Network Fundamental

• Computer Networks
• Communication Model
• Transmission Modes
• Communication Types
• Classification Of Computer Networks
– By Scale
– By Structure
– By Topology
• Network Media

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 Network Definition

• A group of two or more computer system

that are linked together to exchange data
and share resources over communication
lines
• Set of technologies that connects
computers
• Allows communication and collaboration
between users

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 Use of Network

Share Data and

files
Share storage
Share peripheral
devices
Personal communication
Email
Instantaneous communication
Conferencing
Tele conferencing
Videoconferencing
Audio-conferencing
Voice over IP
Phone communication over network wires
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 Communication Model

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 Communication Model

• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data

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 Network devices
• Basic Components
– Sending device computers
– Communications link
– Receiving device
modems

routers

switches

(NIC) Network
Interface Cards
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 Digital and Analog Transmission

• Digital transmission
• Analog transmission
• Modem

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 Analog VS Digital

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 Analog VS Digital transmission

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 Digital Transmission

• Sends data as distinct pulses, either on or

off
– Similar to how data travels through computer

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 Analog Transmission

• Continuous electrical signal in the form of a

wave
– Called carrier wave
• Many communications media already in place
for analog (voice) transmission
– Phone lines are most common
• Digital signal from computer must be converted
to analog form to be transmitted over analog
lines

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 Converting Digital to Analog

• Carrier wave can be altered

– Amplitude (height) of wave
– Frequency (number of times a wave repeats
during a cycle) of wave
• Conversion from digital to analog called
modulation
• Conversion from analog to digital called
demodulation

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 Amplitude modulation

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 Frequency Modulation

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 Converting Digital to Analog
digital signal
Distinct pulses that
represent bits grouped
together into bytes

analog signal
Continuous
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electrical Compiled by: Rajib Kumar Hyoju 17
wave
 Modem
Internal modem -
• Short for resides on an
modulator/demodulator expansion board
that plugs into a
• Converts digital signal to computer

analog and vice versa

– Modulate  convert from
ADSL modem
digital to analog
– Demodulate convert
from analog to digital
– Speeds up to 56,000 bps
(56K) PC Card modem

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 Types of Modems

• External modem separate from computer

• Internal modem inserted into computer
– Standard on most computers today
• PC Card modem slides into slot on laptop
– Roughly credit card size
• Cable connects modem to standard phone
jack

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 Modem Data Speeds

• Measured in bits per second (bps)

– Early modems transmitted at 300 bps
– Fastest current modems transmit at 56,000
bps
• Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) restrictions prohibit actual speeds
faster than 53,000 bps
• Actual speed depends on line conditions
and other variables
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 Other Communications Devices

• ISDN
• DSL
• Cable modems
• Cellular modems

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 Integrated Systems Digital Network
(ISDN)

• Special type of telephone circuit

– Can move data at 128,000 bps
– Includes two phone lines, so you can talk on
the phone while online
• Drawbacks
– Expensive, especially at installation
– Not available in all areas

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 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Advantages of DSL :
• Can leave your Internet connection open and
still use the phone line for voice calls.
• The speed is much higher than a regular modem
• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it
can use the phone line you already have.

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 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Drawbacks
• A DSL connection works better when you are
closer to the provider's central office.
• The connection is faster for receiving data than it
is for sending data over the Internet.
• The service is not available everywhere.

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 Types of DSL

ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line)

SDSL (symmetric digital subscriber line)
 HDSL (high speed digital subscriber line) is a
particular type of SDSL – usually providing 2 Mbit/s
transmission in both downstream and upstream
directions
 VDSL (very high speed digital subscriber line) is
able to operate at very high speed (e.g. up to 50
Mbit/s) over copper cable – but only over short distances.
Typically VDSL is used in ‘hybrid’ networks, comprising
short copper cable connections plus Fiber cable,
referred to as ‘fibre-to-the-curb’ (FTTC)
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 Typical ADSL connection

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 ADSL connection at home

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 Cable Modems

• Uses coaxial cable already in place for your TV

– Very fast transmission speed, especially for
downloading
– 750 MHz to 1,000 MHz (or 1 GHz)
– Rated connection speeds of cable internet connections typically
range between 20 Mbps and 100 Mbps. Always on: no need to dial
a connection

• Drawbacks
– All users share a cable segment’s capacity
• As more users in neighborhood go online, speed decreases
– No security for individual users or data
• Purchase a firewall program for security
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 Coaxial cable in cable Modems
Coaxial cable for TV/internet - RG-6 Coaxial Cable
Poor quality coaxial cable can impact TV reception, so
it’s important to choose the best cable for the job.
Coaxial cable designed for domestic television should
be 75 Ohm, with RG-6 coaxial being ideal for TV.

RG-6 cables are also made with a different kind of

shielding, which means they can carry GHz level
signals more effectively.

Coaxial cable for HDTV (high-definition)

The best coaxial cable for HDTV is RG-11.
This type of cable offers a higher gauge than others,
which provides more space for signals to transfer. This
makes RG-11 cable adept at transferring strong HD
signals at speed.

