Chemistry Project on Analysis of Fertilizers

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ANALYSIS ON FERTILIZERS
Acknowledgment

I am grat eful t o Almighty for giving me t he st rengt h t o successfully conduct my experiment

and for sust aining my effort s which many a t imes did oscillat e.

I am deeply indebt ed t o Mr. O.J. Abraham sir, our physics facult y wit hout whose const ruct ive
guidance t his project /vent ure would not have been a success. His valuable advice and
suggest ions for t he correct ions, modificat ions and improvement did enhance t he perfect ion in
performing my job well.

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I am obliged t o Sr. Kiran our principal for providing t he best of facilit ies and environment t o
bring out our innovat ion and spirit of inquiry t hrough t his vent ure.

I t ake special pleasure in acknowledging Mam Nirmala for her willingness in providing us wit h
necessary lab equipment s and const ant support wit hout which t his effort would have been
wort hless.

I am grat eful t o My Parents and My Brother whose blessings and wishes have gone a long
way in t he complet ion of t his arduous t ask.

Last but not t he least I t hank all My Friends and Batch Mates, wit hout t heir prompt support
my effort s would have been in vain.

SAUMYA GUPTA CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS SAUMYA GUPTA OF CLASS XII-SC HAS SCCESSFULLY
CARRIED OUT THE PROJCT ENTITLED “ANALYSIS ON FERTILIZERS” UNDER MY
SUPERVISION.

ALL THE WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS WAS DONE BY THE CANDIDATE HERSELF.

THE APPROACH TOWARDS THE SUBJECT HAS BEEN SINCERE AND SCIENTIFIC.
MRS.BEENA DASHORA

CHEMISTRY FACULTY

ST.MARY’S CONVENT SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL

INDEX

1.       INTRODUCTION

(a)          Definit ion

(b)         Laws of refract ion

(c)          Refract ive index

(d)         Snell’s law

(e)         Mat hemat ical relat ions

(f)          Phenomenon

(g)         Tot al int ernal reflect ion

2.       EXPERIMENT:

(a)      Aim

(b)     Apparat us

(c)      Procedure

(d)     Result s

(e)     Precaut ions

3.       BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

(a) Definit ion: When light t ravels from one medium t o anot her it changes t he direct ion of it s
pat h at t he int erface of t he t wo media.

It is bending of a wave when it ent ers a medium where it s speed is different .

(b) Laws of refract ion:

(i)      The incident ray, t he refract ed ray and t he normal t o t he int erface at t he point of
incidence, all lie in t he same plane.

(ii)     The rat io of t he sine of t he angle of incidence of t he sine of angle of refract ion is
const ant .

Bending Light:

When a st ick is submerged int o wat er, t he st ick appears bent at t he point it ent ers int o wat er.
This opt ical effect is due t o refract ion. As light passes from one t ransparent medium t o
anot her, it changes speed and it bends. How much t his happens depends on t he refract ive index
and t he angle bet ween t he light ray and t he line perpendicular i.e. normal t o t he surface
separat ing t he t wo mediums.

INDEX OF REFRACTION OR REFRACTIVE INDEX:

It is defined as t he speed of light in vacuum divided by t he speed of light in t he medium.

It is represent ed by “µ” or “n”

µ = C/V

C – Speed of light in vacuum

V – Speed of light in medium

It is also t he degree or ext ent of deviat ion from it s original pat h.

A ray of light t ravels along st raight line in a homogenous medium meaning densit y same
t hroughout . When it t ravels from one medium t o anot her medium of different densit ies t he light
deviat es from it s original pat h. The amount of deviat ion of light from it s original pat h depends
on t he indices of refract ion of t he t wo media and is described quant it at ively by Snell’s law.

Diagram showing Refract ion. DEFINITIONS:

1. Angle of incidence – The angle t hat t he incident ray makes wit h t he normal is known as angle
of incidence (“i").

Ð i = Ð AOB

AO – Incident ray

OB – Normal

2. Angle of refract ion – The angle t hat t he refract ed ray makes wit h t he normal is known as
angle of refract ion.

Ð r = Ð COQ

OQ – Refract ed ray,

OC – Normal

3. Angle of emergence – The angle t hat t he emergent ray makes wit h t he normal is known as
reemergence.

Ð e = Ð SQR

SQ – Emergent ray

RS – Normal

Common Refractive Index:

The values given are appropriat e and do not account for t he small variat ion of index wit h light
wavelengt h which is called dispersion.

