naly havenoticedlwerenoticed some strangeactivitiesalong the coastline.
t0 served I were served chocolatepudding by our hostess.
@r]riuintheb1ankswitheitherthepresentorpaStparticipleformofthe
verbsin the brackets.
I This is the first stadium (design)by local architects.
2 The buses (provide)sports fans with transport were very comfortable.
3 The contingent (march) into the stadium right now is from Canada.
4 The people (seat)in the open standswere drenched during the healry
rain.
5 The spectators (behave)in a rowdy manner were orderedto leavethe

stadium.
6 The athlete (sprint) far aheadof the rest is from Ghana.
I
The trophy (donate)by the sports media was a silver figure on a golden
globe.
B A doctor attended to the player (injure) during the match between Italy and Korea.
I The player _ (honour) by the media for his skill and sense
of fairplay wasVincent Mandela.
l0 Policetried to control the large group of fans (surround)

.- l!!=
Vincent Mandela. YOUR SCOREI
a ,/ )2'a
-
t2
@gFillintheblankswiththecorreCtwordsinthebox.
arrived covered has cleared huddled loaded

was arrived was covered was cleared were huddled have loaded
have invested made recovered rushed suggested
were invested were made has recovered was rushed was suggested
I The girls around the fireplaceare Emily'sfriends.

2 The food from the caterers just before the first guestdid.
3 The little boy in mud from head to foot.
4 Mrs Booth suffereda stroke and to hospital.
J The land belongingto FarmerHudson for planting.
6 That soldier from a gunshot wound.
n
a They a lot of time and money in that project.
B We decidedto take the route by Sam.

9 The pancakes by your mother are very light.
l 0 The boxes onto the four lorries contained
medicalsupplies.
@4Tenoftheunder1inedverbsareincorrect.WIitethecorrectVerbSintheboxes
provided.
A newTVprogrammeproduceby East-West
Network line I produced
has capturethe attention of millions of viewersthroughout 2
the world. The programme called Cornerstones.Itis
about people and values.The network crew travelled +
all over the world to interviewed individuals and line 5

communities.Theywerefilmed 10episodesthis year 6
and hope to do another l0 next year. 7
The first episodescreenedlast night in both Germany B
and Holland. It was featureda tribe in Asia that 9
has retain its old way of life despitean awareness line t 0
of modern science.The people was interviewed in the 1l
episodelead simplelivesand illnessis uncommon amongthem. t2
"Your modern world has brought into existence 13
more problems than solutions,"remarkedKoru Nokos, I4
KarenLing. "I was agree
the tribal chief, to Cornerstones' line 15
to this interview so that the outsideworld can learnt from us." 16
.-J!r!
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a / taaa
a,/ t7l
l3
AGREEMENT
UNTT 2"T SUBIECT.VERB
the number of, a lot ol indefinite pronouns
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
@@
//
The number of distinguishedguestsat the party
were impressive.
1/
The number of distinguishedguestsat the party
was impressive.
A lot of money have been spent on the new
highway project.
A lot of money has been spent on the new
highway project.
Everybody in my office hope to get a bonus at the
end of the month.
Everybody in my office hopes to get a bonus at
the end of the month.
r\r
Q"*r*PorNrs
We use a singular verb with the phrase the number of. REMEMBER!
We use a plural verb with the phrase a number of. r The phrasesa number
of and the number of
EXAMPLES: E number oTstudents w.ereabsent today. can only go with plural
countablenouns.
Thenumberof club members hasincreased this year.
We use singular verbs with the words a lot of, all, all of, most of, some and some of when they
go with uncountable nouns.We use plural verbswith thesewords when they go with plural
countable nouns.
EXAMpLES: lltost ofltne stuff at the back of the storeroom is useless.
lMost of lour friends are coming to watch us perform tonight.
T4
lA lot of lsympathy needs to be extendedtowardsearthquakevictims.
I
(gIg$IIg:, Glggl3ryU
Ft"t d_nv91sne-edextra practice before their driving test.

"fl
@@
I E Weusesingularverbswith indefinitepronouns.
EXAMPLES: is invited to the wedding celebrationsnext week.
\ll"ou!,
Nothing has been done to improve the drainagein our housing estate.
REMEMBER!
r Indefinite pronouns referto people or things without pointing out exactlywho or what
they are.The following are indefinite pronouns:
anybody anyone anything everybody everyone everything

nobody noone nothing somebodv someone something
@4J Underlinethe correctverbsin the brackets.
I A lot of concrete ( was used / were used ) to build this thick retaining wall.
2 Somegeese( was splashing/ were splashing) in the water.
3 The number of books written on the protection of wildlife ( are / is ) enormous.
4 Everythingin the examination hall ( look / looks ) neat and orderly.
5 Anyone in that family( are i is ) capableof cooking a good meal.
6 A number of tourists ( was filming / were filming ) the colourful pageant.
7 A lot of glue ( has been used / have been used ) to put up this giant poster.
I No one ( was able to see / were able to see) the signpostsin the dark.
9 Most of the clotheson sale ( don't / doesnt ) appealto me.
l0 Something( are / is ) wrong with my car. It just refusesto start.
ttj?rfirtf€ Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsin the brackets.
I Everyone (be) surprisedwhen they heard the sounds of fireworks.
2 Nobody (like) to be reminded of the mistakeshe or she has made before.
3 We are pleasedbecausethe number of floats at the pageant (have)doubled this

year.
l5
4 All the company'sproperty (be) sold last week to pay off its debts.
5 A number of members _ (participate)in the club'snew activitieseveryday.
6 Something- (need)to be done about the litter in the shoppingcentre.
7 Most of the pollution in this city - (be) causedby cars and factories.
B An1'thingthat disturbs me while I'm reading (annoy)me.

g You don't have to call the police. Someone (have)alreadyreported the accident.
l0 For hundreds of years,nothing (have)changedthe way of life of this unique

community.
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SCORE
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l.'4il
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Each item may only
be usedonce.
a lot of a number of anyone anything everybody

everything nothing somebody something the number of
I was busy at the hotel'sreception counter, so we had to wait.

2 rain has fallen and our driveway is completelyflooded.
3 This room looks quite different from before. in it has been rearranged.
4 apartment blocks here have their own swimming pools.

J dented my car and just drove away.
6 vehicleson the road todav is relativelvsmall becauseof the holiday.
7 Has taken my notebook?I can't find it anyrarhere.
B about this placeremindsme of my childhoodhome.
I exceptthe wind disturbs the animals living in this arid desert
l0 you offer is readily acceptedby charity salecommittees.
r- -
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@.'glRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms. L,'
I A number of customerswas queuing to pay for their purchases.
2 I can't contact Sarah.Someonehave damagedthe public phone in this booth'
l6
3 A lot of freshly grated cheeseare used for this pizza topping.
4 The number of studentsin the literature classhave increaseddramatically.
5 Everyhing been done to prevent the river from bursting its banks.
Underline the sentencesthat are incorrect and rewrite them

using correct verb forms.
Betty shriekedwith horror when she enteredher bedroom. Everlthing was in a messlNothing
were in its usual place anymore.Someonehad ransackedher cupboards.A number of her clotheswas
strewn on the floor. Someof her shoesand handbagswere on her bed. Her trinket box was wide open.
All her jewellerywere missing.Shefelt miserablebecausesome of the pieceshad been given to her by
relativesand friends.
Everyonein the housewas startledto hear Betty'scries.They rushed upstairsto find out what was
wrong. The number of things stolen were not the only problem. Somethinginside Betty were deeply
wounded. Somebody,a total stranger,had looked through all her personalthings. Betty felt very
upset.
t7
AGREEMENT
UNIT 2"2 SUBIECT.VERB
abstractnouns,there + verb'to be'
GRAMMAR
POINTS
His wealth have not caused him to forget the

needsofothers.
His wealth has not caused him to forget the
needsofothers.
2A There were severefamine in some parts of Africa
last year.
28 Therewas severefamine in some parts of Africa
last vear.
i\A " t -r
,
JGRAMIVIAR PoINTS
Weusesingularverbswith abstractnouns.
E
EXAMPLE:Integrity is an important quality in leadership.
REMEMBER!
r An abstractnoun refers to a feeling, an idea or a quality. It may be something that
cannot be seenor touched.
EXAMPLES: excitement,freedom,intelligence,joy, wisdom, youth
r Abstractnouns can be used:
(a) as subjectsby themselves
(b) as head words in noun phrases
EXAMPLES: noun phrasesubject
is required for a gymnast to gain international status.
"" "'f'--'-
@
noun phrase- subjecl
ffi haswon her severalawards.
- l
( head word ) $]rtC!'al:ga -/
We can use the words there + verb'to be' when we want to statethat something existsor
'to
happens.lVhen the subjectthat comes after the verb be' is singular or uncountable,we use
'to be'.lVhen the subject is plural, we use the plural form.
the singular form of
18
E){AMPLES:present tense form of 'to be'
Thereis I new grocertsto,relnear the junction.
|----------------
ele$ls!, Gle!l:l'"!rg,
past tenseform of 'to be'

There was
@@
presentperfect tenseform of 'to be'
There havrc.bgen
-
Qlsr"s!' Glrryll""t
@4J Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
I The truth about the situation in those two rival companies ( is / are ) going to be exposed.
2 His gentle manner of speaking( make / makes) everyonefeel at ease.
3 There ( was / were ) public anger againstthe changein the tax laws.
4 There has been great ( improvement / improvements) in that child'sreading ability.
5 Bitternessbetweentwo departmentsoften ( cause/ causes) problems in an organisation.
6 Gratitude ( has / have ) been conveyedto all thosewho donated to the charity.
7 The country's security ( is / are ) greatlythreatenedby foreign armies on the border.
B There have been significant ( change/ changes) in the education systemrecently.
9 The tranquil surroundingsof the 200-year-oldpalace ( give / gives) us a glimpse into the past.
l0 There ( was / were ) genuine loyalty among the troops who fought to protect the
president.
@jJ Cros s o u t t h e i n co rre ctV e rb fo rmS to c ompletethesentences'

I TheretrasFer€ I a momentof silenceto honourall thosewho had giventheirlivesfor the
nation.
2 The speedat which the cheetahchasesits prey [a*l-i! remarkable.
3 The power of the ruling party was challengedlwere challe by a popular uprising.
4 Iohn'sability to read other people'sminds f"* [ii_l truly amazing.
c There has been I have been great concern over the rise in the number of traffic accidents.
6 Badweather on public holidays discourageI discourages people from going out.
19
7 Approval for the playground project hasbeen I havebeen granted by the city council.
B There ["*It large numbers of pigeonsnesting in this area.
9 The scent of roses I fill I fills I the air as the morning breezedrifts into the room.
l0 Dave'swish to become a test pilot tra.l*"*l squashedwhen he failed his

eyetest.
Tickthe correctsentences.
@
I His generousdonations to the charitieshas helped them greatly.
2 Iack'smanagementof the financial crisishas savedthe company from ruin.
3 Kelly'scalm and sensibleattitude makesher easyto work with.
4 Therewere a crowd of spectatorswaiting for the motor car rally to begin.
5 The new waiter'sefficiencywas quickly noted by the manager.
6 The beautiful beachesof that island attract many visitors eachyear.
7 Therewere greatrelief among us when MrWellington arrived.
B The majesty of the snow-coveredpeaksare unforgettable.
I Temporaryshelterwas provided for all thosewho had lost their homes in the fire.
l0 The stressfulwork environment have causedmany people to leavethe firm.
--i =r
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@DlCircletlrecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences. -l,/ l7a
There is some - that I bought for tonight's barbecuein the chicken chickens
kitchen.
That awful noise - all of us in the office. distract distracts
3 Brian'stheoriesof management- a lot of sense. make makes

4 Low self-esteem
_been discussedin many magazine has have
articles.
There- hundreds of passengerswaiting in the departure
Iounge becauseof the sudden cancellationof flights.
6 Fatiguesometimes- to a breakdownin the body'simmune Iead leads
syslem.
7 There a number of detailsthat have been deletedfrom this are IS
report.
Severalof the discounteditems here actually- more than in COSI COSTS
the other outlets.
There peoplein
interestamonghealth-conscious hasbeen havebeen
aromatherapyoils.
l 0 The renewal of one'syouth -what the advertisementoffers. -..-
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@4JFillintheblankswiththecorreCtformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I For many decadesalready,illiteracy (be) an obstacle in the
developmentof many countries.
2 Plenty of exercise (contribute) to a person'shealth and vitality.
3 There (be) extensivedamageto the roof becauseof high winds this.
morning.
4 Carelessness (lead) to accidents on the road.
c There (be) so many qpes of fruits at the stall that it was difficult to make a
choice.
6 The good attitude of this hotel staff always (go)a long way towards
making their guestsfeel welcome.
n
I Rivalry among the villagersstill persists.It (prevent)them from
cooperatingfor mutual benefit.
B (be) a greatdeal of curiosity about Lisa'sfiance.We only know
that he comes from Cyprus.
9 Challengesin life (help) to build character. - l}!!!t
vounsconr
I
1 0 Anxiety (grip) people beforejob interviews. f7l
| , , ' r f-t) l
l// l
@FlRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms.
I Thereare somethingon the table.Doesit belongto you?
2 The weather have been so hot in the last few daysthat many people have sufferedsunburn.
3 Toleranceplay an important role in making a happy community.
4 His obsessionwith house prices are often hard for his friends to bear.
5 The talents of the young musician was recognisedby the music school.
2l
AGREEMENT
UNIT 2"8 SUBIECT-VERB
adjectivesas nouns, gerunds,units of measurement
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
The elderly requires volunteers who can

provide them with transport.
The elderly require volunteers who can
provide them with transport.
Smoke severalcigarettes daily can damage a
person'slungs.
Smoking severalcigarettesdaily can damagea
person'slungs.
Three hundred dollars are a lot of monev to spend
on a pair ofshoes.
Three hundred dollars is a lot of money to spend
on a pair of shoes.
E/"."*
We use plural verbs with some adjectivesthat behaveas nouns.
E
EXAMPLES: The young are vulnerable to certain illnesses.
@@
The homeless were helped by the Welfare Department.
----r.
(:!!".,
Theseadjectivescome with the in front of them and are used to refer to groups of people.
EXAMPLES:the old, the poor, the rich, the unemployed
The's' or'es'plural ending is not added to thesewords even though they alwaysrefer to more
than one person.
EXAMPLE: The injured have been taken to the hospital. n
The injureds have been taken to the hospital. E
We use singularverbswith'ing' verb forms that behaveas nouns. Suchverb forms are also
known as gerunds.
EXAMPLES: Cycling up this slope needs a lot of stamina.
Gry9, trelg:glj
Labelling of the tins takes place before they are packedfor export.
tl
Gry!, G$$ryl,
22
REMEMBER!
r A gerundis thebaseform of a verbwith 'ing' ending.It behaves
asa noun.
EXAMPLES:Walking is a good form of exercise.
We use singularverbs with expressionsof distance,money,time, weight, etc, if they refer

E
to a singlesum or quantiry.
EXAMPLES: Thir.{millio-n dgllars ha9 been spent on the new train terminal.
L$fg, (.'ryrg"*q,
Eight hours of good sleep enables us to be alert all day.
@4J Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
1 The handicapped ( don't often receive/ doesn'toften receive) enough considerationfrom the
community.
2 ( Ski / Skiing) do",rma mountain givesa senseof total freedom.
3 More than a million dollars ( was donated / were donated ) to help the earthquakevictims in
SouthAmerica.
4 Forty minutes ( was / were ) the time suggestedfor baking the muffins.
5 (Worked / Working ) during the school holidayshas provided me with extra money.
6 During the French Revolution,the ( oppressed/ oppression) rose up againstthe government.
7 Ten miles ( are / is ) a long way to go to buy milk and eggs.
I The ( educated / education ) have an important role to play in a nation'sdevelopment.
9 Cooking ( occupies/ occupy ) a greatdeal of my mother's time.
t0 ( Tailor / Tailoring) has earnedTeresasufficient money to support her family.
@4 Tickthe correctsentences.
I Crossingthis dangerousriver require plenty of courage.

2 Five hundred thousand dollars was stolen from the bank vault this afternoon.
3 The guilty was detainedby the police after yesterday'sambush.
4 Solvingcrosswordpuzzlestakesup much of myfree time.
5 More than two hours is neededto complete this assignment.
6 The wealthy has become richer becauseof the new tax cuts.
7 Bullying younger workers is a deplorableform of behaviour.
23
B The sick in the refugeecamps were attended to by a voluntary group of doctors.
9 Lessthan four hundred kilometresseparatethe city from the main port.
l0 Polishinghis model vintage cars keep my brother busy during weekends.
@ClcirclethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
I Climbingup steepmountain slopes- both endurance requlre requrres

and stamina.
After using the computer for a long time, looking into the relax relaxes
distancefor about five minutes - the eyes.
3 The disabled- easieraccessto public buildings. demand demands
4 The French- noted for their food and fashion. are IS
5 Buying a life insurancepolicy _ to ensureyour help helps

children have some security.
At leasthalf an hour of exercisea dav - wonders for do does
one'shealth.
A thousanddollars a lot of money to spendon a IS
summer vacation.
The compassionatealways a helping hand to those extend extends
in trouble.
Painting and listening to music both excellentways IS
to relax.
l 0 Readingin poorly lit places eyestrain. CAUSC CAUSCS
r--t:
E@4 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.
ffi
I Kim'sability to sing both pop songsaswell asjazz numbers (make)her a
sought-afterentertainerthesedays.
2 The elderly (have)specialseatsset asidefor them at the concert
tomorrow
3 Our guide will take you to a section of the city where the rich and famous
(live).
4 Walkingbriskly up the slope daily (help) me to keep slim.
5 TWohours (be) a long time to wait for a taxi or a bus.
6 Almost fifteen thousand dollars (be)handedoverin compensation

yesterday.
Mr Lee'stalk on orocrastination (show)he has a senseof humour.
24
B Diving into the seafrom this high cliff (be) only for the daring and
adventurous.
8 The poor in everycountry (deserve) to have an education. ---_-
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l0 Five kilometres (be) quite a distancefor her to walk everyday a / att a
to school. a,/
- )71
@rl Some of the sentencescontain mistakes"Underline the mistakes and write the
correct\^rordsin the boxes.
I Harvestingtakesplace in late summer when the wheat grains are ripe.

2 Payingtwo million dollars for that grand old mansion are reasonable.
3 Discussingthis problem is a u/asteof valuabletime.
4 Roastedthe lamb takesat leasttwo-and-a-halfhours.
5 The disabledwas takenon a specialconductedtour of the historicfort.
6 Weedingthis large gardenis an exhaustingjob.
7 Four hundred dollars is a large sum of money to pay for a minor repair.
B The soldierswere awardedmedalsfor their courageduring the war.
9 Honest is an important virtue.
l0 Famoushave their photos printed in the societycolumns of the papers.
.---L-
vounscone
I
| ,/l
@lJRewritethesentenceSuSingcorrectverbforms' a / atta
a,/ D/l
t The selfishseldom notices the pain and sufferingof others.
2 Teachchildren requirescreativity and versatility.
3 More than a million dollars were spent by the governmenton improving the facilitiesin schools.
4 Working48 hourswithoutstoppinghavemadehim ill.
5 The underprivilegedwas treatedto a specialdinner last night.
25
ANDPRESEN
UN]TTU"T SIMPTEPRESENT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
GRAMMAR
POINTS
My father is reading the newspapers every morning

before leaving for the office.
My father reads the newspaperseverymorning
beforeleavingfor the office.
Gracetakes night classesin businessstudiesfor eight
months and hopes to obtain a diploma later.
Graceis taking night classesin businessstudiesfor
eight months and hopes to obtain a diploma later.
The conducted tour of the museum is beginning in
half an hour.
The conducted tour of the museum begins in half an
hour.
4A In the play, Pete is portraying a young man who loses
his heart to a beautiful but cold woman.
48 In the play,Peteportrays a young man who loseshis
heart to a beautiful but cold woman.
u\l l-
fJ"*ot** PoINrs
Simple present tense Present continuous tense

We can use this to refer to regular actions We can use this to refer to new habits (or
(habits),current situations or factsin repeatedactions)which happen around the
general. time of speaking or r,t'rititg
EXAMPLEI EXAMPLE:
David complains a lot about everything Andy is complaining a lot about his work
becausehe'san impatient person. lately.He used to be a happier person.

We can use this to refer to more long-lasting We can use this to refer to situationswhich
or permanent situations. are temporary (lastingfor a short time
around the present).
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Penny works in her father's construction Terenceis running his aunt'sshop until she
company. recoversfrom her illness.
26
Simplepresent tense Present continuous tense
We can use this to refer to actionswhich are We can use this to refer to planned future
going to happen very soon, or future actions actions.
which happen regularlyaccordingto a
timetable or schedule,
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
The show starts in 15 minutes. Some old friends are visiting us next week.

We can use this to refer to short actions We can use this to refer to actions (especially
happening at the time of speaking(e.g. longer actions)happening at the time of
during sports commentaries).Wealso use speakingor writing.
this in reviewsof plays,films or bookr:
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
The ball goesinto the net and it's another The lecturersare holding a meeting now to
point for the Redsin this excitingbasketball discussthe students'progress.
final!
@3Un d e r l i n e t h e c orre ctve rb fo rmsi n th ebr ackets.

I Our neighbour ( comes / is coming ) over now for a game of chesswith my father.
2 Eduardo ( kick / kicks ) the ball into the net. It's another goal for the Italians!
3 Adam ( lectures/ is lecturing ) part-time in the collegewhile he is pursuing his doctorate.
4 Tim ( accuses/ is accusing) us of causinghis computer problem.
5 The gamewardens ( are patrolling / patrol ) the reserveat intervals to ensurethe animals are safe
from poachers.
6 To appeasethe workerswho are on strike,the management ( is promising / promises) to improve

conditions in the factory.
7 She ( is seeing/ sees) more of her family nowadays.Sheused to visit them only once a month.
B Iason often ( is keeping / keeps) very late hours. I am worried about his health.
9 Mr Hogan ( is producing / produces) Shakespeare's

Rorneoand Julietfor the drama festivalwhich
opensin two months'time.
l0 Mrs Lee ( is resting / rests) at home after the surgerylast week. Shewill be back at work by the end
of the month.
27
@Fi[intheblankswiththecorrecttenSeoftheverbsinthebox.
deny design object permeate play

set off stay train vanish worry
I Water the top layersof the soil and is takenin by the roots of plants.
2 The city thousandsof fireworks to celebratethis vear'sArts Festival.
3 Paramedics for long hours at the hospital before they are sent out to
answercallsfor help.
4 My aunt always about her health and insiststhat sheis very ill.
D The art of making handcraftedfurniture thesedaysbecauseofthe
competition from low-cost factory products.
6 Tim Hawke the role of a small-town lawyer who fights againstcorruption
and injustice in this movie.
7 We at a friend'splace for a few months until our house is completed.

B He that he hasbeen doing carelesswork.
'-!!!=
I She the interior of both homes and offices. -
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l 0 He to the inheritance laws in this country.

-
l,/ )7'l
tt fiItT'{e Crossout the incorrectverbformsin theboxesto completethe sentences.
I guarantee that thev will be able to refurbish the office to

I The contractors areguaranteeing
our satisfaction.
The team is making I makes some striking costumesfor the international competition next
month.
3 My father does I is doi the cookingwhile my mother is in hospital
4 The managementcouncil intend I is intendi to review its parking fee guidelinesat the next
meeting.
In this film, Iulian Russell is acting I acts as a young nobleman who falls in love with a farmer's
daughter.
6 Joan is takins I takes part in tomorrow's debate.Sheand her team membersare debatingthe
propositionthat'Capitalpunishmentshould be abolished'.
1
I History always 1S ti ats itself.This has been shown manv times.
B At the moment, the Rotarians are mapplng lmap the route for the treasurehunt.
9 Alice is spending I spends the next few days at my house before flying back to Melbourne.
l0 Howard brings I is bringing home a lot of work from the office and this alwavs
upsetshis wife.
28
@4Circlethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I The government_ on all able-bodiedyoung men to are calling calls is calling
sign up for the armed services.
2 Suecan't come to the phone right now. She_ for her is looking look looks
houseke1,s,which sheseemsto havemisplaced.
3 Tom and Julie a cybercafein their neighbourhood. are openmg open opens
4 \\4ren my father _ home from work, it is usually well
past 6.30in the evening. arrlve arrives is arriving
5 The boys and I frequently_ about whose turn it is to
use the car. are fighting fight fights
\44renthe high-techbubble , economiesall overthe
globewill suffer. burst bursts is bursting
-,
Kate_ for coursesin businessand financenext term.
I beautiful window displavsfor this enrol enrols is enroll
lessie_
departmentstore. create creates is creatin
The supermarket_ part-time assistants
to help out
during the holidayseasonnext month. hire hires is hiring
t 0 Youngpeople from all over the war-torn country _
togetherto make a public appealfor peace. are coming come comes
ffiF;=.*"
@SomeoftheSentenceSbelowareincorrect.ReWritethemCorreCtly.m
I We think of going to the flea market in the park this Sunday.
2 You alwayssaythat you need a holiday but you have not taken a day off for months.
3 For the whole of next week,the collegeorganisescareertalks to give studentsan

in-depth knowledgeof the variousprofessions.
4 Carolis lecturingin psychologyat an instituteof management.Shehasbeen therefor

five vears.
5 Robin and his family move to an apartment in my areanext month.
29
UNTT 8=2 SIMPTEPASTTENSE

Grammar Points section'
.RAMMAR
POINTS
@m lnl974, my uncle and his family are leaving to

settlein Sydney,Australia.
ln 1974,my uncle and his family left to settlein
Sydney,Australia.
ThroughoutWorldWar II, planescontinually
bomb enemy positions and installations.
ThroughoutWorld War II, planescontinually
bombed enem)'positionsand installations.
Many yearsago,the band used to performed at
lunchtime in the square.
Many yearsago,the band used to perform at
lunchtime in the square.
U"- TMARP'I
We use the simple past tensefor an action or an event that occurred in the past and is finished
at the time of speaking.To indicate the past,we use adverbsor phrasesof time such as the
followins:
at one time manyyearsago in 1990
last month later
EXAMPLE:
Sometimelast year,Anne decided to begin riding classesfor children at her ranch to help pay
for the cost of running the stables. (Anne'smaking the decisionis a past action which is ouer.)
A We use the simple past tenseto refer to an action which took place over a period of time in the
r
past and is fini;hea, or to report certain past eventsor situationsin newspapers,magazinesor
journals.
EXAMpLES: Andrew served as a test pilot with the air force for six yearsbefore he joined a
commercial airline. A)astaction lastingfor a period of time)
Hundreds of schoolchildren,cheeringand waving flags,greeted the visiting heads
of state. (rePorton a Pasteuent)
We use used to + baseform of verb to refer to an action or an event which took place regularly
in the past but which doesnot happen anymore'
EXAMPLE: We used to swim and play tennis every Sunday at the club when we were college
students.
30
f,f,[!fffi| e I rictthecorrectsentences.
I We passby the office just now but we didn't seeAngie.
2 The ministry deliberatedfor someyearsbefore introducing computers into schools.
3 Last night, I have a shockwhen I went to my car and found its tyres missing.
4 The yearsfrom 1975to l9B5 saw a boom in that country'sconstruction industry.
5 We use to mix the cakebatter with a wooden spoon beforewe bought a blender.
6 The chairman launch the new insuranceschemefor the workers last year.
7 Later,the mayor congratulatedthe teams for putting on a splendid show.
B As a boy of 16,I used to walk up this hill very often to find a quiet place to read.
9 The thick acrid smoke sting my eyesand I could not seewhere I was going.
l0 Uncle Bill's talesof adventurethrilled us and we believedeveryword he said.
.-_jlFt
YOURSCORE
I
--
tr@4 underlinethe correctwordsin thebrackets.
a / atla
-
,,/ )74
I In the olden days,workers (treat / treated ) their employerswith greatformality.

2 Not long ago,Brazil ( set up / setsup ) a conservationschemeto savethe giant turtles of the
Amazon from extinction.
3 In the 20th century advancesin medical scienceand communications ( outstrips / outstripped )
anything that man had imagined.
4 Sandra( is trying / tried ) to persuademe to go on the expedition to the National Forestbecause
she didn't want to go alone.
5 Peter'spresentjob as a televisionreporter occasionally( placed / places) him in life-threatening
situations.
6 Marriage counsellorsnormally ( settle / settled) disputesby bringing both parties together to talk
things over.
7 Pauls heroic act of rescuingthe baby trapped inside the burning house ( made / make ) the
headlinesin the eveningpaper.
B My aunt sometimes( overwhelms/ overwhelmed) the family with her kindness.
9 Lucy and I ( are living / live ) in Perth where we run a successfulcateringbusiness.
l0 My brothers ( use to sail / used to sail ) togetheron this lake when we lived here
yearsago.
Fill in the blanks with the coffect presenttenseor past tenseforms

of the verbs in the brackets.
I The news of the military uprising (shake)the stabilitv of the nation.
3l
2 The stiff formal fashionsfor women in the Victorian age (be)
cumbersomeand uncomfortable.
3 The policedepartment (still investigate)the causeof the massive
collision on the highway this morning.
4 The rain (beat)againstthe window and kept us awakeall night.
5 the pricesof most commodities

In the 1950's, (be)so low that
people today find them unbelievable.
6He (now think) of selling the shoe store because of high overheads
and poor sales.
7 A half-century ago,many PeoPle fscoff) at the idea that women
would riseto positionsof importance.
B Thesedays,Jeff (begin)to be more awareof his responsibilities.
I My father (surprise)everyonein the family last week by organising

a birthday party for his sister. -Et
YOURSCORE
I
l0 Her beautiful, traditional dress (stunl the audience
a/a
who gaspedin admiration.

-l,/ .v,
@D]CircIethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Last Sundaynight, a car driven by a recklessyoung man overturn overrurneo

and fell into a canal near mv house.
The nurses-with the hospital managementto give arepleading plead
them free time to revisefor the exams.
Aunt Zelda - the times when the old house was full of useto recall usedto recall
people.
The boys of the seventhcavalry- out their duties carried car
diligently when they were sent to war.
Women in the tribe -their babiesto their backsand
work in the fields for hours.
A renewedinterestin ethnic languagesand customs is spreading spreads
among many communities now.
We -- over all aspectsof the problem last night and think thought
havecome to a decision.
All morning, the senatevigorously-- the president's debate debated
proposalto give medical benefitsto the poor.
Doctors always- us to eat in moderation and exercise advise advised
regularly.
1 0 Our parents- us when we were very young so that we useto usedto
would grow up to be respectfuland well-mannered' discipline discipline
YOURSCORE
I
--
-H
l-r "
32
fff!fif| E I Rewritethe sentences
and correctthem.
I Samthreateningto quit his job threedavsagobecausehe was bored.
2 In the spring,we usually planted rosebushesall along the gardenwall so we can

eniovthe blooms in the summer.
3 Rescueteams dig tirelesslylast night to pull out the trapped miners from the pit.
4 Last year we frequently meet at weekendsand discusscommon problems we faced.
5 Glen alwaystake chargeof the office while Miss Richardsis away and he ensuresthat
everfhing runs smoothly.
-!-
YOURSCORE
I
a,/ )71
@RewritethereportbelowinthesimplepaSttenSe.
As I watch, the club members take out card tablesand set them up. Tuesdayis their games
eveningand most of them like to play bridge or whist.
One rvoman plays a game of solitaire.Shesometimesget up to walk around and observethe
gamesat the other tables.
Halfway through the eveningthere is a break for refreshments.A waiter servestea and coffeeand
everybodyenjoysconversationwith their friends. Somepeople go home after this, but the
enthusiasticplayersstay until quite late.
As I watched,
F_ Ft
YOURSCORE
I
T7l
| ./to I
.,/ FA
t4
33
TENSE
UNTT 5=5 PASTCONTINUOUS
GRAMMAR
POINTS
,@le""r* 1A Lucy struggle to changeher punctured car tyre for

___- a" 11lllt 11| 9y'-9l q"-!l g!ry1{
y-":19
iqi{
lB Lucywas struggling to changeher punctured car tyre
for more than an hour on the highwayyesterday.
2A VVtrileGloria was doing her laps at the pool, her coach
timed her.
28 \MhileGloria was doing her laps at the pool, her coach
was timing her.
3A The elderly couple were crossingthe road this morning
y!"-13Toto-"y:l':l-yr99:qql!93-{9Y"-'
---
3B The elderly couple were crossingthe road this morning
when a motorcvclistknocked them down.
Whenever we visited grandfather last year, he always
reminding us to work hard.
V,/heneverwe visited grandfatherlast year,he was
always reminding us to work hard.
\\.)
TI
, . /cnevuen porNrs
E We use the past continuous tenseto show that an action was going on at a definite time in the
- past, or that an action or situation continued for a period of time in the past.
EXAMpLES: At 4.30yesterdayafternoon, I was giving a solo recital at the music academy.
(definite time in the past)
Paul and his little son were painting with crayonsand watercoloursfor hours before
dinnertime. (continuousaction in the past)
We use the past continuous tense or the simple past tense for two actionsthat were going on at
the sametime in the past.
EXAMPLES: Alex was checking the accounts while Cynthia was reading her report.
Alex checked the accountswhile Cynthia read her report.
34
g To show that somethinghappenedwhile a longer action was going on in the past,we use the
past continuous tensefor the longer action and the simple past tensefor the shorter action.
EXAMPLE:
Ted and I were trying to find our French dictionary when a friend came and lent us his.
pastconunuoustense
We use the past continuous tenseto refer to repeatedactions in the past with adverbsof
frequencysuch as always or forever, or for future action that was planned in the past but did
not takeplacefor somereason.
Aunt Florawas forever telling me to registeringfor driving lessons.
EXAMPLES:
(repeatedaction)
Zack was going to accept the job offer in London but changedhis mind later.
(future action planned in the past but which did not happen)
|'Tfft??t|. 4 f Circlethe numbersof the correctsentences.
I \MhileI rearrangethe bookshelves,I found some old photographs.

2 At this time yesterday,we going to visit our grandparents.
3 Shewas sufferingfrom a toothachethe whole afternoon.
4 \Alhilethe presidentwas speaking,his secretarylackie was making short notes for reference.
5 As the carswere speedingaround the racing circuit, we hear a loud explosion.
6 Amy was keeping scoreas the teams battled for first place in the sciencequiz.
7 Cathywiping the tearsfrom her eyesas Mr O'Neil was playing the beautiful music.
B The supervisorsat the factory were alwayspressingfor better working conditions.
9 We were so exhaustedthat we slept the whole morning.
_i'._
l0 The plane was flying at such a low altitude that we were having a clear view of
f*ry
the ColoradoRiver.
| ,,4o1
r>tl
a/'
@a Crossout theincorectverbformsin theboxes.
I Helen testify ] testified for more than 20 minutes this afternoon at the hearing in the High
Court.
2 \tVhileBob polishedI waspolishing his car,his sonswere cleaningthe wheels.

3 Les c o m o l a i n I c o m n l a i n e d of eyestrainfor some weeksbefore he changedhis glasses.
4 W e weregoingto face I are lacing a surging crowd of demonstratorsin the squareso we turned
back.
5 Throughout the night, the rescueboats are looking for I were looking for survivorsof the plane
crash.
35
6 People fought were fighti to savetheir homes as the fire spreadquickly through the village.
-, \\ihile we sat chatting at the dining table, the waitress broughtj werebringing in bowlsof
steaminghot soup.
B Iohn navigated wasnavigating the speedboat when it crashed into the ramp.
9 The aroma of freshly-bakedbread l-fi]CT fitl"al the air when the baker opened the oven door.
l0 \\4rile we dig I were digging for artifactsat the site,DrWilliams suddenlygavean

excitedshout. 4'
@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
\.VhileTom(1) was taking (take) a sharp bend in the road, I shouted
out to him to reducethe speed.He (2) (ignore)me completely.
He (3) (enjoy)the music that (4) (blare)over the
speakers.Angrily I (5) (reach)for the knob and switched off the radio.
Tom glaredat me and turned it on again.We (6) (quarrel)about his reckless
behaviourwhen I (7) (see)a huge truck on the other side.It (B)

(puff) up the slope and occupied more than half the road. Tom (9)
(cut) to the left to avoid the truck. The car (10) (fly) off the
r o a d a n d l a n d e d a g a i n s ta t r e e .A s w e ( 1I ) (crawl)out of the r- r-t
m
YOURSCORE
I
window numb with shock,the music was still playing.
@SomeoftheverbsintheSentenceSareincorrect.UnderlinethemandwTitethe
correctverbs in the boxes.
We clearedthe undergrowth in the gardenwhen we

heard a hissing sound and saw the snake.
Katy holding on tightly to the ladder while Timmy

climbed up to the roof to get the tennis balls.
Terry coughing so badly last night that she couldn't

sleep.
I was going to visit my aunt last Friday but I didn't

have the time.
The movie this afternoon is very entertaining.

I didn't feel bored at all.
36
At about I I last night, Tony was counting the money
and putting it away in bagsto be taken to the bank.
Sarawas mentioning the times when we all slept

in my tree house and we laughed at the memory.
At the showroom this afternoon,while the salesman

was pointing out all the exciting featuresof a new
car,we were admiring another model.
Joanwas goingto takeup medicinebut she

decidedto do pharmacyinstead.
l 0 I was feeling ill so I excusedmyself from the

meeting.
ff[!l[l| E I Rewritethe sentences

and correctthem.
I We were knowing that everlthing in the report was grosslyexaggerated.
2 Alice is thinking of leavingthe company when someoneapproachedher with an

attractivejob offer.
3 Iameswaiting for property prices to rise last month and he finally sold his house last
week.
4 Peterand Lisagoingto get married in Iune but the weddinghas beenpostponed.
5 Yesterday,the developerstrying to evict the squattersfrom the areabut the people

refusedto move.
37
PERFECT
UNTT T=4PRESENT TENSE

GRAMMAR
POINTS
We have reported the robbery to the police

vesterdav.
We have reported the robbery to the police. /
We reported the robbery to the police yesterday.
Mrs Kelly managed the accountssection for more
than 12years.Sheis due to retire soon.
Mrs Kelly has managed the accountssectionfor
more than 12years.Sheis due to retiresoon.
I didn't give your messageto Iackieyet. Shewas
not at school today.
I haven't given your messageto Jackieyet. She
was not at school today.
I hadn't time for lunch today.I'll get some tea and
sandwicheslater.
I haven't had time for lunch today.I'll get some
tea and sandwicheslater.
We use the presentperfect tense,like the simple past tense,to talk about completed actions.
However,unlike the simple past tensewhich is used with definite time phrases,we do not state
the exacttime of an action with the presentperfect tense.
EXAMPLES:
SIMPLEPASTTENSE PRESENT
PERFECTTENSE
Patrickconducted a workshop for Patrickhas conducted a workshop for
young working adults[ast weeFl. young working adults.
(completedaction at definite time) (completedaction with no exacttime giuen)
We use the presentperfect tensewith words like since and for to refer to an action that beganin
the past and is still going on at the point of speaking.
H{AMPLES:SIMPLEPASTTENSE PRESENTPERFECT TENSE
I studied at this collegefor five years. I have studied in this collegefor five years.
(I am no longerthere.) (I am still there.)
I was in this collegein 1998. I havebeen in this collegesince1998.
(I am no longerthere.) (I joined the collegein 1998and I am
still there.)
3B
We use the presentperfect tenseand not the simple past tensewith adverbsof indefinite time such
as already and just to show completed actions,and yet to show that an action is expectedto happen
but has not taken place at the point of speaking.
We use never and ever with the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the
indefinite past and continues up to the present.We do not use thesewords with the simple past
tense.
EXAMPLES:
They have already signed the agreement with our firm. (completedaction)
Have you ever noticed the squirrelsin our park? (Didyou notice them in the past?
Haueyou noticed them up to now?)
We use the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the recent past and is not over
yet at the point of speaking.
EXAMPLES:
I haven't seen Linda this week. Shehas been so busy. (Ihis weekis not oueryet.)
I haven't had time for breakfast.I have only had a cup of coffeethis morning. (This morning is not
oueryet.)
@AJcirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
f Lily servedas a volunteer nurse since 1990.Sheis going to leavethe servicethis year.
2 We have been in this school for six years.We will be moving on to collegeafter our final exams.
3 Ann did not write to us yet. Sheis probably busy with her new job.
4 The club committee hasjust had a brainwave.It is going to have a musical extravaganzato raise
funds.
5 Colin has met me at the bank this morning and we decidedto have lunch together.
6 This has been a hectic week for Joan.Shehas been swampedwith meetingsand reports.
7 Iames has receiveda scholarshipand intends to do a coursein softwareengineering.
B Malcolm remained a reclusemost of his life. It is onlv now that he has decidedto come out and
make friends.
I The electricianhas alreadyrepairedthe lights so they should be working now
l 0 They have sold their house last Tuesdayand moved to a small apartment in the city centre.
@a]rict<thecorrectVerbformStocompletethesentences.
I In the last decade,there has been a significant breakthroughin the treatment of some
was
terminal illnesses.
2 SinceI changedjobs,I found more time to relax and eniov mv hobbies.

have found
3 Sue has inherited a house from her uncle who died last Mav.
inherited
39
Paul may lose his car becausehe didn't par the instalmentson his loan for the past
threemonths. hasn'tpaid
Povertytoday forced someparentsto leavetheir families

has forced
in order to wor
6We were hanging out the carpetsto dry becausethey are damp from the rain.
have hung
Bobby'swriting became neater and more legible nowadays,compared to what it

was before. has become
In the last hundred years,man achieved great advancesin the fields of scienceand
technology. has achieved
High levelsof air pollution in some major cities in breathing difficulties

are resulting
and lung problemsamong someresidents. have resulted
r0 I many changesin socialcustomswhen I last visited

observed
have observed
your country.
@9FillintheblankswiththecoIIectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
Recently,there (1) (be) severalmeetingsat our local community
hall and I expectto attend severalmore. Until now we (2) (use)the hall
for occasionaleventsbut now we (3) (want)lo organiseregular
meetingsfor different groups in our community.
\Mhenwe asked,some doctors and teachers(4) (recommend)a
preschoolplaygroup.They said that children who (5) (experience)a
playgroup often settlemore easilyin regular school.Already severalparents
(6) (ask)us to keep placesfor their children.
This week, r (7) (talk) to my grandparentsand some of their friends
about a group for retiredpeople.They saidthey (B) (neverthink) about
meeting at the hall,but I hooe thev will considerthe idea.
My friends and I (9) (discuss)holding a regularyouth evening. We
(10) (alwayswant) a placewhere we could play table tennis and
pracuseour muslc.
40
@.DrRearrangethewordstoformcorrectsentences.
I a - across- and - beauty - has - health - in - interest- of - surge- swept- the -
world.
2 cause- failure - found - haven't- of - of - security- svstem- the - the - the - we

- yet.
3 Alice - everything- for - getting - has - meeting - ready- spent - the - the - week
- whole.
4 cinema - gone - have- last - month - only - out - since- the - they - to - twice.
Sincelastmonth,
5 already- figures- for - for - has - he - last - poor - reprimanded - sales- the - u s
- year.
Jh
m
YouR
sconE
I
for last year,
fff'l??tH, E I Rewritethe sentences

belowand correctthem.
I Five yearsago,the two countrieshave promised to work togetherto establishpeacein the region.
2 Tliretwo motorcyclistshavejust broke traffic regulationsby going againstthe lights.
3 I haven'tmake up my mind yet about which coursesto do in college.
4 Didn't you ever gone bungeejumping before?
5 We never learn where our former colleaguesare working now.
4l
TENSE
UN]TT5"5 PASTPERFECT
GRAMMAR
POINTS
.GD@ Sheforgot her appointment with me and had gone

out for lunch when I arrived at her office.
Shehad forgotten her appointment with me and
had gone out for lunch when I arrived at her
office.
He alreadypassedthe messageto Tom when we
calledhim last night.
He had alreadypassedthe messageto Tom when
we called him last night.
The strandedtravellersnever felt so relievedin
their entire lives aswhen thev saw the rescue
vehicle.
The strandedtravellers had never felt so relieved
in their entire lives as when thev saw the rescue
vehicle.
lrr I
,"\,)
II
,
JGRAMMAR POINTS
\.Mhenwe refer to completed actionsin the past,we can use different past tenseforms to
indicate what we mean.
EXAMPLES: SIMPLEPASTTENSE + SIMPLEPASTTENSE
As the U.S.stocksrose, the Asian market rebounded.
We use the past perfect tensefor an action or situation that happened earlier,and the simple
past tensefor the action or situation that took place later.
EXAMPLES:PASTPERFECTTENSE + SIMPLEPASTTENSE
The secretaryhad prepared beforethe directorsarrived
all the reports for the meeting.
The situation had alreadv when the two leadersagreedto
deteriorated peacetalks.
We use the past perfect tensewith words like already and iust to refer to actionswhich were
A
completed before a specifictime in the past.
EXAMpLES: Ann had alreadywalked a hundred metres down the road when she remembered
that she hadn't locked her front door. (completedaction beforea specffictime)
We had just had our coffeebreak when we met some old friends outside the cafe.
42
g We u;e the past perfect tensewith time words and phrasessuch as always and more than once
to refer to repeatedactions in the past, never to refer to an action that had not taken place up to
the point of speaking,and yet for an action that we expectedto happen in the past but which
had not taken place up to the point of speaking.
EXAMpLES: Our parentshad always coaxedus to eat our vegetableswhen we were young.
The old janitor had told us more than once that the lifts were not functioning well
but we had not paid attention.
The group had never heard of the famous scientistswho Peterspokeabout.
We hadn't chosen the venue for our weekendtrip yet when a neighbour
suggestedthe National Park.
@aTickthecorrectverbformstocompletetheSentenceS.
I At 8.00p.m. Iast night, the residentsin our housing estate assembled to hear our
parliamentary representativespeak. had assembled
2 Ioe and I had sworn to keep this matter a secretfrom the rest of the group.
have sworn
3 The suspects alreadvdestroved the files before the detectivesarrived.

had alreadydestroyed
4 Paul had just caught a glimpse of the distinguishedvisitor when the crowd
has just caught
pushedhim aside.
5We have never said that the story you heard is untrue.
never sav
6 Angie criticised the organisationfor months before she saw any real change.
had criticised
7 My brother is still on holiday.We didn't hear a n y d e t a i l so f t h e t r i p y e t .

haven't heard
B The televisioncrew decided to hold a blood donation drive after thev have seen
had seen
the number of injured at the hospital.
9 Rescuehelicopters had searched the whole areafor the missing hikers for five hours
havesearched
beforethev finallv found them huddled on the clifftop.
l0 The children asked questionsabout the animals sincetheir visit to the

have asked
wildlife conservationcentre. t--!-:-
YOUR SCOREI
a,/ F"l
-
43
@4Fiilintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I Everyonethought that Iames (capture)the gloriouscoloursof
the sunsetin his painting.
2 She (not check)her e-mailyet to seeif thereare any messages
for her.
3 Beforethe jury retired, the judge (ask)them if they understood

their duties.
4 The crowd (grow)tired and restlessafter waiting all morning to
seethe mayor who appearedto be too busy to entertain them.
D Eversince shewas in high school,Betty (alwayscrave)to visit

the Antarctic.
6 The slolv economy (force) many companies in the past few

months to cut back on the numbers in their workforce.
-, (neverbeg) for help from anyone before but last summer
Sarah
she neededeverybody'sassistance.
B He (tWe) his report when there was a sudden power failure.
I The authorities (not see) the damage illegal loggers have caused
to the environment yet.
1 0 We (justpersuade)Dad to takeus out for a meal

YOUR
s.oREI
when my mother announced that she preferredto eat at home.
a/r
a / aal a
-
|,'' l7l
Someof the verbs in the sentencesare incorrect.Underline them and write the
correctverbsin the boxes.
Alice just finished drawing cartoonson the

blackboardwhen the teacherwalked into the class.
Michael took my referencebook by mistake this

morning but he returned it to me just now.
The crowd outside the court protestedloudly when

the judge and the counselswalked out.
The little saplingsthat I had planted grew into tall

treesby the time I came back to the old house
many yearslater.
Mr Lim sufferedfrom a seriousillnessfor manv

yearsand was nursed by his daughter.
44
Politicalupheavalsrecently give rise to thousandsof
people fleeingto the safetyof nations nearby.
I lose interest in readingthis novel becauseit lacked

depth so I returned it to the library.
Ann has alwaysenjoyedtravelling abroad sincethe

time shewas a little girl, but now she finds it
stressful.
For yearsshe had trusted Mr Caneto handle her

estateuntil she discoveredthat he had swindled her.
1 0 Propertyvalueshave fallen in this country because

of a lack of investment capital.
_ -
YOURSCORE
I
rv
| , / t o- lt z t
Circlethe lettersof the sentences
which arecorrect. L"
E@]?J
IA I hadn't seenIack for more than a month until I met him recentlv.
B I didn't seeJackfor more than a month until I met him recentlv.
C I haven'tseenJackfor more than a month.
2A \.VhenTedwalked in, he looked different. He had grown a beard.

B Tedlooks different. He has grown a beard.
c lVhen Tedwalked in, he looked different.He grew a beard.
3A The boys never grumble about the long hours of practice before.
B The boys have never grumbled about the long hours of practice before.
C The boys had never grumbled about the long hours of practicebefore but now they want to
seethe coach.
4A Shazwas just having her lunch when her friends came by for a visit.
B Shazhad just had her lunch when her friends came by for a visit.
C Shazhasjust had her lunch when her friends came by for a visit.
5A Iohn had alreadydriven to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his

briefcasewas at home.
B Iohn alreadydrove to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his briefcasewas
at home.
C Iohn was alreadydriving to the intersectionwhen he suddenlyrememberedthat his
briefcasewas at home.
45
ANDPASTPERFECT
U'N]T 5=6 PRESENT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
We are thoroughly exhausted.We are driving all day

and we need to rest.
We are thoroughly exhausted.We have been driving
all dav and we need to rest.
Kelly had been coughing badly thesepast few days.
Sheshould go to the doctor'sfor a checkup.
Kelly has been coughing badly thesepast few days.
Sheshould go to the doctor'sfor a checkup.
The department had studied the problem of
flooding in the city for two months and has made its
recommendations.
T'hedepartment has been studying the problem of
flooding in the city for two months and has made its
recommendations.
4A Laura has been preparing for her audition for weeks
beforethey askedher to go for a screentest.
48 Laura had been preparing for her audition for weeks
LI
beforethev askedher to go fbr a screentest.
)
tt
,
/GRAMMARPOTNTS
We usethe presentperfectcontinuoustensefor an action or situationwhich beganin the past

and continuesup to the point of speaking.The action may not be finishedat this point.
We usethe presentperfecttenseto referto an actionwhich beganin the past and continuesto
the present.The action is finishedat the point of speaking.
EXAMpLE: I have been trying to solvethis physicsproblem for the past couple of hours.
(action is not finished)
I have tried to solvethis physicsproblem but I don't know how to do it.
(action of trying is ouer)
We use the presentperfectcontinuoustenseto referto a seriesof repeatedactionsor situations

that beganin the past and has continuedto the present.
EXAMpLE: For the past three weeks,Sylviaand I have been discussingthe final arrangements
for the graduation dinner. (certaintimes in the past threeweeks,and action may
or may not befinished)
Sylviaand I have already discussed the final arrangementsfor the graduation
dinner. (action is finished)
46
We usethe presentperfectcontinuoustenseto referto an action that is temporaryin nature
and that lastsfor a short duration of time. We use the presentperfect tenseto refer to an action
that is more permanentin natureand that lastsfor a longerduration of time
EXAMPLE:I have been practising tennis everyeveningsince the school holidaysbegan.
(temporaryaction - shorterperiod of time)
I have practised tennis twice a week for the past two years.
(permanentaction - longerdttration of time)
We u.sethe pastperfectcontinuoustenseto referto an actionwhich had been goingon

E
continuously up to that time in the past that we are talking about.
EXAMPLE:Mr Lee had been managing his factory for 25 yearsbefore he retired last year.
continuous carlier action
REMEMBER!
r The presentperfectcontinuoustenseis formed I The pastperfectcontinuoustenseis fbrmed
in this way: in this way:
has / have + been + baseform ofverb +'ing' had + been + baseform ofverb +'ing'
has beengir ing
EXA\4PLES: LXAMPLES: had been debating
havebeencriticising had been creating
@4-jUnderlinethecorrectVerbformSinthebrackets.
Our clients ( have been showing / have shown ) greatinterest in the new product which we
introducedjust now.
The factoryworkers( had been requesting/ had requested) a changein the work schedulesince
last year but the managerhasn'tagreedto it.
3 My clotheslook dirty and grimy.I ( havebeenpolishing/ havepolished) the car all afternoon.
4 Sandrawas surprisedto seeher parents-in-law.She( hadn'texpected/ hasn'texpected) them to
visit.
The chairman'scasualmention of reorganisation( had angered/ have angered) the entire club
becausethe membershad alreadyrejectedthe idea.
All the members (have been going / have gone ) to a greatdeal of trouble to make the campaign a
successand therehasbeen a tremendousresponsefrom the public.
The landlord evictedtwo of the tenants last week.They ( had been flouting / have been flouting )
the house regulationsfor severalmonths.
NI motorists who ( had violated / have violated ) the traffic laws have to settletheir fines as soon
aspossible.
Emma hasjust been informed about her new postingto Singapore.She( had been asking/ has
beenasking)foratransferforseveralmonthsbuttherehadbeennoreplyuntilyesterday.
10 The residentsin our housingarea( had been appealing/ havebeen appealing) for
betterlighting alongour roadsbut the authoritieshaven'trespondedyet.
47
@B|CirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
I The child has been crying for such a long time. The mother doesn'tknow what to do.
2 Tihegovernmentcloseddor.tmsome video arcadesbecausethey found that the ownershad been
breakingregulations.
3 We have been signing up for the basic computer coursetoday.
4 Clairehasn'tbeen sleepingwell theselast few weeks.Shehas been worried about the future.
5 He had been coming to seeme about the house before I left for the office.
6 The report of the prince'smarriagehas been publishing in all the newspapers.
7 Mr Kim has been blaming himself for the accidentwhich wreckedhis car.
B Flood waters inundated the coastalvillagesbecauseit had been raining continuously for two
oays.
9 The customsofficialshave been inspecting our baggage.We are free to go now.
l0 We had been expectingMary to come but she had insisted on stayingat home.
@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
I Lucy has misplacedher mobile phone. She (look) for it all
evening.
2 Rescueteams (dive)underwater for the last two daysin search

of the car which was blown off the cliff on Monday morning.
We take this opportunity to thank everyonewho (put) in so
much effort to make this excursiona success.
The kitchen was in a mess.The girls (demonstrate)their new
recipesto a large group of friends.
Chris (alreadyconfirm) our hotel reservationslong beforewe

arrived in Osakafor our meeting.
6 Bad weather (affect)all the flight schedulesthroughout this

week and causedmany passengersto be stranded.
7 lennifer (spend)long hours with children in the cancerunit of

the hospital before she decidedto take up medicine.
B Ourbags (not arriveyet) when we disembarkedand made our

way to the immigration counter.
Concernedparents (hold) meetingsthis month to discuss

youth clubs in the area.
t 0 Keith (plan)to comeand seeus beforehe left for his ,.ff

didn't have the time. YOURSCORE
I
-
-
| /' l7l
4B
@SomeoftheverbsinthepaSSageareincorrect.Underlinethemandwritethe
correctverbsin the spaces.
No one knew exactlywhat (l) happened.There had been a deafeningroar and the entire
apartment block (2) had totter like a drunken sailor before it collapsed.
Rescueoperations (3) have been underway since last night. Army engineers(4) have been using
excavatorsto clear the rubble. Police (5) have bring in trained dogs to sniff out and locate people
trapped under the debris.Paramedics(6) have been carrying survivorsout on stretchers.Officials (7)
had questionedwitnessesthe whole day to uncover the reasonsbehind the sudden collapseof the
building. The government (B)has announced that an official enquirywill be set up immediately to
investigatethe disaster.
Meanwhile,family members and friends (9) have been gatheringaround the areaand waiting
anxiously.Someleft after they (10)have receivedgood or bad news.
F-j-
YOURSCORE
I
r-l
|v--4
,"tPl
@lJ Rear r a n g e t h e w o rd sto fo rmco rre ctsentences'

I been - David - has - heavily - past - smoking - these- two - weeks.
David
2 bazaar- been - charity - for - for - has - months - preparing - the - the - committee.
The committee
3 been - both - counsels- had - issuing- judge - strict - the - the - to - throughout
- trial - warnings.
Thejudge
4 all - been - but - couldn't - crowd - find - for - had - her - in - looking - morning
- Sheila- the - we.
couldn't find her in the crowd.

