Infographic Exercises Note: Some graphs in this exercise refer to a passage when none is provided. This is a deliberate strategy to reinforce the point that many questions can be answered using the graph alone, even when the passage is mentioned in the question. ——— ca Peak Hard Drive Capacity by Year ch Kilobytes /titer Accorling to the graph, which statement is te tout peak: hard drive capacity in 20057 |A) twas double the peak hard drive capacity of a decade earlier. 1B) twas around one kilobyteiter higher than it nad been five years ealier. ©) twas higher than peak hard drive capacity | in 2010. | 1D) tas nine kilobytesiliter lower than it was in 20, Bea ‘Which choice best summarizes the information | presented inthe graph? | A) Hard drive capacity is expected to peak i sometime before 2020, | 1B) Peak hard drive capacity was slighty higher in 2000 than in 1995, ©) Expanding peak hant drive capacity has ted toa large increase in computer sales. 1D) Peak hard drive capacity has increased Sramatically since 1980. 333MESSaar Som g $1500.00 7 $900.00 ssoa.0o + Revenue in $200.00 sooo According tothe graph, which statement is tue bout the amount of revenue from mobile phone sales in 2008? A) Ics slightly higher than the amount of revenue from PC sales in 208 1B) Ie was simifar to the amount of revenue from PC sales in 2009 © it was simitar co the amount of revenve from mobile phone sales in 2009, D)_ It was wildly out of proportion to the amount of revenue from mobiles phone sales the previous year Bee Which information best summarizes the information presented inthe graph? A) The gap between revenue from mobile phone ‘and PC sales has increased significantly. B) Revenue from PC sales increased more rapidly than did revenue from mobile phone sales ©) Revenue trom tablet sales may’ soon overtake Fevenve from mobilephone sles D)_ Revenue from mobile phone sles has riven steadily, while revenue from PC sales has declined, 2007 BAobile Phone Revenue Dhesktop Lomputer 209 20n1 Note: $1,200 = 1.2 billion 334 ms : rue Dat in he graph provide mos diet spp For whit idea in dhe passage? A) People increasingly prefer mobite devices for numerous eommon tasks 8) Consumers prefer to buy from companies whose products are farilne to thera ©) Mobile sales in new markets are substentilly higher than are motile sales in established markets 1D) Tablets can now perform many of the :ame functions as mobile phones,Rees ES eller: Re Information infigure 1 suggests that public transportation users in London |A) take subways and buses at similar rates. B) are unusually reliant on buses. ©) take atleast one subway trip daily 1D) take subssays at about the same rate as people in New York. oELeRRERR nN Which of the following statements about bus use in New York City is best supported by information in figure 22 |A) Itreached its highest point in 2010. 18) Levas lover in 1980 tan it was in 1990. €) tebegan to rebound after 1990. D) Ik declined in every decade. Ee eoces 35 SPO Information in figure 1 supports the author's point that buses are growing in popularity asa means of rban transport by indicating that ‘A) many people around the world take atleast one bus tip every day, B) bus ridership surpasses subway ridership in seine major cities. C)_ people ie Tokyo make far more trips by bus deily than they do tips by subway. by the number of bus tips taken by peopie in ‘major cities has substantially increased, Se S| ‘Taken together, the araphs suggest that public Uwansit users in New York City A) use buses more often today than they did in previous decades. 8) use buses about as often as they use the subway. ©) rely more heavily on buses than do public transit users in other cies D1 increasingly prefer to travel by subway.4 10 5 25 a5 0 The following passage is adasted from Michael Anft “Solving the Mystery of Death Valley's Walking Rocks," © 201% by Johns Hopkins Magazine. For six decades, observers have been confounded by the movemeat of large recks across a dry lake bed in California's Death Valley National Park. Leaving flat uails behind them, rocks chat weigh up to 400 pounds seemingly do Michas! Jackson's migonwvalk cross the valley's sere, cracked sucface, sometimes traveling more than 100 yards, Without 2 body of water to pick them up and move them, the rocks at Racetrack Playa, a flat space between the valley's high cliffs, fave been the subject of muck speculation, including whether they have been relocated by human pranksters or space aliens. The rocks have become the desert ‘equivalent of Midvsestern crop circles. “They really are a curiosity,” says Ralph Lovenz,a planetary scientist at the Applied Physics Laborarsry. “Some {people} have ‘mentioned UFOs, But [ye always believed that this is something science could solve,” has tried. One theory holds thatthe rocks are blown along by powerful winds. Another posits that the wind pushes hin sheets of ice, created when the desert’s temperatures dip low enough to freeze water from a rare rainstorm, and the rocks go along for the ride. But neither theory is rock solid. Winds atthe playa aren't strong enough —-some scientists believe that they'd have to be 100 miles per hour oF more—to blow the rocks across the valley. And rocks subject tothe “ice sailing theory” wouldn't create trails as they moved. Lorenz and a team of investigators believe that a ‘combination of forces may work to rearrange Racetrack Playa’s rocks. “We savy that it would take a lot of wind to move these rocks, which are farger than you'd expect wind to move,’ Lorenz explains, “That ied us to this idea that ice might be picking up the rocks and floating them.” As they explained in the January issue of The American fournat af Physics instead ot moving along with wind. driven sheets oF ice, the rocks may instead be lifted by the ice, making them more subject to the wing's force. The key, Lorenz. says, is thatthe lifting by an “ice collar” reduces friction with the ground, tothe point that the wind now has enough force to move the rock, The rack moves, the ice doesn’t, and because part of the rock. juts through the ice, it marks the teritory it has covered, ‘Lorena’s team carne to its conclusion through combination of intuition, lab work, and observation — not thatthe fast part was easy. Watching the rocks travel is a bit like witnessing the rusting of @ hubeap, Instances of movement are rare and last for only a few 336 50 seconds. Lorenz's team placed fow-resolution cameras ton the cliffs (which are about 39 miles from the nearest paved road} to take piesures once per hour. For the past hroe winters, the researchers have weathered extreme lemperatures and several flat tires to measure how offen the thermometer dips below freezing, how often the playa gets rain and floods, ané the sirength of the winds. “The measuremenis seern to back up aur hypothesis,” he says, “Any of the theories may be true at any one time, but ice rafting may be the best explan- ation for the trails we've been vecing. We've seen trails like this documented in Arctic coastal aress, and the mechanism is somewhat similar. A belt of ize sur- rounds a boulder during high lide, pieks it up, and then drops it elsewhere.” His “ice rat theory” was also ‘borne out by an experiment that used! the ingenuity of high schoo! science fair. Lorenz. placed a basalt pebble in a Tupperware enniainer with water so that the pebble projected just above the surface. He then turned the container upside down in a baking tray filled with a layer of coarse sand at its base, and put the whole thing in his home freezer. The rock's “keel” (its protruding par) projected downward into the sand, which simu- lated the cracked surface ofthe playa (Which scientists call “Special K” because of its resemblance to cereal flakes). A gentle push or slight puff of air caused the ‘Tupperware container to mave, just as an ice raft ‘would under the right conditions. The pebble made a trai in the soft sand. “Ic was primitive but effective,” Lorenz says of the experiment. Lorenz has spent the 20 last 20 years studying Titan, moon of Saturn. He says that Racetrack Playa's surface mirrors that of a dried Jakebed on Titan. Observations and experiments on [Earth may yield clues to that moon's geology. “We aise may get some idea of how climate affects 85 ecology -particularly as the climate changes here on Earth,” Lorenz says. “When we study other planets and their moons, we’re Forced to use Oveam’s razor ~ Sometimes the simplest answer is best, which means ‘you took to Ean for some answers. Once you get out 80 there on Hart, you realize how strange so much of its surface is. So. you have to Figure there's weird stuff to be found on Titan as wel.” Whether that's rue 0° not ‘ill take much more investigation. He adds: “One day, we'll Figure allthis out For the moment, the moving 95 rock present 1 wonderful problem to study in & beautiful place.” 