Table for refractive indices

Medium Refract ive index Medium Refract ive index

1. Vacuum 1.000 7. Et hyl alcohol 1.362
2. Air 1.000277 8. Glycerin 1.473
3. Wat er 1.33 9. Ice 1.310
4. Carbon disulphide 1.63 10. Polyst rene 1.59
5. Met hylene iodide 1.74 11. Crown glass 1.50-1.62
6. Diamond 2.417 12. Flint glass 1.57-1.75

Snell’s Law:

In 1621, a Dut ch physicist named Willeboard Snell (1591-1626), derived t he relat ionship
bet ween t he different angles of light as it passes from one t ransparent medium t o anot her.
Snell’s law st at es t hat when light passes from one t ransparent medium t o anot her speed of
light changes and t hus it deviat es from it s original pat h and ext ent of deviat ion is given by t he
relat ion-

n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2

n1= Refract ive index of medium 1

n2 = Refract ive index of medium 2

q1 = angle of incidence in medium 1

q2 = angle of refract ion in medium

CASE I

Since n1 < n2

Therefore medium 1 is rarer t han medium 2

Therefore t he relat ion

n1/ n2 = sin q2 / sin q1

n1/n2 is less t han  1

sin q1 / sin q2 < 1

sin q1 > sin q2

Since 0 < q < p / 2     (when sin q1> sin q2)

q1 > q2

Therefore refract ed ray bends t owards t he normal when it t ravels from rarer t o dense medium.

Case II :

Since           n1> n2

Therefore by t he relat ion

n1 / n2 = sin q2 / sin q1

Therefore   n1> n2

n1/ n2 > 1

à    sin q2 / sin q1 > 1

à    sin q2 > sin q1

{When 0 < q < p / 2 }

q2 > q1

Therefore refract ed ray bends away from t he normal when it t ravels from denser t o rarer
medium.(For bot h cases refer t o diagrams)

OTHER MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS FOR µ :

1. Frequency is t he charact erist ics of t he source and remains unaffect ed when t he medium
changes.

Let t here be t wo mediums 1 and 2

V1= be t he velocit y of light in medium 1

V2 = be t he velocit y of light in medium 2

l1 = wavelengt h in medium 1

l2 = wavelengt h in medium 2

V1 = nl1

V2 = nl2

V1 / V2 = l1 / l2

2. Refract ive index of medium 1 wit h respect t o 2 = n12

n12= V2 / V1 it is t he rat io of velocit y of light in medium 2 wit h respect t o medium 1.

3. Refract ive index of medium 1 wit h respect t o medium 2

Medium 1 = wat er
Medium 2 = air

Air w.r.t . wat er wµa = Apparent dept h / Act ual dept h

Wat er w.r.t t o air a µw = Act ual dept h / Apparent dept h

Refer t o diagram

PHENOMENON DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION:

1. The sun is visible a lit t le before t he act ual sunrise and a lit t le aft er t he act ual sunset . By
act ual sunrise we mean t he act ual crossing of t he horizon by t he sun.
2. The apparent flat t ening of sun at sunset and sunrise is also due t o at mospheric
refract ion.

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION:

When light passes from an opt ically denser medium t o a rarer medium at t he int erface, it is
part ly reflect ed back int o t he same medium and part ly refract ed int o t he second medium. This
reflect ion is called int ernal reflect ion.

When a ray of light t ravels from denser t o rarer medium t he ray deviat e away from t he normal.
At a part icular angle called crit ical angle t he refract ed ray just grazes or t ouches t he surface
i.e. Le of refract ion = 90°. The angle of refract ion in denser medium for which t he Le of
refract ion in rarer medium = 90° is called crit ical angle.

If angle of incidence is great er t han t he crit ical angle t he ray get s t ot ally int ernally reflect ed.

RELATION BETWEEN REFRACTIVE INDEX AND CRITICAL ANGLE:

Consider t hat ray of light is t raveling from denser t o rarer medium. Let ‘C’ be t he crit ical angle.
The angle of incidence (i)

Ð i = LC

Since angle of refract ion = 90°

Refract ive index of air w.r.t medium is = sin i / sin r

mµ = Sin C / sin 90°

a

mµ = Sin C
a

Sin C = 1 / a µm

DIAGRAM

SOME PHENOMENON DUE TO TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION:

1. Mirage:  It is phenomenon occurring in desert s. The ground air layer get s heat ed up and
expands. Mirage is an opt ical illusion. The upper layer is denser as compared t o lower layer.
The ground get s heat ed up very quickly t he lower layer of air expands and densit y
decreases. The ray of light t raveling from t he upper layers get s deviat ed away from
normal and suffers t ot al int ernal reflect ion and t he dist ant object appears t o be invert ed
and t o t he observer pool of wat er appears at a dist ant place and t his phenomenon is
called mirage.
2. Ext ra brilliance of diamonds : Refract ive index of diamond is approx. 2.45 or 2.9 when a ray
of light ent ers int o diamond mult iple reflect ion t akes place inside due t o TIR as  µ = 1 /
sin C, C approx. 23° (very small).