5 all - and - baking - because- been - for - had - I - morning - Mariko - pies - sale-
the-tired-we-were.
Mariko and I
49
ANDFUTURE
UNTT T=TSIMPTEFUTURE
TENSES
CONTINUOUS

.RAMMAR
POINTS
At dawn tomorrow the hurricane will struck the

coastwith winds of 100miles per hour.
At dawn tomorrow the hurricane will strike the
coastwith winds of i00 miles per hour.
Maxwas going to organised the dinner for this
week but he couldn't get the venue he wanted.
Max was going to organise the dinner for this
week but he couldn't get the venue he wanted.
Aaron will be give a speechbefore he proposesthe
toast at the wedding tonight.
Aaron will be giving a speechbefore he proposes
the toastat the weddingtonight.
Janetbe joining us for lunch as usual at the club
this Friday.
Ianet will be joining us for lunch as usual at the
club this Friday.
-)
!"*r*AR PorNrs
E We use the future tensefor actions or eventsthat will happen in the future.We use the future
-
tensewith will to make predictions,to talk about actionswhich we cannot control or to refer to
somethingwhich we decide to do at the time of speaking.
EXAMpLES: Iohn will retire as a senior engineerwith the firm at the end of the year.
(furureaction)
Ashawill certainlywin the beauty contestthis year.Sheis not only beautiful but has
a dynamic personalityaswell. (prediction)
I will explain it to you, loan. (intention to do somethingat the time of spealcing)
'to be' + going to + baseform of verb for actionswhich we have already

We use the verb
A
nlanned to do in the future and for eventsin the future.
For actionswhich we had planned to do in the past but which did not occur,we use
was / were + going to + base form of verb .
50
The prime minister is going to open the Asia PacificWomen Entrepreneur's
EXAMPLES:
conferencethis Thursday. (euentplannedfor thefuture)
Many industrial workers are going to lose their jobs unlessthe economic situation
improves. (euentwhich is likely to happen)
Hilda was going to come shopping with me this morning but she felt ill and decided
to stay at home. (plannedaction which did not happen)
We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationswhich will be going on at a
E
certaintime in lhe future.
EXAMPLE:They will be announcing the resultsof the electionsjust after 6 a.m. tomorrow.
We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationsin the future which have
alreadybeen planned or which take place regularly.
EXAMPLES:
The models will be displaying the summer collection at the international show in
Paristhis week. (plannedactionJbr thefuture)
My whole family will be participating in the cross-countryrlln aswe do everyyear.
(regularaction)
REMEMBER!
I The future continuous tenseis formed in this rvav:
will be + baseform of verb + 'ing'
The Andersonswill be leaving for the United Kingdom this Saturday.
EXAMpLE:
r The future and future continuous tensecan be formed using shall for I and we
although it is more common to r.rse will for both nouns and pronouns.
EXAMpLE: I shall / will be waiting for you outsidethe caf6so don't be late.
l--''fffi?f,@ underline the correctverb fbrms in the brackets.
I This birthday card ( is assuring/ will assure) Mary that I haven'tforgotten about her.
2 We have to make our flight reservationsearly as hundreds of people ( going to be leaving / will be
leaving) for their holidays during the festiveperiod.
3 The newsof his promotion to a managerialposition ( is goingto be / will being) a pleasant
surprisefor Bill.
4 This story set in the daysof World War II ( has captured / will capture ) the imagination of all those
who have read it.
5 Christine ( is participated / will be participating ) in the national judo championshipsas the
youngestcompetitor.
6 Ann (had realised/ realised) that she had made a mistake in going to the town centrewhen she
sawthatthe shopswereveryexpensive.
7 The committee ( is going to choose/ will be chosen) the team which will climb Mount Kinabalu
next May.
B The people ( are ar'vaiting/ will awaiting ) news of what really happened at the nuclear plant.
9 Time ( had passed/ will pass) so quickly that beforeyou know it, we will seeyou again.
l0 Tom ( is goingto coming / will be coming ) to the sportscomplexthis eveningfor
a gane of tennis with me.
5l
@ eC i r c l e t h e n umb e rso fth e S e n te n ceswhichar ecor r ect.
I The managerhas reorganisedthe marketing department in an effort to cut losses.
2 The fighter jets are going to using a different route to fly into enemy territory.
3 I will be joining Steventonight as I often do, to work on our term paperstogether.
4 Suewill excelin the businessworld. Sheis focusedand determined to achieveher ambition.
5 Mrs Sim be so pleasedto know that her proposalsto improve the library facilitieshave been
acceptedby the council.
6 Laila is going to taking up a beauty coursewhile waiting for her final exam results.
-,
I've told |oe many times to tidy up his room but he tells me everytime that he will do it after he
has completedhis reports.
B Motorists will lined up to fill their tanks before the rise in petrol prices next week.
9 Angie and Tony are going to bought an old-fashionedfarmhousein the countryside.
t0 Propertyvaluesin the city will spiral upwards as land becomesmore scarce.
@ ! J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
had loved hadn't realised havent yet decided

was going to take up will give will have will leave
will be reaching won't be facing will be studying
r(1) a major milestone in my life soon. I (2)

school to move on to the next phase- higher education.
With so manv choicesofferedto school leavers,I (3) what I would

really like to do. My parentssuggestedthat I go on to college.I think I (4)
it some seriousthought. Earlier,when I was in the lower class,I (5)
designing.I believedthat I (6) architectureor graphic design.Howeve5
since then, my interestshave been drawn towardsbusinessand e-commerce.I (7)
how difficult it is to make a decision.Fortunately,I (B)
the necessityof selectinga careerright now. I (9) a range of subjects
r=l-!
when I enter college.In two years'time, I (10) a clearer
n
YOUnSCOIEI
picture of the courseof study I need to pursue the careerI want.
@4 belowcorrectly.
Rewritethe sentences
I A few yearsback, my uncle is going to set up his own businessbut he didn't have
sufficient caoital.
52
In a worldwide recession,developingcountries be hit the hardestbecauseof falling
demand for their exports.
3 I return the money I owe you as soon as I receivemy salaryat the end of the month.
4 Iasmine be expectingus to help her run the gamesstall at the funfair this Saturday.
5 I know it going to rain this afternoon.The sky is overcastand gloomy.
@lJRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
I b e - c o s t - council- expected- expressway- far- more - new- of - than
-the- the - the -will.
The cost
by- company- going- implementing- increase- is - methods- modern

- productivity - the - to - training.
modern training methods.
at - but - dinner - fell - going- ill - last - Maria - night - perform - she
- suddenly- the - to - was.
Maria
are - as- children - don't- have - I - make - safe- sure- the - to -will
- worry - you.
You
be - charge-during - games- hockey- in - in-Manila - Ranjit - team -

the-the-of-will.
Ranjit
53
UNTT 5=8 FUTURE
PERFECT
ANDFUTURE
PERFECT TENSES
CONTINUOUS
GRAMMAR
POINTS
By the end of August,the estateownerswill be

settled their labour problems.
By the end of August,the estateownerswill have
settledtheir labour problems.
The new batch of traineeswill have just join the
coursein two weeks'time.
The new batch of traineeswill have just joined
the coursein two weeks'time.
Mrs O' Brien has been working here for
five vearsbv the end of this month.
Mrs O' Brien will have been working here
for five vearsby the end of this month.
:)
Q"*rrAR PorNrs
We use the future perfect tenseto refer to actions or situationsr,r.hichwill be completed by a

definite time in the future.
EXAMPLE:The mechanic will have serviced mv car bvWednesdav.
REMEMBER!
We use the words already and just with the r The future perfect tenseis formed in this way:
future perfect tenseto refer to actions or will have + past participle of verb
situationswhich will be finished by an
EXAMpLES: 'uvill have gone
approximatetime in the future.
will have calculated
EXAMPLES:
By next week,Carl will have alreadynegotiated the price of the housewith the estateagent.
I will have just entered the university next April when my sistergraduates.
g We use the future perfect continuous tense REMEMBER!

when we want to refer to the duration of an r The future perfect continuous tenseis formed in
action or an event at a definite time in the this way:
future.We usually use adverbsof duration will have + treen + past participie of verb +'ing'
and time to statehow long the action will E)LAMPLES:
will have been raining
last and when it will take place. will have been driving
EXAMPLE:
She will have been studying in Glasgor,ri for three years by next September.
:rdverb ofduration (id"s!ryTt
54
@A]underlinethecorrectVerbformsinthebrackets.
I They (have broken / will have broken ) the hostel rules by not informing the managerabout the
damageto the windows just now.
2 By three o'clock,we ( were waiting / will have been waiting ) for more than an hour for our school
bus.
3 The young men whose names are on the memorial stone ( sacrificed/ will have sacrificed) their
IivesinWorldWar II.
4 Sally( had alreadyreceived/ will have alreadyreceived) the note we sent her by this afternoon.
5 By next Monda1.,Tim ( has been staying / will have been staying) with us for four months.
6 Dad ( was shocked/ will havebeen shocked) to hear about the train crashand rushedhome to
find out whether we were safe.
7 By December,our grandparents( are managing / will have been managing ) their grocerystore
lbr 25 years.
B Vicki is not at home. She( had just gone / hasjust gone) to the salonto havea manicure.
9 Kay ( has been helping / rvill have been helping ) Dr Srnithin the clinic for five yearsby next March.
l0 We (have submitted/ will be submitting) our recommendationsregardingthe
public transport systemto the authorities this Friday.
thatarecorrect.
EEEEEE€j Tickthesentences
The price of eggswill have risen sharply by next week becauseof a
supplyproblem.
The managementcommittee has review the tenant'ssuggestions
concerning securityin the apartment building.
After a two-year delay,the governmentwill have finally reorganizedthe
public library systemby September.
Samuelwill representthe country as part of the junior bowling team at
the AsianGames.
Helen will have been running the kindergartenfor more than 10years
by the time she retiresin January.
Everyonein the audiencehave been expectingthe play to end on a
dramaticnote but they were disappointed.
Ioe will have taken up his new appointment in Frankfurt by the end of
the month.
Ierry and I will been working asjournalists with the National Daily for
five yearsby the end of next week.
We had alreadymake the hotel reservationsfor our stay in Bangalore
when we learnt that our trip was postponed. --_-
YOUR SCOREI
l 0 Aunt Lily will have bake an apple pie for tea so let'snot be late. a ./'aala
1,,' .>l
55
@ J J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
will have agreed have alreadyvisited have been constructing

will have been lecturing had not heard will have occupied ordered
will have played will have reached will have spoken
1I from Debra for more than a year when suddenlv she

called me today.
2 The convoy of military vehicles the border crossing

by this afternoon so we have to move quickly to avoid them.
3 At the end of this term, Shane at our collegefor just

under two years.
4 We won't get a good vantagepoint to watch the parade.The early birds

the best seatsby now.
5 Hundredsofpeople the computer fair at the TradeCentre

this morning.
6 The airlinesprobably to an amicable settlementwith

the striking pilots by tomorrow.
7 The mayor just now the mass evacuationof the villages

closestto the activevolcano.
8 By the end of the competition tonight, the teams

the topic of equality of the sexesfor the third time.
9 They the suspensionbridge over the delta for the last
ru
three years.
.*g-t
l0 At the end of this season,our university
host to the inter-varsitygamesfor the secondtime in four years.
E@4 Rearrange
thewordsto form correctsentences.
I been- for- have- in- November- our- school- she- teaching- this
- twentv - will - vears.
She
2 aheady- Angela- bank - become- by - have - June- managerof - senior

- the - the - will.
Angela
56
and - brought - flooding - have - Indian - monsoons- rain - subcontinent
-the-the- to - torrential.
The monsoons
by- cabin - cold - faces- frozen - have - in - our - reach- the - this
-time-we-will.
Our faces
5 after- already- bed - everyone- get - gone- have- home- movie- the
- to -we - will -when.
\A4renwe get home
ff[![l| belowcorrectly.
E I Rewtitethe sentences
I Miss Cole been working as the executivesecretaryto the director for five yearsby this
March.
2 The salariescommission will meet next week.We will be gather more information
about the expectedpay rise by then.
3 The accountsdepartment will alreadycheck the figuresbefore submitting the reports

next Monday.
4 The defencelawyershave requestfor a postponement of the trial until they get an

expert medical opinion.
5 The anti-vice squad had waiting all night for their man to give the signalbefore
arrestingthe drugs syndicate.
m
-----l
YoURscoRE
I
57
UN]T 5"9 CONDITIONATS
- THEPRESENT
TENSE

GRAMMAR
POINTS
If there will be a sudden downpour which lastsfor

hours, it causesflash floods in low-lying areas.
If there is a sudden dolvnpour which lastsfor
hours, it causesflash floods in low-lying areas.
Linda is often taking her children swimming in
the afternoon if she has free time.
Linda often takes her children swimming in the
afternoon if she has free time.
If you insist on breakinghostel regulations,I send
vou to the warden.
If you insist on breakinghostel regulations,I will
send you to the warden.
Unlessthey don't meet the managementto talk
things over,they will not solvethe dispute.
Unlessthey meet the managementto talk things
over,they will not solvethe dispute.
FI
)
tt
,
/GRAMMARPOTNTS
\Vhen we refer to generaltruths or facts,we can use the simple presenttenseboth in the
if clause and in the main clause.
EXAMPI,ES:PRESENTTENSE PRESENT
TENSE
If we dip a piece of + it turns blue. (generaltruth)
litmus paperin acid,
Water boils + if we heat it to a temperatureof 100"C. (fact)
We can use,thesimple presenttensein the if clauseand also in the main clausewhen we refer
A
t o a c t i o n st h a t t a k ep l a c er e g u l a r l y .
EXAMPLE: PRESENT TENSE + PRESENTTENSE
Dad alwaysreads the papers + if he wakes up early.
before leavingfor the office
g \A4renwe refe.rto an action or an eventwhich will probably happen in the future, make a
promise,or givea warning,we can use the simplepresenttensein the if clauseand the simple
future tensein the main clause.
EXAMPLES:PRESENTTENSE + FUTURETENSE
If Clairemaintains her + shewill get a promotion soon.
efficient performance, (possibleaction)
If I finish my classesbefore + I will join you for dinner.
five this evening, (promise)
If you don't give me a good + I will complain to the manager.
reasonfor not doing the work, (to giuea warning)
Note that it is the simplepresenttenseand not the future tensethat is most often usedin the
if clause.
We usethe word unless (meaning'ifnot') with a positivepresenttenseverb,and the simple

future tensewith will in the main clausewhen we issuea warning or state a condition before
an action can takeplace.
UNICSS+ POSITIVEPRESENTTENSE
EXAMPI,ES: + SIMPLEFUTURETENSE
Unlessyou agreeto theseterms, + we will not let you go.
(threator warning)
Unlesswe leave now + we will miss our train.
(statinga condition before
REMEMBER! an action can happen)
r Even if is used in conditional sentencesto mean
'it doesn'tmatter if'.
EXAMPLE: I will go on a tour of Europe next year
evenif none of vou want to come with me.
@a Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
I A If I will not catch the seveno'clock bus everymorning, I will be late for school.
B If I don't catch the seveno'clock bus everymorning, I will be late for school.
C If I catch the seveno'clockbus everymorning, I won't be late for school.
2 A I'll come for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift.

B I come for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift.
C I will coming for your birthday party if Dad givesme a lift.
3 A If you will continue to practise,I think you will become a good pianist.
B If you continueto practise,I think you will becomea good pianist.
C I think you will becomea good pianistif you are continueto practise.
4 A More people went for walks in the eveningsif the rveatheris good.
B More people will go for walks in the eveningsif the weather is good.
C If the weather is good, more people will go for walks in the evenings.
5 A If our water supplyis contaminated,it leadsto serioushealth problems.

B If our water supplyis contaminated,it will be leadingto serioushealthproblems.
C If our water supply will be contaminated,it will lead to serioushealth problems.
59
6 A We won't vote in this election unlessour candidatelistens to what we say.
B We not vote in this election unlessthe candidatelistensto what we say.
C We will vote in this election if the candidatelistensto what we say.
7 A If my father is free,he will usually takesus out for dinner on Sundays.

B If my father is free,he will usually take us out for dinner on Sundays.
C If my father is free,he take us out for dinner on Sundays.
@jJUnderlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets'
I If rainwater ( seeps/ will seep) through limestone cliffs, it dissolvesthe limestone to form
stalactitesand stalagmites.
2 Our visitor ( laughs / will laugh ) if she seesthe funny postersat the station.
3 If a ferry is overloaded,it ( capsize/ will capsize) on rough seas.
4 Unlessthe town council implements water conservationmeasures,city dwellers ( experience/
will experience) a severewater shortage.
5 Jessiewill go there with her father if he ( takes / will take ) a day'sholiday.
6 You should be more tactful. Otherwise,you ( hurt / will hurt ) someone'sfeelings.
7 Kelly has to slow down and relax.If she ( persist / persists) in working all the time, it will affect
her health.
B If Dave ( don't / won't ) drive more carefully,he will probably causean accident.
9 The presidentwill declarea stateof emergencyin the country unlessthe rioting and bloodshed
( ends / will end ) .
l0 There is a huge crowd of people watching the grand prix. If there ( is / will be ) any kind of
accident,many spectatorswill be injured.
@!JCompletethesentenceSwithSuitablewordsinthebox.
if she comeshome beforeher mother ,h;;;;d"' *il uf r".ious

if there is any sign of an enemy attack unlesswe improve the entertainment
if the dog is disobedient facilities in the town
if you lislen attentively unlessthey give us some money
it will usually stalk a weak and helpless you know that winter ir upptouilring
member of the herd you will exposethem to danger
I Unlessyou keep matchesand lighters out of reach of children,
60
2 lf a lionessis out on a hunt,
3 Sandraoften cooksdinner for the familv
4 The armywill be on full alert
5 Peoplewill stay at home
6
he will be sentto his kennel.
if you interrupt the meeting at this point.

B At dawn, you will hear the singing of birds and the hum of cicadas
I If the treesstart to lose their leavesand it is cold in the mornings,
l0
, we won'tbe ableto buy anyof the itemson sale. ffiffi
-
l,4r)
r"' 14
@a belowcorrectly.
I That tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a strong wind, it is falling on our rooftop.
2 The organisersof the charity game afternoon are wondering what happenedto us unlesswe
phone them to explain.
3 If you will wish to continue with this discussion,you have to listen to our point of view
4 If deforestationproceedsat the presentrate, it have an adverseeffect on the environment.
5 If we listen to the village elders,we are inherit a wealth of knowledgefrom them.
4=:H
YOURSCORE
I
-
| / rv a
-
a /' )71
6l
- SIMPTEPAST
UNTT 5"TOCONDITIONALS
ANDPASTPERFECTTENSES
GRAMMAR
POINTS
lA If I had enough money, I travel to placesI have

alwaysdreamed of seeing.
1B If I had enough money, I would travel to placesI
have alwaysdreamedof seeing.
If they giving you the chanceto work in Geneva,
vou should acceptit.
If they gaveyou the chanceto work in Geneva,
you shouldacceptit.
Tom would never get into such trouble with the
directorsif vou had explainedthe situation.
Tom would never have got into such trouble with
the directorsif you had explainedthe situation.
Mrs Heng wishes she can afford a new car to
replacethe old model she drives.
Mrs Heng wishesshe could afford a new car to
replacethe old model shedrives.
- l-
"tl --
'
/GRAMMAR POINTS
We use the simple past tenseor the past continuous tensein the if clause,and would with the
baseform of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actions or situationswhich are imaginary
or for situationswhich areimpossible.
EXAMPLES: Simple PastTense + would + baseform of verb
If I owned this beautiful + I would have a large pool on the top floor to
mansion, relax in and enjoy the view. (imaginary)
If I were the president, r I would allocate more money to help the poor
and needy. (impossiblesituation)
Note: We can also use other modal verbslike could, might and should in place of would.
We use the simple past tensein the if clauseand would with the baseform of the verb in the
main clausewhen we give or askfor advice.
DGMPLES:SimplePastTense + would (or other modal) + baseform of verb
Ifthe buyersoffered you a + you should sell it. (offer aduice)
good price for the house,
If you were in my position, + what would you do? (askfor aduice)
62
We use the past perfect tensein the if clauseand the perfect conditional would have with the
past participle of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actionswhich never took place or
resultswhich rvould have been achievedif the actionshad taken place.
Er<IMPLES: PastPerfectTense + would have + past participle of verb
If we hadn't been so busy + we would have come to seeyou in hospital.
at the office, (action neuertook place)
If our businesspartners + our company would not have lost so much
had been honest, money. (what the resultmight hauebeen
if the action had taken place)
We use wish + simple past tense to refer to an imaginary situation or event which we would
Iike to happen now.
EXAMPLE:I wish I was tall and slim so I could wear those elegantsuits.
wish + sinlplepast tense
\\4ren we want to refer to an event in the past which we think should have turned out
differently,we use wish + past perfect tense .
EXAMpLE:We wish we had remembered to buy a birthdav gift for Anne last week.
(we didn't buy a gift becauseweforgot)
wish + past perfect tense
@A]circlethenumbersoftheSentenceSwhicharecorrect.
I If he had sufficient funds, he would set up a home for abusedchildren.
2 If I am you, I would postponethe weddinguntil Dad recoversfrom his illness.
3 The secondteam could havewon the match if they had had more stamina.
4 Developingcountrieswill progressrapidly if they had effectiveeconomic planning.
5 I wish we reportedto the personnelmanagerabout the problemslastweek.
6 Iasonwould havebeen surprisedif he had seenthe letter the income tax authoritieshad sent him.
7 We would have gladly helped with you if you had askedfor our support.
B The logs would have fell from the lorry if an alert motorist hadn't informed the driver of the
danger.
9 If ioan were more thrifty, shewill put asideenough money to buy a car.
l0 If Jameshad spent more time with his famill', his children might have heard more -l =':
about about their family'shistory. ryl
'H
lr"
ttlntGlt€ Underline the correctverb forms in the brackets.
I If there had been a jam on the highway,we ( would be / would have been ) late for the reception.
2 If people of different backgrounds( had learned / learned) to live in harmony, we would have a
happier society.
3 Mark ( would tell / would have told ) Sarahof his admiration for her tennis skills if he had not
been so shy.
4 If I were JanetI ( fought / would fight ) for freedom of expressionin my newspapercolumn.
5 I wish I (am / were ) more organisedand meticulousin mywork.
6 Iulie ( would come / would have come ) to the party if she had the free time.
7 He ( will become / would become ) the first athlete to win all the track and field eventsif he won
the 200-metrehurdles.
B If you ( woke / had woken ) me up earlier,we would not have missedthe train.
9 The doctors(would not postpone/ would not havepostponed) the operationif therehad been
threecompatibleblood donors.
l0 The crowd would have been terribly disappointedif their favourite stars
( hadn't appeared/ wouldn't appear ) for the concert.
@!JFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I If the workmen had waited for instructions from the supervisor,they
(do) a betterjob.
2 Tessawould protest if she (know) that shewas almost chosen

to representour group at a public debate.
The world would (be) a much more interestingplace if animals

talked.
If the mechanic (work) on my car all day yesterday,it would have
been ready by now
5 IfI (be) the education minister, I would propose that schools

commencewith lessonsat nine in the morning.
6 If man respectedthe environment, we (not suffer)the

effectsof pollution.
I wish we (buy) more food for our trip last night. Somehowthe
quantity doesn'tseemenough for our four-day stay.
BWe (reach) the island resort by now if we had taken the coastal
road instead of the busv expresswav.
I If the board (grant)her the scholarship,Barbarawould do her

best to achieveall that was expectedof her.
l0 Katewishes she (have.)a more adventurous

spirit like her sisterMegan.
Someof the sentencesbelow contain incorrectverb forms. Underline them and

write the correctverbs in the boxesprovided.
Thosepeoplewould win their independenceby now

if they had taken a united stand againsttheir rulers.
64
I wish I had the patience my mother has to sew
beautiful quilts.
The women of our great-grandmothers'time would
be utterly amazedif they seethe fashionsof today.
I would have forgot this unfortunate incident

if I were you.
If that heavy crane fell , it would do a greatdeal of
damage.
If Sallybought this rare antique vase,she would
have made a wise investment.
Householdchoreswould be so much lighter if we

had robots to do the work.
We wish we notice that the lady in the stationary
car had required medical attention.
The air control tower should have advisedthe pilot
to delay take-off if the weather had been so bad.
1 0 Iane would be pleasantlysurprisedif we took her

out for dinner on her birthday. -r::
YOURSCORE
I
-
a/l
a./ Fl
Rewrite the sentencesbelow without changing the meaning. Use the given
words and make changesto the tense of the verbs where necessary.
I If Tom were here,he would know what was wrong with the car.
IfTom had been here
2 The distinguishedvisitors would have been delighted if they had watched the tribal
dances.
The distinguishedvisitors would be delighted
3 I wish I had understoodthis problem. Then I would havebeen able to help you.
. Then I would be able to help you.

4 Suemight remember the passwordif you reminded her earlier.
Suemight have remembered
5 If the prosecution lawyersagreed,we would call the children to be witnesses.

If the prosecutionla\.eyers
had agreed
65
ANDPASSIVE
UN]TT4"T ACTIVE VOICE
tenseand agreement,verbswith two objects,the use of it

GRAMMAR
POINTS
voic" , Simon teaches some of the club

lA Active
members watercolour painting.
passive
voice, Some of the club members is taught
watercolour painting by Simon.
1B r\ctivc
nric" , Simon teaches some of the club
members watercolour painting.
passi'evoice, Some of the club members are taught
watercolour painting by Simon.
voice, The company gaveus a variety of books

Acrive
for the library.
passive
voice, We were giving a variety of books for the x
library by the company.
A variety of books were given to us for x
the library by the company.
voice, The company gaveus a variety of books
Acrive
for the library.
passivenricc'
We were given a variety of books for the
library by the company.
A variety of books was given to us for the
Iibrary by the company.
voic" ' People say that James is a brilliant lawyer.
3A Active
passive
voice, It is say that lames is a brilliant lawyer.
That James is a brilliant lawTrersayby
PeoPle.
38 Acti'evoic" , People say that ]ames is a brilliant lawyer.
passivevoice' It is said that Iames is a brilliant lawryer.
\A4renwe changea sentencefrom the activevoice to the passivevoice,the tenseof the verb has
E
to remain the sameand the verb has to agreewith the subiectin number.
EXAMpLE: The coach alwaysencouragesthe children to practisedifferent swimming strokes.
I
Glrst@
are encouragedto practisedifferent swimming strokesby the coach.
66
g \.44:r.en a verb in the active voice takes a direct and an indirect object, we can have two sentences
w i t h t w o d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t si n t h e p a s s i v ev o i c e .
EXAMpLE: My parents sent me food parcels regularly when I was studying overseas.
actiYe voice, past tense verb
I was sent food parcelsregularlyby *y parentswhen I was studying overseas.

p a s s i er r o i c e ,p a \ t t c n s ev e r b
Food parcelswere sent to me regularlyby my parentswhen I was studying overseas.

passive voice, past tcnse Verb
It is more common to begin with the person rather than the thing in the
oassivevoice.
E We use it + the passiveverb when we refer to what people in generalbelieve,feel or think

It
aDout someone or somernlng.
EXAMpLE: Everyone predicts that there will be a downturn in the economic situation.
a c t i r e r o i c e ,p r e \ e n l t e n \ e \ ( r l )
It is predicted that there will be a downturn in the economic situation.

passive voice, present tense verb
@eFillintheblankswiththeactiVeorpaSSiVeformoftheVeIbSinthebrackets.
lIt (believe)that the pricesof preciousmetalswill fall soon.
2We (showl how to make batik orints with the materialswe were
grven.
3 Brian (select)as the new chairman by the committee.
4 Many people (think) that the presentsystemof education

needsto be modified.
5 Tasha (welcome) by close friends and relatives at the airport.
6 Paul (diagnose)as suff'eringfrom arthritis after his knee began

to hurt.
7 In my country, Iandslidesoften (cause)the destructionof
homesand crops.
BIt (suggest)last week that a specialfund be set up to give
financial help to the needy in this city
9We (provide)with accommodationwhen we go on our
overseasassignmentnext Friday.
l0 A children'shome (setup; in our arealastmonth.
4-
-YOURSCORE
I
| ,/ l;71
67
Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
Theremay be more than one answer
for eachquestion.
I A The housesin the low-lying areasaffectedby the flood.

B The flood affectedthe housesin the low-lying areas.
C The housesin the low-lying areaswere affectedby the flood.
2 A Most of our old furniture will be sold at the garagesaleon Sunday.

B Most of our old furniture will be selling at the garagesaleon Sunday.
C We will sell most of our old furniture at the garagesaleon Sunday.
3 A The landlord warned the tenants about their noisy behaviour.

B The tenants was warned about their noisy behaviour by the landlord.
C The tenants were warned about their noisy behaviour by the landlord.
4 A We will seea lower rate of growth in the next fewyears sayby people.
B Peoplesaythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years.
C It was saythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years.
5 A Mike offered the top post in the personneldepartment.

B They offeredMike the top post in the personneldepartment.
C Mike was offered the top post in the personneldepartment.
6 A The telephone company sent us a reminder that we had not paid the bill.
B We sent a reminder by the telephonecompany that we had not paid the bill.
C We were send a reminder by the telephone company that we had not paid the bill,
Some of the verb forms underlined are incorrect. Write the correct verbs in the
boxes.
I Severalhousesshakenwhen tremors hit the mountain resort.
2 Ahigh wall was built around the compound to keep out intruders.
3 PearlS.Buckwrote booksbasedon her experiencesin China.

4 It is believethat peacebetweenthe two nations is possible.
5 All fearswere forgotten when the children saw the toys in a corner of the
clinic.
Theserichly beadedcostumesare worn by the dancerswhen they

perform.
-,
Angelaborn in London but raisedin ]apan.
B Peoplesayingthat the company will be taken over by a foreign group.
I The news of her transfershockIill very much.
l 0 Farmersin this region grow a variety of grapesboth for the local wine
industry aswell as for export.
6B
@"JRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceSintheactiveorpassivevoice.
lbe - curb - drink-driving- expected- is - it - laws- new- passed- that
to -will.
It
2 a- as- car - didn't - have - home - I - lift - me - mv - offered- Sarah.
Sarah
3 b e - discussed- extension- for - new- next - plans - the - week - will.
Plans
4 acceptedby- for - hotel's- improving - manager- services- suggestions

- the - the - were.
Suggestions
5 lawyer - murder - questioned- regarding- the - the - the - two - witnesses.

.-,-
The lawyer YOURSCORE
I
t/r
-
a /' J7l
@E]RewritethefollowingpaSSageinthepassivevoice.
Peoplegenerallythink that Angie is extremelygood at organisationand decision-making.She

acquiredtheseskills during her six yearsas a junior executiveat the firm. Her bossesnoted her sound
decisionsand her efficiency.They promoted her to office managerin her seventhyear at the firm. She
runs the office with clockwork precision.Shesolvesproblems quickly and firmly. The rest of the staff
respecther becauseof her fairness,warmth and honesty.
It is
€--+=!
YOUNSCORE
I
,./ t7l
69
UNTT 4=2ACTIVE
ANDPASSIVE
VOICE
passiveinfinitive, passive+'ing' form, adverbs
GRAMMAR
POINTS
Elaineis going to transferred to the Bangkok

branchof the companysoon.
Elaineis going to be transferred to the Bangkok
branchof the companvsoon.
We enjoybeen taken to visit all the popular
attractionsin this city.
We enjoybeing taken to visit all the popular
attractionsin this city.
3A That documentarv never has been shown in this
part of the world.
38 That documentaryhas never been shown in this
part of the world.
(a) We.formthe infinitive in the passivevoice in this way:

E
to be + pastparticiple
EXAMPLE:actiue uerb: to offer
Victor wants to offer Tom a iob in his studio.
oassiueuerb: to be offered
Ming hopes to be offered a scholarshipto study abroad.
(b) We often use the passiveinfinitive after verbs such as are to, have to, going to, hope to,
need to, want to and would like to. But we drop the to in front of the infinitive.
E)(AMPLES:
Joannedoesn'twant to}(be involved in the musical presentation.
They have to{be reminded that the closing date for the loan application is 1stJune.
rfe the passivevoiceof the'ing' form by adding REMEMBER!

A form
being+ pastparticipleaftera finiteverb. r The following verbs are usually
EXAMPLE: usedwith the passive'ing'form:
dislike enjoy hate
like love prefer
The child likes being carried and crieswhen remember
sheis put in the pram.
70
g adverbsof time, manner or frequencyin the passivevoice,we usually place them
1F"r.*15e
after the first word in a verb made up of two or more words.
EXAMPLES:
to be kind and honest.
Sandraand Liz at the gym.
The carpets to air in the sun.
I@bymymother.
-.;----
gls!,
Theremav be more than one answer

for eachquestion.
IA He askedme to remind him of the appointment.

B He askedme to be remind him of the appointment.
C He askedto be remindedof the appointment.
2A Dan would like to send to different part of the world to work.

B Dan would like to be send to different parts of the world to work.
C Dan would like to be sent to different parts of the world to work.
3A The problem easilywas solvedwhen all the parties involved cooperated.

B The problem was easilysolvedwhen all the partiesinvolvedcooperated.
C The problem was solvedwhen easilyall the parties involved cooperated.
4A The wealthy entrepreneurprefersto be rememberedfor his support of the underprivileged.

B The wealthy entrepreneurprefersto remember for his support of the underprivileged
C They prefer to remember the wealthy entrepreneurfor his support of the underprivileged.
5A Laura lovesbeing given small gifts of bath oils and soaps.

B They love to give Laura small gifts of bath oils and soaps.
C Laura lovesbeen given small gifts of bath oils and soaps.
6A Shewants everyoneto recogniseBill's ability to managethe company.

B Shewants everyoneto be recogniseBill's ability to managethe company.
c Shewants Bill's ability to managethe company to be recognised.
7l
@BjCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I He dislikes beins criticiseI beins criticised regardinghis work.
2 The entertainment for Sunday'sdinner party is carefullybeing arranged

carefullyis being arranged by lason.
3 The women on the committee are gomg ro organrsln are golng ro organlse a fashion
show.
4 The motorist wanted me to be oaid I to for the damage to his car.
5 The little bovs love beins treat I beinetreated to ice-creamand cookies.
6 We often haveadvised I haveoften advised our neighboursto be more carefulabout fire

hazardsin the home.
.7
fill appreciates beingtell I beingtold about a possiblepromotion for her later in the year.
B We haveto warned I haveto warn Charlesabout the dangersof bungee-jumping.
I Shewould like to penaliseI to be penalised for her mistakesrather than not being told about
them.
t0 The university hopes t o a w a r d I t o b e a w a r d e d scholarshipsto suitable students.
@?FillintheblankswitlrthecorrectformsoftheWordSinthebrackets.
I Shewould like (reward)her employeeswith
a large bonus at the end of the year.
I prefer (to post) to the audit department as I am an
accountant.
3 The government (finally has agreed)to removethe road
barriers to easetraffic congestion.
4 Lots of things (actuallyhave been done) to alleviate
poverty during the last five years.
5 Yusof (definitelywill tell) his parents about his plans to
ioin the air force.
6 Mr Brody (alreadyhas been informed) of the delay

in the shipmentof the consignment.
.1
He remembers (take)to DisneyWorld by his parentswhen
he was a little boy.
B All items which (beto recycle)shouldbe placedin
separatedisposalbags.
Sueloves (invite) to partiesby her friends as she likes
meenngpeople.
l0 I hate (disappoint)by the weather forecast.
72
@DlRewritethesentenceScoIIectlyintheactiveorpassivevoice.
I The hockey team wants to give due recognition for winning the inter-statetrophy.
2 I would like to be apologisedfor my latenesslast night.
3 Thesefine piecesof jewellery are to hand down to your children when they are older.
4 Most of us hate to humiliate in front of our friends.
5 Your parentshave to tell about your decisionto leaveschool and join a band.
t,,l!!-
YouR-FcoRE
I
a,/
- )7l
ff[!l[!| E I Rearrange
the wordsto form correctsentences
in the activeor passivevoice.
I a- assembled-be-bookcase-form-parts -these- to-will.
2 a-being- dislikes- Henry- fool - like - treated.
3 car - completelyforgot- I -lock- morning- my- this - to.
4 a-be - firm- going- in - is - made- partner- Patrick- senior- the - to.
5 a - being - city - guests- guided- loved- of - on - our - taken - the - tour.
73
ANDPASSIVE
UNTT 4"5 ACTIVE VOICE
to have somethingdone, complement of verb, instructions
GRAMMAR
POINTS
1A I am having my hair style in the salon at the moment.
1B I am having my hair styled in the salon at the moment.
/[ Activevoic", She aSked me to clOSethe windOw because

of the cold air.
voice' I aSked to clOSethe windOw because of the
Passive
cold air.
lS Active
voic" ' She asked me to close the window because
of the cold air.
Passive
voice, I was asked tO close the window becauSe
of the cold air.
J[ voic" , They say that at least 10 people were

Active
injured in the accident.
Passive
voice' At least l0 people are said to be injured in
the accident.
JS Activevoic", They say that at least l0 people were

r.oice' At leaSt 10 people are Said to have been
Passive
r) |
tt POINTS
<JGRAMMAR
O ra)\A{renwe r,vantto saythat we askedsomeoneto do somethingfor us and the personwho

performedthe actionis not important (and doesnot need to be mentioned),we usethis
structure:
had + object+ pastparticiple
EXAMPLES:
We had our house redecorated recently. (= someoneredecoratedthe house)
--.+-----.
..------r.-.-'---,
t999:' Lry:!q{'.!s'
We redecorated our house recentlv. (= we did it ourselves)
Sandrahad her car serviced last week. (= someoneservicedher car)

I
Q!rl, t_:r
Sandraserviced her car last week. (= she servicedthe car herself)
74
Notice that we leaveout the preposition by and the noun after it.
EXAMPLES:
We had our houseredecoratedby@ne recently.
Sandrahad her car servicedby@ne last week.
(b) \Vhen we speakof accidentsor incidents that are causedby someoneunknown to us,
we may also use this structure:
had + object + past participle
EXAMPLES:
My mother had her handbag snatched in the market. (= someone snatched her handbag)
Bill had his arm fractured in a rugby match. (= someone broke Bill's arm)
\.\4renwe changewhat someoneinstructs us to do into the passivevoice, REMEMBER!

we use this structure: r The following
subject+ passiveverb + infinitive verbsare often
EXAMPLE: used in giving
instructions:
Actiueuoice : They told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward.
Passiueuoice : The nurses were told to take the childen back to the ward. ask
command
order
say
If we want to identifu the personwho gavethe instruction, we insert tell
the preposition by and the instruction giver after the passiveverb.
subject+ passiveverb + by + noun (instruction giver) + infinitive
EXAMPLE:
Actiueuoice : The matron told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward.
Passiueuoice : The nurseswere told bv the matron to take the childen back to the ward.
\Mhenwe changean activevoice verb which comes before a complement into the passivevoice,
we use this structure:
subject + passiveverb + infinitive
E)(AMPLES:
They say that Thomasis a millionairebecauseof his sharpbusinesssense.
conrplement of the verb say
Thomas is said to be a millionaire becauseof his sharo businesssense.
They believe that the company failed becauseof ineffectivemanagement.

-______L_ cornplcment of the verb believe
Gqrerg!,
The company is believed to have failed because of ineffective management.
Q4il"".:J
A'/ofe:We use the perfect infinitive to have + past participle to refer to an earlier action
(the companyfailed).
75
for eachquestion.
I A We had an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week.

B We have an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week.
C We are having an indoor swimming pool built in the basementlast week.
2 A The suspectsaskedto line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise.

B The suspectswere askedto line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise.
C The detectivesaskedthe suspectsto line up againstthe wall for an identification exercise.
3 A We have had a new antenna fixed to improved our televisionreception.

B We have had a new antenna fixed to improve our televisionreception.
C The technician has fixed a new antenna to improve our televisionreception
4 A Many people saythat Mr Morris is stern and lacksa senseof humour.

B It is said that Mr Morris is stern and lacksa senseof humour.
C Mr Morris is sayby many people to be stern and lacksa senseof humour.
b A They believethat the indigenous people have been treated unfairly by the civil authorities.
B The indigenous people are believedto have been treated unfairly by the civil authorities.
C The civil authorities are believedto have treated the indigenouspeople unfairly. Jr-
#e!Rsce!9
I r(^l
tt {f?€ Underlinethecorrectwordsinthebrackets. lr"tgl
f My sister ( has the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned/ have the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned)
to maintain their colour and sheen.
Z The newly-openedcaf6 askedcustomers( to be written down/ to write down ) their comments

regardingits food and service.
3 It ( is reported / is to be reported ) that top fashion models keep to a carefully-controlleddiet.
4 Vanessaand her husband ( are said to begin/are said to have begun ) a new line of hair-care
products.
b The cashiertold everyonewaiting ( to be patient / to have been patient ) becausethe computer

systemhad crashed.
6 Residentsin my area (have to be battle / have had to battle ) sand and mud brought by flood
waters.
7 We ( have had to send / have to sent ) our grandfatherclock to the shop for repair.
B Ryan ( had his leg broken / had his leg break ) while he was playing soccer'
g Jennifer( is said to be / is said to being ) the person organisingthe new help line.
l0 Aunt Alice askedme ( to pierce my ears / to have my earspierced ) so that I could

wear the earringsshe gaveme.
76
@Rewritetheparagraphandcorrectthemistakesinthepassiveverbforms.
We had our porch and living room being renovatedlast month. Dad'sarchitect friend, James,were
invited to redesignthe area.lames is said is both innovative and bold in his ideas.He askedby Dad to
createan informal setting for the living room. He did that by merging the porch and the living room
using high French doors.Thesedays,Dad often has been seensitting inside the living room, enjoying
the gardenright at our doorstep.
l'T'7flfitlf. D I Rewritethe sentencesin the passivevoice.
I Many people think that Bernardis capableof running his father'sfactory.
Bernard
2 Sueaskedthe girls to help her get all the invitations ready.
The girls
3 I will have the air-conditionersin the bedrooms cleanedas thev are verv dustv.
The air-conditioners
4 The airline officialstold us to wait for news of the flight from London.
We
5 The director has had a new security svsteminstalled to protect the office from
break-ins.
A new security system
77
SPEECH
ANDINDIRECT
UN]TT5"T DIRECT
positive and negative statements
.RAMMAR
POINTS
1A "Afterwards, the mayor will," said Miss Lee,

"speakto the press."
"Afterwards," said Miss Lee,"the mayor will speak
to the press."
"Don't make so much noise,"Judy said to us.
Iudv askedus don't make so much noise.
"Don't make so much noise,"Judysaidto us.
Iudy askedus not to make so much noise.
"I haven'tseenyou for months," said Alice to Aunt
Cora.
Alice told Aunt Cora that she hasn't seenher for
x
months.
"I haven'tseenyou for months," said Alice to Aunt
Cora.
Alice told Aunt Cora that she hadn't seenher for
months.
"tr) L
Q"*orro*not
In directspeech,we can placethe reportingclausein thesepositlons:
(a) before or after the quote
EXAMPLE:Miss Kanno said,"The girls might come later."
"The girls might come later," said Miss Kanno.
(b) between two parts of the quote

EXAMPLES:
"Her hair," said connie, "is long and lustrous."
d@@
'l':l'luul:ln": uoi:''11" "
lo"l'u
@@@sq::ge)
"Dear Papa,"she said,"I haven'theard from you in a while."
"I came immediatelv" said Dave,"when I heard about the accident."
G::gq!_,"1q9r,
In direct speech,when we make an order or a request,we use the baseform of the verb.
V'/henwe changefrom direct to indirect speech,we changethe baseform of the verb to the
infinitive (to + baseform) and place it after the reporting clause.
E)(AMPLES:
Sallysaidto me, "Pleaseget me a drink." "Don't be late," the teacher said to the class.
Sallyaskedme to get her a drink. The teacher told the ciassnot to be late.
tnlin'ttu9 tf'1'!Ilt
In indirect speech,we report what someonehas said using a that-clause.We usually make
changesto the tenseof the verb,pronouns,possessive adjectivesand time expressions when we
convertfrom directspeechto indirect speech.
EXAMPLE:"I sawyou at the hotel last week," she said.
She said that she had seen me at the hotel the previous week.
REMEMBER!
r \Vhen a speakermakesfvr,ostatements,the reporting verb said /told is used with the first statement.
ExAMpLE: "There'ssomeoneoutside,"Mark said. "He has been there for some time."
Mark said that there was someoneoutside.He had been there for some time. A
Mark said that there was someoneoutside.Mark said that he had been there E
for some time.
r If a statementis true at the time of speaking(directspeech)and reporting (indirectspeech), there is no
needto changethe tenseofthe verb.
EXAMILE: He said,"Thailand is part of the ASEANgroup."
He said that Thailand is part of the ASEANgroup.
@-^--lCirclethesentencenumberiftheunderlinedIeportingclauSeisinthecorreCt
position.
I "This machine,"saidthe salesman,"is one of our latestmodels."
2 "Wehave,"saidJulie,"been sittingin the car for such a long time."

3 Mary said to the little boys,"Don't play with the switches."
4 "Pleaseget,"saidMrs Hong,"me a cold drink."

5 "Lately,"saidMike, "therehavebeen a number of robberiesin this neighbourhood."
6 "Betty,I managed,"said Rick,"to get tickets for the concert."
7 "MrWilliam will see,"said the secretarv,"vou after lunch."

B "My dearNita," saidChris,"l've a surprisefor you."
F:-l
9 "I met him," saidAnn, "at Tony'shouselastweek." YouRscoRE
I
t 0 "I think sheis," saidConnie,"a charmingperson."

a / r^ a
-a,/ t7a
7g
@njriuintheblankswiththecorrectverbformS,pronounSorpossessiveadjectives.
I "We will do our best in the exams,"my brothers promised.
Mv brothers promised that thev would do best in the exams.
2 The sergeantsaid to us, "Walk in a singlefile to barracks."
The sergeanttold us to walk in a singleflle to our barracks.
3 Stansaid to us, "Be carefulof pickpocketsin the crowd."
Stanwarned us careful of pickpockets in the crowd.
4 "Your shoesareverv smart," said Sallv.

Sallvtold me that shoeswere verv smart.
5 "Pleasewait in the car," said Roy,"while I buy parking coupons."
Rovaskedme to wait in the car while he parkingcoupons.
6 The cook said to us, "Don't dirtv the kitchen while you
The cook told us not to dirty the kitchen while we were baking.
7 "I have to tell Mandy about the incident," saidAlex.
Alex said that he Mandv about the incident.
B Mr Jonessaid to Jane,"Lock up the office beforeyou
Mr Iones told Iane to lock up the office before she left.
9 "Pleasebring you own pillows," said Betty,"as I don't have enough."
Betty askedus to bring own pillorvsas she didn't have enough.
10 "Don't put any sugarin my tea," said Mrs Silvato me. -- -q
any sugarln her tea. -YOURSCORE

I
Mrs Silvaaskedme
-H
l-r "
@gJInthe'followingpairSofSentenceS,oneSentenceisincorrect.Rewriteit
correctlY.
I "Pleasecall backlater,"saidthe nurse,"becauseDr Simsis not in."

The nursetold me pleasecall backlater becauseDr Simswas not in.
2 Perersaid to ss, "[6n'1 late for rehearsalstomorrow."

Petertold us not to be late for rehearsalsthe following day.
3 The captain said,"My team intends to win the challengetrophy for our school."
The captain said that his team intend to win the challengetrophy for their school.
BO
"Pour the solution carefullyinto a beaker,"my sciencelecturer said to me.
My sciencelecturer told me pour the solution carefullyinto a beaker.
5 "Payattention while you're drivingl" The instructor said to Louis.

The instructor told Louis to pay attention while he driving.
@a Rewritethe sentences
in directspeech.
I Jennysaid that those flowerswere from Holland.
2 The officer told lill not to park in the no-parking zone.
3 Ann askedthe salesassistantto help her carry the purchasesto her car.
4 Helen promised to bring my birthday cakelater that evening.
5 Mr Francistold his secretarythat he didn't want any interruptions during the meeting.
-=Ft
YOURSCORE
I
I@E-l Rewritethe dialoguein indirectspeech. a,/ )74
Iack "The weather is reallv bad."

Wendy : "It's raining very hard."
Iack "I am very worried about Lucy.Shehas to drive home in the rain."
Wendy : "Give Lucy a call, Jack,and tell her to wait until the rain subsides."
I lack said
2 Wendy said
3 Jacksaid
4:f!-
4 Wendy askedJack YOUR SCOREI
a / ttla
a,/ I>l
-
8l
UNTT ,5=2DIRECT
ANDINDIRECT
SPEECH
positive and negativequestions
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
'Are you joining us for lunch?"
Brian said,
Brian askedif was I joining them for lunch.
'Areyou joining us for lunch?"
Brian said,
Brian askedif I was joining them for lunch.
'Are you Mrs
The man said to Sam, Cook'sson?"
The man askedSamis he Mrs Cook'sson.
'Are you Mrs
The man said to Sam, Cook'sson?"
The man askedSamwhether he was Mrs Cook'sson.
They said to me, "\\4reredid you meet Amy?"
Thev askedme where did I meetAmv.
They said to me, "\.Vheredid you meet Amy?"
They askedme where I had metAmy.
Sheilasaid,"Vl'/hydon't you like that story?"
Sheilaaskedwhv don't I like that storv.
Sheilasaid,"\44-rydon't you like that story?"
Sheilaaskedwhv I didn't like that storv.
In an indirect question, we place the subject of the reported clause before the verb as in a
statement. We usually change the tense of the verb as well as the pronouns, possessive
adjectives and time expressions in the reported clause.
EXAMPLE: We said to Janet, "Are you leaving the company next month?"
We askedIanet
ll
(,.t11ltr!$, t'"il, (xt,

We askedJanet
REMEMBER!
r In a direct question,the actual words of the speakerand the r In an indirect question,the
question mark arewithin quotation marks. question mark and the quotation
E)(A}IPLE: marks are not used.
"Does Pennycome here often?" he said . r l f t h ed i r e c q
t u e s t i o ni s a
wh-question,the rvh-word is used
to begin the reported clause.
B2
\\4ren a direct question has a yes or no answer,we use whether or if to begin the reported
clause.
EXAMPLE:Mum said,"Are the twins in their room?"
Mum askedme if / whether the twins were in their room.
'to 'to do',we leave

When a direct question beginswith the verb do' or a wh-word with the verb
'to
out the verb do' in the indirect question and changethe tenseof the main verb.
EXAMPLES: Directquestion Indirect question
does ... want (present tense) wanted (past tense)
did ... end (past tense) had ended (past perfect tense)
Ieff said to us, "\\hen did the match end?"