60 7sRacetrack Playa Average vs. Maximum Wind Speed Peak Wind Speed T Average Wind Spead {milesthour) ___taitesfhou | 2008 November [20 a December 119 z 7 poe ieee 8. February 133 ease] 92 March [25 #7 November_| 19) peel December [31 [January [20 February) 22 March [24 7 ma According w the graph, which statement is true Which of the following statements from the pass about wind speeds at Racketrack Playa in 20097 is represented by the chart? A) Peak wind speeds increased during every i A) Lines 16:17 But solve" month hetween November and March i B) Lines 23-26 /*Winds...valicy") By Average wind speeds increased during every C) Lines 39.42 (-The key...roek™) month between November and March 1D) Lanes 58-60 Any... seeing") ©) Average wind speed in February was = substantially higher than it was in December, Dy The lowest peak wind speed occurred in November. wi Which choize is hest supported hy the informal ia the char” |A) Peak wind specas in 2009 were higher «9 every month than they were in 2008, By Average wind speeds in some meinths t exceeded peak wind speeds ia others. i ©) The windiest months at Racetrack Playa i were February and March, 1D) Peak wind speed in February 2009 was higher than peak wind speed in February 2008. : 3375, The following passage adapied from Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, and Community Scale Prediction in Detroit and Beyond,’ ©2013 by Sean Ansarell During the mid-19806, spaces began w emerge across Europe whore computer hacksis could convene for mutual support and camaraderie. In the pas few years, the idea of festering sueh shaved, physical spaces 5 has been rapidly adapted by the diverse and growing ‘community of “makers”, who seck to upply the idea of hacking” to physical objeats, processes, oF anything, clse that can be deciphered and improved upon. ‘A hackerspace is descrited by hackerspaces.org as 20 2 “eammunity-operated physical space where people with comman inioresis, afien in computer, technology. science, digital art or electronic art, can meet, socialize, andor collaborate.” Such syaces ean vary in Size, available technology and membership siucture (some 15 being completely open), but generally share comm munity oriented charneteisties. Indeed, while the term “hacker” can sometimes have negative connotations, modern Ihackerspacesthsive off of community, openaess, and assimilating diverse viewpcints~ these often being the 20 only guiding principles in aherwise informal organizations structures. Tn recent years, the city of Detroit has emerged 18 a hotbed for hackerspaces and exher DIY (Do It Yoursell) experiments, Several hackerspaces 25 can already be found dhroughout te city and several ‘more are currently in formation, OF course, Detiit's atractiveness for such projects can be partially atibuted. Co cheap real estate, which allows aspiring hackers to acquire ample space for experimentation, Some observers 30 have also describes this kind of making and tinkering as embedded inthe DNA of Dewoit’s residents, who are able to harness substantial intergencrational knowledge ‘and attract like-minded individuals Hackerspaces (or "makerspaces”) can be found in 35 more commercial forms, but the vast majority of spaces are self-organized and not-for-profit, For example, the OnniCorp hackerspace operates off member fees to cover rent and new equipment, from laser cutlers to ‘welding tools. OmniCorp also hosts an “open hack might” 40 every Thursday in which tke space is open w the general public. Potential members are required to attend at least ‘ane open hack night prior t9 a consensus vove by the cxisting members for admixance; wo prospective members have yet been dead. 45 A visit one of OmniCorp’s open hack nights reveals the vast variety of activity and energy existing inthe space. Inthe main common room alone, activities range from experimenting with sound installations and learning to program Arduino boards to building speculative “oloid” 50 shapes all jus for she sake of i, With a general ‘atmosphere of mtwal support parieipans ia the space are continually encouraged (a help others One of te most active earsmunity-Focwed initialives tn the city is the Mt. Tifiot Makerspace, fol! Sturges, 155 former MIF Media Lab Fellow and Co-Founder of ‘OmpiCorp, stared the M. Elliot project wil the aim of replicating MET's Fab Lab mode! o» a smn, cheaper seale in Detroit. “Ph Labs” ae production Facilities that ‘consist of a sisal collestion of flexible computer 60 controled tools that cover several different scales and Various materials, with the aim 19 make “almest anything” (including otter machines). The vi, Elliot “Mokerspace now offers youth-based skill