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TORQUE AND POWER MEASUREMENT

- Prof. Ruchi Khare

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MANIT, Bhopal

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Introduction
The power transmitted can be calculated from the torque, using the equation P = wT, where P is
the power (W), T the torque (N-m) and co the angular speed (rad/s).
Devices
used for power measurement are also known as dynamometers and may be classified into three
types, depending on the nature of machine arrangement, for which torque or power is to be
measured.

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The three types are:

1. Transmission types dynamometer, in which the power being transmitted through the
device is measured. The device is neither a power generator nor a power absorber and is
used on the shaft transmitting power, between the prime mover and the load (Fig.
shown).
2. Driving-type dynamometer, in which drive is obtained from the dynamometer itself
or the dynamometer is the power generator (Fig. shown) like an electric motor.
3. Absorption type dynamometer, in which the mechanical energy is absorbed after it is
measured (Fig. Shown). The power generator may be an engine or a motor.

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Various Dynamometer Arrangemrnts

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These are of the following types:

1. Torsion dynamometers, in which either the torque is directly measured using
resistance strain gauges or the angle of twist in the shaft due to the torque is
measured, the former being called a torque meter and the latter a torsion meter.
2. Belt dynamometer, and
3. Gear dynamometer.

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Torsion Dynamometers
In a solid shaft of diameter d, subjected to torque T, the following relations exist:

where τ is the shear stress induced in the

shaft, G the shear modulus, y the shear
strain, £450 the longitudinal strain in the
shaft at 450 to the axis and 0 the twist in
the shaft (rad) over a shaft length L.

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If a hollow shaft of outer radius ro and

inner arc r, is used, the relations for E45.
and ϴ are:
Thus, either ɛ450 may the measured by resistance strain
gauges or ϴ may be measured by optical or
electromechanical means, in order to measure T. In order
to increase the sensitivity, the shaft section has to be
reduced at the point of measurement of strain in the
shaft.

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Torque Meter
During torsion of cylinder, the principal strains (tensile or compressive) exist at 45° to the axis.
These can be measured by bonded resistance gauges, as shown in Fig.

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. The output is increased by using four gauges so that the adjacent arms have strains of opposite nature.
For taking signals in and out of the rotating shaft, slip rings and brushes are used, as shown in Fig. The
device is useful for both static and dynamic torque measurement. Torques over a range of 100 to 100 000
N-cm can be measured with this device.

Slip ring arrangement in torque transducer

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It is easier to measure bending strains rather than strains due to torque at

45° and so an arrangement using beams may be employed, in which the
transmitted torque results in bending the beams.

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A slip-ring arrangement, results in noise due to changes in contact resistance. A non-

contacting type of arrangement, such as the one in Fig., is thus preferred. The bridge supply
and output signals are transmitted between the rotating and stationary members through
transformers. An ac bridge arrangement is employed, which gets modulated due to torque. A
demodulator is employed to eliminate the carrier frequency of the oscillator.

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Torsion Meter Angular twist ϴ in a shaft due to

torque is given by Eq. After measurement of 0, the
torque T can be easily calculated from the previously
given relations. Either an optical or an electrical
arrangement can be used to measure ϴ.
An optical arrangement is shown in Fig. . Due to the
transmission of torque, the two discs A and B
mounted at distance L on the shaft move relative to
each other through an angle 0.
This is recorded by the observer. Disc C is only to
help in viewing the relative angular displacement of
A and B.
Figure shows an arrangement using toothed wheels
and proximity sensors of electro-mechanical

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Belt Dynamometer
A transmission type belt
dynamometer is shown in Fig. 1
is the driving pulley, 2 and 3 are
guide pulleys mounted on a lever
pivoted at P and 4 is the driven
pulley. If the effective belt tensions
during running conditions are T1
and T2, as shown in the figure, and
m the mass at the lever required
for balance,

In this type of dynamometer, there is some loss of power

due to bending and slipping of the belt.

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Gear Dynamometer
This type of arrangements shown in Fig, is used for small power measurement.
The input and output shafts are coaxial and rotate in the same direction. T
The gear box casing is mounted on trunnions on the shafts.
In order to prevent the casing from rotating, an external torque is applied by a mass m at distance R.

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If T, and To are torques on the input and output shafts, respectively, and the
corresponding speeds are N, and No, with 11, as the overall mechanical
efficiency, then

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In a gear box type transmission dynamometer, the input and output shafts are co-axial and rotate in the
same direction (Fig.) at speeds of 1600 and 400 rpm, respectively. An external torque is applied to the casing
to prevent it from rotating using a mass of 120 kg at a distance 0f 30 cm from the axis. The overall
mechanical efficiency is 9o%. Find the power at the input shaft.

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Thankyou……………………..

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