Ieff askedus when the match had ended. ul
Ieff askedus when did the match had ended. E
'to
\.Vhena direct question beginswith a wh-word and the negativeform of the verb do',r,ve
'to 'to
need to retain the verb do' in the indirect question becauseit is the verb do' which carries
the tense.
EXAMPLES: Direct question Indirect question
doesn't understand (presenttense) didn't understand (pasttense)
didn't understand (pasttense) hadnt understood(pastperfecttense)
Susiesaid,"\\4ro doesn-twant milk in their tea?"
Susieaskedwho didn't want milk in their tea.
Tony said,"Sara,why didn't you inform me earlier?"
Tony askedSararvhy she hadn't informed him earlier.
@a]rilintheblankswiththecorrectverbforms,pronounSortimeexpressions.
I Vicki said to me, " you to join my band?"
Vicki askedme whether I wanted to join her band.
2 "Areyou going to leavefor Parisnext Monday?"Sybil said.

Sybil askedif I to leave for Paris Monday
3 Sam said to Bill, "\.Mhy you your overcoat?"

Sam askedBill why he didn't wear his overcoat.
4 "Is there enoughfood for me?"Dad said.

Dad askedif there enough food for
5 lane saidto us, " you to go out earlier for dinner?" F-l
preferred go out earlier for dinner. YouRscoRE
I
Janeaskedwhether we to
l,/ D-l
-
B3
@4CompletetheindirectquestionsintheSentenCeS.
I "Doesyour dog usually go into your neighbour'sgarden?"Ben said to me.
Ben askedif
2 "\A{hodoesn'twant to go on the roller-coasterride?"the tour guidesaid.

The tour guide asked
3 Fionasaid,"Helen,areyou interestedin joining our sewingclass?"

FionaaskedHelen
4 "How did you removethe greasemarks from my shirt?" Jacksaid to his dry cleaner.
Iack askedhis drv cleaner
5 Kellie said to me, "V\{hatdon't you like about our plan?"

Kellie
@?CompletethedirectqueStionSintheSentenceS.
I "\tVhy
Sueaskedwhy they didn't want to go with us.
" Sueasked.
mYOURSCORE
I
2 "Does " Ioan saidto me.

Joanaskedme if my father alwayscame home late.
3 David said to his grandfatheq"

David askedhis grandfatherif Grandma was going to take more golf lessons.
4" " Miss Smith said.

Miss Smith askedif we were taking part in the contest.
5 Tom said,"
Tom askedwhat subject she taught in college. .---l-
YOURSCONE
I
a/a
a /' )71
@D]RewritethequestionsindirectSpeechorindirectspeech.
I Direct Speech "How far into the city does the commuter train go?"the lady said to Steve.
Indirect Speech
2 Direct Speech "\.\4rydid you take my bag?"Timmy said to me.

IndirectSpeech
3 DirectSpeech "Werethe dogswell-behavedat the show?"the kennel owner said to Mr Gopal.

Indirect Speech
B4
4 DirectSpeech
Indirect Speech The doctor asked whether we were waiting to see him.
5 Direct Speech
IndirectSpeech The interviewer asked me whether I had any experience of writing -:F!=
m
radio plavs. YouR scoRE
I
Completethe dialoguein direct speech.Use the indirect questionsin the

bracketsto guide you.
Officer 11 "Wereyouat afunction at the club tonight?"

(The officeraskedStan whetherhe had beenat afunction at the club that night.)
Stan "Yes."
Officer (2)
(The officeraskedStan whetherhe had drunk any alcohol at thefunction.)
Stan "No, officer.I just had orangejuice."
Officer f3)
(The officer askedStan what time he had left the club.)
Stan "I left the club at I i p.m."
Officer (4)
(He wanted to know if Stan hadbeen speeding.)
Stan "No, officer."
Officer (5)
(HeaskedStan whetherhe had seenthe other car comingfrom the oppositedirection.)
Stan "Yes,I did."
Officer (6)
(He wanted to know why Stan hadn't sweruedto auoid the other car)
Stan "If I had swerved,I would have hit that fruit stall besidethe road."
B5
tT 6=t MODATS
positive statements,passivestructure

GRAMMAR
POINTS
W.e use had better, ought to or should when giving someoneadvice.However,when the
E 9an
advicegiven is about a past event or when it is a generalcomment about something,we can
only use ought to or should.
EXAMPLES: The manager had better / ought to / should listento his employees' complaints.
nrodals
- (/---:
'ubi.D ttr'"lqflryIfg!,
Pnsteuent:
Farahought to / should have kept our appointment but she didn't. n
Farahhad better have kept our appointment but she didn't. E
Generalcomment:
All schoolsought to / should have library periods for the students. n
All schoolshad better have library periods for the students. E
REMEMBER!
r Modals are usually used in statementsto expressthe following:
ability - can, could obligation- ought to, should
advice- had better,otrghtto, should permission- can,may
certainty or intention - shall,rvill, would possibility- could, ma1',might
necessit_v - must, need to willingness- shall,will, would
B6
We use a presentparticiple with a modal to indicate something is possibly (could, may) or very
likely to be (must, should) happening at the time of speaking,or will probably (could, may) or
'to
very likely (shall,will) be happening in the future.We use the baseform of the verb be' with
the presentparticiple in this way:
Subjectr modal + be + presentparticiple
EXAMPLES:
The committ"" lio,lldl be questioningthe suspendedplayer now.
modal
-_-l . (possible euent now)
tb"jt"Iu Qry
The committeemust be questioningthe suspendedplayer now.
(uerylikely euentnow)
The committee could be questioningthe suspendedplayer tomorrow.
(probableeuentin thefuture)
The committeewill be questioningthe suspendedplayer tomorrow.
(uerylikely euentin thefuture)
We use a past participle with a modal to indicate the speakerthinks it is possible (could, might)
or very likely (must, would) that somethinghappened in the past. It could also indicate that the
speakerknows that something should have taken place in the past but didn't (ought to, should).
We use it in this way:
Subiect+ modal + have +pastparticiple
EXAMPLES:
One of the witnessestri-T,l have noted down the number of the robbers' car.
^*t.n*k'.@ (possibleeuentinthepast)
6
The policeEula]nuue arrestedall the escapedprisonersby yesterdayevening.
I rrrodal I I (likely euentin the past)
@ @@
Vou@gtrtTo-lhave acceptedMr Paulson'soffer of a marketing job in his firm.
----f- ',.*L"t t . (something that did not occur)
(."Il:U (h,rrbr, Ll'.-ryt-,
We can use passiveverbswith modals in this way:

A
(a) Subject + modal + be + past participle
EXAMPLE: Actiue uoice: Norman ["o,tld lorr"tsee the project.
modar-h-
(*lli*LD
uoice: TheprojectFoutal ne overseenby Norman.

Passiue
(b) Subject+ modal + have been + past participle

D(AMPLE:Actiueuoice: Richardfmustlhavesent that bouqueIof roses.
modal I -
tlbj"gJ Gglg'"'b,
uoice: That bouquet of rosesF[st
Passiue Ihave been sent by Richard.
87
@4J rick the correctsentences.
I Lisa can teach us to make flowersout of ribbons and straw.

2 Our department will be undergoing a leadershiptraining coursethis weekend.
3 lan could singswell even as a little boy.
4 The processionmust havebeganhalf an hour late.
5 Thesevoucherscan be used at our caf6 on the l0th floor.
6 That little girl'sparents should have teachingher to read.
7 The motorcyclist ought to have sloweddown when he saw the oncoming lorry.
B He might calls in to seeus this evening.
9 The cavemust have been inhabited by hundreds of bats.
l0 lenny and Lara may be hold a garagesalethis weekend.
Completethe sentenceswith the correctwords in the box.

Eachword mav be usedmore than once.
attend attending be been carry carrying cooperate cooperated

has have make made send sent compete competing
I A copy of the agendamust be to everycommittee member.

2 You should printed the minutes of last year'sannual generalmeeting by
now.
The society'sfinancial statementwill presentedbv the treasurerat the
meeting.
4 Helen and Sam may for the post of president.
D Yasminwould an excellentsecretarybecauseshe is very organisedand
meticulous.
6 Mrs Haines,our adviser,will be the meeting.
1
t Lastyear'sannual generalmeeting ought to have attendedby all
members.
B Voting of office bearerscould by a showofhands or by secretballot.
9 Committeemembersmust out their responsibilityto the best of their
ability.
10 All committee members should with one another to do what is best for
the club.
4=- -l
YOURSCONE
I
--
| ,/ t>'l
@
BB
Underlinethe correctwords in the brackets.
@
I You ( might / must ) submit your entry form by 30th Septemberat the latest.
2 The train ( should / should have ) arrive any time now.
3 Irene ( may leave / may have left ) her shopping bag in the washroom.
4 Theseparcels( could fall / could have fallen ) from that van.

5 The customers( need to lodge / need to be lodged ) a complaint about the store'sunreliable
delivery service.
6 The information ( should have passedon / should have been passedon ) to the secretary
yesterday.
7 One hundred athletesfrom 20local clubs (will have undergone / will be undergoing ) training at
the National SportsCouncil next month.
B Larry'scar ( might hit / must have hit ) the lamp post as he was backing into the parking lot.
I The students ( had better start / better start ) revisingfor their final examssoon.
l0 The courier company ( will be deliver / will be delivering) our packageto your
managerbetween 10 a.m. and noon tomorrow.
@gRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
I a - car - emergencies- first-aid - for - have - in - kit - should - you - your.
Youshould hauea first-aid kit in your carfor emergencies.
2 and - be - could - front - her - in - Maggie- row - sister- sitting - the.
3 a- been- by- dissatisfied- exposed- have- member- might- plot- the.
4 activity - join - morning - ought - team-building - the - they - to - tomorrow.
5 by - competition - have - magazine- now - of - selected- the - the - the - winners -

would.
6 a - at - be - examination- given - medical - Mr Adams - once - should - thorough.
B9
UN]T
negativestatements,passivestructure
GRAMMAR
POINTS
sl
")
(*/"*t* PorNrs
We use not or its contraction n't to changea modal to its negativeform. We drop to when we
form the negativeof need to. However,we keep to when we form the negativeof ought to.
The verb that follows has to be in its baseform.
EXAMPLES:
You wait for us.
G!8e1,
/----------
'----\
( negallve J
+
We lought not to ltake everycriticism to heart.

t+rl
/---:------\ /-,------.------\
\sLrorecr
) l mudatp\IlllM.,
90
REMEMBER!
not appearsimmediatelyafterall modalsexceptcan.In the caseof can,the rvordnot is
r Ther,r,ord
attachedto its ending.
Negative Contractednegative Meaning
cannot can't not able to, not allowedto, not possible
could not couldn't (samemeaningas cannot - usedin the pasttense)
must not mustn't not allowedto
need not needn't not necessary
shall not shan't doesnot intend to, refusesto
should not shouldn't not advisableto
will not lvon't doesnot intend to, refusesto
would not wouldn't (samemeaning aswill not - used in the past tense)
NorE:May not, might not and ought not to do not have contractedforms.
\Vhen we use a presentparticiple with the negativeform of a modal, we have to include the
baseform of the verb'to be' in this way:
Subject+ modal + not / n't + be + presentparticiple
EXAMPLE: negati\.e modai
You]shouldn-t lbe doing all the work by yourself.

.___l_
tlUet present participle
REMEMBER!
\.Vhenwe use a past participle with the negativeform of a modal, r Mustnot andshall
we have to include the baseform of the verb'to have' in this way: not cannot go with
Subject+ modal + not / n-t + have + past participle have + past participle
EXAMPLE:
Sheloughtnot to lhave blamed me for our defeatin the finals.(Wehad lost in the finals.)
'*
---L-negatir-c modal
C: @ $""^*t'i'
We use passiveverbs with the negativeform of modals in this way:

(a) Subject+ modal + not / n't + be + past participle
EXAMPLE: negative nroclal
Actiueuoice: fn"y [-rtEt't-lmove the hea'"yartillery.
negative modal
uoice: The hear,yartilleryliouldnCbe moved.

Passiue
Qa_r9'"iU
(b) Subject+ modal + not / n't + have been + past participle
EXAMPLE: negative modal
Actiueuoice: A rainstorm Futdn'tlhave shattered the window.
G4"., (:grggU
negailve lllooal
uoice: The window Eo,tldttilhurr" been shattered bv a rainstorm.

Passiue
(ert""rg!,
9l
@AlCrossouttheincorrectmodalsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I You can't I can not miss her. She'salwaysthe best-dressedamong them.
2 They shouldn'texpectedI shouldn'tbe expected to sell all the tickets within a fortnight.
3 Bill mieht havenot heard I mieht not haveheard the wonderful news concerningEmma.
4 They wouldn'tbe workineI wouldn'tworki for you if they didn't respectyou.
c That lorry o u g h t n o t t o p a r k i n g i o u g h t n o t t o h a v e b e e n p a r k e d so closeto our drivewav.

6 I shan'ttell I shan'ttellin you the ending. Readthe book and find out what happened.
1
This suitcase look I mav not look small but it can actuallyhold a lot of things.
B His complaints mustn'tbe taken I mustn'thavetaken lightly.
9 lvan couldn't understood I couldn't have understood your messagebecausehe

only speaksRussian.
l0 We needn'tleaveI needn'tto leave now for the airport becausethere'snot much

traffic on the roads.
@eFillintheb1ankswiththecorrectmoda]sintheboxes'
I The accident havetaken place. should I shouldn't
\AIhywasn't there a signboardnear the cliff to warn
motorists of the danger?
2 Clare listen to our advice and would I wouldn't
now she'slost a lot of money on the stock market,
3 The roof be leaking!I had it repaired can I can't
yesterdayl
4We get all the factsbeforewe decide need to I needn't
what to do next.
5 You protect your skin from the sun's must I mustn't
UVrays.
6 iack havespokenso harshlyto oughtto I oughtnotto
the team when thev were defeated.
7I wasteany more time trying to persuade shall I shan't
Tom to changehis mind.
B That excellentspeechby the chairman could I couldn't
have been written by Paige.Shehas a way with words.
9 We changedour minds about going to the beach.We
will I won't
be spendingthe weekend in a cabin up
on the mountain.
l0 The child who was sent to the hospital by ambulance should I shouldn't
have been accompanied by a teacher. r-:-
-YOURSCONEI
a /' )71
92
@JJ Rewritethe sentences
in the passivevoice.
I They shouldn't have misplacedMr Brown'sfolder.

Mr Brown'sfolder shouldn'thauebeenmisplaced.
2 We cannot removethesereferencebooks from the librarv.
3 The tourist guide ought not to have taken the tourists to that factory.
4 Our football club may not include David in the lineup againstThe Trojans.
5 The prosecutionmight not produce sufficient evidenceagainstthe murder suspect.
6 My workmen couldn't have damagedyour staircase.
Underlinethe mistakesin verb forms in the conversation.Write the correctverbs

in the blanks.
Sarinah Kate must take not four teaspoonsof sugarin her tea. Shehas a diabetic condition. I
wouldn't surprisedif her blood sugarlevel is high.
Mrs Tan I've told her to take lessbut shewon't listen to me. Shebeganwith two teaspoonsof
sugar,then shewent on to three and now it's four!
Sarinah You shouldn'thad let her increaseher sugarintake.You need to take her to a doctor and
have him test her blood sugarlevel.
Mrs'fan It's not just Kate.It's Jerryas well. I can't understandhow both of them can eat chocolate,
ice-cream,cakeand biscuits all in the spaceof a day.
Sarinah Your fridge needn'tto be stockedwith so many sweetsnacks.
Mrs Tan I let the children choosetheir own snackswhen we go shopping for groceries.
Sarinah You shouldn't have cateringto their whims all the time. You could teach them to satisfy
their hunger with fruit. It's got vitamins and fibre.You might not succeededat first in
getting them to enjoy fruit as a snack.They may grumble and complain but they will
come to like fruit eventually.
I mustn't takeI must not take 4

-:;!!-
YOURSCORE
I
2 c
-4
3 6 lr"
93
UN]TT6"5 MODATS
positive and negativequestions,passivestructure

GRAMMAR
POINTS
.GD,g3@
"t/"-*'* POINTS
E We can begin a question which has yes or no as the answerusing a modal.

f
EXAMpLES: modal
(Statement) We Eadwake Grandpanow.
GlEeq, Gqggtil'"t
modal
(Question) @ we wake Grandpa now?
modal
(Negatiuequestion) faadt-l we wake Grandpa now?

6@
'to do'.Only
\Mhenwe form a questionwith the modal, we do not normally make use of the verb
the modal need to can be usedwith the verb'to do'.
EXAMPLES:
(Questionwithottt modal) Do we wake Grandpanow?
rr-r-
(lrltiU jg'" r'rlItg!,
tl9f-J'(
modal
welcanlwake Grandpanow?
Gqjgq,
modal
Do we EeA to-l wake Grandpa now?
@@
94
REMEMBER!
r Modais are used in questionsfor various purposes,such as the follon'ing:
to find out about a person'sability- cani can't,could/couldn't (for the past)
to get suggestions or advice- shali,should/shouldn't, ought to/ought not to
to find out if somethingis the right thing to do or is necessary - must/mustn't,should/shouldn't,
ought to/ought not to
to offer help - can/can't,couldi couldn't,may, shall,willi won't, rvoulc-
to askfor permissionor help - can/can't,could/couldn't,may/might (moretentative)
to get an opinion - will/n ould,won't/wouldn't
to expressuncertainty - could, might, would
to requestfor help or information - can/can't,could/couldn't, may,will/won't, would
to expressobligation- must, should, ought to, shall
to expresspossibility- could/couldn't,might (more formal)
NolE: May is normally usedwith the subjectsI and we in questions.
r The modal shan't is not used in questions.
'to
We have to use the baseform of the verb be' when we use a present participle with a modal
rn a quesuon.
EMMPLE: Shouldn't you be payrng attention to what the speakeris saying? n
Shouldn't you paying attention to what the speakeris saying? E
'to have' in a question beginning with a modal, we must
When we use the baseform of the verb
E
usea past participle after it.
EXAMPLES:Would Doreen have sold her apartment by now?
G-**-r)
would oor""niu*-r"il. her apartmentby now?
Would Doreen have selling her apartment by now? |X I
We have to use the baseform of the verb'to be' + past participle with a modal when the
questionis in the passiveform.
EXAMPLES:Can these savouries be eaten with chilli sauce? a
Can thesesavourieseaten with chilli sauce? E
Can thesesavourieseat with chilli sauce? E
Can thesesavourieseating with chilli sauce? E
Can thesesavouriesate with chilli sauce? E
95
EEEEilEl3 Tickthecorrectsentences.
I Can Mr Stevensclimbing thesesteepsteps?

2 Did Ioanna could catch the train after all?
3 Must you reject everysuggestionI make?
4 Won't I be reimbursed for the goodsdamagedduring transportation?
5 Shouldn'tthe park authoritiesbe making sure no visitor feedsthe animals?
6 Did the police stop the scuffleat the football stadium?
7 Might they teachingtheir parrot to talk?
8 Wouldn't she felt surprisedif they had phoned from Brazil?
9 Couldn't he have told us earlier that he didn't like playing chess?
10 Should the club restrictsmembers from bringing in too many guests?
Circlethe lettersof the correctquestions.Theremay be more than one answer

for eachquestion.
to ask for something

A May I borrow your setsquare, please?
B Might I have a little more of your deliciouspie?
C Can Janestayingat my house this weekend?
to make a suggestion
A Will this braceletmatchesyour pearl earrings?
B Could Paul take chargeof the studentsvisiting the batik factory?
C Shallwe removethe curry stain with some bleachingpowder?
to inquire about possibilities

A Could Suehave taken Ariel'spurse instead by mistake?
B Wouldn't it better to add honeY?
C Might they have hidden the money below the floorboards?
to askif somethingis necessary

A Must Henry and I raking the leavesin the gardennow?
B Must you be blowing your trumpet so early in the morning?
C Doesn'the need to make amendsfor his bad behaviour yesterday?
to offer
A Would you like to read amagazinewhile waiting for the doctor?
B ShallI call for the bellboy to take Donna'sluggage?
C Couldn'tyou have got our assistantmanagerto settlethe customer'sproblem?
96
@9 Underlinethecorrectwordsin thebrackets.
I May I ( refer / to refer ) to the letter you wrote on 17th September?

2 Could Maisie ( download / downloaded) the environmental article you recommended?
3 Won't Lisa'splans to buy that house ( delayed/ be delayed) becauseshe has so many expenses?
4 Shouldn'tyou ( setting / be setting ) a good exampleto the new staffl
5 Couldn't the others ( assisted/ have assisted) Mrs loseph while I was away?
6 Would the manager ( supporting / have supported ) you if he had not been pleasedwith your
work?
7 Might this ( be / is ) the answerto all your financial problems?
8 Can'tthe test (be postponed / postpone ) since a number of the studentsare down with flu?
9 Shouldwe ( have bought / have buy ) Lorna a bottle of perfume rather than this piece of silk?
l0 Will you be ( enjoy/ enjoying) morefringebenefitsin your new firm?
@-4SomeofthequeStionSareincorrect.Rewritethemcorrectly.
I ShallI giving your sistersome coachingin Maths?

Shall I giueyour sistersomecoachingin Maths?
2 Could Suebe photocopying the minutes of the meeting now?
3 Shouldn'tthe rally participants have drove slowly on the wet road?
4 Won't Sheiladismayedby the lack of responseto her survey?
5 Couldn't Harry replacedJim in the secondhalf of the game?
6 Might I making a simple suggestionat this point?
97
UNIl T"I PREPOSITIONS
GRAMMAR
POINTS
Kim was dressedwith a na'"ryblue suit for her

office lunch.
Kim was dressedin a naw blue suit for her office
lunch.
The committee report comprises of 20 pages.
The committeereport comprises20 pages.
The committee report consistsof 20 pages.
GRAMMARPOINTS
\Mhenwe use prepositions,we must know which ones go with certain verbs,adjectivesor
nouns.Sometimes,the word beforea prepositioncontrolsour choice.Sometimes,the
preposition must go togetherwith the word that comes after it'
(a) verb + preposition
EXAMPLES:
I stopped at a bakeryto buy somebreadand cakes.
-L.
tl:t t-:!e:teU
(b) adjective+ preposition
pers0n thing
Mary is good withlchildren l. Mary is good atllrlaths].
Gq sr9 Q'.rg{9, @@
(c) noun + preposltlon
The reason for the flight cancellationis still not known.
Lq."!_ryI,
(d) verb + preposition + noun / pronoun

rtgr:gli
Raymond agreed with lme lthat the meeting should be postponed.
thing
Raymondagreed to lmy suggestionlto postponethe meeting'
9B
REMEMBER!
r Prepositionsare used to show how people or things relateto one another.The best way to remember
which prepositionsgo with certain nouns,noun phrases,pronouns,adjectivesor verbsis to checktheir
use in a dictionarl'.
r Prepositionsare used to help conveyideaslike the following:
accompanyingor in the sameplace- with level- above,below
causeor purpose- becauseof, for position- around,at, behind,in
condition or stateof something- in, out of showingsupport or opposition - against,for, with
content - about, in, oi with similarity in manner - as,Iike
g o a lo r t a r g e -l a t . t o s o u r c e- f r o m
having something- ol with, without time - after,during, since
movement - into, over,through, towards way of doing something- by,with
Somewords do not requireprepositionsbut other wordswhich sharet h e s a m em e a n i n gm u s t

havethem.
(a) synonyms
EXAMPLES:I arrived at the town hall iust before the show began. Z
I reached at the town hall just before the show began. E
I reached the town hall iust before the show began. n
admit - Iet in accompany- go with comprise,contain- consistof
exceed- go beyond hit - strike at request- askfbr
(b) nouns derived from verbs

EXAMPLES: t erb
the company'sannual report just now. I X I
Mr Morgan and his secretaryldiscrrssed-labout
Mr Morgan and his secretarydiscussedthe company'sannual report just now. a

a
noul.I
The ldiscussionlabout the company'sannual report took an hour.
Tick the correctsentences.

@
I Iackie is fluent in Mandarin.
2 My bossintends to transfer me head office in September.
3 Emily tripped to her shoelaceswhile she was running.
4 I had an enjoyableouting with my cousinsyesterday.
5 The millionaire knew he had to escapehis kidnappers.
6 I think you should not boastyour achievements.
7 We looked through the files but couldn't find the document I needed.
B This sculptureis made of steel,rope and glass. ---
9 The ticketswill be availablethe box office from l0 a.m. tomorrow -YoUR-EoRE
I
-H
l0 Won'tthesechairsbe idealfor our dining room? l-r "
99
@Fillintheblankswiththecorrectprepositionsintheboxes'
I The man - a limp is a war hero. [T-_]

The man shorts and a Hawaiian shirt seems lost. [*ith--l
2 Did you hear - Billie'ssister?Sheentereda contest and won a trip for Fb""t I
two around the world.
I've heard that restaurantbefore.Isn't it the one with Frenchwindows
["r I
and a lovely courtyard?
3 The bicyclesat the hotel are available- hire at five dollars an hour. I r"f
The expresscounter serviceat the bank is available those above55 [-t"-_-l
yearsof age.
4 The evacuation the flood victims was hampered by the shortageof

boats.
[ffi]
Their evacuation- the areawas of the greatesturgencybecausea dam r"fl
had burst.
5 Ianet'smother was afraid

alone in the dark.
her becauseIanet often had to walk home
t--r-l
Marie is not afraid failure. Sheseesit as a stepping-stoneto further
["r I
.-'-
m
growth. YouR scoRE
I
Circlethe lettersof the correctanswers.Theremay be more

than one answerfor eachquestion.
I A The booming sound came from that room.

B Shewalked towardsthe booming sound.
C Thereis a booming sound at that room.
2 A lohn spokeagainstbeautification projectsthat ate into the budget.

B Johnwas not in favour becauseof beautification projectsthat ate into the budget.
C lohn did not agreeto beautification projectsthat ate into the budget.
3 A I can't remember exactlywhere but there'san interestingcaf6 around here.

B That caf6is the ground floor of the Millennium Tower.
C I think the caf6 is next to a shop sellingsports goods.
4 A I walked as Grandma when she wanted to visit her old neighbour.

B I accompaniedGrandmawhen shewanted to visit her old neighbour.
C I walked with Grandmawhen she wanted to visit her old neighbour.
100
@Crossouttheredundantprepositionsinthedialogue.
Anna Lee,what are you doing{here?
Rashid The samereasonfor why you're here,I think. Are you attending to the briefing for the youth
expedition to Chile?
Anna Yes.Oh, isn't it greatbecauseof that we'reboth on the sameexpedition!It'll be an
adventure,don't you think? It'll be about fun to work with young people from different parts
of the world who will be part of the expedition too.
Rashid It's a challengeI wouldn't want to miss out. We'dbe working on with communities in the
interior of Chile.
Anna This weekendtraining will be very useful for us, I think.
Rashid The organisersare supposedto familiarise us with everlthing for we need to know about
the expedition.
Anna It saysin the programme here that we'll be told on the rules we have to abide by during the
whole expedition.
Rashid Oh! This should interest to all of us.According to the programme,the ChileanAmbassador
is going to talk on the customsand traditions of his people.
Anna Wow! I hope he wearshis national costume or he singswith the national .-. ,=l-l
YOURSCORE I
anthem of his country.
Rashid You do saythe funniest things,Anna.
-
a,/ ).71
prepositions.
EEEEEE|JJ Fillin theblankswithsuitable
BoredomlThatwas it! That was the cause(l) mv irrational behaviour thesepast
two weeks.That was why I had been snapping (2) the staff all the time. I slumped into
my chair (3) despair.I had worked for 15yearswith the company.The realisationthat I
was bored made me arxious (4) how I was going to work efficiently from now on. I sat
quietly (5) a while and then I switched on the computer and swiftlywrote my letter of
resignation.
I walked purposefully (6) Mr Brown'soffice,my letter in my hand. Outsidehis
room, I stopped at the watercooler for a sip of water. My throat was parched. Beads of perspiration
had begun to form on my forehead. It wasn't going to be easy, I knew but I had to tell him. My life was
such a drudgery.I didn't want to be (7) administration anymore.I didn't want to have
to ensurethe office ran like clockwork everyday.
Iust then, Mr Brown opened his door and askedme to step (B) his room. He said,
"Lena,we'recreatinga new department that will deal solely (9) partners.
our overseas
I want you to head that. It will mean doing quite a bit of travelling.Are you interested?"
My jaw dropped. My fingerstrembled. Quietly,I crumpled my letter.
"\&rhat'sthat?" askedMr Brown, pointing to the crushedpaper in my hand.
"Oh, iust one of mv mistakes,"I said.He must have known, for I heard him sigh
(10) relief.
l0t
TT7=2PREPOSITIONS

.RAMMAR
POINTS
-l
.r)
(;/"*t*R PorNrs
\Vhen we use a preposition after a verb,we cannot have a that-clauseafter it.

We can havea noun or a noun phraseafterthe preposition.
D(AMPLES:
Iam es b eli eves in E on -vtl-i
ol en ce.l
Iames believes in
Jamesbelievesin
Iames believesin that everyoneshould be non-violent. E

Jamesbelievesin that education is important. E
Jamesbelievesin that he should maintain good relationswith everyone. E
r02
In some sentences,we place the object between the verb and the preposition that goeswith it.
EXAMPLES:
(a) verb + object + preposition + noun / noun phrase
Mrs Parry thanked + Yusof+ for + his helpfulness.
The media informed + the public + about + the total eclipseof the sun.
(b) verb + object+ preposition+'ing' form

Mrs Parry thanked + Yusof + for + helping her complete the office accounts.
A We can use a preposition before a clausebeginning with a wh-word. We can sometimesmove

-
the prepositionto the end of the clausetoo.
EXAMPLES:
I',vonderedin which cupboard they had hidden our Christmaspresents' (formal) n
I wondered which cupboard they had hidden our Christmaspresents in. (informal) V)
The customs officer askedme from where I had boughtthe carpet. (formal) n
The customsofficer askedme where I had bought the carpet from. (informal) a
We were astoundedat how the blind man had escapedfrom the burning buildi n
We were astounded how the blind man had escapedfrom the burning buildin at. E
'ing' form of a verb with a preposition in certain combinations'
We can use the
EXAMPLES:
(a) verb + object+ preposition+'ing' form
Liza a c c u s e d+ h e r b r o t h e r + o f + p e e k i n g into the presentcupboard.
(b) verb'to be' + adjective+ preposition+'ing' form

jimmy was + furious + at + being woken at 6 a.m. to go for a morning walk.
tcl pronoun +'ing' form

verb'to be'+ adjective+ preposition+ possessive
MrWoods was+ amazed+ at + his + beingmistaken for his son.
@;-l Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
A He is afraid that he will offend his friends.

B He is afraid of offending his friends.
C He is afraid of that he will offend his friends.
A Our managerinsiststhat our work must be neat.

B Our managerinsistson our work be neat.
C Our managerinsistson our work beingneat.
A I found out from where the parcel was sent from'

B I found out from where the parcelwas sent.
C I found out where the parcelwas sent from.
103
A Fionaaskedme anotherchocolatecakerecipe.
B Fiona askedme for another chocolatecakerecipe.
C Fiona askedfor another chocolatecakerecipe from me.
A Mike was satisfiedwith coming out secondin the competition.

B Mike was satisfiedthat he had come out secondin the competition.
C Mike was satisfiedabout come out secondin the comoetition.
Etrq4 Match the expressionsin A with those in B. Then join them using the
prepositions
in thebox.
at by from of with
A B
I He managed to get to the airport their neighbours' lack of civic-consciousness.
2 Thev are horrified who this written messageis.
3 The ambassadorexpresseddeepsorrow reminding us to clear up the messin the garage.
4 We disagreed hitchinga ride from a friend.
c I don't know the failure of the negotiations.
6 The landlordis tired the proposal to increaseour club'ssubscription
fees.
I Theyare horrified at their neighbours'lack of ciuic-consciousness.
2
3
4
,-l:-f
YOURSCORE
I
5
a /r^a
6
-
a /' l7l
Rewrite each sentence.Leaveout the that-clause and use the

words in the brackets.
I reminded Iohn that the meeting would take place as scheduledon 28th May.
I remindedJohn of the meetingon 2\th May.
,o,
My sistergrumbled that I receivedmore pocket money than her.
(about- my) My sistergrumbled about my receiuingmore pocketmoney than her.
I am annoyedthat you take your good health for granted.
(at - your.)
4 Charleswas upset that we had not eniovedthe film he recommended.

(about - our)
104
The staff assuredtheir new managerthat they would give him their support and loyalty.
(of - their)
The familywas pleasedthat I had made attempts to find a job.

(with - my)
The woman complained that her next-door neighbour had a difficult personality.
(of - neighbour's)
Someprepositionsaremissingin the conversation.Insert { wherethey should

be and write the correctprepositionsin the givenboxes.
Interviewer: I d like to congratulateyou {Vo.t. winning the line I on

competition. Yourswas a wonderful composition. 2
|ohn Doe : Thanks.I never thought that I would win 3

becauseI faced stiff competition the others. 4
Interviewer : Well, all the judges felt your song had line 5
that extra somethinglacking in the others. 6
JohnDoe : I took part in somecompetitionsbefore,but 7

didn't even make it to the semi-finals. B
Interviewer : Did you do something different this time? I
JohnDoe : Well, when I think back what I wrote earlier, line 10

they were rather sentimentalnumbers. I wrote about 1l
missinga lovedone,brokenhearts. . . that sort of 12
thing. This latest song is never giving up hope. 13
Interviewer: Wasit basedon a personalstory? 14
John Doe : Yes.I was on drugs once. I was consciouswhat line 15

I was doing but I didn't care.I ended up with no 16
money,no hope. One day,a friend spotted me in the 17
alleywhich had becomemy home. He took me to see 18
a counsellorand stayedby my side till I recovered 19
from my addiction. He never gaveup on me. That line 20
was why when I held up my trophy, I said,"Francis, 2l
I know you'rewatching this. This is you." 22
r{!- r
YoURscOREI
a,/l
'31
lr/
105
ANDPREDICATE
UN]TT8 SUBIECT

GRAMMAR
POINTS
. . H. )I
(*/"*t* PorNrs
A sentenceis usually made up of a subject and a predicate.The predicatemust contain at least

E
one verb.It can alsohavean object,a complementor an adverbial.
EXAMPLES:
Predicate
Subject
Verb Object Adverbial
A group ofvolunteers cleanedup the school field after SportsDay.
Subject Verb Complement
Thesepeople are members of the chessclub.
g A sentencecan containtwo objects- a directobjectand an indirect object.A directobjectis

somethingwhich receivesthe action from the subject.An indirect object is usually someone
who benefitsfrom the action on the directobject.
EXAMpLE:At the parry they gave the children bagsof sweets.
The indirect object often comes before the direct object.We can put the indirect object after the
direct object if it is in a prepositionalphrase. prepositionalphrase
EXAMpLE: At the parry they gave bags of sweets

f"tt-.httd-;l
#
Grqig:.t, @L@
106
6 We usually use a sentencewithout a subjectwhen we want to REMEMBER!
r give an order,make an offer or suggestion,or give a warning. r A noun or pronoun can be
Suchsentencesare known as imperatives.We use the base used with the imperative to
form of verbswith imperativesand we form negative show precisely who you are
imperativesentencesby adding'do not'. speakingto.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES: noun
Be quiet! (order) James, show Mr Cole to my
Have a piece of pie. (offeD office,please. (request)
pronoun
Write neatly so people can read your work. (suggestion)
You , stop bullying that child.
Do not leavethe gateof the house unlocked. (warning) (order)
Don't smoke in here. brder)
@4-]FiilintheblankswiththecoIIectwordSintheboxes.
too closeto the main road.You might be knocked down by a car
Don't be playing I Don't
can't seewhat all the fuss is about. After all, we think that going on a world tour is a
commonthing nowadays.@{fWel
to the managing director,Sam.He wants to know how you feel about your
new posting. Must speak I Speak
He helped the stack of files to the car. me ng I me to carry
up that ladder,Bobby.You could fall and hurt yourself.

Don'tclimbed I Don'tclimb
6 Alex has bought so we don't have to go out and buy lunch.

for us somefood I some food for us
Suehanded while she searchedfor the car

keys. to her husbandthe shopping I the shoppingto her husband
on the alertlYou don't know who'swatching vou. Be I Have to be
goingto be surprisedto seeall of us at the centenarycelebrations.

The director I the directoris
l0 some dessert,Fred.We have lots to choosefrom.

Have I Want to have
@A Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
A Dont knowwhat theywant us to do.

B We don't knowwhat theywant us to do.
C \A4rattheywant us to do we don't know.
A Betty is a pastry chef at the institute of catering and hospitality.

B A pastry chef at the institute of catering and hospitality is Betty.
C Betty a pastry chef is at the institute of catering and hospitality.
t07
3 A Throughout the night, people heard gunfire as explosionsrocked the city.
B Peopleheard gunfire throughout the night as explosionsrocked the city.
C Peopleheard gunfire as explosionsrocked the city throughout the night.
4 A They servedto all the participants at the seminar light refreshments.

B To all the participants they servedlight refreshmentsat the seminar.
C They servedlight refreshmentsto all the participants at the seminar.
5 A At the nature reserve,the animals waiting for the summer rains to fill the waterholes.
B At the nature reserve,the animals waited for the summer rains to fill the waterholes.
C For the summer rains to fill the waterholes,the animals waited at the nature reserve.
6 A Readas much as possibleto improve your language.

B Readingas much as possibleto improve your language.
C You must read as much as possibleto improve your language.
7 A Don't being so fussylYouneed to be a little lesscritical. - --r

YouR
scoREI
B
C
Don't be so fussylYou need to be a little lesscritical.
Don't so fussylYouneedto be a little lesscritical.
r7l ,91
lrr'
@9CompletethesentenceSwiththeexpressionsinthebox.
that you don't upset the whole tray of cakes.
me copies of the annual report.
a deep breath please,so that I can checkyour lungs.
becauseI can'thear what you're saying.
Joannewith a beautiful cashmerejacket.
late or we'll miss the opening number of the show.
are members of the state'sbasketballteam.
cleanedtheir catch for the day and dried it in the sun.
we were helping out at the charity bazaar.
are part of the Alpine forests.
I Don't be
2 Colin presented
3 Those magnificent pine trees
4 Shepassed
5 Speaklouder
6 Make sure
7 Take
B All afternoon,
r0B
I The fishermen
1 0 Those colourfully-dressedyoung men 4l-
YOURSCORE
I
-
a/a
a,/ )74
-
Mark with { where a word is missing in the sentence.Then underline in the

bracketsthe type of word that is missing.
I Have to watch for pickpockets in this part of the city . ( object subject verb )
2 I left the note in your letterbox . It must be still (adverbial complement verb )
3 We gave the reply cards so she would know the numbers attending the wedding .
( direct object indirect object verb )
The girls looked for Katy in but there was no sign of her .
( adverbial direct object indirect object )
All night long , Bill to hear some news of his sons and their boat but the coastguard had
no news for him . ( direct object indirect object verb )
6 Post for me Karen . I'm in a terrible rush this morning . ( adverbial direct object verb )
7 She very unreasonable.It's difficult to work with her . ( indirect object object verb )
B Have to get our scripts ready . The drama finals are just three months away
( object subject verb )
This restaurant serves excellent food. Its Caesar'ssalad is
( adverbial complement direct object )
l 0 Anna, go to the bank and get some cash for
(complement direct object indirect object )
@gJSomeoftheSentenceSareincorrect'Rewritethemcorrectly.
t Followingthat carlWe musn't lose sight of it.
2 Severalefforts Glen made to get in touch with us yesterday.
3 Richardwas the first member of his family to join the merchant na\,y.
4 Have got to show more understandingtowardsPeter.You know he has to deal with

many problems.
5 Don't be thanking us for thesegifts.We think you deserveevery one of them.
r09
UN]TT9"T RELATIVE
CTAUSES
with who, which and that

GRAMMAR
POINTS
-)
(3/"*t*R PorNrs
A relativeclausedescribesa noun in the main clause.We use a relativeclausebeginning with

who to describepeople.We use a relativeclausebeginning with which to describeall nouns
exceptpeople.
EXAMpLES: He is the playrnrrightwho / wlKh won the prize.
This is the play}(o / whichwon the prize.
REMEMBER!
I Most relativeclausesbegin with a relativepronoun (that, which, who or whom). The relativepronoun
is usuallythesubjector objectofthe verb in the relativeclause.
r Traditionally,who is used as the subject while whom is used as the object of the relative clause.But
nowadays,it is more common to usewho as both the subjectand object.
EXAMPLE: rnain clause relativeclause
( n o u r rd c . r ' r i b . d) | .object.of ) f , ' r r b j e cotf I ( f i n l r ev e r b)

tfralllg]|9 u1t!ls!al:j.i
r \Vhen who or which is the obiect of the relativeclause,the subiectof the relativeclausecomesafter it.
Sometimes,who or which is the obiect of the finite verb in the relativeclause.In thesecases,we
can drop who or which.
EXAMPLES: main clause relative clause
n hich = the lbrt - object of rhe verb buih
This is the fort r,[i(tr the Portuguesebuilt.
ll0
We cannot drop who or which when it is the subiectof the relativeclause.
EXAMPLE: main clause relativeclause
I-
This is the fort kept the town r".":,1 l.!_l
] lLnhich
@@@
which = the fort = objectof the r,erbkept
Thisis the fort r'D<h keptthe town secure.
A relative clause can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with who or which
identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are referring to.
EXAMPLE: main clause _ \ relative clause +-:
-defining
who speakfranklv. tidentilics what sort of doctors
she likes: the frank sortl
A non-defining relativeclausewith who or which doesnot identiff the people or things we are
referring to but givesmore information only.We put a comma before a non-defining relative
clause.
EXAMPLE: main clause non-deflning relati\re clause ?--=\
(gir.csmore information
We visited Paris which both of us loved. a b o u tI ) a r i s )
comma beforenon-delinir.rgclause
We cannot drop who or which from a non-defining relativeclause.

EXAMPLE:We visited Paris,w):(h both of us loved.
REMEMBER!
r A relativeclausebeginningwith that candescribeall noul ts includingpeople.
EXAMpLES:She is the designer thati who I admire. Y)
This is the oendant that/which I want. a
r A non-defining relativeclausecannot begin rvith that.
EXAMPLES: I sawAnna,who/tftt seemedionesome.
He borrowed my tape,which/ftt he never returned.
@-AJCrossouttheincorrectitemsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I He is kind towards the youngsters were I who were placedin his care.
2 T h a t w a s t h e d e c i s i o n which | , which I regretto this day.
3 Lauracompletedonecourseof antibiotim FfrutTJfrut I did not helpher.

4 T h ea u t h o r i t i edse m o l i s h e tdh eh u t s had I thathad been built on stateland.
5 The inspector questionedthe man Fh"a[-ht.h-l Iulie had identified.

6 This is the most pnzzlingincident FT, th"ii-l have ever come across.
lll
7 Jakewentto seehis father trh" I , *h"l wasworkingin Beijing.
B Iane is studying genetics which | , which she finds fascinating.
9 Theserecordswill tell us the things we | , whichwe need to know.
l 0 He is the most innovative teacher we have come across.
@Circlethelettersoftheitemsintheboxesthatgointheplacesmarkedwith('
I He senthis mother a bouquet,( cheeredher. A that

B which
2 I know ofcockatoos ( ca.t conversefluently. A which
B who
3 You are one of those people ( alwaVswork too hard. A which
B who
4 John is looking for a contractor ( he can trust. A that
B that
The children miss their grandmothet,{ dot"d on them. A that
B who
6 It was a speech( A inspiredus.
B that inspired us.
-, He distrustspeople( A who flatter him.
B , who flatter him.
Sheoften getssplendid marks( A , which she never flaunts.
B which she never flaunts.
I Mr Menon was the most effectivechairman A that we ever had.
{
B we ever had.
l 0 I was the boy( A which vour sonsbefriended.
B who vour sonsbefriended.
.-- --
YouisCoRE
I
a /a
@J_J Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.

l./'il
A The Internet is an invention which must not misuse.
B The Internet is an invention that we must not misuse.
C The Internet is an invention which we must not misuse.
A Felixrevisitedthe islands of the Hebrides,which had captivatedhim.

B Felixrevisitedthe islandsof the Hebrideswhich had captivatedhim
C Felix revisitedthe islandsof the Hebridesthat had captivatedhim.
A He no longer believesthe storieswhich she tells him.

B He no longer believesthe storiesthat she tells him.
C He no longer believesthe storiesshe tells him.
Lt2
4 A Sheworries about the people,who took a risk to saveher.
B Sheworries about the people who took a risk to saveher.
C Sheworries about the people that took a risk to saveher.
5 A This is the marketing executivewho securedthe most dealsthis month.

B This is the marketing executivesecuredthe most dealsthis month.
C This is the marketing executivethat securedthe most dealsthis month.
@D|underlinethecorrectitemsinthebrackets.
Eachyear,universitiesin theWest take in quite a number of students I ( which / who ) come from
Asian countries.Sucha student may initially feel lost in an environment 2 (which / , which ) is
unfamiliar. He experiencesa reaction 3 ( that / who ) sociologistscall'culture shock'.The culture, or
way of life, around him is vastly different from the one 4 ( that / , that ) he knew back home. He sees
types of behaviour 5 (ptzzlel which puzzle ) him. He longs to be back in his homeland with his own
people 6 ( who / , who ) seemto him so much friendlier than those around him.
After some time, the Asian student may undergo experiences7 ( that / , that ) changehis outlook.
He may even lose the beliefs B ( he / , which he ) once valued.However,this does not happen to a
student 9 (which / who ) is sure of his own cultural identity. He takesthe best - -
YouR
seoRE
I
l0 ( the / , which the ) Westcan offer; but he doesnot lose his Asian roots.
a / aaa a
a,/ )71
-
Rewrite the sentencescorrectly using relative clausesbeginning with who,

which or that.
This is the waterfall,which we visited last year.

This is the waterfall which we uisited last year.
2 The sports committee congratulatedthe athleteswhich had won gold and silver medals.
3 The doctor prescribeda new tranquiliser,that did not agreewith me.
4 We must find a guide,who has been there many times.
5 Mr Thomas is a teachercan hold us spellbound with his stories.
6 Shepoured tea into little cups,were made of fine porcelain.
113
't
CTAUSES
UN]T 9"2 RETATIVE
with whose

GRAMMAR
POINTS
GDM
)
(-/"*t*R PorNrs
We use a relativeclausebeginning with whose to show that the noun after whose is connected
to or belongsto the noun before it.
EXAMPLES: main clause relative clause
I greetedthe accountant !J whose office was opposite mine.

n o r r n d e s r ' r i b e d) | l t t ' 1 o n g l. r ) t l ) e A c c { r u n l a n l
mainclause relative clause
Shejoined u \\ whose -utig"ts rvereincompetent

"o-futy
n o r r r rd e s r ' r i l r t ' d) ( t o n n e c t e d t r rt h e t , r t n p a n r
A relative clause with whose can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with
whose identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are
referring to.
EXAMPLE:
mainclause relative clause ( ains which cave rve er
We exploredthe cave whose limestone formations are a rvell-knowntourist attraction.
A non-defining relativeclausewith whose does not identiff the people or things we are
referring to but givesmore information only.
EXAMPLE:
(doesnot exolainwhich friend or
main clause non-deii relativeclause lvhat sort ofiiiend embarrassedme )
I w a s e m b a r r a s s e db y m y f r i e n d
114
REMEMBER!
r A relative clause beginning with whose adds information about the person or thing just before it.
(Whoseusually showsownershipor connection.It takesthe place of his, her, its or their.)
EXAMpLES: They liked the guide.Her commentarywas witty.
They liked the guide whose commentary was witty.
This is the hotel.We like its service.
This is the hotel whose servicewe like.
r Whose at the beginning of a relativeclausecannot be dropped and must alwaysbe followed by a noun.
EXAMPLE:He handed the kitten to the girl whose pet it was. Z
He handed the kitten to the girl pet it was. E
He handed the kitten to the girl whose it was. | ,n
l@? Tickthe correctsentences.
I I know many women whose careersand family lives combine well.

2 Sheavoids colognestheir fragranceis too strong.
3 They found ]ake whose life they savedthrough first aid.
4 We'llsupportthe candidateswhosepolicieswe like.
5 Kay beckonedto the child whose broken toy she had repaired.
6 He is defending a woman whose he knows her family.
7 Kenwill join the collegewhosesoccerteam needshim.
B The librarian found many books that the pageswere torn. -_ --l
YOURSCOREI
9 Dan is teaching at his old schoolwhose pupils are as naughty as he was.
l/a
t0 We looked after Sally'spet monkey,whose antics we enjoyed. -H

lt"
@4 Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
I A That is the old lady,whose memoirs amazedthe nation.

B That is the old lady whose memoirs amazedthe nation.
C That is the old lady whose daughter amazedthe nation.
2 A We'veseenher antiques,whose value she doesn'tknow

B We'veseenher antiques,whose value is enormous.
C We'veseenher antiqueswhose value she doesn'tknow.
3 A They areproud of the countrywhoseindependencethey helpedto establish.

B They are proud of the country independencethey helped to establish.
C They are proud of the country whose independencewas establishedthrough their efforts.
4 A I staredat the man whose music had delighted my father.

B I staredat the man whose name I was trying to recall.
C I staredat the man whose twin was a famous footballer.
ll5
5 A The tourists visited the Grand Canyon,whose magnificenceawed them. -.l-
YouRscoRE
I
B The tourists visited the Grand Canyonwhose magnificenceawed them. r-l
| ->l
.,'tn l
C The tourists visited the Grand Canyon,magnificenceawed them. l//
tt ffi?I@ Rearrangethe words in the boxes to form relative clauses.Rewrite the

at the end.
usingthe relativeclauses
sentences
I I envied my brother Alan. achievements- could - I - match - not - whose
I could not match.
I enuiedmy brotherAlan, whoseachieuements
2 We have bungled the experiment. future - is - our - success- to - vital -whose
3 Lisa enteredthe Horizon Hotel. cameramen- crowded- lobbv- was - whose-with
4 Shetalked to a reporter. face - recognised - she - whose
5 He thanked the lawryer. brilliance - had - his - case- saved- whose
6 They stoodby the RedSea. historv - knew - so - thev - well - whose
.--t-t
YOURSCORE
I
-a /a
Tick the box if the A and B sentenceshave the same
a ,/ t7l
meaning. -
A
B
The clerk apologisedto the woman whose file he had lost.
The clerk apologisedto the woman. He had lost her file.
E
A Theywelcomed Miss Simpson,whose credentialswere excellent.
They welcomed Miss Simpson.Her credentialswere excellent. []
B
A
B
Dr Chan bumped into Dr Fong,whosestudenthe had been.
Dr Chan bumped into Dr Fong.Dr Fong had been Dr Chan'sstudent. n
A
B
He had a job whosepressureshe could copewith.
He had a job. He could copewith the pressuresof the job. n
A
B
Shechosejewellerywhose beauty would enhancehers.
Shechosejewellery.Her beauty would enhanceits beauty. n
A
B
My father was born in a coastaltown whose alleyssmelt of fish.
My father was born in a coastaltown. His alleyssmelt of fish. E
I have good friends,whose moral support I value.
A
B I have good friends. I value their moral support. E
A
B
My bosssits behind a table whose sizeproclaims his status.
Mv bosssitsbehind a table.His sizeproclaimshis status. n
It6
Our museum has a new curator whose energyis boundless.
I A
B Our museum has a new curator.The curator'senergyis boundless. I
f0 A
B
The children had a plan whose ingenuity stunned us.
The children had a plan. They were stunned by our ingenuiry. n
Rewritethe sentencesin the passagecorrectly using relative clauseswith
whose.
(1)I am lucky to be a studentparentshavea realisticoutlook on successat school.(2)They are
people their expectationsI can meet without stress.(3) I am also fortunate to be in my school whose
policy is to help everystudent progressat his or her ora,npace. (4) Freefrom tension, I find myself
discoveringabilities their existenceI never realised.(5) I hope to become a person,whose
developmentis balanced.(6)This will enableme to face a world its challengesget harder each day.
1 I am lucky to be a student whoseparentshauea realisticoutlook on success

at school.
@3 Underline the correct items in the brackets.
We had a delightful holiday in Bali I ( whose / , whose ) attractionswe had long wanted to
sample,We choselodgings 2 ( whose / , whose ) simplicity appealedto us.We are people
3 ( who / whose ) need to escapeoccasionallyfrom urban life.We also decidedto avoid places
4 ( that / whose ) cultural showswere meant for tourists.
Through persistentenquiries,we found a group of Balinesedance students 5 ( whose / who's)
repertoirefew tourists had seen.In our searchfor paintings,we came upon a ramshacklebuilding
6(that/whose)housedafinegallery.ItdisplayedworksT(range/whoserange)andpowerwere
incredible.We also discoveredone of those beachesB (which / whose ) purity is pristine. Most
importantly, we got to know the Balinesepeople 9 (whose / , whose ) warmth and hospitality
a.
touched our hearts.It was a visit l0 (which / whose ) we will never forget.
I17
UNTT 9"5 RELATIVE
CTAUSES
after subjectsof main clauses

GRAMMAR
POINTS
hl
-)
II
,
,f GRAMMARPOINTS
Vy'henwe use a relativeclauseto describethe subject of the main clause,we insert the relative
clauseafter the subjectand before the finite verb of the main clause.
EXAMPLE: lsr narr of
main clause relativeclause
that rocks the cradle
We can drop who, which or that when it is the object of the finite verb.
A
that - the executive= objectol the Verbtrust
The executivethe workers trust has resigned. Z

The rules which we petitioned againstwill be modified. V
The ruleswe petitionedagainstwill be modified. ,a
118
We cannot drop who, which or that when it is the subiectof a relativeclause.
EXAMPLE: r \r n,rr nf 2nd part of
main clause relative clause mdn clause
is still popular.
The songmade Bing Crosbyfamousis still popular.
A relativeclausedescribingthe subjectof the main clausecan be defining or non-defining.