development progronis in cight areas: Transportation, Electronics, 65 Digital Tools, Wearables. Desiga and Fabrication, Fool, Music, and Arts. The mange of activities is meant to provide not only something for everyone. uta well= rounded base knowledge of making to all participants While the center reesives some Foundational support, 70 the space also derives significant suppor. from the local ‘community. Makerspaces throughout the city connect the space's youth-based programming directly to school curiculums. "The growing interest in and development of Iackerimakerspaces has been explained, in par, as 3 result ofthe growing maker movement. Through the combination of cultural nosms and communication channels from open source production as well a8 ‘increasingly availabe technologies for physica! 180 production, amateur maker communities have developed in virtual and physica spaces Publications suc a5 Wired are noticing the \eansformative potential of this emerging movement and have sought to devatesigaificant atienton tits £85 development. Chef ealitor Chris Anderson rocently rublished a book entided Makers, in wich he proclaims thatthe movement will become the next Industral Revolution. Anderson argues such developments will allow for @ new wave of business opportunities by 90 providing mass-customization rather than mass- production. ‘The transformative potential ofthese trends goes ‘beyond new business opportunitics oF competitive advantages for economic growth, Rather, these reads, 195 demonstrate the potential fo actually transforma ‘economic development models entirely n 338: | seate 2 ‘Austin: | st. Paul (Minn) 1 Detroit | Boston | santrancsco \ ‘According to the graph, which statement is tre ‘about the number of makerspuces in Austin in 2014? |A) teosas smaller than the number of makerspaccs in Detroit in 2014, 1B) {twas almost half the number of makerspaces in San Francisco the same year ©) teowas the samme as the number of makerspaces in Aasiin in 2011 1p) Ir lagasd behind the number of makerspaces in Bosion in 2014. "The author of the passage would most likely regard the graph with 'A) enthusiasm, because it demonstrates that fnuakerspaces ean revolutionize the United States economy 1). skepticism, because it show a relatively small : Tuorspaes in DATS ©) approval, because it indicates that the miherspace moverrcn’ has groswn aeruss the Unived States. 1p) indifference, becuuse it reveals that ‘San Francisco has the preatest number of rmazespaces |Which of the foltowing:statements from the passage is supported fy information in the graph? A) Lines 3-6 (°In. makers") 13) Lines 26-29 (*OF...experimentation”) ©) Lines 69-71 ¢¢While...community”) By Lines 92-94 (“The transformative...growth")6. The Following passage is adapted from Julian Jackson, “New Research Suggests Dinosaurs Were Watm Blooded and Active" ©2011 by lan Jachaon ‘New researc from the University of Auclaide has ‘added fo the debate about wher dinosaurs were cold blooded and sluggish er warm-icowed and active Professor Roger Seymour from the University's Schoo! of Earth & Environmental Sciences has applied the Jatest theories of humaa and animal snamy and Dhysiology to provide insight into the lives oF Sinosaurs Human thigh bones have tiny holes — known as the “nutrient foramen” on the shalt that supply blood te living bone celts inside. New research has shown that the size of those holes is related 10 the maaimum rate hala person can be active during aerobic exercise Professor Seymour has used ths principle io evatvate the activity levels of dirosaurs Far from being lifeless, booe cells have u relatively high metabolic rate and they therefore require a large blood supply to deliver oxygen, On the inside ofthe bone. the blood supply comes usually from a sigle ‘artery and vein that pass through a hoe on the shat — ‘he nutrient foramen,” he says, Professor Seymour wondered whether the size of the natrient foraimen might indicate how much blood as necessary to Keep the bones in good repair. For example highly active animals might cause more bone ‘iicrofractunes,’ requiring mor: Frequent repairs by the bone cells and therefore a greater bloed supply. "My. ‘im was to see witether we could use fossil bones of inosaurs to indicate the level of bone metabolic mate and possibly extend it tothe whole body's metabotic tate,” he says. “One ofthe big controversies among paleobiclogiss is whether dinosaurs were cold blood and sluggish or warm-blooded and active, Could the size ofthe foramen be possible