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 Cellular Modem/Microwaves

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 Cellular Modem/Microwaves

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 FTTH Technology

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 Data Transmission Modes

• Simplex  sends data in one direction only

– Example: television broadcasting
• Half-duplex  sends data in both directions,
but only one way at a time
– Example: bank teller sends data about a deposit; after
data received, a confirmation returns
• Full-duplex  allows transmission in both
directions at same time
– Example: a conversation
– Typically used for high-speed data communication
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 Communication Types

• Unicasting (one-to-one)

• Multicasting (one-to-many)

• Broadcasting (one-to-all)

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 Network Classification

• By Size or Scale
– LAN
– WAN
– MAN
– CAN
– PAN

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 Local Area Network (LAN)
• Contains printers, servers and computers
• Systems are close to each other
• Contained in one office or building
• Organizations often have several LANS

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 Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Two or more LANs connected
• Over a large geographic area
• Typically use public or leased lines
– Phone lines
– Satellite
• The Internet is a WAN

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 Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
• Large network that connects different
organizations
• Shares regional resources
• A network provider sells time

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 Campus Area Networks (CAN)

• A LAN in one large geographic area

• Resources related to the same organization
• Each department shares the LAN

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 Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Very small scale network, Range is less than 2

meters Eg. Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players
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 Network Classification

• By Structure / Functional Relationship

– Client / Server
– Peer to Peer (P2PN)

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 Client/Server network

• Nodes and servers share data roles

• Nodes are called clients
• Servers are used to control access
• Database software
– Access to data controlled by server
• Server is the most important computer

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 Peer to peer networks (P2PN)

• All nodes are equal

• Nodes access resources on other nodes
• Each node controls its own resources
• Most modern OS allow P2PN
• Distributed computing is a form
• Kazaa

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 Network Classification

• By Topology / Physical Connectivity

– BUS
– STAR
– RING
– MESH
– TREE

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 Network Topology

– Logical layout of wires and equipment

– Choice affects
• Network performance
• Network size
• Network collision detection

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 BUS

• Also called linear bus

• One wire connects all

nodes

• Terminator ends the

wires

Advantages
Easy to setup
Small amount of wire

Disadvantages
Slow
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 STAR

• All nodes connect to a hub

– Packets sent to hub
– Hub sends packet to destination

• Advantages
– Easy to setup
– One cable can not crash network
switch
• Disadvantages
– One hub crashing downs entire network
– Uses lots of cable

• Most common topology

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 RING

• Nodes connected in a circle

• Tokens used to transmit data

– Nodes must wait for token to send

• Advantages
– Time to send data is known
– No data collisions

• Disadvantages
– Slow

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 MESH

 All computers connected together

 Internet is a mesh network

 Advantage
 Data will always be delivered

 Disadvantages
 Lots and Lots of cable

 Hard to setup

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 TREE

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 Communications Media

• Physical means of data transmission

• Bandwidth is measure of the capacity of the
communications link
– Speed at which a line carries data and information
– The faster the transfer rate, the faster you can send
and receive data and information
– Usually expressed as a measure of bits per second

bits per kilobits per megabits per gigabits per

second (bps) second (Kbps) second (Mbps) second (Gbps)

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 Transmission media

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 Types of Communications Media

Guided Medium
• Wire pairs (Twisted
Pair)
• Coaxial cables
• Fiber optics

Unguided Medium:
•Microwave transmission
•Satellite transmission
•Wireless transmission

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 Wire Pairs

• Also known as twisted pair

– Two wires twisted around
each other to reduce electrical
interference
• Inexpensive
• Already in place (for
telephone systems)
• Susceptible to electrical
interference and noise
– Noise - anything that causes
signal distortion

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 CAT ratings for twisted pair cable

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 Coaxial Cable

• A center conductor wire surrounded by layer of insulation

and metallic sheath
• Commonly used to connect to cable TV
• Higher bandwidth and less susceptibility to noise than
twisted pair

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 Fiber Optics

• Use light instead of electricity to send data

• Much higher bandwidth than coaxial cable
• Immune to electrical interference
• Materials cheaper than coaxial, but installation costs
high

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 Wireless Transmission

• Transmits data over

relatively short distances
without wires
• Examples
– 802.11 standards - govern
wireless transmission(Wifi)
– Bluetooth - uses radio waves
to connect mobile devices/
NFC
– IrDA - uses infrared line-of-
sight
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 Microwave Transmission

• Uses line-of-sight
transmission of data
signals
– Sending microwave
must “see” receiver
• Requires relay
stations
approximately every
30 miles
– Waves are straight,
earth is curved
• Offers high speed
and cost-
effectiveness
• Susceptible to
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 Satellite Transmission

• A form of microwave
transmission
– Satellite acts as relay
station
• Components
– Earth station sends
and receives signal
to satellite
– Transponder
receives and
amplifies signal,
changes frequency,
and retransmits data
• Useful when signal
must travel
thousands of miles
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