A defining relativeclauseidentifies the people or things or tells otherswhat sort of people
or thingswe arereferringto.
EXAMPLE: lst part of (identifie\ thr sort 0f 2nd part of
main clause relative clause rsonrvho is unkindl main clause
g A.non-defining relativeclausedoes not identify the people or things we are referringto but
givesmore information only.We alwaysput a comma before and after such a
non- defining relativeclause.
EXAMPLE: tst parr of non-defining (givesmore infirrmation Znd part of
main clause relativeclause about BernardShalv) main clause
was a vegetarian.
REMEMBER!
r A non-definingrelativeclausecannotbeginwith that.
EXAMpLE:Hitler,txt /who wasa dictator,committedmanyatrocities.
E@4_l containwordswhich can be dropped.Put brackets

Someof the sentences
aroundthesewords.
I Thecandidates(that) I inuigilated behaueduerywell.
2 The vacation which I took made me feel better.
3 The peoplewho camethis morning upsetour schedule.
4 The fire drill which occurred at midnight surprisedeveryone.
5 The reporterswho the principal briefed want more information.
6 The mosquitoesthat torment me are also a health hazard.
7 The traderswho lost their shopsin the fire have put up temporary stallsby the roadside.
BTheprincipleswhichweholdhelpusmakesensibledecisions
9 The discipline master,who can also be compassionate,punishesthe monks ffirffi
l0 Friendsthat you can trust fully are valuable. fzl
l9)
ll The clown who the children love will perform again tonight. 1."
@a Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
I The man ( beat / that beat ) you at chesshas won the championship.
2 Tlnemeadows ( look parched now which were once green / which were once
greenlook parchednow ).
l19
3 This city, which looks enchanting at night ( is / , is ) ugly in the daytime.
4 The people ( who / , who ) we are expectinghave not called.
5 The plot ( that they hatched / , that they hatched,) has been discovered.
6 The girl (who wanted / wanted ) to be a doctor is now a cardiologist.
7 The bunch of keys ( which / , which ) I usually put here has vanished.
B Venice,( that / which ) I yearn to visit, is next on my itinerary. --i
YOURSCORE
I
9 The team ( that / , that ) we have been supporting is almost certain to win. r-l
| , , ' r-o> ll
10 Children (who / who are ) very bright need specialhandling. L"
ff,[!fifi| C I rict thecorrectsentences.

I Mrs Cook lives next door who is a manicurist.
2 Our boat, which we'vegiven a fresh coat of paint, looks almost new.
3 The window that your son broke has to be paid for.
4 My father,who used to be very stern, has mellowed.
5 The stocksthey bought have proved to be sound.
6 Your visit, that surprisedeveryone,was superbly timed.
7 One of the things annoyedhim was my absence.
B The voice whose purity I love belongsto a young soprano.
9 The chair belongsto our neighbour which is broken.
l0 The beststudentsof the engineeringcoursethis yearhavealready
been offeredjobs.
ff[!fi!| D I Rewrite
thesentences
correctly.
I The argument convinced them was put forward by a child.
Theargument that / which conuincedthem wasput forward by a child.
2 The Statuesque,that is a five-starhotel, offers specialratesfor senior citizens.
3 One of the partieshas been arrestedthat signed the contract.
4 Their leader,that thev all revere,is seriouslvill.
5 Youngsterswho feel neglected,are likely to get into trouble.
6 Your departurewhich nobody expectedsaddenedus all.
r20
Jointhe sentencesunder A to thoseunder B. Changethe sentencesunder B
into relativeclausesbeginning with who, which or whose.
A B
I The permit is for two years. They will issueit to us.
2 The article is about my grandmother. Shespokeup for women'srights.
3 Youaremerelytalkingabouttolerance. You should practiseit
4 The baby looks increasinglylike me. Mv cousins have adonted him.
5 Africa draws me irresistibly I long to explore its mysteries.
6 Countriesneed this programme. Their populationsare multi-ethnic.
y Thepermit which they will issueto us isfor two years.

2
3
4
c - ]!-
-YOURSCORE
I
6
| /' l7l
t"lrffi"f{4 Underline the incorrect sentencesand rewrite them correctly.
A habit nearly ruined my school careerwas studying at the last minute. My mother put me on a
study schedulefrom the first day of eachyear,who was a strict disciplinarian.The schedule,which
was quite realistic,would have brought me painlesslythrough examinations.However,the promises,
which I made to my mother, were undermined by my passionfor fantasynovels.My favourite stories
whose authorswove wonderful dreamsenticed me away from my textbooks.
'studying'
My mother, who was trusting though strict, did not suspectthe true nature of the in my
room. The crazy cramming which I did just before examinationswas somehow sufficient to get me
throughlower secondaryschool.The disastercuredme of 11th-hourmarathonscameat upper
secondarylevel.
1 A habit that/which nearly ruined my schoolcareerwasstudyingat the last minute.
t2l
UNTT TO=TADVERBIAT
CTAUSES
with because,as, since
GRAMMAR
POINTS
*l
)
tt
,
/GRAMMAR POINTS
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with becauseto give the reasonfor what is happening or

what is statedin the main clause.
EXAMPLES:
Shefelt miserable
Wecan placean adverbialclausebeginningwith becauseafteror belorethe main clause.

EXAMPLES:
I missedwork yesterday.
\A4renwe place the adverbialclausebefore the main clause,we must put a comma after the
adverbialclause.We must not add so betweenthe two clauses.
EXAMPLE:BecauseI had a fever , so I missedwork yesterday.
t22
REMEMBER!
r The adverbialclauseis a kind of subordinateclause.
r An adverbialclausebeginning with becauseanswersthe question"\&hy?".

EXAMPLE:Mrs Wong went shoppingbecauseshe neededa new printer ribbon.
SpeakerA: \\hy did MrsWong go shopping?
SpeakerB: Becauseshe neededa new printer ribbon.
r Adverbial clausesbeginning r'vithas and since have the same function as adverbial clausesbeginning with
because. main clause adverbialclause
EXAMPLE:
The police gavehim an award fJ because/ as / since he helped to catch the thief.
r Rule2 appliesto adverbialclausesbeginning with as and since as well as those beginning with because.
EVA\TDIF'
I Because/ As / Sincehe helped to catch the thief , 11the police gavehim an awarc.
-
L___l_. (S9'nrn3-' t
@'ui"*t-) @
r Don't add it's beforean adverbialclausebeginningwith because.

D(AMpLE: Betty got a promotion it's becauseshe has performed well. E
r Don't add of after becausewhen it is the beginning of an adverbialclause.

LXAMpLE: He is palebecauseof he hasanaemia. F-l
@4JUnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenCeS.
I Shelooks confident as her clothessuit her personality.
2 Becausehe helped us once,we must support him nolr'.
3 Sinceyou are a good speaker,you should join the debating society.
4 Laughteris therapeuticbecauseit helpsus to relax.
5 As the instructions are clear,you shouldn't make a mistake.
6 They decidedto sell their car since they neededthe money.
7 Becausethe harvestwas splendid, they held a specialthanksgivingfeast.
B As Sallyis rather extravagant,she doesnot have much money saved.
9 The captain was annoyedbecausea boy had stowedaway on the ship. i-our+roq
l0 Sinceexercisepromotes health, everyoneshould do it regularly.
I a4"l
I I I can'tjoin you as I've promised to babysit tonight. '"' )>l
@-4CrossouttheincorrectWordSintheboxestocompletethesentences'
I SinceI sentthe parcelby courier,Fo )roul-youI shouldgetit tomorrow.
2 He couldn't keep up becauseI becauseof the pace of the training was punishing.
3 Excessiveexposureto sunlight is beneficial I dangerous as it can lead to skin cancer.
r23
4 Becausethe gymnasium is closeby, I t I so t I exercisethere very often.
c We love standing on that hilltop becauseI it's because the view is breathtaking.
6 Your name will be struck off the reglsterslnceyou alwavs I rare attend the classes.
7 Ashe wantedto learnChinese,tr-"Tt- he-l founda tutor.

B She did not enjoy I enjoyed the cruisebecauseshewas sickmost of the time.
9 Sincethe trains are fully booked,*" [ *ittJ*o.ti-l have to go by plane. -{Jr''ra
YOURSCORE
I
'As you aistiteTtite-l adventure,I've organiseda hiking trip to -
t0 He said to me, I
the high mountains." a /' l7l
@ Fill in the blanks with the correctwords in the boxes.
I We hurried back a storm was brewing. because because of
2 Shedidn't eat the meat as it was tender tough
3 SinceI'm not needed, leavenow I',ll so I'll
4 He could lift heavyweights he was strong. because it'sbecause
5 You are respectedsinceyou forget a promise. always never
6 Becausehis investment strategyfailed, lost he so he

a lot of money.
7 As they are short-staffed,delaysare common uncommon
B The dresslooked as it was well cut. dowdy smart
I Her gifts us becausethey areimaginative. bore delight
t 0 They him sincehe spoke convincingly. opposed supported
Rewrite the sentencescorrectly using the words in the brackets.

Placethe adverbial clausesafter the main clauses.
I I forgotthe sugar.(because)
The dessert wasa disasterit'sbecause
2 Sinceshe has a gruff manner of speaking,so she is often misunderstood. (since)
3 As they praisedme too highly, so I felt embarrassed. (because)
4 You must act fast becauseof time is running out. (as)
-1=l-
5 As the night is very cold, you will need your cardigan. (because) YOURSCORE
-l
I
a/' l7l
t24
@'ElRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
IA As the music was nostalgic,I wept on hearing it.
B wept on hearing the music because it was nostalgic.

,
2A They receiveda complaint. Their kitchen was dirty.
B Since
3A I daren't even touch those ornaments since they are fragile.
B As thoseornaments
4A Smokingis harmful. It should be avoided.
B Smoking since
5A Shewas protective of her father.He had delicatehealth.
B Becauseher father
6A Becausethe room was comfortable,she spent a lot of time in it.

B AS
@FJ]ointhesentencesinthebracketsusingsince,as,becauSe,as
and since in that order.
You sayyou'd love to live in my country.Youd be rid of chilly winters. (Youhaven'tbeen to my

'sunny paradise'.You have no idea how boring it can be.) (The climate depressesme. The only
change
is from hot and dry to hot and wet.) (I prefer your temperate give
climate.The four seasons variety to
life.) (I've lived in both countries.I can make a fair comparison.)(I even enjoyedyour worst winters.
They made the prospectof spring doubly delightful.)
Yousayyou'd loueto liue in my country becauseyou'd be rid of chilly winters.
4:F=
-YOURSCORE
I
a /' )74
125
2 ADVERBIAT
CTAUSES
with although, though, even though, while

GRAMMAR
POINTS
The playerslost the football match becausethey

tried their best.
The playerslost the football match although they
tried their best.
Although this computer is expensivebut it breaks
down easilv.
Although this computer is expensive,it breaks
-l
down easily.
.-'
(3/"*or*oR PorNrs
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with although to show that what is happening or stated

in the main clausecannotbe changedor preventedby what is happeningor statedin the
adverbial clause.
EXAMPLES:
@ -|-
@@
-___i--____l-
I Rulpn donur",. .h*irilF.t

of,",-r orrghh" i, ,-,o,
u,i.h -u,, ni-."tf.l
We can place an adverbialclausebeginning with although after or before the main clause.
EXAMPLES:
@ @
-r=-*_-_r- -l
the streetsarebusy althoughit is pastmidnight. A
I \\
the streetsare busy.
\Alhenwe place the adverbialclausebefore the main clause,we must put a

comma after the adverbialclause.We must not add but betweenthe two clauses.
EXAMpLE: Although it is past midnight , but the streets are busy.
REMEMBER!
r Adverbialclausesbeginningwith eventhough,thoughandwhilehavethesamefunctionasadverbialclauses
beginningwith although.
r Rule 2 applies to adverbial clausesbeginning rvith even though, though and while. But adverbial clauses
beginning with while are more commonly used beforethe main clause.
EXAMPI-E:
r An adverbialclausewith although, though, even though or while has a subject and a finite verb. The finite
verb must agreewith the subject.
-l
Although / Thoush
i s h e i s m y c l a s s m a t e , I have never sooken to her before.
Even though / While )
adverbial clause
I have never spoken to them before.
E@4J Underlinethe adverbialclausesin the sentences

below.
I Although Adam is only two, he enjoysspicy curries.

2 Sheenjoyedthe movie though I found it boring.
3 He is still planting rubber even though other treesare more lucrative.
4 Though he turned B0yesterday,he is still formidable at chess.
5 Eventhough our new car has power steering,I still have problems parking it.
6 I considermyself lucky although I've had a few setbacksduring my life.
7 lVhile this satin dressis too shiny for dayime, it is perfect for evenings.
B Although ginsengcan boost energy,too much of it has the opposite effect.
m
9 A firm bed is good for your back although a soft one feelsmore luxurious. fudoi?l
l0 \A4rilehe is a good manager,he is sometimesoverzealousin trying to improve
the quality of work.
@aCrossouttheincorrectwordSintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Eventhough Kay likes sweetthing., Frt rGTttte] doesnot eat too many.
2 You can't stop the ageingprocessalthough Fa"Ty{-u ca"-l slow down the signsof ageing.
3 Although she has retired as a teacher,she often I seldom goesback to her old schoolto do
some voluntary work.
127
4 The birds are now eating from my hand though they shv I were sh at first.
5 Though some tourists know of this beach, tiJFtff still unspoilt.
6 V/hile we did have some problems in the beginnl.tg, fittfnrt utt-.1

is well now.
J
She managed to escape eventhoush I since the securitywas tight.
I I don't speakSpanishalthough I have known I known many Argentinians.
9 Though his books are all bestsellers,most of them are realistic I unrealistic
l0 Sheadjustsquickly to new wayswhile her sister t irleSSTC* I flexible.
@CJRearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
I The bride lookedradiant her - light - make-up - though - very - was.
Thebride lookedradiant though her make-up was uerylight.
a - arts - expert- he - is - martial - while, he has a scholarlvair.
a c t s- even- she- though - she preferswriting scripts.
4 The necklaceis exquisite a - although - designed- hurry- in - it - was.
although - glamourous- hair - Iong - looks, thisshortcut is morepractical.
6 Many of us don't drink enoughwater essential- even - for - health - is - it - th
@4 Circlethelettersof the correctsentences.
I A Shelikes pastel shadesthough bright colours suit her better.

B Though bright colours suit her better,but she like pastel shades.
C Though bright colours suit her better, she likes pastel shades.
2 A V\hile the children'smenu has variety,the dishesfor adults are dull.

B Although the children'smenu has variety,the dishesfor adults are dull.
C Although the dishesfor adults are dull but the children'smenu has variety.
3 A A large park is closeby though we living in the city centre.

B Eventhough we live in the city centre,a large park is closeby.
C A large park is closeby though we live in the city centre.
r28
4 A Although the forgery was skilful, the handwriting specialistcould detect it.
B The handwriting specialistcould detect the forgery even though it was skilful.
C \.Vhilethe forgery was skilful, but the handwriting specialistcould detect it.
F- l-
5 A Though he doesnot have the necessaryqualification, he has valuableexperience. YOURSCORE
I
B He has valuableexperiencethough he has the necessaryqualification.
C Vthile he doesnot have the necessaryqualification, he has valuableexperience. a,/ )>l
Ioin the sentencesusing the words in the boxes to form adverbial clauses.
Placethe adverbialclausesbeforethe main clauses.
I Hewenton driving.He felt dizry. lGGn thou#i-l

Euenthough hefelt dizzy,he went on driuing.
2 It is a double room. It isn't biggerthan the singlerooms in other hotels. triirt" l
3 She'swalking steadily.She'swearing high-heeledshoes. Fiiho-u€Tl
Thesunwasscorching.FEoCii-l
4 Wewent outdoorsunprotected.
5 Youmustobeythe rules.Youarethe president's

son. F eni[outrl
6 I was very late.They acceptedmy apology. Eitho"gfr-]
@F|Rewritethepassageandcorrecttheadverbialclauses'
Many women managewell, though they have to juggle careerand family responsibilities.\.Vhile
some newspaperarticleshave attributed juvenile problems to working mothers this allegationis
unfair.According to surveys,teenagerscan be troubled even though their mothers are alwaysat
home. A closerelationship can be maintained between a mother and her teenagechildren although
she at work for part of the day.Though she can't be with them for hours on end, but she can give them
quality time every day.
129
UN]TTil0"5 ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
with as, since, when, while

GRAMMAR
POINTS
.GD,@tr!
-l
)
(3/"*ttAR PorNrs
We use.an adverbialclausebeginning with as or while for an action which takesplace at the

E
sametime as anotheraction in the main clause.
(a) We usuallyusethe samesimple or continuoustensefor both clausesif both actionsstart
and end at about the sametime.
REMEMBER!
r The simple tense is
usuallyusedto signala
short action, whereas
I Ie srnilecl. NOW t h ec o n l i n u o u lse n s ei s
oa usuallyusedto signala
oa I TIN,lE
longeraction.
He shook mrr hand.
adverbial clause
I was making the dessert while the stewwas simmering.
a
I was making the dessert. 'i"
rrN'TE
a
The stew \'vassimmering.
:
(b) We usually use the continuous tensefor the adverbialclauseif a longer action takesplace
before and continues throughout the action in the main clause.(The simple tenseis
usuallvusedfor the main clause.)
EXAMPLES:
Ile n inketl. NOW

aa
O
H" ruorrhuking mv hand
.l
r30
l made the dessert. NOW
a
I I rN'rE
.
The stervn'assinmeling
We.us9 an adverbialclausebeginning with since for an action or an event which began at a

A
point in the past and continuesto the presentmoment.We usuallyusethe perfecttensein the
main clause and the simple past tense in the adverbial clause.
) Gt-dG;|
'___:__1-_
,bTTryIryq]*@
I lrrrerrorkt'd' hlrt htcrr rrorkirtghere
a
1995
I I r r ur
I leti school.
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialclausebeginningwith whencanbeusedfol an actionthattakesplacejustbeforeanotheraction
in themainclause.Thesimpletenseis usuallyusedin bothclauses.
EMMPLE:
MF
(I pattedthebulldog'shead.A momentlaterthebulldoggrowled.)
r An adverbialclausebeginning with as,since,when or while can be placed after or befbrethe main clause.
a4
Z
@3UnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenceS'
I Sincehe installedhis new telephone,he has receivedmany crank calls.
2 The bossglaredat me when my mobile phone rang during the meeting.
3 The boy was fidgeting while his mother was gossipingwith their neighbour.
4 As she hugged her brother, she pinched hirn plafully.
c They havenot been sleepingwell sincethe accidentoccurred.
6 \.4hilethe reporter interviewed us, the photographertook some pictures of our school.
-| He smiled at the little girl as she curtsied to him.
B \Mhenthe singersteppedout of the limousine,his fans mobbed him.

I she has been making a name for herselfas a
Sinceshe arrived in Holl],r,vood,
talented newcomer.
1 0 The boy chuckledwhen the pony nuzzledhim.
13l
@Circlethelettersofthecorrectwordsintheboxes.
I Sinceshewas 15,she_ a difficult life. A has led i B led
2 He turned a somersault_he dived. A as B since
3 We savedup our extra income _ others
A when B while
overspent.
The bov clearedhis throat severaltimes while he
A deliver . B was delivering
his speech.
5 They understood my difficulties_ I explained
Awhen,Bwhile
the situation to them.
6 As I was giving her my card, my hand _ a little. A trembled . B was trembling
7 The customsofficers_while the men were
A arrived , B were arriving
loadingthe smuggledgoodsonto the lorries.
8 The vehiclescame to a halt _the traffic lights
A since B when
turned red.
I _ the boat lurched, I grabbedmy little sister. A \Alhen B $rhile
l0 Sincethe recessionbegan,I _luxuries. A cut out B have cut out
film star - they - stalked- the - while.
as- greeted- manager- new- the - they thevsizedhim un fast.
3 The people have been assemblingat the village square curfew - lifted - since- the - was.
she- machine- the - bought- when, her life becameeasier.
ancient - its - restored- since- splendour- was, tourists have flocked to the castle.
Tick the sentencesthat are comect.
I The child howled when she saw the needleand syringe.

2 \Mhile you were away,your staff was having a wonderful time.
3 Sincehe returned from Paris,he behavedstrangely.
4 The tyres screechedas the car turned a corner.
J \Mhenthe family neededcash,shewas pawning a piece of jewellery.
132
6 Not a drop of rain has fallen sincethe year began.
7 Shebawas mewing piteouslywhile I was scoldingher.
B As she claspedmy hand, shewas giving me an odd look.
9 The sound of the chimes is filling the air when the wind blows.
l0 Sincehe underwent surgery,he has enjoyedexcellenthealth.
@E]newritetheSentencesusingthecorrectverbforms.
I They are closefriends since they were in kindergarten.
Theyhaue beenclosefriends since they were in kindergarten.
2 Anna was listening to music while she waited for her friends to arrive.
3 The two armed men were jumping off the train as it enteredthe railway station.
4 Sincethe stock market recovered,his financial situation improves.
5 The children rushed into the house when their mother was calling them to have dinner.
6 For a moment fim was slipping as he was climbing up the ladder but he managedto
steadyhimself.
@.rlRewritethepassage.Changethesentencesinbracketsintoadverbialclauses
using since,while, while, as and when in that order.
I (Kategraduated.), her friends have been urging her to dressbetter.Right through university,she
wore baggyT-shirtsand fadedjeans 2 (Her fellow-studentsexperimentedwith fashionableclothes.).
Now, 3 (Kateis readingup for her first job interview.),her helpful friends are putting together an outfit
to impressher interviewers.Kate thanks them 4 (Sheposesin the smart suit with matching
accessories.).Shequietly decidesto wear a simple dress5 (Shegoesfor the interview.).
r!= E-
YouR-scoRE
I
| /' I7l
133
UN]TT1O=4ADVERBIAT
CTAUSES
with so that and so ... that
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is lvrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
)
(;/"*t*R PorNrs
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with so that to show the purpose of the action in the main
clause.In the adverbialclause,we usually use a modal which is in the same tense (presentor
past) as the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE: a-.-.) _1-',"*-) a "-,rJ-\ @
$lq:9 l\rpa'trerrser,/ (,pasrtcil\e,, I (lorclcctirrgVr\arrr.rrril )
They electedMr Samson so that he would voicetheir grievances.

] l\ I
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialclausebeginningwith so that can also show the result of an action in
the main clause.A comma must be addedbetweenthe clauses. adverbial
clause (shows
EXAMPLE: the result of
so that she couldn't sleeo. the horror
film
We use so ... that ( so + adjective/ adverb + that ) to show that something happensbecausethe
subjectin the main clausehas an extremequality or acts in an extremeway.We do it in this way:
so + adjective/ adverb in main clause+ adverbialclausebeginning with that
EXAMPLES:
(Everyonelikes Lina becauseshe is extremelycharming.)
that evervonelikes her.

(Everyonelikes Lina becauseshe acts in an extremelycharming wa!.)
134
REMEMBER!
with sothat andso... that alwavscomeafierthe mainclauses.
r Adverbialclauses
EXAMPLES:
He faked illness Z
E
r In order that can be used insteadof so that to begin an adverbialclauser'vhichshowspurpose.The adverbial
clausewith in order that can be placedafter or before the main clause.
EXAMPLES:
@Fz
evfs-''F aZ
\!gmgg
@AJsomeoftheSentenceScontainadverbialClauSeSthatshowpurpoSe.Underline
theseadverbialclauses.
I I quickly apologisedso that shewould not be angry with me.

2 He felt so nervousthat he could not meet the interviewer'seye.
3 In order that Jim can find his way easily,we sent him a detailedmap to our house.
4 Ken was badly treated as a child, so that now he is very timid.
5 Their land is so fertile that they have never experiencedany food shortage.
6 I wish to seehim alone so that I can speakfrankly.
7 The movie starsissueda pressstatementin order that the rumours might stop.
B Her car broke down on the highway,so that shewas late for the appointment.
9 In order that they could meet more often, he moved to her city.
t0 His personalityis so cold that he is greatlydisliked.
I I We are taking precautionsso that the diseasewon't spreadfurther.
@aFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
We lodged a written complaint so the authorities AS that
would take action.
In orderthat the weakerstudents pass,he tutored may I might
them everyday.
3 The boy - so carelessthat he keepslosingthings. IS WAS
4 her earswith cottonwool so that shewould not plug I plugged

be affectedby the noise around her.
5 He is groaning exaggeratedlyso that we pityhim. will I would
6 The meetingwent so smoothly our in orderthat I that
c l i e n t sw e r ef u l l o l p r a i s e .
t35
-,
They so outrageouslythat everybodylaughed. act I acted
B Sheread the fine print againin order that she not will I would
make any mistake before signing the document.
9 The food was so delicious I forgot my diet. so that I that
l0 I sitting outside so that the pest control company am I was
can fumigate my house.
@!J rick the correctsentences'
I The firemen spranginto action, that soon the fire was under control.
2 I kept closeto the wall so that the ferociousdog wouldn't notice me.
3 The ledgewas narrow that I was terrified of falling.
4 Shewas so intrigued by the formations in the cavethat she didn't mind
the bats.
5 In order that the profit margin might increase,they reduced expenses.
6 We are cleaningthe house thoroughly so that the owner was pleased.
7 The tornado was so powerful that it devastatedthe area.
8 The police surrounded the building, so that the robberswere trapped.
9 They attended the coursein order that they may gain confidence.
l0 That they can repair almost an1'thing,they are so experienced.
@D|underlinethecorreCtwordsinthebrackets.
I We need to be tactful so that we (will / would ) not hurt other people'sfeelings.

2 I signedup for Maths tuition, ( so that / that ) I could get a better gradein my exam.
3 The tiger is ( cunning / so cunning ) that nobody can trap it.
4 Somepeople take supplements( in order that / in order to ) they won't lack nutrients.
5 His toothachewas ( so / very ) painful that he was awakeall night.
6 In order that errors ( can / could ) be eliminated, they recheckedthe programme.
7 The trial run is successful,so that we ( can launch / launched ) the product.
B The facilitieswere improved so that the park ( may / might ) attract more tourists.
9 The cast of the musical acted superbly,( and so that / so that ) the audiencewas delighted.
l0 We arrived ( extremely/ so ) late that the showwas nearly over.
,*-#_A
r-
-
a,/ ),71
136
@eIointhesentencesusingsothat,so...thatorinorderthat.
I We accompanied him. He would not feel lonesome.
We accompanied him so that he would not feel lonely.
2 The weather forecastwas alarming. I postponed the trip.
that
3 You must build up her confidence.Shewon't be afraid to speakin public.
so that
4 They used specialfertilisers.The plants might flourish.
In order that
5 You have arrangedthe flowersexpertly.Everyoneis amazed.
that
6 He is seeingto everydetail personally.Nothing may go wrong.
in order that
-{J-
YOURSCORE
I
--
-
l,/ )7t
@RewritethepassageandCorrectthesentences.
Somepeople start to learn a foreign languagein order they may experiencesomethingnew
Othersthought about learning another languageso they can have a more interestingtime when
travellingabroad.They keep studying and listeningto CDs,that they soon can communicate simple
ideas.Often they become so interestingthat they join a club where they can practicethe languagein a
socialsetting.Order to becomefluent, it is necessaryto be with native speakersbut all practiceis useful.
Somepeoplestart to learn aforeign languagein order that they may experiencesomethingnew.
137
UTTTTTO"5ADVERBIAT
CTAUSES
with if and should

GRAMMAR
POINTS
(a) We use an adverbialclausebeginning with if to show the condition for the action or event
in the main clause.\A4renthe condition is fairly likely,we use the simple presenttense
or the presentperfect tensein the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We often use
a modal + the baseform of the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
(b) !\ihen the condition is unlikely or impossible,we use the simple past tensein the adverbial
clausebeginning with if. We use would, should, could or might + the baseform of the verb
in the main clause.
EXAMPI,E:
Co.r.l-*","-"il,) W
-
Sharonmight work harder you gaveher a promotion.
] llif I
.1 , . ___________t__
I marn I f adverbialclause(statesthe .onaitioi)
\!'allt @
138
A \\4ren the condition could have happened but did not happen, we use the past perfect tensein
the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We use would have, should have, could have or might
have + the past participle in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
@ @
-
Hewouldhave warnedthem iftheyhad consultedhim.
I l\ I
REMEMBER!
r To show a condition which is unlikely or impossible,were is used instead of was in an adverbial clause
beginning with if n hen the subjectis I.
EXAMPLE:I would go on a trip around the world if I were a millionaire.
r An adverbialclausebeginning with if can be placed after or before the main clause.

FXAMPLES:
a
you may llorrow my sportscar. a
Should can be used instead of if to begin an adverbial clausewhich showscondition. The adverbialclause
beginning with should is usualiy placed before the main clause.Should is followed by the subject and the
baseform ofthe verb.
EXAMPLE:
pleasefeel free to call me. *--1 atnl
\J4!!t-l
@a Tickthe correctsentences.
I If I am James,I will resignfrom the company.

2 Faywould have fainted if she had seenyou in this costume.
3 He'll be overjoyedif he'll get a chanceto travel.
4 ShouldI boredyou, I d like you to tell me.
5 We'll take you round the campus if you like.
6 He would have swam farther if he had dared.
7 Shouldwe lose in the finals,we must try to practiseharder.
B If I becamewealthy overnight,I might decide to retire early. -
-rrl
YOURSCORE I
9 They can take a break if they felt tired. r-l
a ./__a
l0 If she had flown in earlier,we could have met. | ','lUl
1,,' >'l
r39
Fill in the blankswith the correctwords in the boxes.
I Maria join the army, I would join too. if I should
2 I'll wake you up if your alarm ring. doesn't I won't
3 If she about her garden,shewouldn't neglectit. cared I cares
4 We have been in time for the show if vou had may ml t

hurried.
5 You can enter if got a pass. you u've
6 Shouldshe lonely,she could alwayscall me. feel felt

1
I If he grandchildren,he would have doted on them. had I hadhad
B I be fair to you if our positions were reversed. will I would
9 If you had explainedevery'thingto him, he would gave have siven

you a loan.
l 0 You mav cite me asvour referee you like. if I should
E q q jC r o s s o u t t he i n co rre ctWo rd S i n theboxestocompletethe

sentences.
r . ------l
I If this dog I is I were I mine, I'd train him properly.
2 Theymustbe moreenterprisittgETstrouta I theywishto prosper.

3 You too might be I have been selectedto representthe city if you had come for regularhockey
practice.
4 He will be arrestedif he continuesI will continue disturbing the peace.
5 FTShfild I 1ennifercontactyou,pleaseremindher to bringthe dessertfor the party.

6 If you had IgiveTgive4 me a clue, I could have decodedthe message.
7 Shecouldn't finish it in two weeksif she worked I works non-stop.

B Should it FairlTraining-l , we could move the party into the house.
to buythegroceries.
9 My roommatewouldtruu"Eot l"-ot.d I dinnerif I hadremembered
l0 If the packagesI"C]-*Jre-] here,we'll start inspecting their contents.
@D]Rewritecorrectlytheadverbialclauseswhichshowcondition.
I Everlthing will be explainedshould she investigatesthe matter.

matter'
Everl'thingwill be explained if sl19lryy9stigate;1!e
2 If you are committed to the idea,you would not behavein this way.
you would not behavein this way.
r40
3 We could have imported more cars if we anticipated the demand.
We could have imported more cars
4 Should she has any problem, I'd be happy to help.
I d be happy to help.
5 If he is put in charge,the venture would have failed.
the venture would have failed.
6 You'll find the beach desertedif you'll go there tomorrow.
You'll find the beach deserted
@-'-]Underlinethecorrectworclsinthebracketstocomplete
the passage.
If I I (can / could) returnto a certaintimein mylife,lwould choosetobe ateenageragain.

Some
teenagersmaylaughbitterlyifl2(tell/told)themthis.3(If/Should)theybeaskedtheirpreferred
age,they might 4 ( said / say) 21 or one but not any of the teen years.
One teenagersaysthat life would be bearableif she 5 ( had / has ) more freedom.Another claims
that he will be happier if he 6 ( is / were ) entrustedwith more responsibilities.Yet another confides
that he 7 ( will / would ) give up anything he owned if he could exchangeit for peaceof mind.
IfIB(hadbeen/were)askedthesamequestionasateenager,Imighthaveexpressedsimilar
feelings.Indeed, should my wish to turn back the clock 9 ( are / be ) granted,I would probably feel
wretched.The turbulent teens can only retain their wonderful glow for me if they
l0 ( remain / remained ) safelyin the past.
@r']rirrintheblankswithsuitablewordstocompletethesentences.
m
i-oc--tfi"?
I If they listened.thevwouldn't have made that mistake.

) she changeher mind, we would welcome her back.
3 You may leaveright now you wish.
4 IfI his boss,I d make him work hard.
5 He might got himself into trouble if he had spokenup.
6 If their application been approved,they can go ahead.
nI Should there a flood, we'd have to be evacuated.
8 You contact the airline staff if you have any difficulties.
-j-r
I We could remained friends if I had not left the area. YOURSCORE
I
l0 I would help you if I but I can't.

r7l
| ,/lol
t-
l4l
UN]]T 0=,6ADVERBIAT
CTAUSES
with as, as if and as though
.RAMMAR
POINTS
GRAMMARPOINTS
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with as to describehow the subjectin the main clause

actsor feels.
(a) We do not add how after as in the adverbialclause.
EXAMPLE:
Ling doesn'tcare about fashion.
as how she pleases.
Ling doesn'tcare about fashion.
Meaning: How doesLing dress?Shedressesin the way that she pleases.
(b) We do not add what after as at the beginning of an adverbialclauseshowingmanner.

EXAMPLE:
The villagersplant rice as what their forefathersdid. E
as their forefathersdid.
1
z
Meaning: How do the villagersplant rice? Ihey plant rice in the way that their
forefathersdid.
t42
REMEMBER!
like or theway canbe usedinsteadof asto beginan adverbialclause.
r Sometimes,
It is happening the way I planned it Z
EXAMpLES: Sheenjoyspainting like her father did. Z]
It is happeningas I plannedit. Z Sheenjol,spaintingas her fatherclid. Z
r Traditionallyas is used beforea clauseand like before a noun. Nowadaysit is cornmon to begin an
adverbialchuse nith like.
'to 'to
r The verb do', be' or'to have'is often used in the adverbialclauseto avoid repeatingtl'reverb in
t h e m a i nc l a u s e .
EXAMpLES: I'11stay up tonight as I stayedup last night. L{_]
I'll stay up tonight as I did iast night. Y)
They n ere deceivedby appearanceslike most of us are deceived.F-l
'fhey
n ere deceivedby appearanceslike most of us are. V)
He has succeededthe rvayhis brothershave succeeded. E
the way his brothershave.
He has succeecled V
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with as if or as though to statehow we think or imagine

the subiectin the main clauseactsor feels.
An adverbialclausebeginning with as (in Rule 1) refersto a real situation, whereasan adverbial
clausebeginning with as if or as though refersto an imagined situation.
To show that the situation we imagine is possible,we use the presenttensesin the adverbial
clause.
EXAMPLE:
as ifvou knew each other.
adverbial
clause
as ifyou know each other.
To show that the situation we imagine is unlikelv or REMEMBER!

impossible,we usethe past tensesin the adverbialclause. r Wereis usedinstead
EXAMPLE: of was in an adverbial
clausebeginningrvith
._R
I marn l
as if she has seena ghost. E as if or as though.
EX{MPLE:
--L*
\ crilusc/
as ifshe had seen a ghost. a He ordersme about
as though I were his
slave.
pastperl'ecttense
@a|rinintheblanksWiththecorIeCtwordSintheboxes.
I Sheis crying as if her heart break. will I would
2 You and your friends can do you please. as I aswhat
3 I'll fry the fish you like it. the way I as how
4 Shespeaksto her plants as though they can I could
understandher.
5 We'llbe together we used to be. like I like what
6 The bomb explodedat midnight it had as I ashow
been timed to do.
143
.7
Iulie felt the world had ended. AS as thoush
8 I could not travel I had dreamtof doing. likehow I theway
I He treatshis car as if it a baby. is I were
l 0 Someof mv friendsdress pop singersdo. aswhat I like
l.@-l Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
I This morning I went jogging ( as / as what ) I do everyday.

2 Iimis sailing the boat as if he ( had / has ) done it since birth.
3 His play is a huge success( Iike how / the way ) we knew it would be.
4 The warden hunts down latecomersas though lateness( is / were ) a crime.
5 We shouldnot hang around malls (like / like what ) somepeopledo.
6 Cynthia likes experimentingwith hairstylesas many in her group ( do / like ).
7 After that grooming course,it seems( as / as if ) he were a new person.
B He is active againthe way he ( did / was ) before his illness.
-r=Ft
9 Sincereceivingthat award,I feel as though I ( can / could ) conquer the world. YOURSCORE
I
l0 Eventoday,thesesongsdelight my parentslike they ( did / do ) long ago. a,/ l>a
E@9 Tickthe conectsentences.
I He looks as though he has never had a moment's anxiety.

2 Throughout her childhood, she did as she liked.
3 The interview was a disasterlike I had expectedit to do.
4 After the war our soldierswill never again be the way they were.
5 Shedancesas if her body were light as air.
6 I am taking things easylike what you advisedme to do.
7 You don't understandbecauseyou haven'tread the report as I have.
8 That man is staring at me as though he could seeright through me.
9 Miss Tan doesn'tteach us the way how Miss Lim did.
t0 I maintain that I am right but they treat me as if I am quite mistaken.
fffl!fifi| D I Rewrite
theadverbial correctly.
clauses
t I will be frank with you as how I have alwaysbeen.
I will be frank with you as I like / the way I hauealwaysbeen.
They are living thou ghtlesslyas if there is no tomorrow.
They are living thou ghtlessly
Sheplays the violin Iike what her grandmother did.
Sheplays the violin
t44
It is raining like it would never stop.
It is raining
5 We'll make this old b uilding look splendidthe way it usedto be.
We'll make this old b uilding look splendid
6 Dad treats strangersas though he has known them for year.
Dad treatsstrangers
@JJCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepaSSage.
The first day of my part-time job at a restaurantwent smoothly as I had
t l d o n e l h o p e d l . I j o t t e d d o w n o r d e r s a n d t a b l e n u m b e r s l i k e l h a d b e e n t o2lldbteo l d o l .
I did not spill anyhing on anybody 3 the wav I the wav how I had seen new waiters do in movies.
I servedthecustomersasthoughl 4l hadThaueI beenawaiterforyears.Iwasa'natural'
5 ET;;h"tl my fellowwaitersadmittedadmiringly.
The next day,I strutted around as if the restaurant 6 [ET*e.e-l mine. I did not write down the
orders and table numbers 7 like I like how the other waiters did. Somehow mV memorY let me
dora,'n B Iike what I the w memory sometimesdoes.I apologisedto two bald customersfor
having got them mixed up and they glaredat me 9 as though I the way I had insultedthem. Back
in the kitchen, the other waiters startedlaughing as they had never l0 lE"tstTd;al before.
@e correctly.
I He is unmoved by the tragedyas if he is made of stone.

He is unmoued by the tragedyas if he weremade of stone.
2 The machine is not functioning as how it should be.
3 Our top sprinter runs as though his feet havewings.
4 They want to go on protecting her as they have alwaysprotected.
5 I've learnt not to be thoughtlessthe way I did in myyouth.
6 You act as if you know the answersto all thesepolitical problems.
a
YouRseoRE
I
a-,' F4
145
UNJT Til"I REPORTED
CLAUSES
with that, whether, if

GRAMMAR
POINTS
GD,ro
GRAMMAR POINTS
We usea clausebeginningwith that to report a statementor someone'sopinion.We often use

the past tensefor the main clauseand the reported clause.But we can also use other tensesin
the reported clausedepending on the meaning we want to convey.
EXAMPLES: leported clause
The doctor'sresearchrevealedfth.t t"" -"ch exercisewas harmfuf

-----r-
(rlt.l9 Q.'I!'*t repurted clause
The surveyshowed that most children are familiar with the Internet thesedavs.
(The simple presenttensein the reportedclauseernphasises

that the statementis still true at the
time of reporting.)
My friendsfelt
(The presentperlbcttensein the reportedclauseemphasisesthat the euenthappenedin the recent

aast.)
reportedclause
My friends felt
('fhe past perJbcttensein the reportedclauseemphasisesthat the euenthappenedfttrther back in

the past.)
146
REMEMBER!
in writing.It is oftenusedto presentinfbrmation
r Thereportedclauseisveryuseful,especially
that rvehave read or heard about somewhereelse.
r Theseare someverbs that are commonly usedwith reported clausesbeginning u'ith that:
announce,claim, discover,explain,feel,hope, learn, mention, reveal,say,think
r The word that can often be omitted from its reported clause.
LXAMpLE:I knen,that you would .o-.. [Z I knew you would come. | / |
A \Mhena reported clausebeginning with that is used with a verb like advise,demand, insist,
I
propose, recommend, request, suggest,etc, we use the baseform of the verb or modal + verb
in the reportedclause.
EXAMPLES: r e p o r l e d cclattst
rePorled lausr
The committeesuggested
\!1I19t."'
The committeesuggested
tlglt"_:,
We use a clausebeginning with if or whether to report someone'squery or a question that has

ves or no as its answer.But rve use the word order for a statement,not a question,in the
reportedclause.
EXAMPLE: REMEMBER!
He wants to know r Theseare some
verbs that are
commonlyused
He wants to know with reported
clausesbeginning
with if / whether:
In such cases,the word whether can be followed by or not. ask
EXAMPLE: reported clause enquire
He wants to know wonder
A We use a reported clausebeginning with whether when the question offers a choice of two or
as the answer.
more Dossibilities
EXAMPLE:
He wondered Z
' '-ePortedclause
H e w o n o e r e o l r rn * * , E
Circlethe correctsentences.
A They askedwhether or not she intended to emigrate.

B They askedif sheintendedto emigrate.
C They askedthat she inform them of her decision about emigrating.
A We knew that the Earth was not at the centre of the universe.
B We knew that the Earth is not at the centre of the universe.
C We know the Earth is not at the centre of the universe.
t47
3A The lawyer advisedthat he should be open with his partners.
B The lawyer advisedthat he was open with his partners.
c The lawyer advisedthat he be open with his partners.
4A I haven'theard if I have to go or stay.

B I've just heard that I have to go.
C I've yet to hear whether I can stay.
5 A The football coach insisted that the players follow a strict diet.
B The football coach insisted that the players followed a strict diet.
C The football coach insisted that the nlavers must on a strict diet.
@-"-l Underlinethecorrectwordsin the brackets.

I He demandedthat the board of directors( resign/ resigned).
2 The zoo-keepertold her that not all snakes( are / were ) deadly.
3 Let Racheldecidefor herself ( if / that ) shewants to stand for the post of president.
4 We'rewondering if ( may we / we may ) seeyour new baby.
5 The members of the team ( feel / feelsthat ) they lack practice.
6 The old man claimed that he ( had / has ) once fought a bear single-handedly.
7 I suggestthat the documents ( are / be ) shredded.
B Shehas to decide ( if / whether ) she'staking arts or sciencecourses. .- }!!t
YOURSCORE I
9 In 1994,he said ( he would / that he will ) complete his thesisin a year.
l0 They'retrying to guesswhether ( are those diamonds / those diamonds are ) real. -
a,/ )71
ll-'fGr!!'t@ Rearrangethe underlined words to complete the sentences.
I I told our neighbour been - considerate- had - always- that - he.
I told our neighbour
2 I haven'tdecidedany - has- if - merit - proposal- the.
I haven'tdecided
3 The speakerpointed out being - every- has - human - that - weaknesses.
The speakerpointed ou
4 He vowed family's- he - his - fortune - restore- would.
He vowed
5 Shecan sensehappy- is - not - or - someone- whether.
She can sense
r48
lf,tfi?f{, D I Rerrurite
the sentencescorrectly.
I They'respeculatingwhether will the market recoversoon.

They'respeculatingwhetherthe market will recouersoon.
2 All his friends reminded him that the future was unpredictable.
3 I suggestthat your sistertakesa long holiday.
4 You must find out if have vou been immunised.
5 The millionaire agreethat riches didn't guaranteehappiness.
6 We enquired if could we fly direct to Atlanta.
@E]underlinetheincorrectSentenceSandIeWdtethemcorrectly.
I can't recall or not I've told you this story.You'veoften said that I'm the world's most absent-
minded person.You'veeven suggestedthat I carried photos to help me remember my friends!Well, a
monthagolthoughtldcaughtaglimpseofafriendatasupermarket.Iranafterhim,complaining
loudly that he hasbeen neglectingme,
A smiling strangerturned round and askedI would forgivehim. Still apologeticabout not
contacting me all theseyears,he insisted that I joined him for coffeeso that we could catch up on old
times.To my delight I realisedthat I am finding someoneeven more absent-mindedthan me.
I can't recall whetheror not I'ue told you this story.
149
UN]TTTT"2 REPORTED
CTAUSES
with wh-words

GRAMMAR
POINTS
tsl
"tl -t
,
/GRAI\IXIARPOTNTS
We use a clausebeginning with a wh-word to report a wh-question. But we use the word order
for a statement,not a question,in the reportedclause.
EXAMPLES:
The resultsof the viewers'surveyrevealed
The resultsof the viewers'surveyrevealed
rcportctl clau:e
The manageraskedJason
We must use the appropriate wh-word to begin the reported ciause, depending on whether we
are ref'erringto a person, thing, place, time, reason, etc.
150
EXAMPLES: reportedclause
rknow@ rr.,.'
o*[*ntfto[ *" nJd#ffi
referring to a pcrsor.l referring to a thing
REMEMBER!
r Theseare some common wh-r,vords:
wh-word refersto
who aperson EXAMPLES:
what a thing They'veestablishedwhere the crime was comrnitted.
where a place They'veestablishedwhen the crime was committed.
when a time They'veestablishedwhy the crime was committed.
why a reason They'veestablishedhow the crime was committed.
how a manner
We use a clausebeginning with whose + noun to refer to a relationship such as ownership or a

E
connectionbetweenthe noun and the subjectof the reportedclause.
EXAMPLE: r e p o r t e dc l a u s e
He'sjust learnt whosesignaturethat is.
ref'crring to ormership
We must not confusewhose with who's.Who's is the short form of who is or who has.
EXAMPLES:
He'sjust learnt who's (who is) signing the pay cheques. n
He'sjust learnt who's (who has) been signing the pay cheques. Y)
He'sjust learnt who's pay is the highest. E
We use a clausebeginning with which + noun to refer to a person or thing to be chosenfrom a
group or list.
EXAMPLE: reportedclause
She was asked which instrument she plaved,the violin or the cello.
REMEMBER!
r To avoid repetition, the noun after which or whose at the beginning of a reported clauseis dropped.
E)(AMpLES: Of your three novels,you can guesswhich M I like best.
He noticed a bicycle and wonderedwhose bffie it was.
r One can be used to replacethe noun afterwhich but not the noun afterwhose.
EXAMpLES: Of 1,ourthree novels,you can guesswhich one I like best. A
He noticed a bicvcleand rvonderedwhose one it was. fal
@A]unaer1inethereportedclausesintheSentenceSandwriteinthebracketswhat
they referto: person,thing, time, placerreasonor manner.
I The editors can't alwayspublish ( thing )

2 The engineerhas estimatedwhen the dam will be completed. ( )
3 I want to learn how a computer programme is written. ( )
l5l
4 We are planning where we should spend the next holidays. (
5 He'swondering who he can approach for help to solvehis problem. (
6 I can't understandwhy you want to seethat movie again. (
@_'CrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I The personnel officer will show you which cubicle havevou vouhave been allocated.
2 Richard doesn'tt no* @"rlT*ftut--l his companywill be sendinghim to France.
3 Youwon't believe who's lwhose car is parked next to ours.
4 I understata Eo*T*hy I you sometimesshuncompany.

5 Of the two strategies,we can tell you w h i c h l w h i c h s t r a t e g yis better.
6 He described what did he see I he saw as vividly as possible to the police officer.
-,
Shefound a slipperand realised whose I whoseone it must be.
8 Ian hasn'tdecided trhatfd.ichl route he will take,the inland or the coastalone.

-[
9 Her memoirs will reveal @"lr -ftE been financing her plays.
l0 We can't imagine how t h e o l d m a n c o o e d I d i d t h e o l d m a n c o all theseyears.
@-Cl Tickthe correctsentences.
I Kelvin has alwaysdone what seemsright and fair to him.

2 This cardigan'snot mine. I wonder whose one it is.
3 The reporter wouldn't disclosewho had given him the story.
4 Their expressionsdon't indicate which of the three accountsthey believe.
5 I enquiredwhen would the managerbe ableto seeme.
6 He needsto recommend who'sbanking privilegesshould be increased.
7 They demandedto know why had their petition been ignored.
B We cannot understand how you came to that conclusion. -j =!t
YouR seoREI
9 Of the two scenarios,I can't saywhich one is more attractive.
t0 Now I recallwhere did I first seethat tattoo. a,/ )74
@a Fill in the blankswith thewordsin the boxes.
I I'll explain kind of assistance

I need. what I how
2 The consultantsexplained they thought how I *hy

the plan wouldn't work.
She'snever forgotten supportwon her that seat. who's I whose
t52
4 We'rewondering when face the truth. he will I will he
5 Lisa has confided shefeelsabout this. how I which
6 I can sense of the two men is more comDetent. which I which one
1
a Nobody suspectswhere gomg. are we I we are
B Of all your souvenirs,I know you which souvenir I which one

treasuremosr.
I Mr Long askedwho from. lhe hamper was I was the hamper
t 0 Shegrabbedthe bouquet without checking whose I whoseone

it was. 4=-=
YOURSCORE
I
-a /a
-H
lr"
E@ E ] unoerline the correctwordsin the brackets.
I don't remember I ( how / where ) I came to be so busy.I don't knowwhen 2 ( will I / I will ) have
Everymoment,Ihavetodecide3 (which / whichtask) of mymanytasks4 ( shouldl / I
someleisure.
should ) tackle.The people in my life clamour to have their needsmet and it's hard to tell 5 ( whose /
whoseis)themosturgent.Sometimeslwonderhazily6(what/why)Iamdoingthis.Iaskmyself
7(how/where)Iamheading.Then,oneday,IsuddenlyseeS(what/which)ishappeningtome.I
need a break to find out 9 (what / n'hich ) I want to do in the coming 4: r==l
YOURSCORE I
months and how l0 ( can I / I can ) achievea better balancein life. -
a,/ t7l
tlrrE rT€ correctly.

I Thesetestsshow which talent of your many talents is the most developed.

Thesetestsshow which of your many talentsis the most deueloped.
He likes to mention who doeshe know in high places.
He likes to mention
Shetried to explain how she meant by thosewords.
Shetried to explain
They can predict whose going to win the championship at this stage.
They can predict

I understandwhy did you feel sad.
I understand
We can demonstrateto you what method is the better of the two.
We can demonstrateto you
153
UN]TTIIT"5 REPORTED
CTAUSES
that- clauseswith subjunctives
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is coffect and A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
'GD,E@ Mrs Ingram insistedthat the company
apologisesto her.
Mrs Ingram insistedthat the company
apologiseto her.
2A It is important that Fiona will seea doctor as soon
---- --11q9ll'-b-l-":
--
28 It is important that Fiona see a doctor as soon as
oossible.
The lecturer said it was necessarythat all

studentsattended the workshops.
't/"*'** POINTS
The lecturer said it was necessarythat all
studentsattend the workshoos.
A subiunctive is a specialverb that is the sameas the baseform of a verb.We can use it in a
E
that-clausewhen we want to statewhat should be done.We use it when the that-clausecomes
after reporting verbs like the following:
agree ask command demand insist
order propose recommend request suggest
EXAMPLES:Direct Speech: Adam said,"Mary should lead the way.|,

that-clause
ReportedSpeech: Adam suggested that Mary should lead the way.
@@
that-clause
Adam suggested that Marylead the way.
(."rqlerg!, ('.trsq,
that- clause
Adam suggested that Maryleads the way.
z_J_\
$eerTqrq9, 3 r d p e r s o ns i n g u l a rf o r n r
l{ote: The subjunctive can take the place of should + baseform in sentenceswith
the abovereporting verbs.Weusually use the subjunctivein a more formal
context.
t54
REMEMBER!
is oftenusedto stateadvice,instructions,
I Thesubjunctive etc,andto ref'erto actionsthat
suggestions,
m a ) o r m a y n o t t a k ep l a c e .
EXAMeLE:Mr Lar'vsonrecommendedthat Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year.
Did Mr Lar,vson recommend something?Yes.(His recommenclationis a past action.)
Will Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year?Wedo not know.
Shemay sit for the exam. (possibleftrtttre action)
r A subjunctivehas only the baseform. The rules for subject-verbagreementare not observedr,r'henthe
subjunctiveis used.
'to
E)GMpLES: Subjunctiveform of the verb be' Subjunctiveform of a main verb
Singularnouns Iohn be, the office be Iohn leave,the of1iceclose
Plural nouns the boys be, the officesbe the boys leave,the officesclose
lst person I be,we be I stay, we stay
2nd person you be you stay
3rd person he/she/it be, they be he/she/it stay, they stay
r The subjunctiveis usually used in formal situationssuch as when r,r'ritingreports and letters.
ExAMILE: I askedthe shop to give me a refund immediately. (in a conuersationor a letter to a friend)
I requestthat the shop give me a refund immediately. (in a letterof compktint)
r A few reporting verbs like ask, command and order can be immediately followed by a that-clause
containing a subjunctiveor an object + infinitive .
EXAMpLES: Dauid to Elaine: Could we get Mary to selectthe venue for the company dinner?
David asked that Mary selectthe venue for the companl, dinner.
that-clause
Dauid to Mary: Couldyou selectthe venue for the company dinner?