gauge for dinosaur ‘metabolic rate?” ‘Comparisons were made with the sizes ofthe holes In living mammals and reptiles, and their metabolic rates. Measuring mammals ranging froin mice to clephants, and reptiles from lizards to crocodiles one of Professor Seymour's Honors students, Sarah Smith, combed the collections of Australian museums, Photographing and measuring hundreds of tiny holes in thigh bones, “The results were unequivocal. The sizes ofthe holes were related closely tothe maximum metabolic rates during peak movernent in mamrials and replies,” Professor Seymour says. “The holes found in mammals ‘Were about £0 times larger than those in reptiles” 10 1s 2% 30 3 4“ "hese holes were compared t0 those of tas 50 dinosaurs. Dr. Don Henderson, Curator of Dinosaurs from the Royal Tyrrell Muscura in Alberta, Cunaus, and Daniela Schwarz. Wiags from ‘he Museu fur Naturkunde Humbllt University Bevtiny, German measured the holes in 10 species of 5% dinosaurs from five diferent groups, including bipedal and quadiupedal carnivores and herbivores, weighing SOkg 10 20.000Kg, “On a ecialive comparison to eliminate the lfferences in body size. sil of the dinosauis had 60 hoes in ther high bones larger than those of mammals,” Professor Seymour says. “The dinosaurs aupeared to he even move active han the mammals. We certainly: didn't cape to vee ‘ha, These resulls provide additional weight to 65 theories that dinosaurs were warm: blocdeu and highly active creatures, rather (han cold: bvoded and sluggish. Professor Seymour says following the results of (his study, it's ikely that 2 simple measurtmenc of 70 foramen size could be used to evaluate Activity levels in other veriebrate animals 340Bloud Flow Index Q, (mm?) 10° 10" age 10° | 104 10° age 107 10 4g 109 100g tke 10kq100K9 ‘Which stateriet is best supported by data in the seraph? A L.ight reptiles have higher blood flow thas heavier reptiles, B) Heavy mammals have lower blood flow than heavy reptiles ©) Blood flaw in the heaviest mammals is slightly faigher than in ight dinosaurs. D) Blood flow is fairly uniform in dinosaurs ata wide range of weights ‘The author ofthe passage would most likely ‘consider the information ia the graph to be A} compelling piece of evidence in support of Professor Seymour's theory. By a potent ally inlcresting but premature nding. C} conclusive proof that dinosaurs were active und warr-blooded. D) suggestive of a point of view towsacds which the author is skeptical tt 10t t00t Seymour e¢ af 2011 EEese ose % Do the data in the table provide support for Professor Seymour's elaim that dinasaurs were \warm-blodeu and bighly active? A) Yes. because they indicate that dinosaurs" foramen size was larger than that of the largest manuals By Yes, because they suggest that dinasaurs had even higher metabotic rales than animals known {be warm-blooded, ©) No, because they show that dinosaurs had fower blood flow than reptiles. 1) No, because they reveal only minimal changes in metabolie rate between small and large dinosaursExplanations: Infographic Exercises Lan Bi) is correct because the point for 2005 inelicates that peak hard drive capacity was around 9 kilobytes/liter. ven though the number nine does riot appear on the graph, you cam infer that this is the tase because 8 and 10 do appear, and the point for 3905 is situated between them. If you look back on (five years cates), you can see that fhe geaph indicates a peak capacity of 8 kilobytes liter, or one Jess than in 2005, Note that this question can be tricky if you forget that each line on the graph ents tt kilobytes liter. A point halfway bberween two lines therefiore equals one kilobste/lit rept |A) is incorrect because peak hard deve capacity in 1995 fa decade earlier) was 7— only 2 kilobytes less, spot half (thet would be 4). C) is incotreet because peak hard drive capacity in 2010 as higher thaa in 4005s you ean tell just by looking at the graph. And 1D) i incormuet for the same reason as C) ~ don't pet thrown off by the meation of the number 9 In thi ‘ease, it indicates the peak hard drive capacity was 9 Jor that ir was 9 kilobytes/liter Remember that this question is asking you 16 summarize the graphy, aot just to identify which statement t supports. ‘The “main point” of the graph is that peak hard drive capacity has increased eaotmously since 1980 and is presticted to continue ‘expanding, Based 0a that information alone, you should beable to identify D) as the answer Playing process of elimination, A) is incorsect Ineeause the