David asked Mar-v to selectthe venue for the company dinner.
@@G@
we use the expressionit is + adjective in sentencescontaining advice,suggestions,etc,

A lfr"1
the that-clausewhich follows the expressionmust contain a subiunctive.
il(AMPLES: that-clause
It rs necessarv that he inform the oolice immediatel
t"dry:_sj G{4ry,
It is necessarythat he informs the police immediately.
that-clause
We think it is important that you be on time.
I
(:9_19 (:!ry9
We think it is important that you are on time.
\&4renthe verb in the main clauseis in the Dasttense,the verb in the that-clauseremains in the
subjunctiveform. that clause
u(AMPLE: The presidentordered that his private jet be on standby.
,t.
G9:qI,
The presidentordered that his private iet was on standbv.
r55
ff[!fi!| e I rict thecorrectsentences.
I It is imperative that the soldierscrossthe bridge before dawn.
2 Henry'sfather demandedthat the principal saw him immediately.
3 The committee proposedthat their club organiseda regional quiz in April.
4 The judge askedthat the defenceattorney rephrasehis question to the witness.
5 It was essentialthat all the exhibits displayedprice tags.
6 The director announced that everyoneshould attend the latest training session.
7 It is vital that the blood bank have sufficient blood to cope with emergencies.
B Sueprefersthat we holds the meeting in her house after dinner.
9 The counselloradvisedthat I take up engineeringin university.
10 The SportsCouncil saysit is advantageousthat every student plays at leasttwo
gamesper week.
tr@Underlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets.
I Our lecturerrecommendedthat we ( subscribe/ subscribed) to the magazine'Voices'.
2 The architect advisedMr Chambers( extend / to extend ) his back terrace.
3 Maisie prayed that her garden ( survived / would survive) the harsh winter.
4 It is important that you ( do / did ) extensiveresearchbeforeyou write your historical novel.
5 The villagersurged the authorities ( stop / to stop ) the indiscriminate logging in their area.
6 Dad intends that we ( spend / spent ) a weekend on a farm during our vacation in Australia.
7 The prime minister said it is vital that we ( respect/ will respect) all our fellow citizens.
B The stewardessordered the unruly passenger( return / to return ) to his seatimmediately.
I Sheproposedthat the kindergartenchildren ( be /are ) in their classroomsuntil their parents
arrive to take them home.
t0 The managerstipulated that every employee( abides / should abide ) by the rules
or face disciplinary action.

for eachquestion.
IA The manageraskedour group to take the initiative in keeping our city clean.
B It is necessarythat everyonemust participatesin keeping the environment clean.
c The Environment Societyaskedthat every group attend its workshop on keepingthe
environment clean.
2A My mother said it is important that Iohn has confidencein himself.

B My mother said it r,vasimportant that I have confidencein myself.
C My mother suggestedthat Fiona read a book on how to gain self-confidence.
r56
3 A My sisterthinks it is important that we follow the latest fashions.
B My sisterrecommendsthat I should colour my hair burgundy red.
C I think it is necessarythat my sisterstop following fashionsblindly.
A The company directed all its employeesto submit the completed questionnaireby Friday.
B The company directed that its employeessubmitted the completed questionnaireby Friday.
C The company directed that its employeeswill submit the completed questionnaireby Friday.
A The police orderedthe motorists move to the side of the road.

B The police orderedthat the motorists move to the side of the road.
C The police orderedthe motorists to move to the side of the road.
Rewrite the sentencesusing subjunctives,that-clauses and the words in the

brackets.
Our captain : Pleaseact more responsibly.

(asked- we) Our captain askedthat we act more responsibly.
2 Matthew : \A/hydoesn'tKaty apply for a scholarshipsinceher exam resultsare

outstanding?
(recommended- Katy)
3 PoliceCommissioner: Arrestall thosebreakingthe curfew!

(commanded- his policemen)
Speaker: It is vital for you to understandwhat drug addiction can lead to.
(vital-we)
Larry: I askedStevento assistme in the project.
(asked- Steven)
6 Katy : Let s hold the weddingreceptionby the poolside.

- they)
(suggested
t57
NTT TT"4 REPORTED AND
CTAUSES
CLAUSES
CONDITIONAT
that-clauseswith subjunctivesand if-clauses

GRAMMAR
POINTS
@**tntt Mrs Lee requestedthat the decorationswill be

taken down by tomorrow.
Mrs Lee requestedthat the decorationsbe taken
down by tomorrow.
Stanleyordereddon't include his name in the
letter of complaint. / Stanleyordered that his
name be not included in the letter of complaint.
Stanleyorderedthat his name not be included in
the letter of comolaint.
If I am the prime minister, I would make
further education compulsory for all.
If I were the prime minister, I would make
further education compulsorv for all.
We use the subjunctivebe + the past participle in the that-clausewhen the clauseis in the
passrvevolce.
E)(AMPLES:
ActiueVoice: that-clause
The hijackers demanded that the governmentprovide a car for their getaway.
Gqellqr_U
PassiueVoice: that-clause
The hijackersdemanded that a car be provided by the governmentfor their getaway.

rl
GrylErt-) @@@
ActiueVoice: that-claLlse
It is imperative that the militarv commandos the hiiackersbefore dawn.
PassiueVoice: that-clause
lt is imperative that the hijackersbe overpoweredby the military commandos before dawn.
r58
This type of usagenormally occurswhen the that-clausecomes after certain reporting verbs
and adjectives,and it points to a possiblefuture action.
EXAMPLES:
Reportingverbs Adjectives (Itis / was... )

agree ask beg demand direct appropriate critical crucial
insist intend order plead essential imperative important
prefer propose request suggest necessary vital
\\hen we want to show that we are not in favour of a likely future action, we can use a subiunctive
and the word not in this way:
Subject+ reporting verb / adjective+ that-clause
Actiueuoice:
subiectof that-clause+ not + subiunctive
Passiueuoice:
subiect of that-clause + not + be + rticiple
EXAMPLES: that clause

It is vital that vou not lose interest in vour work.
G-ry@
(Meaning: You may lose interest in your work. It is vital that this does
not happen.)
that-clause
The criminal pleaded that he not be sent to orison.
(Meaning: The criminal may be sent to a prison. He

hopesthat this doesnot happen.)
We use the subjunctivewere in if-clauseswhen talking about future eventswhich are not likely
to take place.We use it for all subjects,whether nouns or pronouns.
EXAMPLES: If I >< / were a millionaire, I would buy myself an island.
If Adamffi / were here,he would help me with this problem.
REMEMBER!
r \Vhen the expressionIf I were you is used to give advice,should and not would is usually used in the
secondpart ofthe sentence.
'You
EXAMeLE:If I were you, I should pay more attention to my health. (samemeaning as should
pay more attention to your
health.')
r \Vhen the expressionI wish is usedto expresshope, regretor desire,both the subjunctivewere and the
singularverb was can be used for singularsubjectsand singularthird person pronouns.
EXAMpLES: I wish Larawere / was my elder sister.
I wish it were / was my turn to plan an outing.
I wish they were / Ds{ more consideratetowardsothers.
159
inthebrackets.
correctwords
EEElEEI-4 I Underlinethe
It is recommendedthat a well-receivedarticle on child abuse I ( be read out / not be read out ) in
community groups.This article stressesthe following parts:
. It is necessarythat there 2 ( be / not be ) greaterpublic awarenessabout the problem.
. It is imperative that parents 3 ( neglect / not neglect) their duties towardstheir children.
. It is vital that children 4 ( be protected / not be protected ) from violence.
. It is critical that an abusedchild 5 ( be separated/ not be separated) from his or her abusiveparent.
. It is necessarythat the government 6 ( delay / not delay ) the enforcementof legislationdealing
with children'srights.
. It is crucial that schools 7 ( consider / not consider) child abuseto be solely a family matter.
o It is important that teachersB ( ignore / not ignore ) remarksor complaints by studentsabout
beatingsthey receiveat home.
. It is appropriate that child abusers9 ( be treated / not be treated ) Iike criminals
. It is essentialthat convicted abusers f 0 ( be let off / not be let off ) with a light
sentencebv the courts.
@Circlethecorrectwordstocompletethesentences.
I The captainsaidit was necessarythat passengers were
warned about the delay.
If Emma - a politician, shewould create was were

more job opportunities for senior citizens.
Janicerequestedthat her interview- for be not scheduled not be scheduled

Tuesday.
If I were you, I - ask the receptionistfor a should would

room with better lighting.
The elderly man requestedthat he - an aisle be given give
seaton the plane.
The bus driver askedthat we such a noise at make not not make
the back of the bus.
I wish I _ a brilliant surgeonlike my uncle. am were
It is imoortant that factories their chemical don't dump not dump

wastesinto streamsand rivers.
9 The editor intends that evervcaseof racism be highlighted is highlighted

in his newspaper.
10 If I were an architect,I - build myself a house should would

overlookingthe sea.
160
Someof the underlined words contain mistakes.Write the correctwords in the
boxesprovided.
I The contractor proposed that our family built a pond to beautiff the garden.
2 Husseinprefersthat we stay closeto him during our trek into the jungle.
3 The king intends that the law obeyedby one and all.
4 If I were you, I should replant those rosebushesaway from the entrance.
D It is imperative that racial prejudice not be prevailedin our society.
6 The distressedwoman pleadedthat she be allowed to use our telephone.
- I wish Richardwere more thoughtful in his behaviour towards others.
B It is appropriate that they be informed of your intended visit aheadof time.

9 If Anne was an actress,she would only want to work with the AcademyAward
winning directorJoeStenson.
l 0 The chairpersoninsistedthat the meeting not adjourned until all matters
arising had been dealt with.
=_!!-
F.
YOURSCORE I
@4 Rewritethe sentences
correctly. rZ
I t" rPJ
I If I the mayor, I would encouragethe city to have a Speakers'Corner.

If I werethe mayor,I would encouragethe city to hauea Speakers'Corner.
2 John requestedthat we don't tell Betty about the presenthe had bought for her.
3 Our neighbourssuggestedthat we paid half the cost of the wall betweenour houses.
4 It is important that the fine print in legal documents read carefully.
5 I wish Mr Leeis our neighbourbecausehe is so understanding.
6 Iessiebeggedthat she not required to give a speechbefore the large audience.
16r
PHRASES
UN]]TT2"TADIECTIVAT
with prepositions

GRAMMAR
POINTS
An adjectivalclausehas a finite verb.An adjectivalphrasedoes not have a finite verb.

E
EXAMPLES:
He dreadedthe task
adjectival phrase
He dreaded the task F"f-ffil
An adjectivalphrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a preposition.
A
EXAMPLE: adjectival phrase
He dreadedttr" tast F"fote tti-l Z

He dreadedthe task that before him. E
Theseare some examplesof adjectivalphrasesbeginning with prepositions:
againstthe law down the lane in front of me

next to the station opposite the gallery over the mountains
under surveillance up the streel within our capacity
r62
\\hen an adjectivalphrasedescribesthe subject of the sentence,it comesbetween the subject
and the finite verb.We must take specialcarethat the finite verb agreeswith the subject.
EXAMPLES: subject-verb agreement
v v
The child trrt'"i'."'"l
trdjectival phrase
is vervhappv.
-L__________
Gtrgll"glElj Ury1s4ry4U
subject-verbagreement
The children
REMEMBER!
phrasebeginningwith a prepositionis usedaftera nounto givemoreinformation
r An adjectival
about the noun.
D(AMPLE: The man rvith the untidv beard playsthe guitarbeautifully.
Yl
adjeciival phrase
I rloun I de,t ribinethe mm
" adjectival Phrase
described )
I-----l-
describing the man
Themanplaysthe guitarbeautit"ttyFltfr tfr" untidy
rvith the untiOybeard.
t"*a.-l E
phrasemustcomeimmediatelyafterthenounit describes.
Takenotethatthe adjectival
@a Underlinethe adjectivalphrases.
I Sheis staringat the photo on her table again.

2 We finally saw the light at the end of the tunnel.
3 He was honoured for his contribution towardspeace.
4 Her dispute with the company is still unresolved.
5 The fingerprints on the glassbelong to the murder suspect.
6 Her house is full of junk from various sales.
7 The closebond betweenthe twins is something I wish I had with my sister.
B Our new employeeis the man with the cheerful grin.
9 Hazel'shard work behind the sceneshelpeda lot.
l0 I like the senseof satisfactionafter finishing a task.
@aRearrangethewordstoformSentenCeSwithadjectivalphrases.
I a - along - beach- relax- stroll - the - will - you.
2 a- he - is - of - rights- supporter- women's.
3 above- hundred- is - metres- resort- sealevel- the - two.
I63
4 do - his - in - mind - nobody - right - that - would.
-=-
YOUR SCOREI
5 behind-mask- now-person- see-the-the -we.
a ,/ J,7a
-
@? Tickthe correctsentences.
I The ground beneath his feet shook violently.

2 We noticed the ladder which againstthe wall.
3 The boat belongsto a pirate alongsideours.
4 Designinga web pageis a task beyond my capability.
5 Walter frequentsthe mall opposite the cinema.
6 Conversationswithin earshotof strangersshould be guarded.
7 The demonstratorsare on a rampagewere rounded up by the police.
B Any sum over ten thousand dollars have to be declared.
m
d=-
YOURSCORE
I
I Everyrthingon those shelvesis made by our craftsmen.
l0 Everyonefor the motion were askedto say'aye'.
@D]circlethelettersoftheSuitableitemsintheboxesandmarkwith(wherethey
shouldbe addedto the sentences.
I The debate(was very heated @ on the proposednew tax.

B that on the proposed new tax.
This famous magician has performed A are beyond belief.

feats B beyond belief.
3 The difficulties before her final triumph A has matured her.

B have matured her.
4 Killing is not murder A during a fit of insanity.

B which during a fit of insanity.
Letters of complaint without the A not to be given consideration.

writers' names or addresses B are not to be given consideration.
6 Viewers enjoyed the programme A all over the world.

B who all over the world.
164
@lJ Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
A recent article on'Unidentified Flying Objects'or'UFOs' I ( are / is ) refreshinglysceptical.

The author saysthat creatures 2 ( from / that from ) other planets are being unfairly suspectedof
wanting to invade Earth. Reports 3 ( are without / without ) sound evidenceare eagerlybelieved.
Our faith is reinforcedby sciencefiction 4 (in I on ) television.The pseudo-scientificjargon 5 ( in

/ which in ) theseseriescan be very convincing. So can the scenes 6 ( for / with ) their specialeffects.
Thesefactorsblur the line 7 ( between / is between) fact and fiction. Indeed, modern-day
9 (for / to ) high-
enthusiasm8 (after / for) anythingremotelyscientifichasmadeusr,ulnerable
tech hoaxes.This article l0 (by / of ) an educationalpsychologistgivessome interestingnew
information
-ilo* r.*-rl
a,/ )71
@3RewritethesentenceScorrectlyusingadjectiva1phrasesbeginningwith
prepositions.
I Travellingis with the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience.

Trauellingwith the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience.
2 If the ambassadorand his wife come, there must be perfect behaviour around their
presence.
3 Hit songsare becoming popular again from old musicals.
4 This movie is not recommendedfor viewerswho below 18.
5 The enormous ladv is in front of me blocked my view.
6 Sherealisedbehind his gruff manner the kindness. .---:-

YOUR SCOREI
t-
a,/ )71
-
165
UNTT I2=2 ADIECTIVAT
PHRASES
with presentand past participles

GRAMMAR
POINTS
u. l )
{"**AR PorNrs
Unlike an adjectivalclause,an adjectivalphrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-

finite verb, for instancea presentparticiple or a past participie.
EXAMPLES: ^ i ; ^ ^ + : .al- .clarrse
adjectir ^, , ^ . . - ^
I know the person
adjectival phrase
I know the person
adjectival clause
Weheardthe soundof drums
We heard the sound of drums
g An adectival phrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a present
participleor a past participle.
EXAMpLES: adjectival phrase
adjectivalphrase
I know the person headingthe delegation.
a
I know the personwho heading the delegation.
E
r66
adjccti\ al phrase
We heard the sound of drums beatenjoyously. n

We heard the sound of drums which beatenjoyously. E
E \.4trenan adjectivalphrasedescribesthe subject of the sentence,it comes betweenthe subject
and the finite verb.We must take specialcarethat the finite verb agreeswith the subject.
EXAMPLES: subjectverbagreement
,
* v
The boy accusedof stealingcomputergames
t- adjectir,al phrase
Gs!:qss!ry,
subject-r,erb agreement
c o m p u t e rg a m e s
ofstealing
The boys a c c u s e d
-----q adjectival phrase
(!'b4lq!Tl,
REMEMBER!
phrasebeginningwith a presentparticipleor pastparticipleis usedafterpeopleor things
r An adiectival
to describeor identifythemby sayingwhattheyaredoingor whathappensto them.
EXAMPLE: tival clause dcscribitre the
The girl can also swim well. @

adjectival phrase
describing the girl
The girl can also t*i- *.ttFu*itu ot'ttlt. ttug".] E

Takenote that the adlectivalphrasemust come immediately after the noun it describes.
r An adjectivalphrasebeginning with a presentparticiple has an active meanlnS.

EXAMPLE:
we marvelled at tne cnrlo painting the picture. Z
We marvelledat the child painted the picture. E
r An adlectivalphrasebeginning with a past participle has a passivemeaning.
EXAMPLE:
We marvelledat the picture painted by the child. @
We marvelledat the picture painting by the child. E
underline the adjectivalphrases.

@
I The workers evacuatingthe flood victims are volunteersfrom the community.
2 The visitors taken to seethe sightswere unimpressed.
3 I felt grief mixed with exhaustion.
4 He beckonedto the boy hesitatingin the doorway.
5 The bells chiming so clearlybrought back her childhood.
6 A chair flung out of a window hit a passer-by.
7 You have a son blessedwith a happy nature.
8 I love to hear thesevoicesharmonising so well. 4l-t
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I
9 The lawyer cross-examiningthe witness is formidable.
lO He strikesme as a man disillusionedwith his profession. a,/
- )71
167
Ef'nfitl'{a Tickthecorrectsenrences.
I Marks can pull your percentagedown deducted for spelling.
2 Shewas lulled by the breezefanning her face.
3 The man spokenratherbrusquelyapologisedat once.
4 They'reshowing signsof nervesare frayed by anxiety.
5 The equipment arriving today is of top quality.
6 The portrait is of his grandfatherhanging on the wall.
7 The quilt woven by our group won first prize.
B The girl masqueradingas a fairy had paper wings.
€:
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I
9 Peoplewho hurrying by are not likely to notice us.
t/r
l0 Theseare some figuresqueried by the auditor. a,/
- t7l
@eRearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwithadjectivalphrases.
I children - detest- forced- it - may - music - study - to.
2 grilled - he - loves- perfection- steaks- to.
3 a- a- girl- greeted-kimono-me -wearing.
4 asidefor - insufficient - is - France- monev- our - set - the - trip - to.
5 a - as - backvard- child - climbins - her - I - in - our - remember- trees.

--
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I
a/l
| //
- )Vl
EEEEEE|g] Fiil in the blankswith suitablewordsin theboxes.
I The man the labourersis fussy. hiring I who hiring
2 Restaurants excellentcan be are rated I rated

disappointing.
3 Peoplefacing worse hardship kept calm. has I have
4 We spoketo passengers by the shaken I were shaken

cablecar accident.
5 Only members to secrecyknow sworn I that sworn
the truth.
r68
He was unmoved by the tears glistening I w h i c hg l i s t e n i n
in their eyes.
Strange noises in the middle of the night doesn't I don't
scare her.
He was a boy by his overprotectedI wasoverprotected

family.
The sun is now a red ball is sinking I sinking
into the sea.
l 0 Next, I'll introduce a lady done I who's done
a greatdeal for us.
Rewritethe sentencescorrectly using adjectivalphrases

beginningwith presentparticiplesor past participles.
A candidate fared very badly expected to win the election.

A candidate expected to win the election fared uery badly.
2 Shelooked disdainfully at the youth who approachingher.
3 Overseasstudentsvearn for home need help to deal with the loneliness.
4 The personis very experiencedchosenfor the post.
5 They came in carrying cameraswere slung on their shoulders.
-:=F!!=
6 The Master of Ceremoniesgavea speechwhich filled with anecdotes. YOURSCORE
I
l,/l
|,/ I7l
@Flunderlinethecorrectwordsinthebracketstocompletethepassage.
2 (offer/ offers)
ArticlesI (areappearing/appearing)innewspapersandmagazinessometimes
tips on learning.According to one writer, a nose 3 ( buried / is buried ) in a book will not sniff out
much knowledge.Hours 4 ( have been spent / spent ) studying non-stop are so many hours wasted.
A tactic 5 ( becoming / which becoming ) popular with studentsis to stop studying everyhour and
jump about for five minutes.
If jumping about is not acceptablein your family, think of something 6 ( deem / deemed)
Iessinappropriate.You may have read a piece 7 ( recommending / was recommending ) that you
glanceat a book of jokes or cartoons.Humour is an element B ( known / that known ) to help
learning. However,the risk 9 ( are / is ) that you'll scareeveryonewith a sudden
cackleof laughter.Perhapsslow wordlessmusic l0 ( keep / keeping ) you company is a
saferaid.
r69
UN]TTT2=5ADIECTIVAT
PHRASES
with adjectives

GRAMMAR
POINTS
iGDru
't1 l'
'
II
/TCRAMMAR POINTS
Unlike an adjectivalclause,an adjectivalphrasedoes not have a finite verb.

EXAMPLE: adjectival clause
Thisis a country ffi

-t l
Glr:g9j
adjectir al phrase
This is a country rich in traditions.
An adjectivalphrase doesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with an adjective.
(The adjectiveis followed by a preposition.)
EXAMPLE: adjectival phrase
This is a country
This is a country which rich in traditions.
m."? an.adjectivalphrasedescribesthe subjectof the sentence,it comesbetweenthe subject

E
and the finite verb.We must take specialcarethat the finite verb agreeswith the subiect.
EXAMPLES: subject-verb agreement
v *
Abook popular with teenagers has attractedthe attention of the media.
t- adjectival phrase
Gqrqlsslq,
subject-verb agreement
* v
Books popular with teenagers have attracted the attention of the media.
-,___1_ adjectival phrase
GsEeqlqq!,
170
REMEMBER!
r An adjectivalphrasebeginningwith an adjectivedescribes
a noun and comesimmediatelyafterthe
noun it describes.
EXAMPLES: adjectival phrase describing a person
A person @ is an easytargetfor confidencetricksters. ,71
adjectivalphrasedescribinga person
A person is an easytargetfor confidencetrickstersI eagerto earn money easily. E
@4J underlinethe adjectivalphrases.
I The boys found themselvesstaring at a farmer'sface red with anger.

2 A child forlorn in a corner caught my eye.
3 Rice fields golden in the sun make me think of home.
4 Shehas skin allergicto nylon.
5 We were a group of studentsreadyfor adventure.
6 A policy brilliant in conception will fail if poorly implemented.
7 Her smile hid a heart hear,1,with anxiety.
B A guestreluctant to depart was straining our patience.
9 The racing car was watched by boys greenwith enr,y.
l0 Children eagerto learn are a delight to teach.
f-'FGl?t'@ Rearrange
the wordsto form sentences.
I a -bright - future - have- promise- they-with.
2 alive- faces- interest- sa\v- we - with.
3 adept - are - at - managers - motivating - needed - people.
4 a- choose- close- place- to - we'll - you.
5 by - expedition- join - jungle- keen- must - our - register- students- to - tomorrow.
t7l
Ef'r,tl?t?'{? Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
IA He spokein tones firm with conviction.

B He spokein tones that firm with conviction.
c He spokein tones that were firm with conviction.
2A Placesfree from pollution are getting fewer.

B There are fewer and fewer placesfree from pollution.
c Placesfree from pollution is getting fewer.
3A The man has a fleet of them crazy about cars.

B The man crazy about cars has a fleet of them.
C The man who is crazyabout cars has a fleet of them.
4A We gazedat the meadowsserenein the moonlight.

B We gazedat meadowsthat lay serenein the moonlight.
c Meadowsserenein the moonlight lay before us.
5A A child wise beyond his yearshave helped us.

B A child has helped us wise beyond his years.
c A child wise beyond his yearshas helped us.
@n]Eittintheblankswithsuitablewordsinthebox.
are beautiful eyes easy ls
sickness need painful proud requires
I We are a nation of our heritage.

2 The shop famous for its noodles over there.
3 Children shy in adult company carefulhandling.
4 Sheis a lady beyondcompare.
J Thevwere a familv to like.
6 Peoplehungry for knowledge waiting to be educated.
-, full of wonder.
The toddler looked at us with
I A student able to motivate himself little help.
I His is a difficult to cure.
l0 It was a scene to witness.
172
Ioin the sentencesunderA to thoseunder B. Changethe sentencesunder B
into adjectivalphrasesbeginning with adjectives.
A B
I Peopletend to avoid cakesand pastries. They are consciousof their weight.
2 Shetouched a forehead. ltwas clammvwith cold sweat.
3 We enteredrooms, They were bare of furniture.
4 A bov mav become a fine man. He is thoughtlessduring childhood.
c A pet is full of energy. It is sureof its master's
love.
6 I watched the tailor. He was busy at work.
I Peopleconsciottsof their weight tend to auoid cakesand pastries.

2
E=:ET
YOURSCORE
I
a /a
-H
l-r "
@fJ underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
I once askedmy grandfatherwhat it had been like for him to be a teenager I ( eager/ that eager
) to grow up and be acceptedas an adult 2 ( is responsible/ responsible) for his own life. He smiled
and gavean answer 3 ( different / was different ) from anlthing I had expected.He said that
as atime a (filled / full) of conflict 5 (was / were )aconceptforeignto his generation.
adolescence
"Infact,achildhood 6 (free / whichfree)of seriousresponsibilities
7 (are / is )amodernnotion,"
he said.
At the age of six, he was alreadya'big boy' with three younger siblings 8 ( depend / dependent)
on him for safetyand early education.At 14,he was a young man g ( certain / who certain ) of his
place in society.The valuesdominant in that society l0 ( was / were ) a part of him and rebel]9..r.r-
wasoutof thequestion.
t*9
1,,' rl
173
PHRASES
UNTTT5"il ADVERBIAT
with becauseof

GRAMMAR
POINTS
Unlike an adverbialclause,an adverbialphrasedoes not have a finite verb.The adverhialphrase

containseithera noun aloneor a noun phrase.
aclverbial clause
D(AMPLES:
The children are irritable @
-
Gqsrs!,
adverbial phrase
The children are irritable @

@
An adverbialphrasebeginning with becauseof often contains:
(a) a noun noun
EXAMPLE: He got into mischief because of boredom .
(b) adlective + noun adiective noun

EXAMPLE: He got into mischief because of intolerable boredom .
(c) article+ noun arllcle noun
D(AMpLE: Our flight is delayedbecauseof the fog.

( d ) a r l i c l e + a d j e c t i v e+ n o u n article adjective noun
EXAMpLE:Our flight is delayedbecauseof the dense fog .

possesslve
(e) possesslve
pronoun + noun pronoun noun
EXAMPLE:The villagersprevailedbecauseof their solidarity .
(f) possessivepronoun + adjective+ noun !l;;"";*il' adjective noun

EXAMpLE:The villagersprevailedbecauseof their tremendous solidarity.
pronoun + adjective+ noun with'ing'

(g) article/ possessive
EXAMPLE: possesslve
pronoun adjectir.e nounrvith'ing'
Their house deterioratedbecauseof their regular absences.
174
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialphrasebeginning."vith the question"\\hy?".
becauseof answers
EXAMPLE: adverbial phrnse
Heisdistrustedffi
\i\hy is he distrusted?Becauseof his deviousness.
r For can sometimesbe used insteadof becauseof to begin an adverbialphrase.
EXAMpLES: We receiveda reprimand becauseof our irresponsibility.
We receiveda reprimand for our irresponsibility.
r An adverbialphrasewith becauseof or for can sometimescome at the beginning of a sentence.
A comma is usually added after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE:
r v er e c e i v e d
a replimand.
adverbialphrase
@ we receiveda reprimand.
@_A_J underlinethe adverbialphrases.
I Our report was commended for its accuracy.

2 For their persistencein upholding justice, they will alwaysbe remembered.
3 Becauseof the eleganceof its furnishings,this hotel is our first choice.
4 He almostruined his fishingrod becauseof a momentarycarelessness.
5 For your generositywhen we were in serioustrouble, you've earned our gratitude.
6 A curfewhas been imposedbecauseof the riots.
7 Becauseof his sadexperiences
in childhood,he is very compassionate.
8 Children love her for her affectionatenature.
9 For the incisivehumour of his lectures,ProfessorLeeis much admired.
l0 That building hasbeen restoredand preservedbecauseof its historicalvalue.
tt fi?t?'{a Tickthecorrecrsenrences.
I Somecancersof the skin can developbecauseof prolongedexposureto
the sun.
2 For his repeatedfailure to comply with the club rules,he was suspended
for two months.
3 They are being criticisedbecauseof they are narrow-mindec.
4 Becauseof he'sa judge,he must be carefulin socialsituations.
5 Shesuspectsthat men want to marry her for her money.
6 Becauseof their vigilance,three liveswere saved.
7 For your lack of cooperate,we cannothaveyou on our team.
8 We won our casebecauseof you were persuasive.
9 I admire them for resilient. F_]-
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I
-
1O For her remarkableability to deal with people, Suewas promoted to the
position of Human ResourceManager. -
lr"
- >l
175
@? in thebrackets.
Underlinethecorrectwords
I They were late for work ( because/ becauseof ) the heavy snowing.
2 For ( his compassion/ his compassionate) towardsthe poor, he was warmly received.
3 Becauseof ( his / the ) obviousinexperience,he did not obtain respect.
4 We chosethis machine for ( its / it's ) versatility.
5 Thosebuildingsare in bad shapebecauseof ( a poor / poor ) maintenance.
6 For ( good / the good ) of mankind, some scientistsdevotetheir lives to research.
7 Shewon a prize for exemplary ( behaviour / she behaved).
B Becauseof his ( fails / failure ) to conform to club rules,he was askedto resign.
I For ( their / they ) help on that occasion,they were given the day off'
becauseof sheer( terror / terror-stricken).
t0 He found himselfspeechless
E@4 the wordsin the boxesto completethe sentences.

Rearrange
becauseher - of - responsibilitv- shirk - tendency- to , we daren'ttrust her yet.

Becauseof her tendencyto shirk responsibility,we daren't trust her yet.
2 He is disliked by some conform - for - his - refusal- to
3 The universeis beyond our grasp awesome- because- its - of - vastness
beauw - for - its - lyrics - of - the , the song stayedat the top of the
charts for 10weeks.
a - because- misunderstanding- of - s . we lost contact for vears.
6 The entire platoon was punished for - its - obev - orders- slowness- to
.- :-
YOURSCORE
I
@ElcirclethelettersofthecorrectSentenceS.
fA
| ,/
-
'FA
I A For their selflessdedication,they'vewon a place in our history.

B They'vewon a place in our history becauseof their selflessdedication.
C They'vewon a place in our history becauseof their selflessdedicated.
2 A Becauseof his good nature, he was taken advantageof by some people.

B He was taken advantageof by some people becauseof good-natured.
C He was taken advantageof by some people of his good nature.
t76
3 A They were enchantedwith her becauseof their beautiful voice.
B They were enchantedwith her becauseof her beautiful voice.
C They were enchantedwith her becauseshe had a beautiful voice.
4 A We value this work for its artistic excellence.

B We value this work becauseof its artistic excellence.
C We value this work becauseof artisticallyexcellent.
5 A Becausehis love of money,he sacrificedhis free time. -=-=

YOUNSCORE
I
B For his love of money, he sacrificedhis free time.
C He sacrificedhis free time becauseof his love of money. I r' l7l
E@ F I some of the adverbialphrasesin the passageare incoffect. Underline them

and rewrite the adverbialphrasesbeginning with becauseof or for correctly.
It was the junior collegeprize-givingceremonyand Lisa felt happy becauseof the college's
recogniseof its students'achievements.From Lisa'sgroup, Iulia receivedthe prize for the best overall
'College
result. Becauseof her performed outstandinglyin sports,Ashawon the title SportsStar'.The
'BestSpeaker'title went to Farafor a brilliance of her debating.Sally,the new student,was the winner
of the art prize becauseof the striking originality of her work. For their excellentin the science
subjects,Andy and Sheilashared aprize.
Lastlya new prize was announced.It was awardedto Lisa for her kind to other students.This
unexpectedappreciatealmost made Lisa cry.
I It was the iunior collegeprize-giutngceremonyand Lisa felt happy becauseof the college's
recognitionof its students'achieuements.
177
PHRASES
UNTT1T"2ADVERBIAL
with in order to, so as to and to
GRAMMAR
POINTS
iGD,ro
RAMMAR POINTS
In an adverbialphrase,in order to, so as to or to must be followed by the baseform of a verb.

EXAMPLE: adverbiai rase
The governmentis developingthe beach resort
The governmentis developingthe beach resort
We cannot add not immediately after in order to or so as to. For a negativephrase,we must use
in order not to or so as not to.
EXAMpLE: They checkedhis credentialsin order not to / so as not to be cheated. Z
They checkedhis credentialsin order to not / so as to not be cheated. E
We do not normally begin a negativephrasewith not to.
EXAMPLES: Shemade up a story not to do the night shift. E
Shemade up a story in order not to / so as not to do the night shift. a1
We can begin a negativephrasewith not to when it is accompaniedby a positive ph rase.
EXAMPLE:
I joinedthe socierynot to iostle for leadershi but lto contribute.I
n e g a t i v ep h r a s e positive phrase
Z
I joined the societyF contriiute land not to lost
positivephrase
r leaclersnrp.
negative phrasc
n
t7B
REMEMBER!
I An adverbialphrasebeginningwith in order to, so as to, to, in order not to, so as not to or not to shows
purpose.
EXAMPLE:They'rewatching their diet so as to keep in t m.
thePurPose
Ghows
:il:i,?'i],,t'-tTn
A commais usualll,added
r An adverbialphraseshowingpurposecan be placedat the beginningof a sentence.
after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE: In order not to shockthe audience, parts of the film were censored.
aclverbial phrase
@;-lUnderlinetheadverbialphrasesthatshowpurpoSe.
I To heighten environmental awareness,the minister suggestedlaunching a publicity campaign.
2 My uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to retire in comfort.
3 Shechoseher words carefullyso as not to offend her client.
4 In order to increaseyour chancesof a promotion,you shouldwork extrahard.
5 I'm practisingconscientiouslyso as to becomea good violinist.
6 We'll work extra hours to make sure the goodsare ready on time.
7 In order to earn the respectof your team members,you must be a firm and fair leader.
B Shelets her children sharein the houseworkso as to teach them useful skills.
ilou*]5i,l
9 They quickly settledthe issueout of court in order not to attract media attention. f7
'A
l0 The computer systemwill be improved so as to protect it againsthackers. lr"
@Rearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletethesentences'
bankrupt- go - in - not - order- to, they're cutting costsdrastically.
2 He'll try to persuadeeverybody ntest - for - him - in -'Most Popular Resident'- the - to
l- vote.I
3 Wed better tell the truth suspense- as- ffre- not - prolong - so - to.
a- child's - develop - to - self-esteem, parentsshould not be afraid to provide challenges.
5 He keepsquiet most of the time arguing- avoid - in - his - order - to - roommate - with.
179
ff[!![lf c J rict thecorrectsentences.
I The doctor prescribedan antibiotic to control the infection.
2 In order not to seemedtoo eager,he saunteredin late.
3 The managerpointed out the new employee'sstrength so as to boost his morale.
4 To arousemy curiosity,the children deliberatelyspokein whispers.
J Soasto not make expensivemistakes,Iulie takesprofessionaladviceon legalmatters.
6 We'reinterviewing the victims of the fire not to meddle but to find out their needs.
-,
In order get a promotion,most peoplehaveto work hard.
B The prisonersconforming to the ways of his group so as not to be ostracise.
I To equip studentsfor the IT age,our schoolshave included computer lessonsin
the curriculum.
l 0 We'vebeen learning the latest dancesin order not to felt awkward at the next ball.
ff[![l| D I underlinethecorrectwords
inbrackets.
I The dentist made small talk with Sallyso as to ( put / puts ) her at ease.
2 To ( galvanise/ galvanised) his soldiersinto action, the captain said the high command might
make an unscheduledinspection.
3 In order not ( seem / to seem) inexperienced,he told us that he had been in the industry for many
years.
4 They studied the map carefullyso as ( not / not to ) take a wrong turn along the way.
5 Janewandered around the new house in order to ( get / got ) the feel of the place.
6 So as to ( ensure / ensured) he assembledthe cabinet correctly,he studied the diagramsin the
do -it-yourselfmanual.
7 He has come not to complain but to ( help / helping ) us learn from our mistakes.
B He kept his problemsto himselfso as ( not to / to not ) upsetus.
9 In order to ( ran / run ) unencumberedup the steepslope,he threw dornmhis backpack.
10 Shetold us ever),'thing( not / so as not ) to be blamed.
@eJointheSentenceS.Changetheunderlinedonesintoadverbial
phrasesbeginning with the words in brackets.
I He wants to hone his debating skills (in order to). He often practisesspeakingbefore a
mirror.
In order to hone his debating skills,he often practisesspeaking beforea mirror.
2 You are sayingthesethings.Youwant to humour me (to).
180
3 Shedoesn'twant to be outdone (in order). She'sattempting the highestpeak when we
go mountain-climbing.
4 I wanted to let Susanknow when I'll be back (to). I left a note on the refrigeratordoor.
5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe.He didn't want to awakenthe sleepingtiger
(in order).
6 Nancy does not want to forget important dates (so as).Nancy alwayscarriesa
notebookwith her,
@.'3]RewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingpurpoSe.
In order to overcameher paralysingshyness,Diana tried various techniquesfrom magazine
articles.One involved imagining the people shewas shy of in their pyjamasso as to lost her awe of
them. Unfortunately,this made her even more nervous and she hastily reclothedthem in proper
clothesto restoringher composure.Another technique was rather more successful.In order to not be
tongue-tied,she askedpeoplequestionsabout themselves,their families,schoolsor jobs,hobbies,
favourite colours and so on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on askingthem
questionsso as not to gavethem a chanceto question her back.To copeswith this need, Diana
compiled a list of questionslong enough to qualiff for the GuinnessBook of World Records.
In order to ouercomeher paralysing shyness,Diana tried uarious techniquesfrom

magazine articles.
-=:J-t
m
YOURSCORE
I
lBl
PHRASES
UN]TTi]5"5 ADVERBIAL
with presentparticiples

GRAMMAR
POINTS
We can use an adverbialphrasebeginning with the'ing' (presentparticiple) form when

describingan action done by or an event causedby the samesubjectin the main clause.
a d r e r l r i a lp h r a s er h o r r i n g r e s u l L
EXAMPLE:
The tornado swept through the town,
We put the adverbialphraseafter the main clauseif the action or event is the result of the action
in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
creatinga pleasantatmosphere.
We can place the adverbialphrasebefore the main clauseif the action or event takesplace
before the action in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
I quickly changedthe subject.
REMEMBER!
r A comma is usually placedbetweenthe main clauseand the adverbialphrasebeginningwith an'ing' form.
E)GMPLE:
He often makestactlessremarks, hurting other people'sfeelingsas a result.
r Hence,therefore or thus can be addedimmediatelybeforean adverbiaiphraseshowingresult.However,they

should not be added before words like causing or resulting in, which alreadyindicate very clearly that the
ohraseshowsresult.
T82
Thev introduced certain rules,complicating things.
EXAMPLES: n
They introduced certain rules,hence /therefore /thus complicating things. a
They introduced certain rules,causing compiications. a
They introduced certain rules,hence /therefore /thus causing complications. E
@AlunderlinetheadverbialphraSeSofresult.
I The demonstratorsrefusedto disperse,leavingthe policeno choicebut to arrestthem.
2 The lecture had been well-advertised,drawing a large crowd.
3 A fresh breezeblew tempering the heat of noon.
4 Two friends joined us, making up a foursome for a game.
5 The speakerkept contradicting himself, bewildering the audience.
6 Someoneyawned,causingthe restof us to do the same.
7 He acted swiftly and wisely,preventing a crisis.
B We left the building unlocked last night, exposingit to vandals -ounfu
9FinallytherainsCame,enablingthefarmerstoploughtheirlands.a
l0 Her grandchildrenarrived,making her much more cheerful. a"' 14
@B]circlethelettersoftheCorrectSentenceS.
I A We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, turning night into day.
B We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, thus turning night into day.
C We celebratedfrom dusk to dawn, turned night into day.
2 A He had excellentscoresin the game,thus qualified for inclusion in the next round.
B He had excellentscoresin the game,hence qualiffing for inclusion in the next round.
C He had excellentscoresin the game,thereforequalifuing for inclusion in the next round.
3 A Cyclingfuriously,Joeand I arrived well before the others.

B Arriving well before the others,Ioe and I cycledfuriously.
C Ioe and I cycledfuriously,hence arriving well beforethe others.
4 A Showingno signsof a thaw the ice forced us to stay at home.

B The ice showedno signsof thawing, thus forcing us to stay at home.
C The ice showedno signsof thawing, hence forced us to stay at home.
l83
5 A The play was deeply moving, thus making some of the audiencecry.
B The play was deeply moving, was making some of the audiencecry.
C The playwas deeply moving, making some of the audiencecry.
ff[!fifif c I rictthe correctsentences.

I Feelinghimself exhausted,he had fallen asleep.
2 They clearedthe rainforestsrecklessly,thus losing their heritage.
3 The river overflowedits banks,flooding the plain.
4 Shehung up two paintings,brighten the room.
5 His effortswere fuelled by pride, thereforeresulting in failure.
6 Your proposalis highly original, hence meriting seriousconsideration.
7 Dar,tnbroke, awakenedbirds and babies.
B Causinga lot of debate,she set one idea againstanother.
9 We had been slackening,thereforegetting poor results.
l0 A group of revellersgatecrashedour party, creatingreal confusion.
f@4 Crossout theincorrectwordsin theboxesto completethesentences.
I Brownie jumped onto the table, toppled ltoppling a statuette.
2 He promotedhis friends, causing I hence causing much resentment.
3 The humidity is high, make I ma us feel lethargic.
4 Her outlook on life is positive and dynamic, resulting I thereforeresulting in success.
5 Our action proved wise, break I breaking the deadlock.
6 Their strategy failed I worked , filling them with despair.
7 Ted'sbusinessgrew,bringing him affluence
B The organiserskept changingthe rules, upsets I upsetting the participants.
9 I overspent, eaten I eatln into mypension fund.

--
YOURSCONE
I
re
10 Sheworks steadilv meeting I meets all deadlines. I
a /-
t"a
^ a
a /' J7t
t84
g I Rewritethe sentencescorrectly using adverbialphrasesshowing result.
@1.
t Her articleswere witty and concise,thus attractedmore discerningreaders.
Her articles were witty and concise,thus attracting more discerning readers.
2 Their attempts at coveringup were useless,thereforeresulting in ugly paintwork.
3 Thoseopal earringssuit her, enhanceher delicatebeauty.
4 Delighting the youngsters,the idea of the trip was suggestedlast night.
5 He kept losing at cards,ends up rvith nothing.
6 This morning's exertion was too much for him, trigger a bad headache.
-E:r
-
YoURsCoREI
Y_
a rla
a / atla
-
a,/ )71
Rewritethe paragraph.Changeeach of the sentencesin the bracketsinto an

adverbialphraseshowingresultand join it to the sentencebeforeit.
Driving a car can changea person. (It makesa monster out of a man or woman.) It exposesyou to
spicy language.(It widens your vocabularygreatly.)Soonyou are an expert at exchanginginsults. (You
shockfamily and friends travellingwith you.) You cannot bear to be overtaken.(Youoften break the
speedlimit to even the score.)After some time, you may realisethe lunacy of it all. (Yourevert to your
saneself.)You start to drive sensibly.(Youlearn to return rudenesswith courtesy.)
Driuing a car can changea person,making a monsterout of a man or woman.
-|-t
YOURSCOREI
t./ t7,
-
l85
PHRASES
UN]]TT5"4ADVERBIAT
with after, before, when, while

GRAMMAR
POINTS
u.\,)
II
, _T|GRAMMARPOINTS
We can begin an adverbialphrasewith after, before, when or while followed by a present

participle but not a finite verb.
adverbial phlase
EXAMPLE:Hehadadrink@
-----:
wa:ryiasD
Hehadadrinkffi [N
+ ( tinite verb )
We can begin an adverbialphrasewith when followed by a past participle.After, before or

while cannot be followed by a past participle.
EXAMPLES: Most people try to give compliments
when shown around friends' new homes. a
Theywere bored while shown around the house. E
Theywere bored while being shown around the house. V
They were tired after shown around the house. E
They were tired after being shown around the house. n
They were curious before shown around the house. E
They were curious before being shown around the house. Z
r86
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialphrasebeginning with after, before,when or while usuallyindicatestime.
EXAMPLE:He sometimes looks sad a f t e r / b e f o r e / w h e n / w h i l e t a l k i n s t o h e r .
adverbial phrase
\Vhen doeshe look sad?After / Before/ \&hen / While talking to her.
r When at the beginning of an adverbialphrasecan be followed by a past participle only in a passivestructure.
E)GMPLES: Plantsthrive when grown by loving hands. Z
(= they,rre grown - passive)
I went awaywhen grown tired of waiting. tt
(= I had grown - active)
r An adverbialphrasebeginningwith after, before,when orwhile can be placedat the beginning of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: After / Before/ When / \{4rile deliverinshis lectures, ProfLim likesto sharejokes.
a d re r b i a lp h r a s e
@A]underlinetheadverbialphIaSeSindicatingtime.
I \Mhiletravelling in Africa, we took some splendid pictures.
2 Shelet me down badly after promising to help me.
3 He showedno fear when threatenedby the robber.
4 Beforeacceptingthe offer,you should considerit carefully.
5 \A4renbargaining al abazaar,some people are very successful.
6 We had a brief problem beforelanding safelyin Madrid.
7 After graduatingfrom college,he set up a business.
.- -
-t
B I was daydreamingwhile watching the documentary. YOURSCOREI
9 \l/hen given a free hand, you did a good job.

a/'
- )71
l0 Ada looks chic after having her hair styled.
@e Underlinethecorrectwordsin thebrackets.
I The matador never regainedhis strengthafter ( being gored / gored ) by a bull.

2 \Mhile ( Ioitered / loitering ) in the street,he was scrutinising everypasser-by.
3 \.A/hen( complimented / complimenting ) for being elegant,shejust laughed.
4 I sat by the river for hours before ( catch / catching ) one tiny fish.
5 After ( mastering / was mastering) the technique of roller-blading,she bought a pair of
skates.
6 Youneed patienceand perceptionwhen (handled / handling) people.
7 Laura added two points while ( keyed / keying ) in her report.
B Before( commit / committing ) ourselvesto any investment,we must evaluatethe risks.
9 Shegetsflusteredwhen ( hurried / hurry ) into giving an answer.
10 After ( sending / sent ) my family an e-mail, I gaveway to jet lag.
I87
fff!fif| c I rict thecorrectsentences.
I Shefell asleepwhile tried to study the new book.
2 \Arhenpractisedfaithfully, good valuesbecome a part of us.
3 He learnt to be tough while sailing alone.
4 We are going to try everlthing before given up hope.
5 After looking through an encyclopaedia,we solvedthe puzzle.
6 \tVhilewere cruising down the river, they saw a crocodile.
7 The bull chasedthe boys when madden by their teasing.
I Beforefleeingthe country he said'goodbye'to only one person.
9 He broke down in court when found guilty.
l0 After realisethe seriousnessof my mistake,I apologised.
Complete the sentences by rearranging the words in the boxes to form

adverbialphrasesindicating time.
I You should have consultedus an - before- decision- important - making - such

Youshould haueconsultedus beforemaking suchan important decision.
an - as - excuse- used - when, a headachesometimesbecomesreal.
after - all - analysing- errors- our - tactical, we made a new plan.
4 He worked sevendavs a week being - for - prepared- job - the - top - while
5 We are giving him a last chance action - before- leeal-
isappearance- investigating- millionaire - of - the - the - while, the inspector

himself vanished.
188
Changeeachof the underlinedsentencesinto an adverbialphrasebeginningwith
the word in brackets.Join the phraseto the sentencebefore or after it.
I You are born with certain talents (when).You should developthem.

2 The princesswas smiling and waving. Shewas passingby in her chauffeuredlimousine (while).
3 He pursued his dream for years(after).He suddenly lost interest.
4 Shewanted to seeher son. Shewas going on a long journey (before).
J They were exploring the cave (while).They found a strangeobject.
6 I plan to hitchhike around the world. I'll graduatefrom college(after).
1 \\4ten born with certain talents,you should deuelopthem.
@FJRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingtime.
A Holly,vood star once gavea strangereplywhen askingthe secretbehind her unlined face.She
'V\4rileam acting,I portray emotions through my eyesand not my facial muscles.'Sheadded this
said:
'In
piece of advice: everydaylife too, you must think beforeyou allow yourselfto smile.The loveliest
woman will look a wreck after smiled recklesslyover the years.V\hen smiled into the cameraor at
anyone,I never let my eyescrinkle up at the corners.'Afterread this, are you preparedto give up
'smiling recklessly'to avoid wrinkles?
A Hollywood star oncegauea strange reply when asked the secretbehind her
unlined face.
r89
UNITTi]4"I NOUNPHRASES
with infinitive (with and without to) and present participle
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
A noun phrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-finite verb, for instance,an
infinitive (the'to' form) or a presentparticiple(the'ing' form).
EXAMPLE:
REMEMBER!
r A noun phraseanswersthe question"\\4rat?". \\hen it is usedasthe
obiectof themain clause,it occursaftertheverbin the mainclause.
EXAMPLE: He mentioned seeingher at the conference.
obiect [noun phrase)
@@
\Vtrat did he mention? Seeing her at the conference.
The noun phrase is said to be the object of the verb mentioned.
Someverbscan haveas objects

(a) noun phrasesbeginning with infinitives and present participles, for instance:
begin continue hate like love prefer remember start try
EXAMPLE: They began

nounphrase
(b) noun phrasesbeginning with infinitives but not present pafiiciples, for instance:
choose decide demand hope manage need offer
plan promise refuse seek want wish
EXAMPLE: He hoped to work for his uncle after graduation.

noun phlase
190
(c) noun phrasesbeginning with present participles but not infinitives, for instance:
admit avoid consider deny detest endure enjoy
finish imagine mention miss postpone practise recall
resent resume stop suggest take
EXAMPLE: We can no longerendure @

nour.rphrase
Sometimes another object is placed between the verb in the main clause and the noun phrase
in these ways:
(a) verb + other object + noun phrase beginning with infinitive (with to)
ask allow beg encourage expect force

help like need persuade prefer request
require teach tell want warn
EXAMPLE: I encouraged her to speak her mind.

noun phrase
(b) verb + other object + noun phrasebeginning with infinitive (without to)
feel have help let make
notice observe overhear see watch
EXAMPLE: She made the bovs wash their own clothes.

noun phrase
(c) verb + other object + noun phrasebeginning with presentparticiple
have hear notice observe

overhear see sense watch
EXAMPLE: Heoverheardhismanager @
rtoun phrase
@-A-l Underlinethenounphrases
in thesentences.
I We were laughing happilywhen shewalked in.

2 They forgot to tell me about it.
3 This doesn'tentitle you to speakat meetings.
4 Sheno longeravoidssingingin public.
5 He expectsto be servedimmediately.
6 The mountaineersclimbedto the summit.
7 Lily sometimeshearsthem chatting amicably.
B I don't intend to get myself poisoned by this food.
9 He is going abroad for a few weeks.
l0 SuddenlyI saw her fall to the ground.
191
Complete the sentencesby rearrangingthe words in the boxes to form noun
phrases.
I Sorelleand I have arra after - seminar- Thailand - the - to - tour

Sorelleand I hauearrangedto tour Thailand after the seminar.
2 Shedid not fancv a - beach- crowded- on - such - sunbathi
3 I b e g y o u a - chance - give - plan - second - this - to
4 He must not let this abilitv- confidence- in - shatter- his - his
5 We saw the barrels dav- downhill - rollins - that
6 The boywants tutored - be - bv- teacher- particular - that - to
@eFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
I Youhave allowedyour garden to seed. going to go
2 Shewatched me a fool of myself. make to make
3 The inspectorcame to observeIudy the class. teaching to teach
4 Shanehas learnt his temper. control to control
5 They have stopped about sillythings. worry worrying
6 Nobody can persuadehim to lessserious. be being
,1
I could sensefriendly eyes me. followed following
8 He made us certain hard facts. face faced
I Larachooses herself to her house's flaws. blinding to blind
1 0 My father detests up for formal functions. dressing is dressing
.---:J-l
YOURSCORE I
a-
| /a
t/r
tr@ Tickthecorrectsentences. a
a /.
/ tlla
171
I They startedimporting our goodslong ago.

2 The irate customer demanded seeingthe manager.
3 After a short break,we resumedour reading.
4 The police warned the public to bewareof pickpockets.
5 She'llsoon have all of them to do as she saY.
r92
6 It's so noisy I can'thear myself to think.
7 We overheardthem wondering about the holiday plans.
8 I regretto inform you that your application has not been approved.
9 He has requestedus keepingthis confidential.
l0 You should not delay to have some car repairs.
f@4 Rewriteeach sentenceexpressingthe samemeaning in a slightly different way.
I Shehelpedme to come to termswith my problem.