graph indicates that peak bard diive ccapneiey will keep expanding, Chroust 20205 will not ppeuk before then, Kor 1), itis trac that the peak hard {rive capacity was sighely higher in 2000 than ia 1995, but that statement only des savall portion of the graph, and the question asks for Summaty. C) is incorrect because the graph provides fo information at all about compurer sales; iC is beyond the hounds of what can be inferred, ribes, 2c Ifyou Took at the graph as a whole, you should notice that mobile phone revenuic has gone up very substantially, while PC reveme has been mich lower and grown much more slowly Furthermore, mobile phone revente has been consistently tmuch higher than PC revene, Using that information, you ean assuine bork A) and 1 are wrorg~ at no point was mobile phone revenue only sighly higher than PC revenue, nor imilar ro PC sevenme. TaD), the phrase mildly ext of proportion should also give you pause, Indeed the geaph indicates thar mobile phone revenue leveled off beginning in 2007; 20 {tle tick mark berween 2007 and 2009) was only smarinally higher than 2007, That leaves C), whit is corrects the mobile phone bars for 2008 andl 209 are almost the same. ‘was it ever 2248 Ayain, take a moment to reiterate the point of graph; mobile phone revenme has gone way Up, Jevenuc has increased much more slowly 20 stayed far below mobile phone revenue. By the recent yeat indicated in the graph, the PC bars ¢ only about a quarter as high as the mobile phon boars, whereas they are half as high at the begian That indicates a larger yap between mobile pho and PC sales, making A) correct. B) is incorrect because the graph indicates the opposite: seven. from PC. sales increased more slowly than reve: from mobile phone sales; C) is incorcect becaw ‘geaph shows nothing about tablets; and 1D) is incovrect because PC revenve did not decline simply increased less than mobile phone rever 23 Forget about the reference to the passage that there ~ the question is really asking what the g, shows, ie. its “point” What is that point? The mobile phone revenue is increasingly outstript desktop computer revenue, What does that sx 343‘That mobile phones have become sch, much more popular than desktop computers. Whiel answer i smost consistent with that ides? Aj. Fvea though that answer does not mention anything about desktop computers is sil generally consistent with the graph ~ if people inceeasingly profor mubile “devices” (note the slight change of eesinlogy from the graph) for “namerous common tasks,” then logically revenue from sales of mobile devices ‘would inerease as well (and implicitly, ses of desktop computers, which were previously used for those tasks, would go down), B) is incorsect because the graph provides no information about companies, familias o consumers or otheewise; C) is incoxtect Ihecause the graph likewise provivies 19 information about established vs. un-estblished markets; nd D) is incorrect because the graph provides information about mobile plore only, ack mobile devices in general. Note how this is diferent from A): a coerect answer choice may phrase ieformation from the graph ina more general way (“mobile plore” i the {graph vs. “mobile deri” in dhe comet answer), but 2 cortect answer cannot replace specific information ina gph with something oqual) specific (eg, tablets). 1B When you look at the bar for London on the graph, thete ate two things to notice: one is that the bas for buses is much higher than the bay for subways, and the other is that the bar for buses is higher tam itis in any other city. That indicates that poopie in Lonclon take buses at a higher rate than people in other cities, ie, that they are amusnally nant on buses. “The answer is therefore B). A) is incorrect because, as stated, the bat for buses is much higher thaa that for subways; 6) is incorrect because the graph indicates just over 25 teips/person daily (remember thatthe bars represent increments of 25, not Isand 1D) is incorrect because the bar for subway use ia New York is much higher than the bar for subway tse in London, 32¢ Start by making sure that you'te looking at the bar for buses (top bar, light gray). Ifyou consider the 344 graph as a whole, you can notice thar the “bis” bars pec smaliee and then larger again; you can assume that che correct answer willbe eelated to thas fuet. C) correctly states that bus use began to rebound (become laxger) after 1990, which is precise what the graph shows ~ dete is a big leap frum 1990 eo 2004) A) is incorrect because the graph indicates that thus wse was higher in 1970 thas in 2010; B) .¢ incosrect because the bar for bus wee in 1991s clearly smaller chan shat for L930 D) is incon ect because bus use only declined unti) 1990, after which it bugaa to increase, 333 This question is phensed in a fatty vonmplicated way, so scart by simplifying it, Fist, don't be too distracted by the refeteace to the (non-existent) passage. ‘The question is only telling you that the ‘ghiph supports a point in the passage, and that point will by necessity be the point of the graph. Ss the question is really only asking you ta dletezmine the point of the graph. What is the “point” of the graph? Bus use is more common in some cities, and subway tase is more common in others. That is consistent ‘with B), which is the answer. If you think abut the ‘question some more, that makes sense: the fet that people in some cities use buses more heavily than subways would indeed support the idea that buses are growing in popularity. A) is incorrect because the igtaph does nat indicate that people take more than fone bus tsip/day in any eity — remember thar each. bar represents .25 trips, aot one. C} is incorsvct because it states the opposite of what the greph shows ~ people in Tokyo take far more svbmuy tips than bus tips. D) is incostect because the graph indicates ncthing about whether bus tips have increased or not ~ it only gives us a snapshor of how many trips people take on average at one point in ume. 34D “he question is essentially telling you that both graphs indicate similar phenomena, so start by figaring out what one graph reveals, then use the other geaph to confiem that idea. Ifyou look at figure 1, you cam see that subway ridership is alothigher shan bus Hidership, so the comreet answer must ecwally whae 1) sus yous can assume that its Hight. you Toke inv related to thar ides. That is & Figure 2, you'll see dat subway use has riser suificanily since 199%), indicating thar people in Dew Vorb sonraingy prefer the subway. A) is jncorreet because she graph shows the opposite - thu tse has declined), suggesting that preveren iv has shins B) is incorrect because the graphs ‘Show that subway use is nnuct bi than bus use and C) isincortect becat Je Figure 1 shows that bus ac is higher in London and Singapore than in New sek, Figune 2 also shows nothings about bus tse in cities other than New Yor aD 4) is Incorrect hecause peak wind speed was lower itt March that in ebrunry (89 3s. 90); B} is incorrect seenscaverage wind speed was higher in December ‘than in Januiary 24 vs. 20); €) is incorreet beens swveeage wind speed ip February was only 1 mph sn in December Q2 vs. 21}, not subrtantaly aud 1) is correct hecause 69 mph is the lowest peak wind speed provided for any month in 2009. higher « higher, 42¢ Uniikea praph, from which you ean get a-very quick averview of a situation, a chart isn't neatly ax easy 0 tget the big pictuee from. Par that reason, you ate etter ff working, through the snsw rather than trying to get an overview of the chart 35 & whole. A) can be eliminated emsily iF you start from Noveinber and compare peak wind speeds in 2008 to thove in 20409: peak speed in December 2008 was hhigher ehan in December 2009, 8) is phrasal in a ss one-by-one cnetil way, but that answer ean be climinated exsily wvelt all of the values for average speed are clearly far below all those for peak speed. C) is correct Thecause the alues for bith average and peak wind ‘ate higher than they are in any other monthy ara D) is incorteet because peak wind speed in ebrusty 2009 was lower (90) thas peak wind speed in Bedewury 2008 (92). speed 438 Refos. yo s hhonting through the passage, Fgue out what sort of statement you're Looking for. The chavt indicates vatious wind spee the corrcet section of the passage must focus on wind speeds a8 wel.) is off topic — those lines Ihave nothing ro de wind speeds. B) is correct because those lines indicate that the winds at Ri than 100 mph co move the rocks, and the € indicates that thet highest speed was 92 mph. Be careful with C) ~ lines 39-40 do refer to the wind, Dut the eharr shows nothing about “ice collars” oF rock movement. D) is likewise incorrect because the chact reveals nothing directly about ie rafting, only wind speed. ‘etack Playa would have necdled ro blow more 518 ‘his is a straightforward “detail” question, so you don’t need to worry about the “point” of the grapl {A} is incortect because there were more erspac Astin in 2014 than in Detroit the same