Shehelpedme cometo terms with my rtroblem.
2 We saw him flinch at the sight of the letter.
3 Somepeople won't even try understandinghow to use the Internet.
4 The neighboursoften hear her talking to her plants.
5 At his birth, his parents startedto savefor his education.
6 I don't want you sacrificingyour free time for this project.
@aRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingnounphrases.
Laura wanted to work with animals so her friends persuadedher phoning the famous animal
hospital in the next tor.,rrn.
Sheaskedspoketo the chief administrator and began explain she was
willing to work as a volunteer to gain experience.He listened for a while and then told her the hospital
had a vacancyfor a trainee and she only neededapplying. Shefelt herselfto skipping with delight as
she ran to tell her friends and she startedwrote her application letter that afternoon.
Laura wanted to work with animals so herfriends persuadedher to phone thefamous

animal hospital in the next town.
r93
UNTTI4=2 NOUNPHRASES
as complementsand objectsof prepositions

GRAMMAR
POINTS
iGD@N
o) )
Q"***R PorNrs
A can be the complement of the verb before it. Verbsthat take complementsare
E loll.pl.ase
called link verbs.They include the verbs appear, be, came, groq prove, seem and turn out.
EXAMPLE:
They seem to thrive on hard work.
noun phrase
(complementof seem)
'to be
A noun phrasebeginning with a present participle can be the complement of the verb
but not of other link verbs.
EXAMPLES: noun phrase
Our objectivewas @ a1
Gsltrgls!9
noun phrase
Intime,wecarne@
@@
'to be' and other
A noun phrasebeginning with an infinitive can be the complement of the verb
link verbs.
H(AMPLES: noun Phrase
ourobjectiv"*ut@
@G@
Intime,wecameffi
tl V
@@
194
A noun phrasebeginningwith a presentparticiplecan be the objectof the prepositionbeforeit.
A
EXAMPLE:
We'll work towards having a just society.
n o u np h r a s e
(objectof the prepositiontowards)
A noun phrasebeginningwith an infinitive cannotbe the objectof a preposition.

EMMPLE: h ^,rn n
noun hr..d
phrase
(object of the preposition by)
He made us more comfortablebv
noun phrase
[obiectofthe prepositionby)
He made us more comfortable bv @tt t-
@
REMEMBER!
r A noun phraseanswersthe question"\i\hat?".
Whenit is usedasa complement,
it occursaftera link
verb.\Vhen it is used as the object of a preposition,it occursafter the preposition.
EXAMPLES: HCT AiM was to learn the trumpet.
n o r r r rp l r r a s e. ( o i l r p l c m c n l l
u'"Ilgl9 to p: ,
\\rhat was her aim? To learn the trumDet.
fohn is good at repairingelectricalappliances.

,-----.--{- n o u n p h r a s e( o b j e c o
t f preposition)
(!.e!9 ll'
\\4rat is John good at?Repairingelectricalappliances.
r A noun phrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-finite verb, for instance,an infinitive or a
presentparticiple. nounphrase noun plrrirse
t'vegrownlio like tlle ilimate trere.l
EXAMpLES: This must be done withoutlEurting anyonel
il Ql:lLry9
@ underlinethenounphrases.
I Your candidatehas proved to be a dedicatedparty member.

2 He disappointedus after raising our hopes.
3 We congratulatedher on her being electedpresident of the Nature Society.
4 The mysteriousvisitor turned out to be an old friend.
5 Their businessseemedto prosperdespitethe recession.
6 Sheis committed to improving the servicesin this city.
7 They will not succeedin intimidating that girl.
B I alwaysdo a sketchbefore painting a landscape. .-f " F-r
-YoURscoREI
9 The children came to love the trips to the city.
a / l^a
| / rv I
l0 Our greatestjoy will be to seethe gardenflourishing. lr" r?',
r95
@B]completetheSentencesbyrearrangingthewordsintheboxestoformnoun
phrases.
I One of my interestsis athletes- collectins- of - pictures- promising- youn

Oneof my interestsis collectingpicturesof promisingyoung athletes.
2 Graduallvthev came countrv- culture - of - the - the - to - understand
3 She charmed them into a - interestins- number- of - revealing- secrets
4 You don't appear about - care- club's- to - future - vour
5 He is not above his - on - usins - partv - a - savings- all
6 We soon gaveup fantasiesof armour- being - in - knights - shini
.--:l!!=
YOURSCORE
I
r-l
@C]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences. | ,,'ro l
-
| ,/ ),71
I Everyonein this firm seems nursrng I to nurse a hope of promotion.
2 Sallyreproachedme for forgetting I forgotten to send the application.
3 The bane of my life is I narreTtiauittfl to hve in this suburb.
4 The pizzaproved lto beT;;l the best we had ever tasted.
5 Shedoesthe mostdaringthingslnCIl,^,ithoui-l turninga hair.

6 I'vegrownto Fo*Tlo""t-l the whirl of activityhere.
7 You are very good I at I in I making people feel successful.
8 The sight ofyou a dI rS to encourage nlm.
E{-l-
YouRsCoRE
I
9 He'lljoin the familybusinessfffit""-] completingcollege' r-l
| ./rnl 'F-l
t0 Theywould never agreeto I being I have I questionedby journalists. l/'
@g Tickthe correctanswers.
I The black sheepof my family turned out being a fine person.

2 In our desperatesituation, we were past bothering about appearances.
3 I was entrustedwith took them home safely.
4 In due course,they came to realisetheir good fortune.
5 Our nation'saspiration is to be a model for racial harmony.
196
6 They'll soon resort to threaten that country with sanctions.
7 We had the humbling experienceof playing againsta superb team.
B He seemedregardedeveryoneas a potential rival.
m
.-, =:]l-
YOURSCORE
I
9 Losing is far lessunpleasantthan winning through trickery.
l0 Their choice of a leaderhas proved is a mistake.
ff[![!l| E I changeB into noun phrasesto completeA.
A B
I Over the yearswe have come . We rely on your guidance.
2 He won the boys'confidenceby. He treated them as adults.
3 The root of her troubles was . Shehad a very bad memory.
4 I can't get over I saw her in such a predicament.
J Everymannerism of his seems. It irritates the audience.
6 Thev are obsessedwith . They maintain their old sports car.
I Ouertheyearswe hauecometo rely onyour guidance.

2
3
4
c
E@lJ Rewritethe paragraphcorrectlyusingnoun phrases.
As a teenagegirl, I often receivedodd looks from a neighbour for came home after dark. She
alwaysseemedbeing worried evenwhen my friends insisted on seeingme safelyhome after extra
scienceclasses.One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady next door sawwhat must
have appearedwas thieveshiding in my backyard.Shehurried over to check.Shelooked rather
disappointedwhen the burglary turned out being three schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch
Toads'for the next day'sbiology class.
As a teenagegirl, I often receiuedodd looksfrom a neighbourfor coming home after dark.
r97
UNTTJili]"U NOUNPHRASES
assubjects

GRAMMAR
POINTS
A noun.phrasecan be usedasthe subjectof the verb afterit. The verb must not be dropped.The
E
noun phrasecan begin with an infinitive or a presentparticiple.
EXAMPLE: noun phrase(subjectofwas)
was a privilege.
L"qlj
noun phrase(subject)
T o m e e th i m / M e e t i n sh i m a privilege.
The verb after a noun phrasesubjectmust be finite

A
EXAMPLE:
Workinswith has been a greatpleasure.
noun phrase
(subjectoihasbeen) GqCfS!,
FM"rkfit'r,,,tthyo"l beena greatpleasure.

noun phrase(subiect)
A noun phrasesubjectis consideredsingular.Therefore,the verb after it must be singulartoo.

O
EXAMPLE:
Listeningto my favouritesongs relaxesmy mind. Z
noun phraselsubject)
relaxmymind.
-______j__
Glqlr"'U
l98
REMEMBER!
thequestion"\\4rat?".
r A nounphraseanswers \Vtrenit is usedasthesubject,
it occurs before the verb in the main clause.
To
D ( A M p L E I: T o return
r e t u r n /i Returning
R e t u r n i n sto Thailand
to T h a i l a n d I i s h e r d e a r e s tw i s h .
ph** *,hje* a-!--,
"r*, ull9,
\Vhat is her dearestwish? To return / Returningto Thailand.
Someof thesesentencescontainnoun phrasesusedas subjects.

Underlinethesenoun Dhrases.
I Rushingaround makesme feel drzzy.

2 To organiseall thesebooks won't be easy.
3 To keepthem amused,shetold them stories.
4 Talkingabout the past can be fascinating.
5 Feelingmiserable,I went away quietly.
6 To avoid bankruptcy seemedimpossible.
7 Being self-sufficient,he will be happy living alone.
I To pre-empt rumours, we made everythingpublic.
9 Confrontinghim would probablybe best.
10 To satisfyeveryone,we'l1discussit thoroughly.
@RearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwhoseSubjectSaIenounphrases.
I can - cancer- cause- protection- skin - sun-tanningwithout.
Su.n-tanningwithout protectioncan causeskin cancer.
2 global- is - mission - peace- promote - their - to.
3 fight - him - losethis - to - upset - would.
4 needs - rehabilitating - skills - special - stroke- victims.
5 country- decision-his - leave- own - the - to -was.
6 in- indulging-jealousies - our-petty-time-wasted.
199
@? Circlethe lettersof the correctsentences.
I A Smoothingoverproblemsappearsto be his role.

B To smooth over problems appearsto be his role.
C Smoothingover problems appearto be his role.
2 A To find a cure for cancerthe aim of much painstakingresearch.

B To find a cure for canceris the aim of much painstakingresearch.
C Finding a cure for canceris the aim of much painstakingresearch.
3 A To be chargedwith speedingwould mean a fine.

B Being chargedwith speedingto mean a fine.
C Being chargedwith speedingwould mean a fine.
4 A To hitchhike around the world must be very exciting.

B Hitchhiking around the world must be very exciting.
C To hitchhike around the world very exciting.
5 A Winning that prize was his fondest hope.

B To win that prize being his fondest hope.
C To win that prize was his fondest hope.
I,Ttfi?tff3 Underlinethe correctwordsin thebrackets.
I Exercisingregularly ( help / helps ) build strong muscles.
2 To live in luxury ( is not / not ) the top priority for me.
3 Bringing up six children alone ( has / having ) made her strong.
4 Meeting new people ( will / will be ) good for you.
5 To seeeverynew film ( remain / remains ) his obsession.

6 To find her in a bad mood ( a / was a ) rare event.
7 Meddling in other people'saffairs ( seeming/ seems) a huge wasteof time.
B To make him a supervisor( may be / maybe ) a good idea.
9 Attending cocktail parties ( bores / to bore ) me greatly.
l0 To attend all his grandchildren'sgraduation ceremonies( was / were )

Mr Lee'sdearestwish.
200
@;]RewritethesentenceScoffectlyusingnounphrasesassubjects.
I Mixing with people from all walks of life have made him broadminded.
Mixing with peoplefrom all walks of life has made him broadminded.
2 CollectingAsianproverbsmy late uncle'spastime.
3 To make money being once his reasonfor living.
4 Facetheir disapprovaldoesn'tfrighten her in the least.
5 To help the community developbeen our concern all theseyears.
6 To go on doing this a sheerwasteof time.
@r]riuintheblankswithsuitablewordsfromtheboxtocompletethepassage.
been growlng hugging prepared turned

bring had kissing see was
From the time my grandfatherwas a little boy, to study abroad had (l) his
dream. However,adjusting to a new way of life in a foreign country (2) out to be
a nightmare. (3) up in an isolatedvillage in the Middle East (4)
made him a strangerto Westernways.Watching the occasionalromantic scenein a cowboy film had
not (5) him for similar scenesin everydaylife. To (6) real
live couplesembracein public was a greatshockto him. Backhome in his village,even for engaged
couplesto be seenjust holding handswould (7) shameon both families.He was
alwaysawarethat to walk alone with a girl was to start gossip.On the other hand, in the university,
Grandpasoon learnt that to hug another boy in gratitude for his help (B) not quite
the thing to do. Grandpaexplainedthat in his country, (9) betweenmen was
perfectly proper. He did not add that (10) on the cheekwas the traditional
greetingbetween men, most of whom had full beards.
201
STRUCTURE
UN]TTil5"T SENTENCE
joining two simple sentenceswith either . . . or
and neither. .. flor
GRAMMAR
POINTS
,g3@ 1A You either can come with us or staYhere.

1B You can either come with us or stav here.
Someoneeither borrowed my dictionary or
I droppedit on the bus.
Either someoneborrowed my dictionary or I
droppedit on the bus.
3A, I didn't order the steakand neither she didn't ask
for the lamb chop.
I didn't order the steakand neither she did askfor
the lamb chop.
38 I didn't order the steakand neither did she askfor
the lamb chop.
\t )
II
,
JGRAMMAR POTNTS
We can useeither .., or I neither... nor to join two simple sentencesthat havethe same
modals but different main verbs.We usually put the modal before either/neither.
il(AMPLES:Dan would speaksensibly.He would keep quiet.
Dan would either speaksensiblyor keep quiet.
Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill not eat meat. Shewill not order fish,
Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill neither eat meat nor order fish.
REMEMBER!
The two simple sentencesshould have subiectsreferring to the I Join trvo simple sentences
sameperson or thing, and they should have the sametense. '"r'itheither. . . or to indicate
that one out of the two
We can alsouseeither... or to ioin two simple sentencesthat choicesor eventsis possible.
have subjectsreferring to different people or things, and r Join two simple sentences
different verbs. with neither... nor to
We place either before the first subjectand put or before the i n d i c a t et h a tb o t h c h o i c e so r
secondsubject. eventsare not possible.
EXAMPLES: Strongwinds wrecked the ship. It ran into a rock.
Either strongwinds wreckedthe ship or it ran into a rock.
In commands (suchas Come here / Help me / Take this), the hidden subjectis you.
EXAMPLE:Keepquiet. I won't tell you the story.
Either you keep quiet or I won't tell you the story.
z___l_
(l,bj"., t:!::!,
Note that we do not usually apply this rule for negativesentences.
EXAMPLE:He didn't contact us.We didn't callhim.
Either he didn't contact us or we didn't call him.
We can use either/neither to join two negativesentencesthat have subjectsreferring to

different people or things in theseways:
(a) lst sentence+ and + 2nd sentence+ either.
EXAMPLE:He didn't contact us.We didn't call him.
He didn't contact us and we didn't call him either.
(b) lst sentence+ and neither + 2nd sentencewith inversionx.
EXAMPLE:He didn't contact us.We didn't call him.
He didn't contact us and neither did we* call him.
(*Afterinversion,the auxiliaryverb comesbefore the subject,just like in a question.)
REMEMBER!
r \\rhentwo sentences
areioinedwith either.. . or / neither... nor / either/ neither,repeated
Dartsare
sometimesleft out in the secondsentence.
EXAMPLES:
You can have coffee.You can have tea. Jondidn't contact us.Audrey didn't contact us.
You can either have coffeeor (have)tea. Ion didn't contact us and Audrey didn't (contactus) either.
I
Completethe sentenceswith the words in the boxesby writing their numbers

in the correctcircles.
I Rosemary register
andneither r. did 2 didn't
@ @
2 Thegrassdidn't wither tn" flowers didnt O . I and L either
Q
'|
3 We.u" protestot disobey 2 either
O O.
1
4 the motoristor the cyclist at fautt. I either a IS
O O
5 ThemangoesO ripenedana havethe papayas. I haven't 2 neither
Q
o ue either or cry on hearingthis. I will z laugh
Q O
i_-
YOURSCORE
I
-l
| ,/.^l
@jJRearrangethewordsintheboxesandcompletetheSentenCeS. 1
4
." 'A
I The sunrisedidn't interest them and - did - neither- sunset- the
203
2 You either stop wasting time or - straight- go -home
3 The dressmay neither fit her her-nor-suit
4 That grandfatherclock either stops fast-goes-or-really
Our parent company has not made any profit this year and-have-neither
- our - subsidiaries
@9jSomeoftheSentenceScontainwordsthatcanbedroppedwithoutchangingthe
meaning. Bracketthe words.
I This piece of news will either make you pleasedor make you angry.
2 I wouldn't deceiveanyone and neither would you deceiveanyone.
3 Either he givesthem what theywant or theywill pesterhim.
4 The roseshaven'tbloomed and the chrysanthemumshaven'tbloomed either.
5 Either his hearing is poor or he is pretending not to hear you.
6 I could neither restorehis trust in us nor revivehis faith in our organisation.
-|
Age has not dimmed the castle'ssplendour and neither has neglectdimmed the castle'ssplendour.
I UsuallyTedeither looks excitedor speaksexcitedly.
I They don't resentus and neither do we bear them a grudge.
l 0 We can either go to the book fair with our friends or go to the book fair with
our parents.
@g|IointheSentenceSusingthewordsintheboxes.
1 I can't rememberwhen we first met. I can't rememberwhere we first met. Eeither;otl
I can neither rememberwhen we first met nor wherewefirst met.
2 He works reasonablehours. His health suffers. I either,or I
3 Theyaren'tprepared.I'm not prepared. EdEtherl
4 Weshouldn'tbe difficult.Theyshouldn'tbe difficult. EA;ith;l
5 My parentsdon't like my music. I don't enjoy their old tunes. tr"d"

"
204
0 Tlq ttgt"Lqanager didn't understand my instructions.The receptionistis forgetful.
Fill in the blanks with suitablewords in the box. Eachword may be used more
than once.
bother chides did do either have join

joined neither nor or plunge plunging would
On leaving secondaryschool,I will either go on to further education or (1)

into the job market. My father did not have the opportunity of a collegeeducation and neither
(2) my mother. They are thereforeanxiousthat I should either go to
university or (3) a polytechnic.Unfortunately,neither my marks
(4) my application has been impressive.My friends are not interestedin
studying and I am not (5)
On the other hand, the thought of joining the work force so soon (6)
attractsnor excitesme. Moreover,with just my presentcertificateI wouldn't get a high salaryand
neither (7) the working conditions be very good.Above all, (B)
myparents or my own consciencewould (9) me. No, I must
neitherdisappoint( I 0) hurt myfamily.
l'7'71l'l77f{.F I Completethe B sentencesto givethe samemeaning as the A sentences.
IA The pilot couldn't stop the dive and the co-pilot couldn't either.
B The pilot couldn't stop the dive and neither could the co-pilot
2A Either a fireman rescuedthe baby or a neighbour did.

B Either a fireman or
A Neither the dialoguenor the acting is convincing.

B and neither is the acting.
4 A Your son will do well or he will perhapsperform brilliant ly.

B do well or perhapsperformbrilliantly.
5A Neither the soldiersnor the officersknew anlthing about the terrain.

B and the officersdidn't either.
6 A Your friends shouldn't wastetime and neither should vou.

B Your friends shouldn'twastetime either.
STRUCTURE
UN]TTil5=2 SENTENCE
sentenceadverbials (as a result, besides,moreover)
GRAMMAR
POINTS
I
(3/cnananmn POI
|| We use sentence adverbials to link ideas between two sentences. Sentence adverbials usually
l'
come at the beginning of a sentence, and we usually place a comma after the sentence
adverbial.
EXAMPLE:
SentenceI Sentence2
I admire him for his couraqe.
We use as a result as a link to show that what follows is causedby the idea in the previous
sentence.
D(AMPLE: Fred was caught bullying. As a result, he was punished.
We use besidesas a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the previous sentence.
We must not confusebesidesas a sentenceadverbialwith the word beside.Besideis used only
as a preposition.
EXAMPLES: Televisionis entertaining.Besides,it is educational.
We stayedin a chalet beside a lake.
We use moreover, like besides,as a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the
previoussentence.
nxeuprE, I believethat our secretaryis efficient.Moreover, she is alwayscheerful.
206
@CirclethelettersoftheCorIectitemstocompletethesentences.Theremaybe
more than one answerfor eachquestion.
I He sprainedhis ankle.As a result,

A he cannottakepart in the soccermatch tomorrow.
B it happenedwhile he was playingsoccer.
C it is requireda lot of rest.
D he has to miss soccerpracticefor two weeks.
2 I'lrr too tired to go for a walk. Besides,
A I didn't walk this morning.
B it's going to rain.
C there'sa horrible movie on television.
D mywalking shoesareworn out.
3 I d like to buy this kite becauseit's colourful. Moreover,
A it can't fly ver-vhigh.
B it isn't expensive.
C it has an attractiveshape.
D it's a presentfrom my Dad.
4 Lastyear,our ScienceSocietywas very active.As a result,
A we were praisedby the mayor.
B we attractedmore members to our club this vear.
C we were warned by the authorities.
D we are lessactivethis year.
5 He is a successfulsalesmanbecausehe soeakswell. Besides.
A he forcespeople to buy his goods.
_..)-
B he is dishonestand unreliable. il"* #iil
C he is always friendly. l-7
tp)
D he is veryknowledgeableabourhis products l."
@,a]rictthesentenceswherethesentenceadverbialsareusedcorrectly.
I The little girl cried becauseshewas tired. Beside,shewas thirsty.

2 He walked fast on the slippery floor. As a result,he fell.
3 I like Lynn for her honesty.Besides,she is amusing.
4 Derek seldom to draw.Moreoverhe isn't good at it.
5 Tedplayed in the rain. As the result, he caught a cold.
6 Fried food makesme fat. Somemore, it spoils my skin.
7 A tree fell acrossthe road. As a result, there was a traffic jam.
B This house is comfortable.Moreover,the rent is reasonable. - tr.t
9 Our library is too small. Besides,the books are dull. -YOURSCORE
I
a / atl a
l0 The bus overturned.Somemore,somepassengers
werehurt. l,/ >"1
@q Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
CEO DannyWinters has accepteda job with another company. I ( As a result,
/Moreover,) we need to appoint a new branch managerto replacehim.
\A4rowould you recommend?
Accountant I think Bill would make a good branch manager.He has shown leadership
qualitieswhen left in chargeof a project. 2 ( Beside,/ Besides,) he'spopular
with everybody.
Company Secretary That'strue but he is rather exuberant. 3 ( As a result, / As the result, ) the
atmospherein the office is too light-heartedwhen he is in charge.
Accountant He has become much quieter lately. 4 (As the result, / Moreover,) he is
encouragingthe other staff to work quietly.
Company Secretary I think Eugenedeservesa promotion. He has alwaysbehavedappropriatelyin
the office. 5 (As a result, / Besides,) he reports are alwaysexcellent.
Accountant Eugeneworks a bit too hard. 6 ( As a result, / Moreover,) he doesnot have
enough time for sociallife or sports. 7 ( Beside,/ Moreover,) he doesn'talways
get on well with the rest of the staff.
CEO \Mhatabout Harry?He'sa reliableworker. 8 ( As a result, / Besides,) he is
generallypopular. 9 ( Moreover,/ Somemore, ) he did well on the management
course.
Accountant I know that after the courseHarry suggestedsome changesin the
generaloffice. l0 ( As a result, / Besides,) the staff there seem
much happier.
\.Mhichwords in the boxeswould you use at the placesmarked ( ?
Write their numbers in the circlesabovethe sentences.
I Thatvegetablesel
Francisactedwell in tirenfaVQ he won tremendousuootutrr.Q he wasoffereda part in a film.

I As a result | 2 As the result I 3 Moreover
oo
Patwas sleenV.f,, the streethad no liShts. Pat drove into a ditch.
f,,
I A s a r e s u l |t 2 B e s i d e ls3 S o m e m o r e
I sawnothingattractiveur,tr" .uf"? the priceswerenot r"uffVfo*Q I did not buy anlthing.
I Asaresult I 2 Moreover| 3 Somemore
oo
The man walked very fast.f, I could not catch up with him.{, I was not well that day.
1 As a resulti 2 As the result| 3 Besides
o o
m
.-- l-
YouR
scoRE
I
6 The weatherwas fine we had good seatsat the stadium we enjoyed ourselves
{' ('
I Asaresult | 2 Beside| 3 Moreover
208
tt 'E??T'{e Rewritethe sentences
usingsentenceadverbialscorrecrly.
t The room was crowded.Beside,the air-conditioning was not working. As a result,we

were very uncomfortable.
2 Somepicnickerslitter the beaches.As a result,the beachesare dirW and unattractive.

Somemore, our country getsa bad name.
This airline has a good safetyrecord. Besides,it offers excellentservice.As the result,
it is very popular.
The neighbourhood is very noisy.As a result,the residents'hearing may be affected.

Thev become nervous and irritable, moreovet.
5 I did not join them for the moviesbesides.I had readthe book. Somemore,the
reviewswere no good.
-_J-
YOURSCORE
I
-a /a
l,/
- >l
@UnderlinethesentenceSwhichuSeSentenceadverbialsincorrectlyand
rewrite them correctly.
Nita felt awkward becauseshewas a new student in the college.Somemore shewas from another
country and shewas a shy girl. As the result, shewas very unhappy.
Fortunately,a popular girl called Kate sat next to Nita in lectures.Katewas intrigued by Nita's
quiet manner. Beside,she liked Nita although she hardly talked. Kate told the other studentsthat she
found Nita to be very pleasant.Then they too made friends with Nita. Beside,Nita was really a nice
girl. Moreover,after losing her shynessshe begantelling her friends interestingstoriesabout her
country.As the result, she becamequite popular. Sheevenwon aprize in that year'sstory-telling
contest.
I
2
3
4
5
209
STRUCTURE
UN]]T I5=5 SENTENCE
sentenceadverbials (first I firstlv, after that / next / then,
finally / lastly)

GRAMMAR
POINTS
'e/"-'*- POINTS
We use.the.sentence adverbialsfirst / firstly to show that REMEMBER!

E
the action in the sentencecomesat the beginningof a r Some sentence adverbials like
serlesor senrences. first, next, finally, areusedto iink
EXAMPLE:First, / Firstly, he learnt to float. Next, he a seriesof sentencesand show
learnt to swim. Lastlv,he learnt to dive. the sequenceof the actions.They
are often used when describinga
string of events or when giving
g We use the sentenceadverbialsafter that / next / then
i n s t r u c t i o n st o o t h e r s .
to show that the action in the sentencecomesimmediately
after the action in the previous sentence.
EXAMpLE: Samuelgreetedme in the hallway.After that, / Next, / Then, he chatted with me.
A We use the sentenceadverbialsfinally / lastly to show that the action in the sentencecomes at
the end ofa seriesofsentences.
EXAMpLES: First, I locked the doors.After that, I shut the windows. Finally, / Lastly, I switched
on the alarm system.
First, she soapedthe dishes.After that, she rinsed them. Finally, / Lastly, she dried
them.
REMEMBER!
I First / Firstly must not be confusedwith at first. At first shows that something is true only at the
beginning.
F-XAMPLE: At first I hated Science.Later,I learnt to like it.
r Lastly must not be confusedwith at last. At last showsthat sornethingtook a long time to happen.
LXAMpLE: I waited fbr hours.At last I got a taxi.
r Second/ secondlyand third / thirdly are sentenceadverbialswhich are often usedwith first / firstly.
EXAMPLE: Firstly, I'll find a piace to stay.Secondly,I'll look for a job. Thirdly, I'll buy a car.
2to
@;_]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I First, wash the carrots. At last, i Next, slice them.
2 At first I First thev disliked the cold weather. Then, thev began to have fun in the snow.
3 First,load the clothesinto the washingmachine.Second,sprinklesomedetergenton them.

lntt;, tThird" I closethe lid.
4 The voice teacher taught us scalesat the beginning. Then, she made us practise them.
After that, I Thirdly, she moved on to simple songs.
5 At first, I First, fertilisethe soil.Next,dig a hole in the soil.Then,put the seedsin.
6 Firstly,my flight was delayed.Then, I had a problem going through the Customs.
At last I Lastl I'm here.
7 First,wash your facewith the foaming cleanser.Next, pat some skin toner on your face.
Next, I Then, I apply moisturiser.
B At first, I Firstly, I choseone of the hairstylesin her book. Next, she studied mv face.After that,
she suggestedchangingthe hairstylea little to suit my face.
9 First, the planesflew in formation. After, I After that, they did rolls and loops in the air.
l 0 Firstlv.she watched the exercisevideo.Then, she exercisedalone with the video.
At last, I Lastly, she did the exerciseson her own.

for eachquestion.
A First,greetthe guests.Then,usherthem to their seats.
B Firstly,greetthe guests.Then, usher them to their seats.
C At first greetthe guests.Then,usherthem to their seats.
A First, they tuned their instruments.After, they practisedthe difficult parts of the musical piece.
B First, they tuned their instruments.Next, they practisedthe difficult parts of the musical piece.
C First,they tuned their instruments.Then,they practisedthe difficult parts of the musicalpiece.
A Firstly,the doctor askedabout my symptoms.Then, he examinedme. Lastly,he prescribed

somemedicinefor me.
B Firstly,the doctor askedabout my symptoms.Then,he examinedme. At lasthe prescribed
somemedicinefor me.
C Firstly,the doctor askedabout my symptoms.Then, he examined me. Finally,he prescribed
somemedicinefor me.
A First,do your homework.Second,do your chores.

B First,do your homework.Lastdo your chores.
C Firstly,do your homework. Secondly,do your chores.
A First, I enjoyedvideo games.Next, I found them boring.

B At first I enjoyedvideo games.Then, I found them boring.
C Firstly,I enjoyedvideo games.Then, I found them boring.
2tL
A First, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus.At last he agreedto get a
lift from me.
B At first, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus. Finally,he agreedto get
a lift from me.
C Firstly,he wanted to go by taxi. Secondly,he decidedto wait for the bus.Thirdly, he agreedto
get a lift from me.
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.You may use each
item more than once.
After that, At first At last Firstly

Lastly, Secondly, Then, Third,
I At first I only dared to cyclearound my garden.Then, I cycled around my neighbourhood.

I cycledall over myhometown.
2 At first they were shy.Then, they exchangeda few words. they laughed
together.Finally,they becamefriends.
3 Firstly,fill half the baby'straining cup with grapejuice. top up with water.
Thirdly, closethe cup tightly.
we did light exercisesto warm up. Next,we jogged three miles. Lastly,we
restedfor a few minutes to cool down.
5 First, I spoketo them in Englishbut they did not understand me. After that, I tried three other
languages.Then, I used sign language. they understoodme.
6 Firstly,the queen in the kindergartenplay dropped her crown. After that, one of the fairieslost a
wing. the king'smoustachefell off. Finally,both the audienceand the actors
burst out laughing.
7 _I didn't want to join the seacruise.Then, I realisedit would be fun.
BFirst,heatsomebutterinapan.Second,breakanegggentlyintothepan.-turn
the eggover after two minutes. Finally,scoop the eggonto a plate.
9Firstly,hebowedtotheaudience.ThenheSangaSong.-hebowedagain.
l0 First, he taught me how to draw a circle without using an instrument. Then, he made
#- :_
me do it again and again. he was satisfied. ry
4." 'Yl
@ Underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
Dear Ken,
I'm sorry I won't be able to come on the trip. Let me explain why. I ( Firstly,/ Secondly,) I need to
workreallyhard.2 (After, / Secondly,) I don'twant to go out of tor,tmuntil I have clearedmydesk.
This is becauseI got into a lot of trouble last week.You won't believewhat happened. 3 (At first /
Firstly,)mysalesfigureswerebad. 4 (Next,/ Somemore,)Icrashedmymanager'scarintoagate.
5 ( Lastly,/ Then, ) they caught me swimming when I should have been at work. 6 (At last / Lastly,)
a customer complained to the office that I had been rude.
Sothat'swhy I have to stay here. 7 (At first / Firstly,) I hated having to sit and write.
2t2
8 (Lastly,/ Then,) I toldmyself to tryto enjoymywork. 9 (After, /Afterthat, )
I wrote the reports much more easily. f 0 (At last / Next, ) I have found an effectiveway
of doing my work. How about discussingit when we can get together again?
Joe
@A Rewritethe sentences
correctly.
I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh bananas.Then, you peel the
bananas.Next, coat them with flour. At last fry them.
2 Firstly,he ordered mushroom soup.After, he changedhis mind and said he wanted

tomato soup. Finally,he settledfor chicken soup.
3 At first, shampoo your hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it. Lastly,comb it.
4 First,wash the towels.Then, hang them up to dry. Fold them.
5 First,Iack looks at the cartoonsin the newspaper.He readsthe sportspages.Lastly,he 4-r

YOURSCORE
I
scansthe front page news. -
a / aal a
a./ t7l
-
furange the sentencesin the correct order and use suitable words from the
boxesto createa sequenceof actions.
Fill in your particulars.Postthe form to the given address.Get a form.

at last first lastly next
First,get a form. I,{ext,fill in your particulars. Lastly, post theform to the giuen address.
2 Use the points to write a summary of the passage.fot down the important points.
Readthe passage. after that at first last firstly lastly
3 I passedit on my fourth attempt. I could drive around town. I kept failing my driving
test. at first at last lastly then
4 The whole family was ill. Mum caught it from him. Dad had the flu.
at first first finally then
5 Switch on the electricity to checkthe new bulb. Switch off the electricity.Changethe
bulb. at first first lastlv then
6 I applied some ointment on it. I cleanedthe cut on my finger.I put a plaster over it.
after that at last firstly lastly
2t3
WORDORDER
N]TTT6 CHANGING
with adverbs,had, should, were

.RAMMAR
POINTS
Neverwe dreamt we would become chamoions.

Never didwe dream we would become
champions. / We never dreamt we would
becomechampions
If were he on guard, he wouldn't have run away.
Werehe on guard,he wouldn't have run away./
If he were on guard,he wouidn't have run away.
We sometimeschangethe normal word order in a sentencefor emphasis.We move the word to

be emphasisedto the beginning of the sentence.We can, for example,emphasisethe adverbs
barely, hardly, never, no sooner, rarely and seldom in theseways:
(a) Normal word order; subject + adverb +verb comprising one word
'to
Changedword order : adverb +verb do' + subject + baseform of verb
EXAMPLE:It seldom fails. ---------
Seldom does it fail.
(b) l,{ormal worrl order :

subject + first word of verb comprising two words or more + adverb
+ the rest of the verb
Changedword order : adverb + first word of verb comprising two words or more + subject
+ the rest of the verb
EXAMPLE:It has seldom failed. --------Seldom has it failed.
We sometimesdrop if from a conditional clausecontaining had, should or were and changethe

word order in the clausein theseways:
(a) l,lormal word order : if + subject + had / were (verbsby themselves)
Changedword order: had / were + subject
EXAMPLES: If we had the time --------Hadwe the time
If it were tru€ --------.-----------
Were it true
(b) Normal word order: if + subject+ had / should / were + the rest of the verb
Changedword order: had / should / were + subject + the rest of the verb
EXAMPLES:Ifyouhadbeenchosen - Hadyoubeenchosen
IfI should succeed Should I succeed
If it were done -------__-.-"".-.---.--------------
Were it done
2t4
REMEMBER!
r Adverbs like generally, sometimes, occasionally r Changingthe normal word order to emphasisea
and usually can be placed at the beginning of word is sometimes unsuitable outside a literary
sentencesbut the rest of the word order is not context.
changed. EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE: Literary context (Shakespeare)
:
I sometimes feel restless for no reason. Z Sweetare the usesof adversity. Y)
Sometimes I feel restless for no reason. z NormaLcontext:
Sweetare theseapples. E
Sometimes feel I restless for no reason. E Theseapplesare sweet. Y)
@CirclethenumbeISoftheSentenceSwithpartsthatdonotfolIor,t,thenormal
word order.
I Rarelydo we come acrosssuch talent.

has sometimesmadepeoplecomplacent.
2 Success
3 No soonerdid sherun out of the housethan it collapsed.
4 I had barely completed the paper when the invigilator told us to stop writing.
5 Shewould never have known about it if you hadn't told her.
6 Hardly had she recoveredwhen shewent back to work.
7 We rarely get a chanceto relax together
B Lydiano soonergraduatedthan shegot a job.
9 Seldomdoesa book remain a bestsellerfor so long.
l0 Neverwill this incident be erasedfrom their minds.
@4RearrangethewordsinthebracketstocompletetheSentenceS.
I ( for-help- it- not-were -your ), we might havefailed.
Wereit not for your help, we might hauefailed.
2 ( an- accepted- author's- first - is - novel - seldom ) by this publisher.
3 ( fail- if- should- strategy-this ), wed haveto giveup.
4 Generally,(a - be - decision- I - make- reluctant- so - soon- to -would ).
5 ( advice- had - listened- my - to - you ), you would have done brilliantly.
6 She ( barely- breath - caught- had - her ) when she rushed off again.
2t5
l@Z.l underlinethe correctwordsin the brackets.
I Never ( I would / would I ) sell my books.

2 ( If should / Should ) he come, pleasegive him this note.
3 Hardly ( had she / she had ) apologisedwhen she dropped another cup.
4 Rarely( doeshe open / he opens ) up to someoneso readily.
5 Sometimes( do they expect / they expect) too much from our department.
6 (Was / Were) it safe,we would certainly let you come with us.
7 Seldomcould they ( get / got ) away for a real holiday.
B ( Had / Have ) you been my professor,I would have enjoyedstudying history.
I If ( she were / were she ) coming this evening,I would bake a cake.
l0 Should ( be he / he be ) willing, wed love to have him as our patron.
@a Tickthe correctsentences.
I Occasionallydo we go out and seea film.

2 WereI a fisherman,I would spend all my daysby the lake.
3 Usuallysheis reasonableand open-minded.
4 Had been the drivers alert, the accidentwouldn't have occurred.
5 No sooner did he appear on stagethan the audienceclapped.
6 Should Zena proved to be right, we'd regretour stubbornness.
7 Never I could have accomplishedthat without your support.
B If Sallywere to join us, we'd be a formidable team.
9 Seldomis a greatartist appreciatedin his lifetime.
l0 If had they used their common sense,they would have found our house.
@EJRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
I Janehad barely finished cooking when her guestsarrived.

had lane finished cooking when her guestsarriued.
Barely
2 If ft were just a question of courage,you d win.
Were
3 Had I controlled my temper, I would have won the match.
If
216
Rarelydoes a woman reachthe top rung of the corporateladder.
Awoman
They would never be able to go sailing again.
Never
6 If he should find the treasure,hed definitely tell the police.
Should
@lJRewritetheunderlinedwordscorrectlyintwodifferentwayS.Youmayneed
'to
to changethe word order,deletewords,or add the verbs be' or'had'.
(1) NeverI had had such a grand reception as I did when I went to spend a month with a friend of
my late grandmother'sin a little village.(2) No sooner I steppedinto her house than a crowd came to
welcome me. I thought happily: (3) If had I known I'd receiveso much attention, I d have come sooner.
The friendly interest did not flag. ( ) SeldomI got a moment to dream by the quiet river or roam
around by myself. (5)U,hil to explain my need for solitude,I would have hurt the villagers'feelings.
Yet,now that I'm back in the ciry (6) rarelv a dav passeswithout my longing to visit the village again.
I (a) Neuerhad I had 4 (a)

(b) I had neuerhad (b)
(a) 5 (a)
(b) (b)
(a) 6 (a)
(b) (b)
2t7
UNTT IT REDUNDANCY
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. F i n do u t w h y B i s c o r r e c a

t n d A i s w r o n gi n t h e
GRAMMAR
POINTS
i\ L-
u* rrARPorNrs
E
l-
A word or phraseis redundant (unnecessary)and should be deletedfrom a sentencewhen its
meaning is part of another word or phrasein the sentence.
EXAMPLE:The balloon rose up into the air. tr-l
=
rOSe Went Up
Up is part of the meaningof rose.
Therefore,up is redundant and should be deleted.
The balloonrose into the air. ,7
\Alhentwo words or phrasesof similar meaning are in a sentence,one of them can be deletedas
it is redundant.
EXAMPLE:Without saying aword, she silently showedher disapproval.
without saying a word = silently
Thereforeone of them should be deletedas it is redundant.
Without saying aword, she showedher disapproval. Y]
Shesilently showedher disapproval. Z
REMEMBER!
mayhavemorethanoneredundantwordor phrasewhichshouldbe deletedor left out.
r A sentence
EXAMpLE:Oneclaytigersmaybecometotally extinct andvanishfrom the faceof the earth. E
Extinct containsthe idea of totally.
.'. totally shouid be deleted.
become extinct = vanish from the face of the earth
One of them shouldbe deleted.
One day tigersmay become extinct. Z
One dav tigers may vanish from the face of the earth. z
2IB
@a]StrikeoutthewordsthatareredundantandshouldbeleftoutoftheSentenCeS.
I I'11read out the question and then I'll repeatit a€€in.
2 We walked all the way there on foot.
3 You are behavinglike a crazylunatic.
4 The pearl diver plunged down into the sea.
5 Shegently coaxedher little son to finish his porridge.
6 A car hurtled down the road at greatspeed.
7 Your sisterwill grow up to be a gorgeousbeauty.
B SoonYoshikowill be returning back to Iapan.
9 The fire razedthe planetarium completely.
l0 The pricesof goodsare soaringup.
I I I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it again.
@BjunderlinethecorrectWordsinthebrackets.
I They ( entered / enteredinto ) the building through the roof.
2 We ( starved/ went ) without food for five days.
3 Without wasting a moment, she ( dash / immediately dashed) in to savethe child.
4 I hope those ( silly / young ) foolswill come to their senses.
5 The battlefieldwas litteredwith ( corpses/ corpsesof the dead).
6 He is rememberedas a ( man / very brave man ) of greatcourage.
7 ( Speaking/ Speakingin a rage) will only earn you their contempt for lack of self-control.
B In the end, the rebels( eventuallysurrendered/ surrendered).
_-r.::_
9 We were ( delayed/ unavoidably delayed) by circumstancesbeyond our control. Youn scoRE
I
TV
l0 The country sent ( seasonedtroops / troops) with a lot of experienceon the larttil
peacekeeping mission.
@ c lriu in t h e b 1 a n k sw i th su i ta b l e w o rd si ntheboxes.
I You and I r,r'ill about this later.
In no time they'll of it. soon tire I tire
We are fighting for a cause. lost totallylost
Furious,the delegateswalked out out angrily
He was advisedto there by plane.
6 Bobbyis a with good manners. child I polite child
7 Albert Einsteinwas definitely a brilliantgenius genius
2r9
B Without hesitation,thev to join us. agreed I readilyagreed
9 My hopes at the news. plummeted I plummeteddown

--!
l0 I'm sureyou'll with flying colours. certainlypass I pass .-
YOURSCOREI
r-l
a,/a
, / att a
a,/ )71
-
@A rick the sentences
that arecorrect.
I Little by little, the youngstersgraduallygained confidence.

2 We are moved by her kindnessand generosity.
3 All of you must continue on the good work.
4 I waited impatiently as they ambled leisurelyinto the hall.
5 He suspectedthat we had invented the whole story.
6 The news was receivedwith sighsof disappointment.
7 Shewas thrilled at the unexpectedsurprise.
B In a moment, his wealth was gone.
4-,.l-l
YOURSCORE
I
I The child's eyeswere shining and sparklingwith excitement. --
a /-^ a
l0 Asha firmly declined the offer of a quick promotion. a /.
- t7l
|'T'flt?tlf, E I Rewritethe sentences

correctly.
I He helped you sincerely,with no ulterior motive.

He helpedyousincerely./ He helpedyou with no ulterior motiue.
2 The bullets could not penetratethrough thesewalls.
3 Without sheddinga tear, shewalked dry-eyedthrough the departure gate.
4 The rich old man is known to be a stingy miser.
5 Feelingmiserable,I lay staring unhappily at the ceiling.
6 Carl was extremelyoverjoyedto hear of your success.
220
@lJ Cros s o u t t h e i n co rre ctw o rd si n th e b oxestocom pletethepassage'
Sallyenjoyedhaving her face I made I made up for television.A 17-year-old
rl I teenager , she felt 3 fortunate I fortunate and lucky to be askedto join a television
forum. Of the four 4 participants I people taking part, shewas the only one under 21.
A5 secrelworrv I worry which she kept to herselfwas that her round face on the screenmight
Iook 6 childishlychubby I chubby like a little girl's.
To Sally'sdelight, she 7 noticed I noticedjofully that the make-up artist had given her face an
oval shape.When he had finished with her, shewas B totallv transformed I transformed . The adult
look 9 added I added extra credibility to the opinions she expressed.Alas,when the show was
finally aired,her family and friends 10 hated I unfortunatelv hated thelookand

@
wailed, "That wasn'tyoul" a ,,'a
a// r-,
@RewritetheconverSationcorrectly,leavingoutredundantwords.
Lady Don't look now but the woman in dark glassesalone at that table is a famous celebrity.
Friend Actually,I spotted her when she enteredthe restaurant,in fact.
Lady \t\hy did you keep quiet and not say anything?
Friend I alwaysfeel sorry for starstrying to escapefrom their fans.
Lady Okav we'll leaveher alone to eniov her meal undisturbed.
I Lady
2 Friend
3 Lady
4 Friend
-f-.--F-
5 Lady vounsconr
I
-a
a,/l
, /z llla
-
| /' l7l
221
UNTT T8 REFERENCE
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
GRAMMAR
POINTS
Sarah'sigloo won first prize in a'BuildYour Own

Home' competition. Sarah'sigloo was made of
cardboardand cotton wool.
Sarah'sigloo won first prize in a'BuildYour Own
Home' competition. It / The igloo / The prize-
winning entry was made of cardboardand
cotton wool.
You may not believebut I can sing Koreansongs.
You may not believeit / this but I can sing
Koreansongs.
,-)
(;/"**toR PorNrs
When we write an essay,a letter, an article, etc, we have to make sure the text has unity and the
sentencesand paragraphsare connectedin ideas.We can establishlinks in meaning between
sentencesand betweenparagraphsby using words like the following:
(a) pronouns- to point backto a noun or noun phrase
EXAMPLE: subject
TigerWoods is one of the biggestnames in the world of golf. He is recognised
for his brilliant achievementsand the style that he brings to his game.
TigerWoods is the subjectof this article.The words He and his in the secondsentencerefer
back to TigerWoods and thereforehelp to connect sentence2 to sentence1.
REMEMBER!
r \Vhen we use a pronoun to referback to a noun or a noun phrase,we must make sureit agreeswith the
noun in person,genderand number.
EXAMPLE: refersbackto
,--
Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but she will need some help. V_]
noun - female pronoun - female
3rd person, singular 3rd person, singular
doesnorrelerbackro ----------l
t-
Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but he will need some help. E
noun - female pronoun - male
3rd person,singular 3rd person,singular
222
(b) the article the togetherwith the samenoun or noun phraseused earlier or rvith a different
noun or noun phrasewhich is linked in meaning to the original words
EXAMPLES:
(l)Mrs Croft was in a queue at her bank when a man came and stood in front of her.
(2)She told himr politely that her should not queue-jump but the man just glaredat her.
(3)
The spirited lady then marched up to a securityguard and complained to him2.
( )
The guard went up to the unpleasant person and made himr apologiseto Mrs Croft.
(5)
Then he2 directedhiml to standat the back of the queue,which hel promptly did.
Words that refer back to Mrs Croft - her, She,The spirited lady,Mrs Croft
Wordsthat referback to a man = hel, him1,the man, the unpleasantperson

Words that refer back to a security guard ' hez, him2,The guard
(c) demonstrativeadjectivesand pronouns (this, that, these,those) - to refer back to nouns,

whole sentencesor paragraphs
noun phrases,parts of sentences,
EXAMPLE:
Linda and I hurried over to Grand CentralDepartment Storeon the second
day of their sale,hoping to buy their coffeepercolaters.Unfortunately,
those were alreadysold out.
The word those refersback to their coffeepercolaters.

The word their in the phrasetheir coffeepercolatersrefersback to
Grand CentralDeoartment Store.
EXAMPLE:
Sam and Helen told their father that it was not his presentsthey wanted but
his presence.They said they missedhim and wanted him to spend more time
with them. Mr Balafinally understood this and made sure he devotedhis
weekendsto his family.
The word this refersback to everl'thing said in the earlier sentences.
We can also connect sentencesand paragraphsby using words that point forward to what is
said in later sentences.For this purpose,we use words like it, this, that, these and those.
EXAMPLE: ,Z--\
John may not like it but he has to sell his car to pay his debts.
The word it points forward to Iohn'shaving to sell his car to pay his debts.
HGMPLE: 7-\
Did you hear that? Faizalscoredall five goalsin our match againstUnited College
and after that a managerof a local club who was at the game approachedhim
about playing professionally.
The word that points forward to the whole of the next sentence.
REMEMBER!
r This and these are used to indicate closenessto the speaker,and that
and those are used to indicate distance.
EXAMPLE:
A: Do you like these oil paintings on this wall?
B: I don't like these.I like that painting on the other side of the room.
223
@4JCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepassage.
DearAunt Debbie,
I've readyour advice column for teenagersand what I Eh"yTyil"l sayis sensibleand helpful to
2 FTtlre--I soI d like to share3 Fh[Tthese-] problemwith you eventhoughI am 21yearsold.
I have known Kay for three yearsnow. 4 |WeTTh"y-] do many things together and I truly enjoy
s lfiTtheir-] company.However,she has 6 | thisTth"*l annoying habit which is beginning to
spoil our friendship. Shegetsangry wheneverI go out with Ianet and Wendy,tvvoof our office
colleagues,becauseshe doesnot like 7 FhemTus-]. I have assuredher time and again that she
meansmore to me than they do U.rt O I tttatTttr*"] has not changedher attitude. Sheis being
childish and I don't know how to deal with 9 tiiTth";]. I don't want to lose our
iriendshipbut l0 tretlits-l sulksaredrivingme crazy.Pleasehelp. Yourssincerely,
Sue-Ann
@gl!VhatdotheWordSinboldpointbackto?UnderlineyouranSwerS.
I We'll be holding an education fair next weekend.It will be open to the public from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
2 An old movie, HouseofWax, is having a rerun on TV I remember after I watched that thriller years
ago,I could not sleepfor severalnights.
Somecity officialsvisited the site of an old disusedmining pool last week.They decidedit was an
ideal place for a nature park becauseof its vegetationand abundanceof wildlife.
John phoned to sayhe was not coming to work becausehis mother is seriouslyill. This means I
have to give our product presentationto our clients by myself.
Members of the public enjoyedthe Environment Carnivalyesterday.Among the activitiesthey
'Plant Tree'
participated in were the forest canopywalks and the a competition.
The lady sellingcosmeticssaid that women should alwaysuse a facial wash, a toner and a
moisturiser.I told her I did not use those but relied on soap and water instead.
naThis should surpriseyou, Iennifer is going to marry Stevein a month's timel
B \A/henthe doctors examinedmy brother just before the operation,they found that the problem
had disappeared.It is somethingthey have not been able to explain to this day.
Mum said that our neighbour could take care of our cats and dogswhile we were away
but she could only do it for a week.
l 0 I want you to realisethese things: I am studying for an exam so you need to lower ffi
the volume of your music.lVhen you don't do your choresproperly,Mum getsme
| ,41 r''
to finish your work. That's not fair. r"'
@?TicktheSentenceSincolumnBthatcancomeaftertheSentenceSincolumnA.
I John Cooper beganacting A [-l The talented actor saysit is his first love and he has no
-
at the remarkableageof intention of quitting.
four. B [--_-l The film'sandstorm'was made when Mr Cooperwas 20.
I liked the opennessof the A | | They sharedtheir worst experienceswith the audience.
participantson the latest
'TeenTalk'.
episodeof B | | The episode had five teens facing an audience of 50.
Millions of sharksare A |
- | The soup is very much in demand in restaurantsthe
killed yearly to satisfy world over.
man'sappetite for shark's B f--l This has causeda drasticworldwide decline in their
fin soup. -
numbers.
Tom and I got to know an A |

- | He was not only a cab driver but also a tour guide, a chef
amazing cab driver called and a storyteller.
Mehmet inTurkey. B | | Tom was working in a shipping company and I was in a
-
manufacturing firm then.
5 Mum and I have written A [-l You'regoing to university to get a degreeso

-
down a few things you pleasework hard. .-=J-
YOURSCORE
I
needto do in the B I I Studyhard. Budgetwisely.Don't go out with
university. -
strangers.Phonehome once a week. -H
-1,"
@Djneadthepassageandstatewhattheunderlinedwordsreferbacktoorpoint
torward to.
I remembervery well the first law conferenceI attended. (1) It was in the 1990s.The conference
had many outstanding speakersbut only one of (2) them left a lasting impressionin my mind.
(3)That speaker,a law lecturer,had just finished answeringa number of questionson the paper
he had presentedwhen an elderlv gentlemanin the audienceaskedhim ( ) this: "If your father
committed a murder and he confessedthe crime to you, what would you do?"
The speakersmiled and said,"Sir,you have askedme a very difficult question.I need time to
answer (5)1bat, but I will, after the tea-break."
\A/henthe sessionresumed,the speakertook his place on the stage."I would like to answerthe
'As my father'sson, I would do (6) thesefor (7) him. I
gentleman'squestion now," he said calmly.
would listen to him. I would hold his hand. I would put my arms around him. I would even cry with
him. As his lawyer,I would advisehim to confessto (B)the crime and I would go with him to the
police station."
His answer received what (9) it deserved - thunderous applause.
, i, _ theftrst law conferenceI attended

2 them- the I I mark
3 That speaker- [ | mark
4 this - [2 marks
the
5 that - Il mark I
6 these- | 2 marks )
7 him- l l ntark
I the crime - l l mark
9 ir- t 1 mark
225
TESTT
Units 1 - 4
Ten of the underlinedverbsare incorrect.Write the correctverbsin the boxes.
Larry Do vou remembered which lift we came out ofl line 1

Emma No, I don't. I was busywith limmy so I didn't took note 2
of where we were.
Larry I know each of the sectionson this floor has a lift - one 3
in the north wing, one in the eastwing, one in . . .
limmy Daddy,I can showyou the lift.We must finding the man 4
wears a spacesuit.He was next to the lift just now line 5
Larry Emma, I think fimmy has been watch too many 6
cartoonslately.We needsto wean him off TV. 7
]immy But Daddy,there was a spacemanthere. He was . . . B
a
Emma Iimmy, don't disturb your father.
Larry Let'stry to retracedour steps. line 1 0
Iimmy Daddy,we can go to everylift and checkwhere the
spacemanis.
Larry We can't be Iooking in everysection,Iimmy. This mall is ll
huge. Let'scheckwith the information booth. There is
one Iocatesnear the seafoodrestaurant. t2
Emma Larry,rvait a minute. I notice that pretty dressin the 13
showcaseearlier,just after we steppedout of the lift. We
must have took the lift along this corridor. t4
Iimmy Daddy!Mummy! The spaceman'sstill there.
Larry Oh my goodness!Jimmy'sspacemanis on the billboard
advertisementnext to the lift!
I B I Tick the correctverbsin the boxesto completethe sentences.
I Something [--f;"--_-l to be botheringAnna. Can you find out what's troubling her?
[-T*fi;-]
2 Thenumber of participantswho have signedup for this year'smarathon [-l-fi] relatively
smal. l=-TG-l
3 Bitternessbetween the two major factions in the country hasbeen building up
tremendouslyin this past decade. have been buildine up
226
4 Vicki's senseof responsibilityand commitment always nspre her team membersto
nsp res
do their best.
5 All the time we spent interviewing people for the newspaperarticle [-l-wasl worth it.
I lwerel
6 Neither the chairman of the board nor its other members arewilling to talk to the press.
is willing
7 In many countries,the people t-larel barelyableto surviveon the daily wage.

l--TG-l
Dejection was written all overAdam'sface when our opponents scoredpoint after
were written
point againstthe home team.
The disabled recelve little oublic consideration in some communities.

receives
l0 Most of the news aired on TV nowadays focus on crime and calamities.

focuses
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
Megan(1) had promised (promise)to join her friends for a weekendretreat at Heron's
Peakbeforegoingabroad.She(2) (decline)their offer of a lift as she
(3) (alreadymake up) her mind to climb the peak.\A4renshewas
a child, she (4) (oftenuseto go) to the log cabin up thereamong
the pine treesso she (5) (not forsee)any problems in finding the
placeonce again.
"If I swing right at the signboard,I (6) ( b e )a t t h e c a b i n i n n o t i m e , "
she thought, as she made her way up.
But somethingwas wrong. She (7) (trudge)along the steep
mountain trail for more than two hours but there (B) (not be) even
the remotestsign of the cabin anp,vhere.Megan (9) (drenched) with
perspiration.She(10) (squint)up at the sky.The sun (11)

(slowlymove) to its highest point.
"I hopeI (12) (not take) the wrong turn just now," she said to herself.
Her muscles(13) (ache) and her throat (14)
(parch) from the heat.
227
"If I had listenedto Iohn and accepteda ride up, I (15) (not be)
in this situation," she muttered to herself.
Her compass(16) (indicate)that she (I7)

(head)north-east.Then she realisedwhy shewas lost. The compassneedle (18)
- (jam).
"VVhy(19) (I not see)this earlier?"she cried.
The sudden crunch of tyres on gravelmade her whirl around.\Mhatshe saw made her heart jump
with joy. lohn, Amy and Sue (20) (wave)at her from their jeep.Anxious
becausethere was no sign of her, they (21) (decide)to drive down to
look for her.
m
-._l!!=
YOURSCORE
I
I D I Rewrite the sentencesin either the activevoice or the passivevoice.
I One of us usually takesthe dog out in the eveningfor a walk.
2 We were thoroughly shockedby the group'srowdy behaviour.
3 The women of that community have practisedtraditional methods of weaving and

dyeing for hundreds ofyears.
4 Wilson will have completed the renovationsto the housejust before Christmas.
5 A police car and a helicopter were tailing the red van all the way from the airport.
.<_---t
YOURSCONE
I
rv
a,/ t7l
-
228
TEan
*J T2
Units 5 - 11
Underline the correct words in the brackets.
I Emily ( ought not to be divulging / shouldn't divulging ) confidential office matters to her friends.
2 Canthesesequins ( be ser,rm/ sew ) onto my black eveninggoum?
3 He ( might resort / might resorted) to fixing an alarm systemin his house if the break-inscontinue.
4 ( Could they be waiting / Could be they waiting ) for us outside the ballroom instead of in the hotel
foyer?
5 The issues( should have been raised / should have raised) earlier before the
managementcame to a decisionthis morning.
B I Insert n/ where prepositionsare missing.\.{/ritethe correct prepositions in the boxes.