year, careful not to get confused by the fact that there were fewer makerspaces in Austin in 207 than in Detroit in 2014, B) is correct hecause the number rmakerspaces is Austin in 2014 is just under 4), wh the number in San Francisco is 80 ~ th: half. C) is incorrect beeause the number of imakerspaces in Austin prew from 2011 10 2014. F is incorrect because the bar for 2014 Avstin imakesspaces is longer than that for Boston that y almost 2c This question requires you to do some work upfr before looking at the answers, First, what is the ‘point’ of the graph? Basically, there were far mt imakerspaces in various US. cities in 2014 than it 2011. What is the point of the passage? ‘That rmuikerspaces are a major, growing phenomenon could transform the economy. Would rhe author axtrude toward the raph be positive or negative Positive, Hliminate B) and 1D). Now Jook at A) a ©). Be very, very careful with A). Tes tac that t! gathor sles makerspaces will revolutionize the ssconoiny, but the graph provides no informatiowhatsoever about the economy, and there's also nothing that would allow us to infer the effects of the makerspace movement on economy. A) can. Has be eliminated, leaving C) "The author would indeed be ikely to approve of tke fact that miakerspaces are proliferating s0 rapidly across the US. 538 If you've written - of beter ~ underlined the point of the passage, this question should be fairly straightforward. You're Inoking for the lines that indiente that makerspaces are sprouting up all over the place. Thats “big picture” information, so logically, the answer is mast likely to he located at the beginning or the end of the passage. A) oF D) are ‘your top candidates for an answer. If you work fo ‘order, you'll hit the answer quickly: lines 3-6 state that se ides of fostering swe shard, physical spaces has been apis adapted bythe diverse and grounng community of “makers” ~ that corresponds 10 the growth of maketspaces depicted in the graph, 61D ‘Since the question is placed s0 generally, you ean assume that the answer will be related to the “point” or big picture of the graph. There's more information in this one than in the others, but it you had to sum up the most important information, it ‘would probably have something to do with the fact, that dinosaurs ate way up at the top (indicating very high blood flow), aboveboth marumais and repiiles. ‘Keeping that information in mind, you ean check the answers, A) is incorrect because the relationship between weight and blood flow is linear ~ heavy reptiles have higher blood flow than light reptiles. B) is incorrect because the line for heavy spammnals is clearly well above that for heavy reptiles. You can use the “point” to eliminate C)~ all of the dinosaurs are heavier than even the heaviest mnamatnale, D) is correct because the graph indicates that blood flow is similarly high (=relativey uniform) io dinosaurs at ‘weights ranging from 1 kilogram o 10 tons 346 628 Start by breaking the question down. Whar does the author think? He has a preciy positive altiude toward Professor spmoui’s theory’ dhe passage ludicares Unatdhere’s fie amount oF exitonee t0 suggest i's accurte. What is thar theory? that Ginosauws were watm-blooded and active. as indicated by thei high snaximum blood flow (ie their metabolic rate). Whar does the grapi show? That dinosauts had extremely high blood flow, indicating extremely bigh metabolism, Se loptealy, the author would have a positive auitude toward the ‘graph, ‘That chminates B) und 1D), Now evnsidet A) and ©). The wording of ©) should make you immediately suspicious; single graph ise’t enough to “voaclusively prove” anything, The geiph does, however, provide excellent :yppor fox Se) mour’s theory, making, A) correct. 638 Although the question alludes to the passage, you don’t actually need it. The question itself tells you the sclovant piece of information, Seymour claims that dinosaurs are warm-blooded and active. Your only job is to determine whether the graph supports that caitn, What does the graph show? That dinosauss had extremely high blood Alow, which is consistent with Professor Seymour's theory (high maximum blood flow = high metabolic rate = watm-bloodedaess). That eliminates ©) and 1D). A) can be eliminated because the graph provides ‘no information about foramen size, leaving B). That answer is correct because the graph indicates that blood flow is higher in all dinosaurs than in even the heaviest mammals, which are known fo be warm. blooded. amely that Professor