I\___J
I Sheis a person who everyonefinds easyto confide.
2 Nicole is an efficient executiveassistant.Sheis capableof

running the whole office wheu her bossis away.
The presidentlistened to all the complaints that the club

members brought regardingthe sports facilities.
The nurseswere unable to tell the patient where the basket
of fruit had come from.
c Maisie doesn'tcarethat she is alwayslate appointments.
6 Our plane arrived at Amsterdam airport on time despite

encounteringtechnical problems before take-off.
Pleaseinform your group that they have to attend an
orientation coursenext Monday.
The preliminary investigationsthe disappearanceof the

well-known businessmandid not provide any leads.
Mr Colewas thrilled at my being able to communicate with

his overseasguestsin Spanish.
l 0 Sheis filled remorsebecauseshe had seriouslymisjudged

somebody.
-JjFt
-YOURSCOREI
| ./l
-
|,/ J7l
229
I C ] Completethe following sentences.
I The prime minister said,"Stand togetherin unity and strength so that no one can
divide us."
The prime minister advisedthe people
2 The senior manager said,"Iennifer,I'm caught in a traffic jam so I will be a little late
for the meeting."
The senior manager told ]ennifer
3 "Don't you find the book fascinating?"saidSean.
Seanaskedme
4 Jeansaid to Mary,
JeanaskedMary if Bill was performing at the musical concert on Saturday.
5 Mrs Reedsaidto Iean and Diana,
Mrs Reed told Iean and Diana to concentrate on their work and not on the fashion
NCWS,
f? R.ur.angethewordsto form correctsentences.
t Adam - don't- from- let- remove- reports- table- the - the.
2 chemical- company - engineer- in - is - Sarah- that - the - youngest.
3 credentials- envoy- his - king- presented- the - the - to.
4 a- convictions- grandfather- man - my - of - strong- was.
5 elderly - help - let's- in - those- wheelchairs- women.
230
[,| Circlethe lettersof the items that go in the placesmarkedwith ( .
I This is an airline ( nilots are very experienced. A which

B whose
2 The team ( trounced us had a good strategy.
We gave some homemade soup to the lady next A whose husband is unwell.
,t
ooor A B , whose husband is unwell.
I
The handicraft".
( was made of rubber bands and A that intrigued everyone
scraps of cloth. B which everyoneintrigued
The residents of Lavender Grove ( -un appoint A , who is a quiet residential area,
a committee to ensure no more condominiums B , which is a quiet residentialarea,
are built.
F] correctly.
n"*rite the sentences
I I don't know if that is a Portuguese,Spanishor Italian song.
2 It is imperative that everypassengeris screenedbefore being allowed to enter the

departurelounge.
3 I fail to seewhy is this so important to you.
4 If I am Marie, I would ask about the warranty period before buying the electric mixer.
5 His secretwish was that would he make it to the top of his profession.
231
Tr.
e)
Units 12- LB
I A I ttlark with I where the words in the boxesshould be in the sentences.

\ ,/\
I Sam has charisma and he's very helpful . He is very popular in as a result,
school .
2 Can we take a cab there ? The bus ride is terribly bumpy. I feel a ides,
little unwell .
3 Firstly, it's not right to tell a lie. You may be forced to tell another secondly,
lie to cover up the first lie
4 I was unable to balance myself on the ice skates. Later, I found I at tlrst
was able to move without holding on to the side of the rink .
5 They post their entry forms to our office or hand them in can either
oersonallv *.*
m
voun-sconr
I
Fill in the blanks with the correct words in brackets.
I The enemy'splan was ( strike / to strike ) during the night and catch us
unawares,
2 (Winning / Won ) the first match gavethem confidence.
3 Furniture fine enough to pleasethem ( are / is ) hard to find.
4 They dropped severalhints, ( caused/ causing) greatexcitement.

c He was a child ( deprived / who deprived ) of affection.
6 Shewas intent ( on / with ) buying the apartment.
n
Ioe becamemore anxious after ( being made / made ) a manager.
B ( Leave/ To leave) her now would be unkind.
I Rivers ( teemed / teeming ) with fish are a common sight in this
unspoilt countryside.
l 0 Mr Horne'swillingness ( relinquish/ to relinc"'^l-
lursn \Jr-:^pnze frt"-€"fi
nrs-':-^
earned him a lot of respect. rz
l"'4
Circle the letters of the correct sentences.
A Becauseof your vigilance,lives were saved.

B Becausevigilant, liveswere saved.
c Becauseof your vigilant, lives were saved.
A Peoplewho under stresstending to act irrationally.

B Peopleunder stresstend to act irrationally.
C Peopleunder stresstending to act irrationally.
232
3 A To know her is to love her.
B To know her to love her.
C To know her is love her.
4 A We made her to blush by lavishingpraise on her.

B We made her blush bywe lavishedpraiseon her.
C We made her blush by lavishingpraise on her.
5 A I secretlyadmired his braverywhen loudly deplored his impulsiveness.

B \\ihile loudly deploring his impulsiveness,I secretlyadmired his bravery.
C I secretlyadmired his braverywhile loudly deplored his impulsiveness.
6 A He apologisedto Macy in order to end the quarrel.

B He apologisedto Macy to in order end the quarrel.
C He apologisedto Macy in order that to end the quarrel.
7 A Give feedbackneedsboth honesty and tact.

B Giving feedbackneedsboth honesty and tact.
C Giving feedbackneeding honesty and tact.
B A Her main aim is earn enough to pay for her son'scollegeeducation.

B Her main aim to earn enough paying for her son'scollegeeducation.
C Her main aim is earning enough to pay for her son'scollegeeducation.
I A I spokefrankly not to upset you but help you.

B I spokefrankly not to upsetyou but to help you.
C I spokefrankly not to upset you to help you.
f0 A The library stayedopen till9 p.m. every day so enableworking adults to

enjoy its facilities.
B The library stayedopen till g p.m. everyday so that enableworking adults A
to enjoy its facilities. YouR
scoRE I
C rhe fbrary stayedopen till 9 p.m. everyday so as to enableworking" adults fZ '9-l
to enjoy iti facilities. 1."
Crossout the incorrectwords in the boxesso that the B sentencesmean the sameas the
A sentences.
I A He often wished that he had chosena different career.
Often did he wish I Olten wishedhe that he had chosena different career.
2 A If a riot had broken out, you would have been trapped in the city.
A riot had I Had a riot broken out, you would have been trapped in the city.
3 A We rarely seea hand plough nowadays,even in remote villages.

B Rarely d o w e l w e d o seea hand plough nowadays,even in remote villages.
4 A If shewereto enterthe contest,all of us would be outclassed.

B tr"dTwere-l sheto enterthe contest,all of us wouldbe outclassed. --*-E
YOURSCORE
I
l-
5 A I will never forget the useful lessonI learnt that day. a/t
N e v e r w i l lI W i l l n e v e r I forget the useful lessonI learnt that day. l,/ )2",

Circlethe lettersof the underlinedwords which are redundant and should be dropped
from the sentences.
I In my opinion, I think that this company needsyoung people with a fresh outlook
A B
to changeits image.
c
2 Harmony among the ethnic groups must be maintained since political stability is essential
A
if the economy is to continue to progress forward.
3 Certainly,you may have my permission to interview the inmates on life in this prison.
ABC
4 At around 12:00midnight I was jolted awakeby the sound of a car alarm, which shatteredmy
ABC
hopes of a restful sleep.
He is a Punjabi boy who is often mistaken for a Caucasianbecausehis skin is very fair and his eyes
AB
are bluish greenin colour.
c
*"t do the words in bold point back to? Underline your answers.
@
I Haveyou visited John and Ianice'snew home?I like the unusual way they furnished their living
room and bedroom.
2 Not everyonehas the ability to be discerning.I think that comeswith wisdom and experience.
3 I can never understand this about you. You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time with her.
4 Jill was going to buy her favourite cheesetartlets at Kay'sCaf6but Stanpersuadedher to try those
at Lily's Deli.
5 The phenomenal successof Andy Ienkins' latest novel Rlsing Roarhasled to severaloffersto buy
the film rights to it.
234
TEST(]
Fill eachblankwith the most suitableword.
DearestMum,
The first two weekshere have been hectic and I am still trying to get used to many things.
The way of life here is so different (1) back home.You and Dad always
emphasisedthe (2) of discipline.I must also account for what (3)
spendon.
Here,collegestudentsgenerallylive on (4) own, away from their parents,
They drive to (5) , do their own shopping and laundry at weekends (6)
they usually have more free time, and generally(7) independentlives.Many of
them evenwork part-time (B) supportthemselves.
\AlhenI talk to them, I (9) amazed.I have been so protected at home
(10) I was in'culture shock' for a while.
Circlethe lettersof the correctwords to completethe dialogue.
Mr Smith Good morning, MissVaz.Pleasetake a seat.

Olivia Thank you, Sir.
Mr Smith I (1)_ through your personalfile. | (2)_that you have a degreein
communications from UCIA. (3) _ any working experience?
OIivia Yes,I do. I (4)_ in a private collegenear SanDiego after graduation.A year later
I (5)_ an excellentoffer from a televisionnetwork to work as a news editor.After
I (6)_with the network for two years,I resignedand moved to Seattle.
Mr Smith If you found the job challenging,why (7)_?
Olivia Therewas only one reason.I (B)_ some problems with the hectic schedulethat I
(9)_ . I (10)_ to travel extensivelymeet people and edit the news clips.
At times,I (l l) _ to get four hours of sleep.My health (12)_. If I had
continued with the station,I (13) _ in chargeof my unit. Instead,
I (14)
to quit beforeI (15)_ ill.
Mr Smith I see.(16)_you can managethe post of a public relationsexecutive?
It
(17)_ somedegreeof stresstoo.
Olivia I'm sure I (18)- to do the job competently.I (19)- there will be difficult
times but I (20) _ problems asyou can seefrom my curriculum vitae. I would
appreciateit if you could give me a chanceto prove my capability.
235
IA was read llA barely manage
B have been reading B was barely managed
c had read c barely managed
2A understand t2A were affected

B understood B was being affected
C was understanding c was affecting
3A Do you have 13A would be put

B Did you have B would been put
c Are you having C would have been put
4A was lecturing 14A chose

B have lectured B was choosing
c am lecturing c have chosen
5A had received l5A become

B have received B had become
c received c became
6A am 16A Are you thinking

B had been B Do you think
c WAS c Did you think
7A did you leave t7A will involve

B do you leave B will be involving
C were you leaving c will be involved
8A did encounter 18A be able

B encountered B will be able
c have encountered C would be able
9A am assigned r9A am knowing

B was assigned B willknow
C were assigned c know
t0A was expected 204 am used to handling

B were expected B was used to handling
c were expectinghandling c will be used to handling
.- - -!
I YOUn SCOREI
r'-l
a/'I
| /^^ a
a,/ ]74
236
I C I Rewritethe sentenceswithout changing the meaning. Use the words provided.
I The motivation coursehas proved to be effective.They attended it.
which
2 He signedthe contract.His fingerstrembled.
The big question is when our project will be completed.
\A/hen
4 I cant imagine from where you got that silly idea.

imaginewhere
If he lost everl'thing tomorrow he would start afreshcheerfully.
Should
I D J Rewritethe sentencesusing the correct verbs.

I Dealingwith criminals have affectedyou.
2 He is discoveringfactsforgot by the people.
3 \Arhilethey happy with our work, they still have to make us redundant.
4 His speechseemshaving galvanisedthem into action.
5 The tears glisteningin her eyesbeliesher cheerful smile.
237
l-l P'dT? --
[t>)[ I
the most suitableword.

IA J Fill eachblankwith
Tour guide Mr Manas,it is essentialthat you not delay us tomorrow.
Mr Manas We're on holiday. I don't understand whywe have (1) board the bus
at B a.m.
Mr Lee We'veto leave (2) in order to complete everlthing on our

itinerary (3) the day.
Mrs Roy Mr Manas,don't you think you (4) go to bed early?Yousaid you
were (5) TVtill about 1 a.m.this morning.
Mr Manas rf r (6) you, Mrs Roy,I should stop giving advice.(7)
wish I were back home and not on (B) silly tour.
Tour guide My dad was right to worry (9) me!
Mr Manas Huh?
Tour guide My dad was certainI would (10) driven insaneby
my tour group.
I B I Circtethe lettersof the correctwords to completethe passage'
I like the place I live. This apartment block (1) interesting.At streetlevel,there
(2)_several smallbusinesses and language schools.I seechildren (3)- for their
classand later (4) _ by their parents.Sometimesthe families stay to (5)- in the
little restaurantat the back of the building. \.VhenI have a free evening, I go down there to eat and
(6)_- a video or buy a book from the bookshop.From my window I can (7) - a park
quite near the tennis courts.My friends and I (B)- there most weekends and the winner
(9) -- everybodylunch.A lovelyriver (10)- through the park and we (l I) - of the
fine treesand new fountain.
It (12)_ take more than ten minutes to reach the city centre.I enjoy the old street
market where (13)_ bargainerscan buy goodsvery cheaply.Our city (14)-a
theatre and concert hall and I often (15)-them with my family.We also have good street
entertainersand some evenings the city seems(16)- of music and dance.
I don't often (17)_time to travel,but I (lB) -to visit the mountainsonce a

year.It feelsgood to (19)- the mountain air and (20) -at my home.
238
lA are ll A hasbeenproud
Bis B are proud
C being C is proud
2A are 12 A havenot
B have B hadnot
Cis C doesnot
3 A are arrived 13 A skilled

B arriving B are skilled
C will arrive C was skilled
4 A picking up 14A is
B were picked up B having
C beingpickedup C has
5 A have dinner l5 A am attending

B having dinner B attend
C dinner C were attending
6 A have rented 16 A is full

B rented B is filled
C rent C full
TAsaw 17A am
B see B have
C haveseem C had
B A play fB A try
B playing B tried
C was playing C trying
I A hasbought fg A breathing
B is buying B rverebreathing
C buys C breathe
l0 A ran 20 A to look dolr,n

B runs B looking down
C running C was looking down
I C I loin the pairs of sentences.Turn the underlined ones into phrasesbeginningwith the
words in brackets.Then write out the sentencesas a paragraph.
I Yesterday,I looked at some photographs.They were in a very old album. (in)

2 I saw my parentsas collegestudents.(Seeing) It was a revelation.
3 They are seriousand staid today. (Though) They were once lively teenagers.
4 I took out the best picture. It showedthem in comical costumes.(showing)
5 They burst out laughing.They caught sight of the funny old photograph. (on)
239
I D I Underline the incorrect sentencesand rewrite them correctly.
I've belongedto severalchoirs,but my best memories are of the first one I joined. We were a small
group and only performed once a year,but we were very enthusiasticand we learnt a greatdeal about
music from our leader.
A fewweeks ago,a friend who was in that choir askedme I was interestedin a reunion. I liked the
idea very much and told her we could hold it at my house.Then I went to my storeroom to find the
postersand programmesfrom our concertstogether.I also found a rather tattered group photograph.
The next day,I decidedto have copiesmade of the photograph becauseof they would be good to
give as presentsat the reunion. I went to the storeroom but the photograph was no longer with the
postersneither it was anywherein the room.
I was disappointedbut forgot about the photograph until yesterdaywhen I was preparing for the
reunion party. I found the photograph on my table, restoredand enlarged.Somebodyin the family
had done this that I would have a lovely centrepiecefor the party. I askedas who had done it.
Nobodywould sayand so I thanked them all.
240
TEST6
Fill each blank with the most suitableword.
Arundathi RoV an Indian national, won the BookerPrizein 1997for her novel TheGod of Small
Things.A tale of love and loss, the (i) has sold more than six million copies. This
(2) not at all surprising,for the story,set (3) India,mesmeriseswith

its storyline and the power (4) its innovative prose.The readeris likely
(5) find himself emotionallv drained bv the time he (6) the end
of the story.To his consternation,(7) may also realisethat even though the
story (B) over and the book is closed, the compelling (9)
tragic charactersof Roy'simagination tend to linger (10) his mind.
Fl Ci..te the lettersof the coffectwords to completethe passage.
Ladiesand gentlemen,it (1)_ me greatpleasure(2) -you on this auspicious

occasion.
BeforeI (3)_, allow me to thank the chairman and organisingcommittee (4)

me to open this Asian-PacificWomen Entrepreneurs'Conference.This day (5) an indelible
mark on the developmentof a new breed of businesswomenin our part of the world. The Asia-Pacific
region (6)_ a number of developingcountries aswell asAustraliaand New Zealandwhich
(7)-a remarkablerate of growth thesepast 10years.We (B)- tremendous
improvements in the infrastructureof thesenations. Our people now (9)- modern amenities
and a standardof living higher than ever before.We (10)- to take a giant leap into the hi-tech
era in the fieldsof business,media and communication.By the year2010,we (1l) - the goals
-
set before us to have a fully-developednation status,to be self-reliantand economicallystrong.
To fulfil this vision, everyindividual (12)_ his or her part. This is where our women come
in. Traditionalpreconceptionsand prejudice(13) asideand women today (14)- a
long way from where they (15) 50 yearsago.Signiflcantnumbers of women (16)-
highly-qualified,highly-motivated and (17) as equalswith their male counterpartsin the
world of businessand finance.Statistics(18)-that women have ventured into small
businessesvery successfullyin our region.Some(19)- up the corporateladderto become
executivesand managers.If the older generationof women had been given similar chances,I believe
they (20)_as equally determined to succeedas their daughtersand granddaughters.
241
I A gave II A will have achieved
B is giving B have achieved
C gives C will be achieving
2 A to address 12 A have to play

B to be addressed B is having to play
C be addressing C has to play
3 A amproceeding 13 A havebeen cast

B proceeds B were casting
C proceed C was cast aside
4 A to be inviting 14 A come
B for inviting B havecome
C to invite C will come
5 A will leave 15 A useto be

B will be leaving B usedto been
C will have left C usedto be
6 A comprises 16 A are
B comprised B were
C comprising C was
7 A had experienced 17 A are ableto stand

B has experienced B was ableto stand
C have experienced C has been ableto stand
B A have seen lB A proves

B saw B prove
C are seeing C proved
I A enjoyed fg A had graduallyclimbed

B will enjoy B have graduailyclimbed
C enjoy C were graduallyclimbing
l0 A are daring 20 A will have beerr YOURSCORE

I
-
B have dared B would havebeen
C had dared C would be 1,"
- H
|Z] n"*"ite the underlined phrasesin the passageturning them into clauses.Use the words
provided.
For my friend Sonia,something (1) beyond her means alwayshas a specialattraction.

(2)\.\4renforced to accompanyher to expensiveshopping centres,I watch her in amazement.She
never looks uncertain about (3)being able to afford the most fabulouslyexpensivedress.Somehow
she is invariably surroundedby shop assistants(4) eagerto let her try on numerous outfits.
(5) Becauseof her charm, they readily forgive her for not buying an),thing.
242
I which
2 \\4ren I
3 whether she
4 who
-
.- !-
YOUR SCOREI
5 Because IS a/a
lr" '>l
-
Rewritethe underlinedclausesin the passageturning them into phrases.

Usethe words provided.
(1)\Nhile I enjoy my first camping trip, I sometimesfelt tired of the endlesschores.(2) In order to
pack the van properly,we lost the best part of the morning. (3) Beforewe cooked a meal, we had to
light the stoveand fetch water from the river. (4) I was calledlazy becauseI suggeste
hotel. (5) My friends who were irritated by my idea, said I should take a luxury cruisefor my next
holiday.
I \Ahile
2To
3 Before
4 for
-_E
-YoUR
scoRE
I
5 irritated a ,/-. a
a / atla
a,/
- Fa
243
: ,ie
w. * ANSWERS i,,
* &@$,:
t.r VERBS 5 The expeditionteam(out earlierthan the otherswants

Practice A
to reachthe villagebefore(nightfall.
747810
Practice B 6 George(whatyou have done(ior his family.
I didn't phone 5 can glve I to be
2 to pose 6 inform I to go 7 The government( a great deal of importance ( on self-
3 have 7 need t 0 Make reliance.
4 see 8 The inhabitants(against/ the logging activitiesin their
Practice C
I want 5 to cater I remove
9 She(that [,iz is the one who (deservesthe praise.
2 write 6go I audition
3be 7 store l0 Sprinkle l0 The woman(to Samuelis(a TV reporter.
4 must
Practice D Practice D
I to tell 5 listen I check I running - runs 6 send - to send
2 to perform 6say I can call
2 manage+ manages 7 packages+ package
3 know 7 didn't read l0 repeat
4 must see 3 use - using 8 need - needs
4 is manage- is managing 9 demand - demands
Practice E
5 !uut.g- huu. l0 recommends-
2 Don't you has an).thing else to do? - Don't you have
recommend
an1'thingelseto do?
You could earns some money for yourselves.- You Practice E
could earn some monev for yourselves. 2 The road leads to Dolphin'sBay is under repair. - The
After three hours of brainstorming,we decided to sets road leadingto Doiphin'sBay is under repair.
up 'Youthat Workl - After three hours of brainstorming, 3 That road havea lot of potholes.* That road has a lot of
'Youth potholes.
we decidedto set up at Work'.
5 That afternoor-r,our phones didn't stopped ringing. - 4 His phone is ring. * His phone is ringing.
That afternoon,our phones didn't stop ringing. 5 On Saturdays he goes riding or he play a game of
6 We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areas tennis at his club. - On Saturdays he goes riding
as well. - We serve not just our neighbourhood but or he plays a game of tennis at his club.
other areasas well. 6 i wanted surprisethe two of you. - I wanted to surprise
the two of you.
t.2 VERBS
Practice A 1.5 VERBS
1 create 5 wants 8 mutter Practice A
2 correct 6 specialises 9 operating I wasissued 5 was decided 8 was provided
3 handles 7 lavish l0 protect 2 exchanged 6 was offered 9 were toticed
4 is slacken 3 was suffered 7 have arranged l0 served
4 was designed
Practice B
I (a) antagonises (b) antagonise Practice B
2 (a) making (b) are making I designed 5 behaving 8 injured
3 (a) reading (b) reads 2 nrnrzidino 6 sprinting I honoured
4 (a) scrutinises (b) scrutinising 3 marching 7 donated l0 surrounding
5 (a) entertaining (b) is entertaining 4 seated
PracticeC Practice C
f Kathy/voluntary work at the hospital(once a fortnight. I huddled 5 was cieared B suggested
2 arrived 6 has recovered 9 made
2 The player{with the refereeis (Alan. 3 was covered 7 have invested l0 loaded
4 was rushed
3 Larry(the overheadbridge(to get to his office.
Practice D
4 The athletes(impatientty(for the gamesto begin. (line 2) has capture- has captured
244
(line 3) called- is called Practice B
(line 5) to interviewed- to interview / interviewing I were 6 discourage
(line 6) were filmed - have filmed 2 ate 7 havebeen
(line B) screened- was screened 3 were challenged Bis
(line 9) was featured- featured 4 are e fill
(line 10) has retain - has retained 5 havebeen l0 were
(line I I) was interviewed - interviewed Practice C
(line 15) I was agree- I agreed 23569
(line 16) can learnt - can learn Practice D
I chicken 5 were I cost
2.I SUB'ECT.VERB AGREEMENT 2 distracts 6 leads t has been
Practice A 3 make / ale l0 is
I was used 6 were lilming 4 has
2 weresplashing 7 has been used
Practice E
3is B was able to see
I has been Sare Bis
4 looks 9 don't
2 contributes 6 goes t help
Jl5 l0 is
3 was 7 prevents l0 grips
Practice B 4 leads
I was 5 participate I annoys
Practice F
2 likes 6 needs t has
I Thereis somethingon the table.Does it belong to you?
3 has 7 is l0 has
2 The rveatherhas been so hot in the last few days that
4 was
many people have sufferedsunburn.
Practice C 3 Toleranceplays an important role in making a happy
I Everybody 6 The number of communltJ,'.
2 Alotof 7 anyone 4 His obsessionwith house orices is often hard for his
3 Everything I Something friendsto bear.
'Ihe
4 A number of 9 Nothing 5 taients of the young rnusician were recognisedby
5 Somebody l0 Anything the music school.
Practice D
I A number of customerswere queuing to pay for their
purchases.
2.3 SUB.|ECT.VERB AGREEMENT
2 I can'tcontact Sarah.Someonehas damagedthe public
Practice A
phone in this booth.
I don't often receir.e 6 oppressed
3 A lot of freshly grated cheeseis used for this pizza top-
2 Skiing /ls
prng.
3 rvasdonated B educated
The number of students in the literature class has
4 $.as 9 occupies
increaseddramatically.
5 VVOIKrng l0 Tailoring
Everything has been done to prevent the river from
bursting its banks. Now we just have to wait and pray Practice B
that all soeswell. 24578
Practice E PracticeC
I Nothing were in its usual place anymore. - Nothing was I requires 4 are / ts 9 are
in its usual place an1'rnore. 2 relaxes 5 helps I extend l0 causes
2 A number of her clothes was strewn on the floor. - A 3 demand 6 does
number of her ciothes were / had been strerr,n on the Practice D
floor. I makes 4 helps 7 shows 9 deserve
All her jewellery were missing. - All her jer,vellerywas 2 have 5ts Bis lOis
3 live 6 was
missing.
The number of things stolenwere not the only problem. Practice E
- The number of things stolen was not the only 2 gl"*it 9 Honest - Honesty
problem. 4 Roasted- Roasting l0 Famous - The iamous
5 Somethinginside Betty were deeplywounded. - Some- 5 was -- were
thing inside Betty was/had been deepll,wounded. Practice F

I The selfishseldomnoticethe pain and sufferingof others.
'Ieaching
AGREEMENT
2.2 SUB'ECT-VERB 2 children requirescreativityand versatility.
Practice A 3 More than a million dollarswas spentby the government
lis 5 causes I changes on improving the facilitiesin schools.
2 makes 6 has 9 give 4 Working48 hours rvithout stoppinghas made him ill.
3 was /15 l0 was 5 The underprivilegedwere treatedto a specialdinner last
4 improvement night.
245
5,I SIMPI-EPRESENT AND PRESENT 3 Rescue teams dug tirelessly last night to pull out the
CONTINUOUS TENSES trapped miners fiom the pit.
PracticeA 4 Last _vearlr.e frequently met at \'veekends and discussed
I is coming 5 parrol 8 keeps comrnon problems lve laced.
2 kicks 6 promises 9 is producing 5 Glen alwa.vs takes charge oi the office rvhile Miss
3 is lecturing 7 is seeing l0 is resting Richards is a',vay and he ensures that evervthing runs
4 accuses smoothly.
Practice B Practice F
I permeates 5 is vanishing B denies As I rvatched, the club members took out card tables and
2 is settingoff 6 plal' 9 desigrrs set them up. Tuesda-vwas their games evening and most of
3 train 7 are stalring l0 objects thern liked to play bridge or whist.
4 norries One woman played a game of solitaire. She sometimes
got up to r'r.alkaround and observe the games at the other
Practice C tables.
I are gLraranteelng 6 takes Halfrvav through the evening there rvas a break for
2 makes 7 is repeating refreshments. A r,r.aiterserved tea and coffee and everybod-v
3 does B map enjoyed conversation rvith their fiiends. Some people went
4 intend 9 spends home after this. but the enthusiastic plavers staved until
quite late
5 is acting 10 is bringing
5.3 PASTCONTINUOUS TENSE
Practice D
6 bursts Practice A
I is calling
2 is looking 7 is enrolling :1 4689
3 are opening B creates Practice B
4 arrives 9 is hiring I testif.v 6 rvere fighting
5 fight l0 arecoming
2 polished 7 r'verebringing
Practice E 3 conrplain I navigated
I \\re are thinking of going to the flea market in the park 4 are lacing 9 fills
this Sunday.
5 are looking for lo dig
3 For tire whole of next neek, the college is organising
careertalks to give students an iu-depth knot't'ledgeof Practice C
the various professions. 2 ignored 7 saw
4 Carol lecturesin ps-vcholog1'' at an institute of manage- 3 nras enjoying I was puffing
ment. Shehas been there tbr five years. 4 rvas blaring I cut
5 Robin and his farniiy are moving to an apartment in m-Y 5 reached l0 flew
areanext nonth. 6 rvere cluarrelling II rverecranling
Practice D
I cleared + were clearing
5.2 SIMPTEPASTTENSE
Practice A 2 holding - held
2478I0 3 coughing - coughed / was coughing
Practice B 5 is very entertaining + was verY entertaining

I treated 5 places B ovenvhelms 7 rvas mentioning - mentioned
2 setup 6 settle 9 live
3 outstripped / maoe l0 used to sail Practice E
4 tried I We knelv that everl'thing in the report r,r'asgrossly exag-
gerated.
PracticeC 2 Alice rvas thinking of leaving the company when some-
I shook 6 is now thinking
one approached her rvith an attractive job offer.
2 lr.ere / scolteO
3 James was rvaiting for property prices to rise last month
3 is still investigating B is beginning
and he finally sold his house last rveek.
4 beat 9 surprised
4 Peter and I-isa were going to get narried in .[une but the
5 n'ere l0 stunned
wedding has been postponed.
Practice D 5 Yesterday, the developers $'ere trying to evict the squat-
I overturned 6 is spreading ters frorn the area but the people refused to move.
2 are pleading 7 thought
3 usedto recall B debated 5 . 4 P R E S E N TP E R F E C TT E N S E
4 carried I advise Practice A
5Ue l0 usedto discipline 24679
Practice E PracticeB
I Sam threatened to quit his job three days ago because he I has been 5 has fbrced I has achieved
was bored. 2 havefound 6 have hung t have resulted
2 in tl-respring, \,Veusually plant rose bushes all along the 3 inherited 7 has become l0 observed
garden n all so \'ve can enjo-vthe blooms in the summer. 4 hasn'tpaid
246
Practice C Practice C
I have been 6 have asked I has been lookirrg
2 have used 7 have talked 2 have heen dirrino
3 want B have never thought 3 has pr-rt/ put

4 recommended 9 discussed 4 had been demonstrating
5 have experienced l0 have ah'va1,sr'r'anted 5 had alreadyconfirmed
6 has been affecting
Practice D
7 had been spending
I A surgeol interestin of health and beautv / beauty and
8 hadn't i had not arrivedyet
health has swept acrossthe rvorld.
t have been holding
2 We haven'tfbund the causeof the failure of the security
l0 had beenplanning
systemvet.
3 Alice has spent the rvholerveekgctting everythingready Practice D
for the meeting. I happened - had happencd
4 Since last month thev have only gone out twice to the 2 had totter - had tottered
cinema.
5 have bring - have brought
5 He has alreadyreprirnandedus fbr the poor salesfigures
fbr last year. 7 had questioned - have been questioning
Practice E 10 have - had

I Five years ago, the tno countries promised to work
togetherto establishpeacein the region. Practice E
2 The two motorcyclistshave just broken trafTicregula- I David has been smokingheavilythesepast two weeks.
tions bv going againstthe lights. 2 The committee has been preparing lbr months for the
3 I haven'tmade up my mind yet about which coursesto charity bazaar.
do in college. 3 The judge had been issuingstrictrvarningsto both coun-
4 Haven'tyou ever gone bungeejumping befbre? selsthroughout the trial.
5 We have never learnt rvhere our former colleaguesare 4 We had beenlookingfbr Sheilaall rnorningbut couldn't
rvorking no.,v. find her in the crorvd.
5 Mariko and I rveretired becauservehad been bakingpies
all nrornir-rgfor the sale.
5.5 PASTPERFECT TENSE

Practice A
I assembled 6 had criticised 5.7 SIMPIE FUTUREAND FUTURECONTINUOUS
TENSES
2 have srvorn 7 haven't heard Practice A
3 had alreadydestrol,ed B had seen I rvill assure 6 realised
4 hadjust caught I had searched 2 nill be lear,ing 7 is going to choose
5 havenever said l0 have asked 3 is going to be 8 are awaiting
4 has captured I rvill pass
Practice B
5 rvill be participating l0 n'ill be coming
I had captured 6 has forced
2 has not / hasn't checked 7 had never begged Practice B
3 had asked B r'vastyping I 3 4 7 10
4 had grorvn t have not / haven't seen
Practice C
5 has ah,va.vscraved l0 had just persuaded
I rvill be reaching 6 was going to take up
Practice C 2 rvill leave 7 hadn't realised
I just finished - had just finished 3 haven't,vet decided B won't be facing
4 will give 9 will be studying
4 gre\'v - had grolvn
5 had loved l0 rvill have
6 give rise - have given rise
Practice D
7 lost - lost i had lost
I A few yearsback, my uncle was going to set up hrs own
8 has always enjoyed - had alrvays enjolred businessbut he didn't have sufficientcapital.
2 In a worldrvide recession,developingcountries rvill be
Practice D
hit the hardest because of falling demand for their
r A,C 2 A,B 3 B,C 4 A,B 5 A,C
exports.
3 I will return the monev I owe you as soon as I receivemY
salaryat the end ol the month.
5.6 PRESENT AND PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUS TENSES 4 Jasminewill be expectingus to heip her run the games
PracticeA stall at the funfair this Saturday
I have shown 6 have gone 5 I know it is going to rain this afternoon.The sky is over-
2 had been requesting 7 had been flouting castand gloomy.
3 have been polishing 8 haveviolated
Practice E
4 hadn't expected t had been asking
I The cost of the ne$rexpresswayu'ill be far more than the
5 had angered lO har.ebeen appealing
council expected.
Practice B 2 The companl,is going to increaseproductivity bv imple-
721 mentingmoderntrainingmethods.
247
3 Maria was going to perform at the dinner last night but Practice B
she suddeniyfell ill. I seeps 5 will take B won'l
4 You don't have to worry as I r'vill make sure the children 2 will laugh 6 will hurt 9 ends
are safe. 3 will capsize 7 persists l0 is
5 Ranjit rvill be in charge of the hockey team during the 4 will experience
gamesin Manila.
Practice C
I . . . you will exposethem to danger.
2 . . . it will usuallystalka weak and helplessmember of the
5,8 FUTUREPERFECT AND FUTUREPERFECT herd.
CONTINUOUS TENSES 3 . . . if she comeshome beforeher mother.
Practice A 4 . . . if there is any sign of an enemy attack.
I have broken 5 . . . unlesswe improve the entertainmentfacilitiesin the
2 will have been waiting town.
3 sacrificed 6 Ifthe dog is disobedient,. . .
4 will have alreadyrecelved 7 T h e m a n a g ew r i l l b e l ' u r i o u s. . .
5 will have been staying B ... ifyou listenattentively.
6 was shocked I . . . you know that winter is approaching.
7 u,'illhavebeen managing l0 Unlessthey give us some monev . . .
8 hasjust gone
9 r.t'illhave been helping Practice D
l0 w.illbe submitting I The tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a
strongwind, it will fall on our rooftop.
Practice B 2 The organisersof the games afternooon will wonder
13457 what happenedto us unlesswe phone them to explain.
Practice C 3 If you wish to continue with this discussion,you will
I had not heard have to listen to our point of view.
2 will have reached 4 If deforestationproceedsat the presentrate, it will have
3 will have been lecturing an adverseeff'ecton the environment.
4 will have occupied 5 If we listen to the village elders,we will inherit a wealth
5 have alreadyvisited of knowledgefrom them.
6 r,r'illhave agreed
- SIMPTEPASTAND
5.IO CONDITIONALS
7 ordered
B will have spoken PASTPERFECT
TENSES
t havebeen constructing Practice A
l0 will have played 136710
Practice D Practice B
I She will have been teaching in our school for twenty I would have been 7 would become
yearsthis November. 2 learned 8 had woken
2 Angelawill have alreadybecome the senior managerol 3 would have told 9 wouid not have
the bank by iune. 4 would fight postponed
3 The monsoonshavebrought torrential rain and flooding 5 rvere l0 hadn't appeared
to the Indian subcontinent. 6 would come
4 Our faces will have frozen in this cold by the time rve Practice C
reachthe cabin. 1 wouid have done 6 would not suffer
5 \Vhen we get home after the movie, everybody will have 2 knew 7 had bought
alreadygone to bed. 3be B would have reached
Practice E 4 had worked 9 granted
I Miss Coiewill have been working as the executivesecre- 5 were l0 had
tary to the director for five yearsby this March. Practice D
2 The salariescommission will meet next week. We will I would win - would have won
have gatheredmore information about the expectedpay
3 grt - ru*
rise by then.
3 The accountsdepartmentwill have alreadycheckedthe 4 would have forgot - would forget
figuresbeforesubmitting the reportsnext Monday. 6 bought - had bought
4 The defencelawyershave requesteda postponementof 8 notice - had noticed
the trial until they get an expertmedical opinion.
5 The anti-vice squad had been waiting all night for their Practice E
man to give the signalbefore arrestingthe drugs syndi- I IfTom had been here, he would have known what was
cate. wrong with the car.
2 The distinguished visitors would be delighted if they
watched the tribal dances.
- THE PRESENT
5.9 CONDITIONATS TENSE 3 I wish I understoodthis problem.Then I would be ableto
PracticeA help vou.
r B,C tA 3 B 4 B,C 4 Sue might have remembered the password if you had
JA 6 A,C ID reminded her earlier.
248
5 If the prosecution lawyers had agreed,rve would have 4 Most of us hate to be humiliated in front of our friends.
calledthe children to be witnesses. 5 Yourparentshaveto be told about your decisionto leave
s c h o o al n d j o i n a b a n d .
Practice E
4.I ACTIVEAND PASSIVEVOICE
I Theseparts will be assembledto form a bookcase.
Practice A
2 Henry flis]lftesbeing tleated like a fool.
I is believed 6 was diagnosed
3 I completelyforgot to lock my car this morning.
2 were shown 7 cause
4 Patrickis going to be made a senior partner in the firm.
3 was selected B lvas suggested
5 Our guestsloved being taken on a guided tour of the city.
4 think 9 will be provided
5 was welcomed l0 was set up
Practice B 4.5 ACTIVEAND PASSIVEVOICE
I B,C 2A,C 3A,C 4B 5B,C 6A Practice A
I A 2 B,C 3 B,C 4 A,B 5 A,B,C
Practice C
I rvereshaken 4 is believed 7 was born Practice B
8 are sayng 9 shocked I has the velvetcushion 6 have had to battie
coversdry-cleaned 7 havehad to send
Practice D 2 to write down 8 had his leg broker-r
I It is expectedthat new laws will be passedto curb drink- 3 is reported 9 is said to be
drMng. 4 are said to havebegun l0 to have my earspierced
2 Sarah offered me a lift home as I didn't have my car. 5 to be patient
3 Plansfor the new extensionwill be discussednext week.
4 Suggestionsfor improving the hotel's services r,vere Practice C
acceptedbv the manager. We had our porch and living room renovatedlast month.
5 The lawyer questionedthe two witnessesregardingthe Dad's architect friend, James,was invited to redesign the
murder. area. Tamesis said to be both innovative and bold in his
ideas.He was askedby Dad to createan informal settingfor
Practice E the living room. He did that by mergingthe porch and the liv-
It is generallythought that Angie is extremely good at ing room using high Frenchdoors.Thesedavs,Dad has oiten
organisationand decision-making.Theseskillswereacquired been seensitting inside the living room, enjoyingthe garden
during her six years as a junior executiveat the firm. Her right at our doorstep.
sound decisionsand efficiencywerenoted by her bosses.She
was promoted to office manager in her seventhyear at the Practice D
firm. The officeis run rvith clockworkprecision.Problemsare I Bernard is thought to be capableof running his father's
solvedquickly and iirmly. Sheis respectedby the rest of the factory.
staff becauseof her fairness,warmth and honesty'. 2 The girls were askedby Sueto help her get all the invita-
tions readv.
3 The air-conditioners in the bedrooms will have to be
4.2 ACTIVEAND PASSIVEVOICE cleanedas they arevery dusty.
Practice A 4 We rvere told by the airline officials to wait fbr news of
I A,C 2 C 3 B 4 A,C 5 A,B 6 A,C t h e f l i g h tf r o m L o n d o n .
5 A nerv securitvsvstemhas had to be installedto protect
Practice B the office from break-ins.
I being criticise 6 often have advised
2 carefullyisbeingarranged 7 beingtell
3 are goingto organising I have tc warned 5.I DIRECTAND INDIRECTSPEECH
Practice A
4 to be paid 9 to criticize
13589
5 beingtreat l0 tobeawarded
Practice B
Practice C I their 5 bought B leave
I to reward 2 your 6 are baking 9 our
2 to be posted 3 tobe 7 had to tell l0 not to put
3 has finally agreed 4my
4 have actuallybeendone
Practice C
5 will definitelytell
I The nurse told me to call back later becauseDr Sim was
6 has alreadybeen informed not ln.
7 being taken
2 Petersaid to us, "Don't be late for rehearsalstomorrow."
B are to be recycled
3 The captain said that his team intended to win the chal-
I being invited / to be invited
lengetrophy for their school.
l0 being disappointed/ to be disappointed
4 My science lecturer told me to pour the solution
Practice D carefulll, into a beaker.
I The hockey team wants to be given due recognitionfor 5 The instructor told Louis to pay attention while he was
winning the inter-statetrophy. driving.
2 I would like to apologisefor my latenesslast night.
Practice D
3 Thesefine piecesofjewetlery are to be handed down to
I Ienny said,"Theseflowersare from Holland."
your children when they are older.
249
2 l'he officer said to lill, "l)o not park in the no-parking 6.r MODATS
zone." Practice A
3 Ann said to the salesassistant,"Pleasehelp me carr"vthe 12s79
purchasesto my car."
Practice B
4 Helen said, "l pronriseto bring your birthday cakelater
I sent 5 make B be
this evening.
2 have 6 attending I carry
5 N{r Francissaid to his secretarv"I don't want an}rinter- l0 cooperate
3 be 7 been
ruptions during the meeting."
4 compete
Practice C
PracticeE I must 7 will be undergoing
I Jacksaid that the rveatherwas reallybad. 2 should I must have hit
2 W e n d vs a i dt h a ti t w a sr a i n i n gv e r l h a r d . 3 mav have lefi I had better start
3 Jacksaidthat he rvasvery'"vorriedabout Luq'. Shehad to 4 could have fallen l0 rvill be delivering
drive home in the rain, 5 need to lodge
4 Wendv askediack to give l,ucy a call and tell her to wait 6 should havebeen passedon
until the rair-rsubsided
Practice D
2 Maggieand her sistercould be sitting in the front rorv.
3 The plot might have been exposed by a dissatisfied
5-2 DIRECTAND INDIRECTSPEECH member.
Practice A 4 They ought to join the team-building activity tomorrow
I Do, rttant mornlng.
2 lrrasgoing, the follorving 5 The magazinewouid have selected the r,vinners of the
3 don't, wear competition by nor'\..
4 was,him 6 MrAdams shouldbe given a thorough medical examina-
5 would, prefer tlon at once.
Practice B
I Ben asked if my dog usually went into my neighbour's 6.2 MODATS
garden. Practice A
2 The tour guide askedrvho didn't want to go on the roller- I can not 6 shan't telling
coasterride. 2 shor,rldn't
expected 7 may not look
3 Fiona askedHelen if she r'vasinterestedin joining their
3 might havenot heard B mustn'thave taken
se$'ingclass.
4 Jack asked his dry cleaner hor,vhe removed the grease 4 r,r,.ouldn't
rvorking 9 couldn'tunderstood
marks from his shirt. 5 oughtnottoparking l0 needn'tl,) leave
5 Kellieaskedr,vhatI didn't like about their plan.
PracticeB
Practice C I shouldn't 5 must B could
f "\Vh-vdon't they r'vantto go with us?"Sueasked. 2 n'ouldn't 6 ought not to 9 r,vill
2 "Doesyour father alwayscome home late?"Joansaid to 3 can't / snant l0 should
me. 4 needto
3 David said to his grandfather,"Is Grandma going to take
more golf lessons?" Practice C
4 'Are vou taking part in the contest?"Miss Smith said. 2 These reference books cannot be removed from the
5 Tom said,"\\'rhatsubjectdoesshe teach in college?" libraryr
3 The tourists ought not to have been taken to that factory
Practice D by the tourist guide.
I The lady askedStevehow far into the citv the commuter 4 David may not be included in the lineup againstThe
train went. Trojansbv our football club.
2 Timmv askedme rvhy I had taken his bag. 5 Sufficient evidence against the murder suspect might
3 The kennel owner askedMr Gopal ifthe dogs had been n o t b e p r o d u c e dh V t h e p r o s e c u t i o n .
well-behavedat the show. 6 Your staircasecouldn't have been damagedby my work-
'Are you r'vaitingto seeme?"
4 The doctor said, men.
5 The intervierversaid, "Do you have an-Yexperienceof
Practice D
writing radio plays?"
2 wouldn't surprised - rvouldn'tbe surprised
Practice E 3 shouldn'thad let - shouldn'thave let
2 The officer said to / askedStan,"Did you drink any alco- 4 needn'tto be stocked - needn'tbe stocked
hoi at the function?"
3 The officer saidto / askedStan,"What time did vou leave 5 shouldn'thave catering - shouldn'tbe catering
the club?" 6 might not succeeded- might not succeed
4 The officer said to / askedStan,"Wereyou speeding?"
J The officer said to / asked Stan,"Did you see the other
car coming from the oppositedirection?" 6-5 MODATS
The ofTicersaid to / askedStan,"\\hy didn't you swerve Practice A
to avoid the other car?" 34569
250
Practice B Practice B
r A,B 2 B,C 3 A,C 4 I],C 5 A,R B
Practice C 2 t h e i r n e i e h b o u r s 'l a c k o l c i r i c - c o n s c i o u s n c s s
I refer 6 have supported 5 who this lvritten message is.
2 dorvnload 7 be 6 r e m i n d i n g u s t o c l e a ru p t h e m e 5 \ i n t l r eg a r a g e
3 be delayecl 8 be postponed
hitching a ride from a friend.
4 be setting t have bought
5 have assisted l0 enjoying 3 t h e f a i l u r eo f t h e r r e g o t i a t i o n s
4 the proposalto increaseour club'ssubscriptionfees.
Practice D
3 Shouldn't the rally participants have driven slorvlv on the 2 He managed to get to the airport bv hitching a ride frorn
wet road? a friend.
4 Won't Sheila be dismayed by the lack of response to her 3 T h e a m b a s s a d o r e x p r e s s e dd e e p sorrow o\rer the tailure
survey? of the negotiations.
5 Couldn't Harry replace lim in the second half of the dqma'1 4 We disagreed rvith the proposal to increase our club's
qtrhqerintinn
6 Might I make a simple suggestion at this point? fppc
5 I don't knorvr,vhothis r'r,rittenmessageis fiom.

7.T PREPOSITIONS 6 The landlord is tired of reminding us to clearup the mess
Practice A in the garage.
1,47810
PracticeC
Practice B 3 I am annoyedat 1,ourtakingyour goodhealtl-rfor granted.
I r,vith,in 2 about, of 3 for, to 4 Charlesrvasupsetabout our not eniovingthe film he had
4 of, from 5 for, of recommended.
PracticeC 5 The stafTassuredtheir ner,r,managerof their support and
2 A,C 3 A,C 4 B,C 5 B,C lo_valty.
I A,B
6 The farnilv r'vaspleased'"vithnrv attenrptsto find a job.
PracticeD 7 The rvoman complainedolher neighbour'sdifficult per-
Anna : Lee,r'vhatare.voudoing at herelz sonalitv.
Rashid: The sarnereasonfor rvhl' vou're here,I think. Are
PracticeD
you attendingto the brieiing ibr the youtir
expeditionto Chile ?
becauseI facedstiffcompetition(theothers. 4
@
Anna : Yes.Oh, isn't it greatbecauseof that rve'reboth
on the sameexpeditionlIt'll be an adventure,
Well,rvhenI think back(n'hat I rvroteearlier, l0
E
don't vorr rhink?It'll be about lun to rvorkrvith
young peoplefiom difl'erentparts of the world
thing. This latestsongis(never giving up hope. l3
@
rvho will be part of the expeditiontoo.
Rashid: It's a challengeI lvouldn't want to miss out. We'd
Yes.I'"vason drugs once.I r'r.as
conscious(rvhat l5
[4
be rvorkingon with communitiesin the interior
of Chile.
I knorvyou'rer,r.atching
this.This is(you." 22
E
Anna : This rveeketrdtraining will be -,.eryusefulfor us, I 8 SUB'ECTAND PREDICATE
think. PracticeA
Rashid: The organisersare supposedto familiariseus I Don't play 7 the shoppir.rgto her
with everything for n'e need to knorv about the 2We hr,rsband
3 Speak B lle
expedition.
4 me to carrv 9 The director is
Anna : It salrsin the proglamtnehere that r,r'e'llbe told
5 Don't climb lO Have
on the ruleslve haveto abide by during the 6 some lbod for us
rnrhnlo ewnerlitinn
Rashid: Oh! This should interestto all of us.Accordingto Practice B

r h ^ ^ . ^ ^ " - - m - , h eC h i l e a nA m b a s s a d oi sr I B 2A 3A,B,C 4C 5B 6A,C 7R
soins to
b"'^'o_ ' - talk on the customsand traditions oihis Practice C
people. I Don't be late or we'1lmiss the opening number ol the
Anna : Wolr,! I hope he rvears his national costume or he shorr'.
sings with the national anthem of his countrri. 2 Colin presentedJoannervith a beautiiul cashmereiacket.
3 Those magnificent pine trees are part oi the Alpine
Rashid : You do say the funniest things, Anna.
forests.
PracticeE 4 Shepassedrne copiesofthe annualreport.
lof 5 fbr B into / inside 5 Speaklouder becauseI can'theal rvhatyou're saying.
2aI 6 to / tor,vards 9 rvith 6 Nlakesure that vou don't upset the r'r'holetrav of cakes.
-l
3in 7 in l0 rvith 7 akea deepbreathplease,so that I can checkyour lungs.
4 about B All afternoon,we were helping ollt at the charity bazaar.
9 The fishermencleanedtheir catch for the day and dried
7.2 PREPOSITIONS it in the sun.
Practice A l0 Those colourfully-dressedvoung men are members of
r A,B 2 A,C 3 B,C 4 B,C 5 A,B the state'sbasketballteam.
251
Practice D 4 She taiked to a reporter, whose face she recognised.
I (Have to watch subject 5 He thanked the lawyer r,vhose brilliance had saved his
case.
2 . . . letter box. It must be still (. adverbial 6 They stood by the Red Sea, whose history they knew so
3 We gavethe reply cards ( so she indirect well.
4 The girls looked for Katy in (but there . . adverbial Practice D

12479
5 All night long, Bill (to hear. . . verb
Practice E
6 Post(forme... direct object I I am lucky to be a studentwhose parentshave a realistic
7 She(veryunreasonable... verb outlook on successat school.
2 They are peoplewhose expectationsI can meet without
I (Have to get . . . subject stress.
I Its Caesar'ssaladis (. complement 3 I am alsofortunate to be in my school,whosepolicy is to
help everystudent progressat his or her own pace.
l0 ...andcashfor(. indirect object 4 Free from tension, I find mvself discovering abilities
whose existenceI never realised.
Practice E 5 I hope to become a person whose development is
I Followthat carlWe mustn't lose sight of it. balanced.
2 Glen made severaleffortsto get in touch with us yester- 6 This will enableme to facea world whose challengesget
day. L^-r^-
lldtucl
^^^L
cdLtl
l^,,
udy.
4 Youhavegot to show more understandingtowardsPeter.
You know he has to dealwith many problems.
5 Don't thank us for thesegifts.We think you deserveevery Practice F
one of them. I , whose 5 whose 8 whose
2 whose 6 that 9 , whose
3who 7 whose range l0 which
9.I RELATIVECLAUSES 4 whose
Practice A
1 were 5 w;hich 8 which 9.5 RELATIVECTAUSES
2 ,which 6 ,thatl 9 , which we Practice A
10 which 2 The vacation (which) i took made me feel better.
3 ,that 7 ,who
5 The reporters (who) the principal brief'ed want more
4 had information.
8 The principles (which) we hold help us make sensible
Practice B
decisions.
IB 2A 38 4A. 3lJ
r0B l0 Friends(thao you can trust fully are valuable.

68 7A 8A 98
ll The clown (who) the children love wili perform again
Practice C tonight.
r B,C 2 A 3 A,B,C 4 B,C 5 A,C
Practice B
Practice D I that bear 6 who wanted
I who 5 which puzzle 8 he 2 which wereoncegreen 7 which
2 which 6 ,who 9 who look parchednow 8 which
3 that 7 that l0 the 3 ,is I that
4 that 4 who l0 who are
5 that they hatched
Practice E
2 The sports committee congratulatedthe athletes rvho
had won gold and silvermedals. Practice C
3 The doctor prescribed a new tranquiliser that did not 245810
agreewith me. Practice D
4 We must find a guide who has been there many times. 2 The Statuesque,which is a five-starhotel, offers special
5 MrThomas is a teacherwho can hold us spellboundwith ratesfor senior citizens.
his stories. 3 One of the parties that signed the contract has been
6 She poured tea into the little cups which were made of arrested.
fine porcelain. 4 Their leader,who they all revere,is seriouslyill.
5 Youngsterswho feel neglected are iikely to get into
CTAUSES
9.2 RETATIVE trouble.
Practice A 6 Your departure,which nobody expected,saddenedus
145710 all.
Practice B Practice E
r B,C 2 A,B 3 A,C 4 A,ts,C 5A 2 The article is about my grandmother,who spoke up for
Practice C women's rights.
2 We have bungled the experimentwhose successis vital 3 You are merely talking about toierance, which you
to our future. should practise.
3 Lisa entered the Horizon Hotel, whose lobby was 4 The baby who i that my cousins have adopted looks
crowdedwith cameramen. increasingiylike me.
252
5 Africa, whose mysteries I long to explore, draws me Practice D
irresistibly. I The dessertwas a disasterbecauseI forgot the sugar.
6 Countrieswhose populationsare multi-ethnic need this 2 Sheis often misunderstoodsinceshe has a gruff manner
programme. of speaking.
3 I felt embarrassedbecausethey praisedme too highlv.
Practice F
4 You must act fast as time is running out.
2 My mother put me on a study schedulefrom the first day
5 You rvill need your cardigan becausethe night is verl'
of each year, who was a strict disciplinarian. - My cold.
mother, who was a strict disciplinarian, put me on a
Practice E
study schedule from the first day of each year.
2 Since their kitchen was dirtv, thev received a
3 However,the promises, rvhich I made to my mother, complaint.
were undermined by my passionfor fantasy novels. * 3 As thoseornamentsarefiagile,I daren'teventouch them.
However,the promisesrvhich I made to my mother were 4 Smokingshould be avoidedsince it is harmful.
undermined by my passionfor fantasynovels. 5 Becauseher father had delicatehealth, she was protec-
4 My favourite stories whose authors r,vovewonderful tive of him.
6 Shespent a lot of time in the room as it was comfortable.
dreams enticed me away from my textbooks. - My
favourite stories, whose authors wove wonderful Practice F
dreams,enticedme awayfrorn my textbooks. You have no idea how boring it can be since you haven't
been to my'sunny paradise'.The climate depressesme as the
5 The crazy cramming which I did just before examina-
only changeis from hot and dry to hot and wet. I preferyour
tions was somehow sufficient to get me through lower temperate climate becausethe four seasonsgive variery to
secondaryschool. - The crazy cramming, which I did life. I can make a fair comparisonas I've lived in both coun-
just beforeexaminations,was somehowsuificient to get tries. I even enjoyedyour worst winters since they made the
me through lower secondaryschool. prospectof spring doubly deiightful.
6 The disaster cured me of llth-hour marathons came
at upper secondarylevel. - The disasterwhich / that
IO.2 ADVERBIATCTAUSES
cured me of 1lth-hour marathons came at upper Practice A
secondarylevel. I Although Adam is only two, he enjoysspicy curries.
2 Sheenjoyedthe movie though I fbund it boring.
IO.I ADVERBIATCTAUSES
3 He is still planting rubber even though other trees are
Practice A
more lucrative.
2 Becausehe help us once, we must suppoil him now.
4 Though he turned B0 yesterday,he is still iormidable
3 Since you are a good speaket you should join the
at chess.
debatingsociety.
5 Eventhough our ner'vcar has por,r,er
steering,I still have
4 l,aughteris therapeuticbecauseit helps us to relax.
problemsparking it.
5 As the instructions are clear, you shouldn't make a 6 I considermvself lucky although I've had a fer,rr
setbacks
-
mlstaKe. during m)' life.
6 They decided to sell their car since they needed the
money. 7 \\4rile this satin dress is too shiny for day.time,it is
perfect for evenings.
Becausethe harvest was splendid, they held a special
Although ginsengcan boost energy,too much of it has
thanksgiving feast.
the oppositeeffect.
As Sallyis rather extravagant,she does not have much
A flrm bed is good for -vourback althougha soft one feels
money saved.
more luxurious.
9 The captain was annoyed because a boy had stowed
away on the ship. l 0 \Vhile he is a good manager,he is sometimesoverzealous
in trying to improve the quality of work.
l 0 Since exercisepromotes health, everyoneshould do it
regularly. Practice B
l l I can'tjoin you as I've promised to babysittonight. I but she 4 shy 7 since 9 realistic
2 cal] 5ls 8 known l0 less
Practice B 3 seldom 6 but all
I soyou 5 it's because 8 enjoyed
2 becauseof 6 always 9 wont Practice C
3 beneficial / sone l0 dislike 2 \.Vhilehe is a martial arts expert,he has a scholarlyair.
3 Eventhough she actswell, she prefersnriting scripts.
4 sol
4 The necklaceis exquisitealthough it was designedin a
hurry.
Practice C
I because 5 never 8 smart 5 Although long hair looks glamorous, this short cut is
6he 9 delight more practical.
2 . tough
3 r'll 7 common l0 supported 6 Many of us don't drink enough water even though it is
essentialfor health.
4 because
253
Practice D Practice E
I A,C 2 A,B 3 B,C 4 A,B 5 A,C 2 Anna rvas listening to music nhile she rvaswaiting for
her friends to arrive. / Anna listenedto music while she
Practice E r v a i t e df o r h e r i r i e n d :t o a r r i v e .
2 \\hile it is a double room, it isn't bigger than the single
3 The tlvo armed men jumped off the train asit enteredthe
roomsin other hotels.
railrvaystation./ The two armedmen jurnpedofTthetrain
3 Although she'swearing high-heeledshoes,she'srvalking
as it rvasenteringthe railwaystation.
steadily.
4 Sincethe stock market recovered,his financial situation
4 Thoughthe sun \\rasscorching,we went outdoorsunpro-
has improved.
tected.
5 The children rushed into the house nhen their mother
5 Eventhough,youare the president'sson, you must obev
calledthem to have dinner.
the rules.
6 For a moment Jim slipped ashe was climbing up the lad-
6 Although I rvasver-ylate, they acceptedrny apology der but he managedto steadyhimself. / For a moment
Practice F lim slipped as he climbed up the ladder but he managed
Many women manage rvell though the1,have to juggle to steadyhimself.
career ancl family responsibilities.\Vhile some newspaper Practice F
articleshave attributed juvenile problemsto r'vorkingmoth-
I SinceKategraduated,her friendshave been urging her
ers,this allegationis unfair. Accordingto surveYs,teenagers
can be troubled even though their mothers are ahva-Ys at to dressbetter.Right through university,she wore baggy1'-
home. A close relationship can be maintained between a shirts and faded jeans 2 rvhile her fellow-students
mother and her teenagechildren although she is at work for Nor'r.,3 while Kate is
part of the da,v.Though she can't be rvith them for hours on @.
end, she can give them quality time evervda\'. @ her helPful friends are
putting togetheran outfit to impressher interviewers.Kate
IO.5 ADVERBIATCTAUSES thanks them 4 as she posesin the smart suitlvith matching
PracticeA
accessories.She quietly decides to \'veara simple dress 5
I Since he installed his nen'telephone, he has received
many crank calls. w h e ns h eg o e sl b r l h e i n t e r ri e l r .
The boss glared at nte nhen my mobile phone rang
during the meeting.
IO.4 ADVERBIATCLAUSES
The boy r,r'asfidgetirrgrvhile his mother rvas gossiping Practice A
r,r,iththeir neighbour. 3 In order that Jim can find his wa-yeasill'in'e sent him a
4 As she huggedher brother, sl.repinched him playfully. detailedmap to our house.
6 I wish to seehim alone so that I can speakfrankly.
5 They have not been s l e e p i n g n e l l s i n c e t h e a c c i d e n t
occurred. 7 The movie stars issuecla pressstatementin order that
the rumours might stop.
\Vhile the reporter intenriewed us, the photographer
took some picturesof our school. 9 In order that they could meet more oflen, he moved to
He smiled at the little sirl as she curtsiedto him. her city.
I I We are taking precautions so that the disease rvon't
B \Vhen the singer stepped out of the limousine, his fans
spreadiurther.
mobbed hirn.
9 Sinceshe arrived in Holl)nvood,she has been making a Practice B
name for herselfas a talentednewcomer. I that 5 \Vltl B would
'fhe 2 might 6 that I that
l0 boy chuckledwhen the pony nuzzledhim.
3is / acteo lO am
Practice B 4 plugged
IA 2A 38 48 5A Practice C
6A 7A 8B 9A TOB 24578
Practice C PracticeD
I The police tailed the f a n s r rh i l e t h e y s t a l k e d t h e I will 5 so B might
film star. 2 so that 6 could I so that
2 As they greeted the nerv rnanager, they sized him up fast 3 so cunning 7 can launch l0 so
'l'he
4 in order that
3 people have been assembling at the village square
since the curferv was lifted. Practice E
2 The rveatherforecastrvas so alarming that I postponed
4 When she bought the machine, her life became the trip.
easier. 3 You must build up her confidenceso that she rvon't be
5 Since its ancient splendour -'vasrestored,tourists have a f r a i dt o s p e a ki n p u h l i c .
flockedto the castle. 4 In order that the plants might flourish, they used special
fertilisers.
Practice D 5 You have arranged the flowers so expefilv that everyone
146710 is amazed.
254
6 I Ie is seeing to every detail personally in order that noth- Practice D
ing may go rvrong. 2 They are living thoughtlesslv as if there rvere no tomorro\rr
Practice F She plays the violin like / as/ the rvay her grandmother
Some people start to learn a foreign language in order di(t.
that the]'mav experience something ne$'. Others think about
4 It is raining as if / as though it r'r,ould never stop.
learning anothcr language so they can have a more interest-
ing time r'vhen travelling abroad. They keep studying and lis- 3 \,Ve'llmake this old building look splendid the r'vavit used
tening to CDs, so that they soon can communicate simple to do.
ideas. Often they become so interested that they join a club
6 Dad treats strangersas though he had knorvn them for
where they can practice the language in a social setting. In
order to become fluent, it is necessary to be rvith native -vears.
speakers but all practice is usefll.
Practice E
I done 5 as what I like'"vhat
IO.5 ADVERBIAT CTAUSES
Practice A 2be 6is I the way
257810 3 the rvay ho'lv 7 like hor,v l0 burst
4 have
PracticeB
I Should 5 you've B rvould
Practice F
2 doesn't 6 feel t have given
2 The machine is not functioning as it should be.
3 cared / nao nacl r0 if
3 Our top sprinter runs as though his feet had rvingls.
4 might
4 They want to go on protecting her as they have alr'vays
PracticeC done.
I is 5 if 8 raining 5 I'r.e learnt not to be thoughtless the rvay I r'r'as in my
2 should 6 give 9 cooked Youth.
6 You act as if vou kner,v the ans\\rers to all these political
3 be 7 l'r'orks l0 were
problems.
4 r,r,illcontinue
Practice D II.I R E P O R T E DC T A U S E S
2 If you werecommitted to the idea,you rvould not behave Practice A
I A,B,C 2 B,C 3 A,C 4 B,C 5 A
in this rvay.
3 We could have imported more carsif rvehad anticipated PracticeB
the demand. I resign 6 had
2 are /oe
4 Should she have any problem, I d be happy to help. 3if B r'r4rether
4 \Aremay 9 he r,r'ould
5 If he had been put in charge,the venture r'vouldhave
5 IECI l0 thosediamondsare
failed.
Practice C
6 You'll find the beach desertedif you go there tomorrow. I I told my neighbour that he had alwaysbeen consider-
ate.
Practice E 2 I haven'tdecidedif the proposalhas any merit.
I could 5 nao B had been 3 The speaker pointed out that every human being has
2 tell 6is 9be rveaknesses.
3 Should / \\'oulo l0 remain 4 He vor'vedhe rvould restore his famil-v'sfuture.
4 sa-y 5 Shecan senser'r.hetheror not someoneis happy
Practice D
Practice F
2 All his friends reminded irim that the future is unpre-
I had 5 nave B can / may
dictable.
2 Should 6 has t have 3 I suggestthat your sistertake i should take a long holi-
3if /oe l0 could da,v.
4 were 4 You must firrd out whether or not vou've been
immunised. / You must find out if / r'r'hetheryou'r,ebeen
I0,6 ADVERBIATCTAUSES immunised.
Practice A 5 The millionaire agreesthat richesdon't guaranteehappi-
NESS.
I r'vould 5 like 8 the wav
6 \Ve enquired if n'e could fly direct to Atlanta.
2as 6as 9 rvere
3 the way 7 as though l0 like Practice E
4 could 2 You've even suggested that I carried photos to help me
remember m-v fiiends! -- You've even sLlggested that I
Practice B carry photos to help me remember my friendsl
las 5 llKe 8 was
3 I ran after him, con-rplaining loudll that he has been
2 had 6do 9 could
neglecting me. - I ran after him, complaining loudly
3 the way / aslr r0 did
that he had been neglecting me.
4 were
4 A smiling stranger turned round and asked I rvould for
Practice C givehim. 'nrnriling@
24578
if / rvhether I nould forgive him.
255
5 Still apologeticabout not contacting me all theseyears, Practice D
he insistedthat I joined him for cofi'eeso that we could 2 Matthew recommendedthat Katy apply for a scholarship
sinceher exam resultsare outstanding.
catch up on old times. - Still apologeticabout not con-
3 The police commlssionercommanded that his police-
tacting me all theseyears,he insistedthat I join him for rnen arrestall those breakingthe curfew
coffeeso that we could catch up on old times. 4 The speakersaid it is vital that we understandwhat drug
6 To my delight I realisedthat I am finding someoneeven addiction can lead to.
more absent-mindedthan me. - To my deiight I realised 5 Larrv askedthat Stevenassisthim in the project.
that I had found someone even more absent-minded 6 Katy suggestedthat they hold the wedding receptionby
than me. the poolside.
I I.4 REPORTED CTAUSES AND CONDITIONAT CLAUSES

II.2 REPORTED CTAUSES Practice A
Practice A I be read out 5 be separated I not ignore
2 The engineerhas estimatedrvhenthe dam 2be 6 not delay I be treated
'"villbe completed. (time) 3 not neglect 7 not consider l0 not be let off
4 be protected
3 I want to learn how a computer programme
is written' (manner) Practice B
Ibe 6 not make
4 We are planning where we should spend
(place) 2 were / were
the next holidays.
3 not be scheduled 8 not dump
5 He'swondering who he can approachfor 4 should 9 be highlighted
helo to solvehis problem. (personJ 5 be given l0 would
6 I can'tunderstandwhy you want to seethat Practice C

movie again. (reason) I built - build
3 obeyed - be obeyed
Practice B 5 not be prevail - not prevail
I have you 5 which strategy B wi;at
9 was - wete
2 what 6 didhesee I wh:se
l0 not adjourned - not be adjourned
3 who's 7 whoseone f0 did the t,1dman cope
4 how Practice D
2 John requestedthat we not tell Betty about the present
Practice C he had bought fbr her.
13489 3 Our neighbours suggestedthat lve pay half the cost of
Practice D the wall betweenour houses.
I what 5 how B which one 4 It is important that the fine print in legal documentsbe
2why 6 rvhich I the hamper was read carefully.
3 whose 7 we are l0 whose 5 I wish Mr Lee were our neighbour becausehe is so
4 he will understanding.
6 Jessiebeggedthat she not be required to give a speech
Practice E beforethe largeaudience.
I how 4 I should 7 where 9 what
2 I will 5 whose is I what l0 I can
I2.I AD'ECTIVALPHRASES
3 which 6 why Practice A
Practice F I Sheis staringat the photo on her table again.
2 He likes to mention who he knorvsin high places. 2 We finally saw the light at the end of the tunnei.
3 Shetried to explainwhat she meant by those rvords.
going to win the championshipat
4 They can predictr,vho's 3 He was honoured for his contribution towardspeace.
this stage. 4 Her disputewith the company is stiil unresolved.
5 I understandwhy 1,oufeel sad.
5 The fingerprints on the glass belong to the mttrder
6 We can demonstrateto vou rvhich method is the better of
suspect.
the t!vo.
6 Her house is full of junk from varioussales.
CTAUSES
IT.5 REPORTED 7 The close bond between the twins is something I wish
Practice A I had rvith my sister.
146 Our new employee is the man with the cheerful
grin.
Practice B
I subscribe 5 to stop B to return I Hazel'shard work behind the sceneshelped a lot.
2 to extend 6 spend 9be
l o I like the senseof satisfactionafter finishing a task
3 would survive 7 respect l0 should abide
4do Practice B
Practice C I A stroll along the beachwill relaxyou.
I A,C 2 B,C 3 A,B,C 4 A J D, I- 2 He is a suppofier of women'srights.
256
3 The resortis nvo hundred metresabovesea-level 5 They came in carryingcamerasslung on their shoulders.
-fhe
4 Nobodv in his right mind would do that. 6 Master of Ceremoniesgave a speech filled with
5 Now rve seethe person behind the mask. anecdotes.
Practice C Practice F
t4s69 I appearing 5 becoming B knowrr
2 offer 6 deemed I is
Practice D 3 burled 7 recommending lo keeping
I This famousmagicianhas performedfeats(. @ 4 spent
2 The difficulties(before her final triumph. @ I2.5 ADIECTIVAT PHRASES
The difficultiesbeforeher iinal triumnh(. Practice A
3 KillinS(is not murder. @ I The boys found themselves staring at a farmer's face red
lvith anger.
4 Lettersof complaint without the $/riters'names
or addresses(. @ 2 A child forlorn in a corner caught my eye.
5 Viewers(enjoyed the programme. @ 3 Ricelields golden in the sun make me think of home.
4 Shehas skin allergicto nylon.
Practice E
lis bln B for 5 We were a group of studentsreadyfor adventure.
2 from 6 r,r,ith 9to
6 A policy brilliant in conceptionwill iail if poorly imple-
3 without 7 between lo by
mented.
4on
7 Her smile hid a heart heavywith anxiety.
Practice F
B A guestreluctantto depart was strainingour patience.
2 If the ambassadorand his wif'ecome,there must be per-
fect behaviourin their Presence. 9 The racing car was watched by boys green with
3 Hit songs from old musicals are becoming popular en\ry.
agaln.
eagerto learn are a delight to teach.
I0 Childrer-r
4 This movie is not recommendedfor viewersbelow 18.
5 The enormousladv in front of me blocked my view.
Practice B
6 Sherealisedthe kindnessbehnd his gruff manner.
I They havea futurebright with promise.
2 We saw faces alive with interest.
I2.2 ADIECTIVATPHRASES
3 Managersadept at motivating people are needed.
I The workers evacuatingthe flood victims are vollrnteers
4 We'll choosea place closeto you.
fromthecoffi
5 Studentskeento join our iungle expeditionmust register
2 The visitorstaken to seethe sightswere unimpressed.
by tomorrow.
3 I felt grief mixed with exhaustion.
Practice C
4 He beckonedto the boy hesitatingin the doorrvay. I A,C 2 A,B 3 B,C 4 A,I',U C U
5 The bellschiming so merrily brought backher childhood.
Practice D
6 A chair flung out of a window hit a passer-by. 1 proud 4 beautiful 7 eves 9 sickness
7 You have a son blessedwith a happy nature. 2 is 5 easy B requires l0 painful
3 need 6 are
B I love to hear thesevoicesharmonisingso rvell.
9 The lanyer cross-examiningthe witnessis formidable. Practice E
2 Shetouched a foreheadclammy with cold sweat.
l0 He strikesme as a man disillusionedwith his profession.
3 We enteredrooms bare of furniture.
4 A boy thoughtlessduring childhood may become a fine
Practice B
2578i0 man.
5 A pet sure of its master'slove is full of energy.
Practice C 6 I watched a tailor busy at work.
I Childrenforced to study music may detestit.
2 He lovessteaksgrilled to perfection. Practice F
3 A girl wearing a kimono greetedme. I eager 5 was B dependent
4 The money set asidefor our trip to Franceis insufflcient. 2 responsible 6 free 9 certain
5 I rememberher climbing treesin our backyardasa child. 3 different /ls l0 were
Practice D 4 full
I hiring 5 sworn B overprotected
2 rated. 6 glistening 9 sinking I3.I ADVERBIATPHRASES
3 have / oont l0 who'sdone Practice A
4 shaken I Our report was commendedfor its accuracy.
Practice E 2 For their persistencein upholding justice,they wil
2 Shelooked disdainfullyat the youth approachingher.
3 Overseasstudentsyearning for home need help to deal alwaysbe remembered.
with the loneliness. 3 Becauseof the eleganceof its furnishings,this hotel is
4 The person chosenfor the post is very experienced. our first choice.
257
He almostruined his fishing rod becauseof a momen- She chose her words carefully so as not to offend her
tary carelessness. client.
For your generosity '"1'henrve rvere in serious trouble, 4 ln order to increase your chances of a promotion,
you've earned our gratitude. )rou should rvork extra hard.
6 A curfer,vhas been imposed because of the riots. 5 I'm practisirrg conscientiousl-v so as to become a good
violinist.
1
Because of his sad experiences in childhood, he
is very compassionate. 6 We'll .uvorkextra hours to make sure the goods are ready
()n ume.
I Children love her for her affectionate nature.
7 In order to earn the respectof your team members,vou
I For the incisive ]rumour of his lectures, Professor Lee is
must be a lirm and fair leader.
much admired.
B She lets her children share in the housework s o a s t o
l 0 I h a t b u i l d i n gh a s l t e e t rrestorecl and preserved because
teach thern useful skills
of its historical value.
9 fhel, quicklv settledthe issueout of court in order not to
PracticeB attract media attention.
r 2 5 6 l0
l0 The computer system will be improved so as to protect it
Practice C against hackers.
I becauseof 5 poor B failure
2 his courtesy 6 thc good I their
7 behaviour l0 terror Practice B
3 his
I In order not to go bankrupt, they're cutting costs drasti-
4 its
cally.
Practice D 2 He'll try to persuade everybody to vote fbr him in the
2 lle is dislikedbv some for his refusalto contbrm. 'Most
Popular Resident' contest.
3 The universeis bevond our graspbecauseol its awesome 3 Wed better tell the truth so as not to prolong the sus-
VAStNCSS, pense.
4 For the beaut.v of its lyrics, the song stayed at the top of 4 To develop a child's self-esteem, parents should not be
t h c r ' h a r t sf o r l 0 r r e e k s afraid to provide cirallenges.
5 Because of a sillv misunderstanding, rve lost contact tbr 5 He keeps quiet most of the time in order to avoid arguing
years. with his roommate.
6 The entire platoon was punished fbr its slor,vnessto obey
orders. Practice C
13469
Practice E
I A,B 2 A,C 3 B,C 4 A,B 5 B,C PracticeD
I put 5 get B not to
2 galvanise 6 ensure 9 run
Practice F 3 to seem / nelp l0 so as not
2 Becauseof her performed outstandinglyin sports,Asha 4 not to
r'r,onthe title'CollegeSportsStar'.- Becauseof her out-
standing performance itt sports, Asha r'von the title Practice E
'College
SportsStar'. 2 You are sayingthesethings to humour me.
'BestSpeaker'title r'ventto Farafor a brilliance of her 3 In order not to be outdone, she'sattempting the highest
3 The
p e a kr rh e n w e g o m o u n t a i n - c l i m b i n g , .
debating.- ]'he'Best Speaker'title went to Farafor the
4 To let Susanknor,r,when I'll be back, I left a note on the
brilliance of her debating.
refrigeratordoor.
4 For their excellent in the science subjects,Andy and 5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe in order not
Sheila shared a prize. - For their excellencein the awakenthe sleepingtiger.
sciencesubjects,Andy and Sheilasharedaprize. 6 So as not to fbrgetimportant dates,Nancy alwayscarries
5 It $'as a\'valded to Lisa for her kind to other a notebookwith her.
students.- It was arvardedto Lisa for her kindness to
Practice F
other students. One involvedimagining the peopleshewas shy of in their
6 I'his unexpected appreciate almost made Lisa cry. pvjamas so as to lose her awe of them. Unfortunately,this
- This unexpected appreciationalmost made Lisa cr1. made her evenmore nervolls and she hastily reclothedthem
in proper clothes to restore her conposure. Another tech-
nique was rather more successful.In order not to be tongue-
tied, she asked people questions about themselves,their
I5.2 ADVERBIALPHRASES
farnilies,schoolsor jobs, hobbies, favourite colours and so
Practice A
on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on
I To heighten environmental ar'vareness, the minister
asking them questions so as not to give them a cirance to
suggestedlaunching a publicity campaign. questionher back.To cope r,viththis need,Diana corrrpileda
2 M1,uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to list of questions long enough to qualify fbr the Guinness
retire in comfbrt. Book of World Records.
258
T5,5 ADVERBIALPHRASES 5 When bargaining at a bazaar, sorne people are ver\r
Practice A successlul.
I The demonstratorsrefused to disperse,leaving the 6 lVe had a brief problem before landing safel-vin Madrid.
police no choicebut to arrestthem.
7 After graduating from college, he set up a business.
drawing a large
2 The lecture had been r,vell-advertised,
cror'rd. B I was da1,-dreaming lvhile watching
9 When given a frec hand, you did a good job.

3 A freshbreezeblerv,tempering the heat of noon.
4 lrvo friends joined us, making up a four- l0 A d a l o o k sc h i c a f t e rh a v i n g h e r h a i r s t l l e d .
some tor a game.
Practice B
5 The speakerkept contradictinghimself, bervilderingthe I being gored 5 mastering B committing
audience. 2 loiterirg 6 handling t hurried
3 complimented 7 keying l0 sending
6 Someoneyar'vned,causingthe rest of us to do the same.
4 catching
preventinga crisis.
7 FIeacted srviftlyand rvisel1,,
Practice C
I We left the building unlocked last nigl.tt,exposingit to 23589
vandals.
Practice D
9 Finally the rairrs came, enabling the farmers to plough 2 When used as an excuse, a headache sometimes
their lands. becomes real.
3 Aller analysing al] our tactical errors, lve ntade a ner'r'
l0 FIer grandchildren arrived, making her much more
plan.
cheerful.
4 FIe rvorked seven days a lveek r'rhile being prepared fbr
the top job.
Practice B
2 B,C, 3 A,C 4 A,B 5 A,C 5 We are giving him a last chance before takino loo'l
I A,B
acilon .
PracticeC 6 \\'hile investigating the disappearance of the rnillionaire,
236910 the inspector hirnself vanished.
Practice D Practice E
I toppied 5 break B upsets 2 The princess n'as smiling and waving rvhile passing by in
2 hencecausing 6 rvorked I eaten her chaufleured limousine.
3 make 7 poverty [0 nleets 3 After pursuing his dream for years, he suddenly lost
interest.
4 thereforeresulting
4 She rvanted to see her son before going on a long
journel'.
Practice E
2 Their attempts at coveringup were useless,resulting in 5 \\4rile exploring the cave, they found a strange object.
ugly paintwork. 6 I plan to hitchhike around the rvorld after graduating
3 Those opal earrings suit her, enhancing irer delicate from college.
beauty. Practice F
4 The idea of the trlp rvassuggestedlast night, delighting '\Vl-rile
She said: acting, I portray emotions through nry
the youngsters,. e1.esand not my facial muscles.' She added this piece of
5 He kept losing at cards,ending up with nothit-tg. 'ln
'Ihis ad',.ice: ever\.dav lile too, vou must think befbre allou,ing
6 morning'sexertionlvastoo much fbr him, triggering Yourself to smilc. The loveliest woman lvill look a wreck after
a bad headache. sniling recklessll' over the -vears.\Vhen smiling into the
Practice F carnera or at anvone, I never let m1, eyes crinkle up at the
Driving a car can changea person,making a monster out comers.' After reading this, are you prepared to give up
'smiling
of a man or woman. It exposesyou to spicylanguage,rviden- recklessl-v'to avoid wrinkles?
ing your vocabulary greatly. Soon you are an expert at
exchangingirrsults, shocking family and friends travelling I4.I NOUN PHRASES
with you.Youcannot bear to be overtaken,often breakingthe Practice A
'fhey
speed limit to even the score. After some time, you Ina-v 2 forgot to tell me about it.
realisethe lunacy of it all, revertingto your saneself.You start 'fhis
3 doe sn't entitle you to speak at meetings.
to drive sensibl-vlearningto return rudenessrvith courtesy.
4 She no longer avoids singing in public.
I5.4 ADVERBIALPHRASES 5 He expects to be served immediatel-y.

Practice A I I don't intend to get myself poisoned by this food
I While travelling in Africa, we took some splendid
pictures. Practice B
2 Shelet me dorvnbadly after promisir-rg
to help me. 2 She did not fancy sunbathing on such a crorvded beach.
3 I beg you to give this plan a second chance.
3 He sho'"vedto f'"u, ouh". tht"ut"."d b
4 He must not let this shatter his confldence in his abilitlr
4 Befbreacceptingthe offer, l'ou should consider it care- 5 We saw the barrels rolling dorvnhill that da1'.
fullv. 6 The boy n ants to be tutored by that particular teache r.
259
Practice C 4 I can'tget over seeingher in such a predicament.
I togo 5 worrying B face 5 Everymannerism of his seemsto iritate the audience.
2 make 6be 9 to blind 6 They are obsessedwith maintaining their old sportscar.
3 teaching 7 following l0 dressing
Practice F
4 to control
She alwaysseemedto be worried even when my fiiends
Practice D insistedon seeingme safelyhome after extrascienceclasses.
13478 One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady
next door sawwhat must have appearedto be thieveshiding
Practice E
in my backyard. She hurried over to check. She looked
2 We saw him flinching at the sight of the letter.
ratherdisappointedwhen the burglaryturned out to be three
3 Somepeoplervon'teventrv to understandhow to usethe
schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch Toads'for the next
Internet.
'l'he day'sbiology class.
4 neighboursoften hear her talk to her plants.
5 At his birth, his parentsstartedsavingfor his education.
6 I don't \\rantyou to sacrificeyour fiee time for this pro- I4.5 NOUN PHRASES
ject. Practice A
I Rushing around makes me feel drzzy.
Practice F
2 To organiseall thesebooks won't be easy.
Sheaskedto speakto the chief administrator and began
4 Talkingabout the past can be fascinating.
to explainshervaswilling to work asa volunteerto gain expe-
6 To avoid bankruptcy seemedimpossible.
rience.He listenedfor a while and then told her the hospital
had a vacancyfor a traineeand she onl-vneededto apply.She 9 Confrontinghim would probably be best.
felt herselfskippingwith delight as she ran to tell her fiiends
Practice B
and she startedto write her applicationletter that afternoon. 2 To promote global peaceis their mission.
3 To losethis fight would upset him.
4 Rehabilitatingstrokevictims needsspecialskills.
5 To leavethe country was his own decision.
I4.2 NOUN PHRASES 6 Indulging in petty jealousieswastedour time.
Practice A
I Your candidate has proved to be a dedicated party Practice C
member. I A,B 2 B,C 3 A.C 4 A,B 5 A,C
2 He disappointedus after raisingour hopes. Practice D
3 We congratulatedher on her being electedpresidentof I helps 4 will be 7 seems 9 bores
the Nature Societ)'. 2 is not 5 remains I maybe l0 was
3 has 6 lvas a
4 The mysteriousvisitor turned out to be an old friend.
5 Their businessseemedto prosperdespitethe recession. Practice E
2 CollectingAsian proverbswas my late uncle'spastime.
6 Sheis committed to improving the servicesin this cit-v 3 To make money was once his reasonfor living.
7 They r'villnot succeedin intimidating that girl. 4 Facingtheir disapprovaldoesn'tfrighten her in the least.
B I alwaysdo a sketchbeforepainting a landscape. 5 To help the community develophas been / had been our
concernall theseyears.
9 The children came to love the trips to the city.
6 To go on doing this is / will be sheerrr.asteof time.
l0 Our greatestjoywill be to seethe gardenflourishing.
PracticeF
Practice B I been 4 had 7 bring I hugging
2 Gradually they came to understand the culture of the 2 turned 5 prepared B was l0 kissing
country. 3 Groning 6 see
3 She charmed them into revealinga number of interest-
rng secrets. I5.I SENTENCE STRUCTURE
4 You don't appearto care about your club'sfuture. PracticeA
5 He is not aboveusing all his savingson a party. 2 ( r , 2 ) 3 ( 2 ,r ) 4 (r,2) 5 (r,2) 6 (r,2)
6 We soon gave up fantasiesof being knights in shining
PracticeB
armour.
I lhe sunrisedidn't interestthem and neither did the sun-
Practice C set.
I nursing 4 was 71n 9in 2 You either stop wastingtime or go straighthome.
2 fbrgotten 5 not B appear l0 have 3 The dressmay neither fit her nor suit her.
6 loves 4 That grandfatherclock either stops or goesreally fast.
3 have
5 Our parent company has not made any profit this year
Practice D and neither have our subsidiaries.
24579 Practice C
I This pieceof newswill either make you pleasedor (make
Practice E you) angry
2 He',vonthe boys' confidenceby treatingthem as adults. 2 I wouldn't deceive anyone and neither would you
3 The root of her troublesrvashaving a very bad memory. (deceiveanyone).
260
4 The roses haven't bloomed and the chrysanthemums 3 Beside, she liked Nita although she hardly talked. -
haven't(bloomed)either. Besides,she liked Nita although she hardly talked.
7 Age has not dimmed the castle'ssplendour and neither 4 Beside,Nita was really a nice girl. - Besides,Nita was
has neglect(dimmed the castle'ssplendour).
reallya nice girl.
10 We can either go to the book fair with our iriends or (go
to the book fair) with our parents. 5 As the result, she became quite popular. - As a result,
she becamequite popuiar.
Practice D
2 Either he works reasonablehours or his health suffers./
He either works reasonablehours or his health suffers. I5.5 SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
3 They aren'tpreparedand I'm not either. Practice A
4 We shouldn't be difficult and they shouldn't be either. I At last 4 Thirdly 7 Next, I After
5 My parents don't like my music and neither do I enjoy 2 Firstly 5 At firsr I Firstly, l0 Atlast
their old tunes.
3 After 6 Lastly
6 Either the hotel managerdidn't understandmy instruc-
tions or the receptionistis forgetful.
Practice E Practice B
I plunge 4 nor 7 would I bother I A,B 2 B,C 3 A,C 4 A,C 5 B 6 B
2 did 5 either B either l0 nor
Practice C
3 join 6 neither I At last 5 At last 8 Third,
Practice F 2 After that, 6 Then, I After that,
2 B : Either a fireman or a neighbourrescuedthe baby. 3 Secondly, 7 At firsl l0 At last
3 B : The dialogueis not / isn't convincing and neither is 4 Firstly,
the acting. Practice D
4 B : Your son will either do well or perhapsperform bril- I Firstly, 5 lnen 8 Then
liantly. 2 Secondly, 6 Lastly I After that,
5 B : The soldiers did not / didn't know an1'thingabout 3 Firstly, 7 At firsl l0 At last
the terrain and the officersdidn't either. 4 Next,
6 B : Your friends shouldn'twastetime and you shouldn't
either. Practice E
I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh
bananas.Then, you peel the bananas.Next, coat them
I5.2 SENTENCE STRUCTURE with flour. Finall,v,fry them.
Practice A 2 At first, he ordered mushroom soup. After that, he
I A,D 2 B,D 3 B,C 4 A,B 5 C,D changed his mind and said he wanted tomato soup.
Finally,he settledfor chickensoup.
Practice B 3 First,shampooyour hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it.
23789 Lastly,comb it.
Practice C 4 First, wash the towels. Then, hang them up to dry.
I As a result 5 Besides 8 Besides Finally, fold them.
2 Besides 6 As a result I Moreover 5 First,Iack looks at the cartoonsin the newspaper.Then,
3 As a result 7 Moreover l0 As a result i After that, he reads the spofis pages.Lastly,he scans
4 Moreover the front page news.
Practice D
2 1,3 3 2,7 4 2,1 5 r,3 6 3,1 Practice F
2 Firstly,read the passage.After that, jot dornnthe impor-
Practice E tant points Lastly,use the points to write a summary of
I The room wascrowded.Besides,the air-conditioningwas
the passage.
not working. As a result, we were very uncomfortable.
3 At first I kept failing my driving test.Then, I passedit on
2 Some picknickers litter the beaches.As a result, the my fourth attempt.At last I could drive around town.
beachesare dirty and unattractive. Moreover,our country
4 First, Dad had the flu. Then, Mum caught it from him.
getsa bad name.
Finally, the whole family was ill.
3 This airline has a good safety record. Besides,it offers 5 First, switch off the electricity.Then, change the bulb.
excellentservice.As a result,it is very popular. Lastly,switch on the electricity to check the new bulb
4 The neighbourhood is very noisy.As a result, the resi- 6 Firstlv I cleanedthe cut on my finger.Afterthat, I applied
dents' hearing may be affected.Moreover,they become some ointment on it. Lastly,I put a plasterover it.
nervousand irritable.
5 I did not join them for the movie.Besides,I had read the
book. Moreover,the reviewswere no good.
I6 CHANGINGWORDORDER
Practice F Practice A
I Somemore shewas from another country and shewas a 1369i0
shy girl. r Moreover,she was fiom another country and
Practice B
she was a shy girl.
2 Seldom is an author'sfirst novel acceptedby this pub-
2 As the result, she was very unhappy. - As a result, she lisher.
was very unhappv. 3 If this strategyshould fail, wed haveto give up.
261
4 Ger-rerally,I r'vouid be reluctant to make a decision so Practice F
soon. I made 6 childishly chubby
5 Had you listened to my adr,.ice,you rvould have done 2 teenager 7 noticedjoyfully
brilliantly.
3 fortunate and lucky B totally transformed
6 She had barel-v caught her breath rvhen she rushed ofl
4 partlcipants 9 added extra
agaln.
5 secretr'vorrv l0 unfortunatelyhated
Practice C
I would i 5 they expect B Had Practice G
2 Should 6 Were 9 she were I Lady : Don't look now but the woman in dark glasses
3 had she 7 ger l0 he be alone at that table is a celebrity.
4 doeshe open 2 Friend: Actuallv I spotted her when she entered the
Practice D
restaurant.i I spottedher when she enteredthe
23s89 restaurant,in fact.
3 Lady : \t\hy did you keep quiet? / \tVhy didn't lrou say
Practice E an1'thing?
2 Wereit just a question of courage,you d r'vin. 4 Friend : I always f'eel sorry fbr stars trying to escape
3 If I had controlled my temper,I would havewon the match. from their fans.
4 A woman rarely reachesthe top rung of the corporate 5 Lady : Okay,rve'llleaveher alone to enjoy her meal. /
ladder. Oka1,,1,vs'11
let her enjoy her meal undisturbed.
5 Neverwould they be able to go sailingagain.
6 Shouldhe find the treasure,he d definitelytell the police. I8 REFERENCE
Practice F Practice A
2 (a) No soonerdid I step / No soonerhad I stepped I they 4 They 7 us I them
(b) I no soonerstepped 2 ir 5 rheir B those l0 its
3 (a) Had I knon'n (b) If I had knor'ur 3 these 6 those
4 (a) Seldomdid I get (b) I seldom got
5 (a) WereI (b) if I were Practice B
6 (a) rarelvdoesa da1,pass (b) a day rarelypasses I it - an educationfair
2 that thriller - HouseofWax
3 it - the site of an old disr-rsed
mining pool
17 REDUNDANCY
4 This - he (John)was not coming to work
Practice A
5 they - Members olthe public
2 We walked all the way there e+Jeet.
6 those * a facialrvash,a toner and a moisturiser
3 You are behavinglike ae++*flunatic.
7 This - lenniieris goingto marrySteveinamonth'stime.
4 The pearl diver plunged de.'+r+into the sea.
B It - the problem had disappeared
5 Shege+Cycoaxedher little son to finish his porridge.
9 she - our neighbour
6 A car hurtled dorvn the road a|€+e€,{{p€€d.
l0 thesethings - I am studying fbr an exam so ,vouneed
7 Your sister r,villgrow up to be a gerlpeus beauty.
to lorver the volume of your music.
8 SoonYoshikowill be returning baek to Japan.
\t4ren vou don't do your choresproperly,
9 The fire razed the planetarium €€ffr?l€t€ly.
Mum getsme to finish your work. That's
l 0 T h e p r i c e so f g o o d sa r es o a r i n g c p .
not lair.
ll I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it
ssial
PracticeC
IA 2A 38 4A 58
PracticeB
Practice D
I entered 5 corpses 8 surrendered
2 1]19!q - the many outstanding speakers
2 went 6 man 9 delayed
3 dived 7 Speaking l0 troops 3 That speaker - a law lecturer
4 young ln a rage 4 this - "If your father committed a murder and he con-
fessedthe crime to you, i'vhatwould -voudo?"
Practice C
5 that - the very difficult question
I talk 5go 8 agreed
6 these - I r'vouldlisten to him. I would hold his hand.
2 Iire 6 child I plummeted
I',vouldput my arms around him. I would even
3 lost , tjYlllub l0 pass
cry with him
4 out
7 him - the lawl'er's tather
Practice D 8 the crime - the murder
2568I0
9 it * His answer
Practice E
2 The bullets could not penetratethesewalls. TESTI
3 Without sheddinga tear,she walked through the depar-
A
ture gate. / She walked dry-eyedthrough the departure
gare. I remember / neeo
4 The rich old man is known to be a miser. 2 didn't take note l0 to retrace
5 Feelingmiserable,I lay staringat the ceiling. / I lay star- 4 must flnd I2 located
ing unhappily at the ceiling. 5 wearing l3 noticed
6 Carlwas overjoyedto hear ofyour success. 6 has been rvatching l4 taken
262
traffic jam so he rvould be a little late for the meeting.
B
3 Sean asked me whether I found the book fascinating.
I SEEtnS 6 are wiiling 4 Jean said to Mary, "Is Bill perfbrming at the musical con-
2 is I are aPrt nn qrfrrrrir\/?"
J has been building up B was written Mrs Reed said to Iean and Diana, "Concentrateon vour
4 incnireq 9 receive '"vorkand not on the fashion news."
5 \,VAS l0 focuses
D
C
I Don't let Adam removethe reportsfrom the table.
2 had declined l3 ached 2 Sarahis the youngestchemicalengineerin that company.
3 had alreadymade up 14 was parched 3 The envoy presentedhis credentialsto the king.
4 usedto often go 15 wouldn't have been 4 My grandfatherwas a man of strong convictions.
5 did not loresee l6 indicated 5 Let'shelp those elderlvlvomen in lvheelchairs.
6 ivill be l7 was heading
7 had been trudging 18 was jammed / had E
B had not been jammed
I 2A 3B 4A 5B
9 was drenched l9 didn't I see
l0 squinted 20 were rvaving F
II rvas slorvly moving 2l had decided Ii don't know whether that is a Portuguese,Spanish or
t2 haven'ttaken Italian song.
It is imperative that every passengerbe screenedbefore
D
being allowedto enter the departurelounge.
I The dog is usually taken out in the evening for a long 3 I lail to seewhy this is so irnportant to vou.
r,valkby one of us. 4 if I ,.vereMarie, I would ask about the warranty period
2 The group'sror'vd,v behaviourthoroughly shockedus. beforebuying the eiectricmlxer.
3 Traditional methods of weaving and dyeing have been His secretwish r,r.asthat he would make it to the top of his
practisedbv the women of that community for hundreds profession.
of years.
4 The renovationsto the house will have been completed
byWilson just befbreChristmas./ The renovationsto the TEST5
houservill havebeen completedjust belore Christmasbv A
Wilson.
5 The red van was being tailed all the way from the airport I Sam has charisma and he'svely helpful. ( He is very
by a police car and a helicopter. popular in school.
2 Canrvetake a cab there?The bus ride is terribly bumpy.
TEST2 ( f feeta little un."vell.
A
3 Firstl-\iit's not right to tell a lie. (You may be fbrced to
I o u g h tn o t t o b e d i v u l g i n g tell anotherlie to coverup the first lie.
2 be sei,vn
3 might resort ( f u,'asunable to balance myself on the ice-skates.
4 Could they be waiting Later,I found I was able to move without holding on to
5 should have been raised the side of the rink.
B - l post their entn' forms to our office or hand them
Ther'
/\'
I Sheis a personwho everyonefinds easyto in personally.
confide(.
t4 B
3 The presidentlistenedto all the complaints
that the club membersbrought(regarding
the sportsfacilities.
r I to strike
2 Winning
3 IS
5 deprived
6 on
7 being made
8 To leave
9 teeming
l0 to relinquish
4 causing
5 Maisiedoesn'tcarethat she is alrvays
late( appointments.
E c
I A 28 3 A 4C 5B
8 The preliminary investigations( the
disappearanceof the well-known businessman
@ 6 A 78 I C 9B lOC
did not provide any leads. D

I Often wished he 4 Had
t0 Sheis filled ( remorsebecauseshehad
seriouslymisjudgedsomebody.
@ 2 A riot had 5 Will never
3 we do
C
E
I The prime minister advisedthe peopleto stand together
in unity and strengthso that no one could divide them. IA 2C 3B 4A 5C
The seniormanagertold Jenniferthat he was caughtin a
263
tion. Though serious and staid today, they were once
F
teenagers.I took out the best picture showingthem in comi-
I they - iohn and Janice cal costumes.They burst out laughing on catching sight of
2 that - the ability to be discerning. the funny old photograph.
3 this -- You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time
with her.
4 those - cheesetartlets D
5 it - RisingRoar I A few weeks ago, g f.r.nd r,vhowas in that choir asked
me I was interested in a1gqnlon. - A few weeks ago, a
TEST4
friend who was in that choir askedme if / whether I was
A
interestedin a reunion.
I from
z IL" rylt !gy, t 99.t4!q to have copies made of the
2 importance
3I photograph because of they ryogld b9 gq9! to give as
4 their preslnls qt lbg Ieqqlon. - The next day, I decided to
5 college havecopiesmade of the photographbecausethey would
6 when be good to give as presentsat the reunion.
7 live I lead / have
3 I went to the storeroom qg! rhe photograph ryqs19
Bto
9am lqlgeI w!t! the pgstqrs ryilher it was any.wherei! the
l0 that room. + I went to the storeroombut the photographwas
no longer with the postersneither was it anlwhere in the
B room.
rB 5C 9B 13c t7A a lqqqbody r"j!9 fu4tly had done this that I would have
2A 6B IOA 14A r8B
a lovely centrepiece fSf 49 Pg1ty. - Somebody in the
3A 7A IIC l5c r9C
4A BB I2B 16B 201' family had done this so that i would have a lovely centre-
piece for the party.
c 5 I askedaswho had done it. - I askedwho had done it.
I The motivation coursewhich they attended has proved
to be effective. TEST6
2 His fingerstrembled as he signedthe contract.
3 \Aihenour projectwill be completedis the big question.
A
4 I can'timagine where you got that silly idea from.
5 Should he lose everl,thing tomorrow he wouid start I book/novel sto 8is
afresh cheerfully.
2is 6 reaches 9 and
D 3in 7he l0in
I Dealingwith criminals has affectedyou. 4of
2 He is discoveringfactsforgottenby the people.
3 \Mhile they are happy with our work, they still have to B
make us redundant. IC 5A 9C 13A 17A
4 His speechseemsto have galvanisedthem into action.
5 The tearsglisteningin her eyesbelie her cheerfulsmile.
'A 6A t0B 14B IBB
3C tl A l5c l9B
TEST5 4B 8A t2c t6A 208
A C
Ito 5 watching I this I is beyond her means
2 early 6 were 9 about
2 am forcedto accompanyher to expensiveshoppingcen-
3 for 71 lObe
tres
4 should
3 is able to afford the most fabulouslvexpensivedress
B 4 are eagerto let her try on numerousoutfits
rB 5A 9C 13A 17B 5 she is charming
2A 6C l0B 14c l8A D
38 78 tl B 15B r9c
4C 8A t2c 16c 201' I . . . enjoyingmy first camping trip . . .
2 . . . packthe van properly.. .
c 3 . . . c o o k i n g a m e a. .l .
Yesterday,I looked at some photographs in a very old 4 . . . for suggestingone night in a hotel . . .
album. Seeingmv parents as collegestudentswas a revela- 5 ...bymyidea,...
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ratnrnaf

@ CambridgeUniversity Pressand Pan Asia PublicationsSdn Bhd 2004

This book is in copyright. Subjectto statutory exception

First published 2004

TypefaceUtopia. System QuarkXPress@

How the book is organised

Eachbook is made up of 42 to 56 units, and units dealingwith relatedtopics (e.g.prepositions)are

IO 6.2 Modals: negative statements, 90

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the

'ed' or'ing' ending.We use

r The baseform of a verb is alsousedto give instructions,warnings,adviceor commandsto the listener

(b) wh-word + verb'to do' +noun/pronoun + baseform

We use the baseform of a verb with all positive and negativemodals.

Jaymustn't disturb the baby.

Ten of the underlined verbs are incorrect.Write the correct

I Don't get annoyedbecauseI didn't phoned you yesterday.

2 The girls askedthe actressto posing for a picture with them.

4 \Nhat did you saw when you walked up our driveway?

5 We can givesyou a refund or you can chooseanother jacket.

6 Pleaseinforms the members that our chairman has resigned.

B The tourists didn't expectthe island to being so beautiful.

I Doesn'tAnnie know it is time go to work?

t 0 Made sure no one tries to enter or leavethis building.

I \Nhich items did vou ? (want / wanted)

2 Vicky, a reply acceptingthe invitation to take part in the inter-school debate.

3 He might in town to seehis parents.(be / to be)

4 The environment council punish thosewho have fires in their gardens.

J Almost everyfamily in that arearuns a cafe or rents rooms to visitors.

6 Don't too near the car in front of you. (go / going)

7 Please the cookiesin a tightly sealedcontainer.(store / to store)

B This liquid may the stainson your sofa. (remove/ removes)

9 \&4rydidn't Ken for the role of Iulius Caesar?(audition / auditioned)

10 a little seasoningto bring out the flavour of the meat.

can call check didn't read know let listen

Fiona Hi, Steve.Fiona here. I called (1) you Darren Clipton'sgoing

I Henry, stop watching W all day.

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the

EXAMPLES:The men standing in the doorway look suspicious.

The men who are standing in the doorway look suspicious.

2 Sandra correctI corrects her children wheneverthey make a mistake.

3 The lawyer handles I handli m y c a s ei s o u I o f t o w n .

5 Mary and Lily I want I wants I to go for a drive in my new car.

B Peter mutter I was mutterin to himself when I walked in.

I Mr Kim and his wife ratins I are ooeratin a laundrette.

(a) The lady her son'sletterlooks sad. reads

(a) He the newspaperdaily in searchof a job. scrutinises

5 (a) The band at the hotel loungeis from the entertaining

The verb in the box shouldbe at one of the two placesmarked (

I Kathy (voluntary work at the hospital( once a fortnight. does

2 The player( with the refereeis ( Alan. arguing

3 Larry ( the overheadbridge( to get to his office. USES

4 The athletes(impatiently( for the gamesto begin. are waiting

6 George(what you have done (for his family. appreclares

7 The government(a greatdeal of importance(on self-reliance. places

8 The inhabitants ( against(the logging activitiesin their area. areprotesting

9 She( that Liz is the one who ( deservesthe praise. insists

10 The woman (to Samuelis ( a TV reporter. speaking

The mistakesin the use of verbs have been underlined.

Ellen Hunter running her own business.She I

I Dauid,look at that sigrt!

Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the

'ed' ending for the past tense.

Irreguiarverbs hear heard heard

Irregularverbs cost cost cost

l0 Dave'swish to become a test pilot tra.l"l squashedwhen he failed his