EXPERIMENT

Aim: To det ermine refract ive index of wat er using a t raveling microscope.

Apparatus: A coin, a beaker, paper piece, t raveling microscope.

Theory and Formula used:

Refract ion is a phenomenon of propagat ion of light from one t ransparent medium int o t he ot her
medium such t hat light deviat e from it s original pat h. The rat io of velocit y of light in t he first
medium t o t hat in t he second medium is called refract ive index of second medium w.r.t . t he
first medium.

The bot t om surface of a vessel cont aining a refract ing liquid appears t o be raised, such t hat
apparent dept h is less t han t he real dept h. Refract ive index of refract ing liquid is defined as t he
rat io of real dept h t o t he apparent dept h.

µ = Real dept h / Apparent dept h

If reading of real dept h of t he coin = r1

Wit h wat er = r2

Paper piece = r3

Real dept h = r3 – r1

Apparent dept h = r3 – r2

µ = r3 – r1 / r3 – r2

Refer t o t he diagram

PROCEDURE:

1. For accurat e measurement s of lengt h, dept hs compound microscope used is provided

wit h a vernier scale which slides along wit h a main scale.
2. Not e t he number of divisions of vernier which coincides wit h number of full scale division.
3. Find t he value of each main division and hence least count of microscope
4. Move t he microscope very gent ly. Using t he screw focus t he eye piece on t he coin
placed at t he bot t om of empt y cont ainer and bring t he coin in focus. Not e t he reading of
t he microscope as r1.
5. Pour wat er int o t he beaker and coin appears t o be raised.
6. Move t he microscope gradually and again bring t he coin in focus. Record reading as r2.
7. Put a piece of paper in wat er and move t he microscope upward t ill t he paper comes int o
focus. Record t he reading as r3.
8. Difference of r3 and r1 gives real dept h and r3 and r2 gives app dept h.
9. Record your observat ions and calculat e value of µ.

OBSERVATIONS

Least count of t raveling microscope:

10 vernier scale division = 9 main scale division

50 V.S.D. = 49 M.S.D.

1 V.S.D. = 49/50 M.S.D.

L.C.    = 1 M.S.D. – 1 V.S.D.

= 1/50 M.S.D.

M.S.D. = 1/20 cm = 0.05 cm

L.C. = 1/50 x 0.05 = 0.001 cm

CALCULATIONS

RESULTS

The refract ive index of wat er by using t raveling microscope is     det ermined t o be 1.33.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Least count of t he scale of t raveling microscope should be calculat ed.

2. Microscope once focused on t he coin, t he focusing should not be dist urbed t hroughout
t he experiment . Only rack and pinion screw should be t urned t o move t he microscope
upward.
3. Eye piece should be adjust ed t hat cross wires are dist inct ly seen.
4. Paper piece should be prevent ed from get t ing wet .
ELEMENTS

NITROGEN:

Major fertilizers containing N:

(a)  Ammonium nit rat e (NH4NO3)

(b) Pot assium nit rat e (KNO3)

(c)  Urea (NH2CONH2)

(d) Ammonium sulphat e [(NH4)2SO4]

Preparation:

Most of nit rogen fert ilizers are obt ained form synt het ic NH3. This chemical compound is used
as gas or in wat er solut ion or it is convert ed t o salt s.

Nitrogen Deficiencies

(a)  Pale, green, yellow leaves

(b) St unt ed growt h

Nitrogen in Excess –

(a)  Lower disease resist ance

(b) Weaken st em

(c)  Decay mat urit y

(d) Lower fruit qualit y

PHOSPHORUS:

Major fertilizers containing P:

(a)DAP – Diammonium phosphat e [(NH4)2PO4]

(b)Ca3(PO4)2 – Calcium phosphat e

(c)Triple phosphat e and super phosphat e

Preparation:

Most phosphoric fert ilizers are obt ained by t he t reat ment of calcium phosphat e wit h
H2SO4and phosphoric fert ilizers. Calcium phosphat e is mainly derived from phosphat e rock and
bones. Phosphat e rock is found in deposit s of sediment ary origin laid down on beds of ocean
floor.

Phosphorus deficiencies –

(a)  Pale purple colour on t he underside of leaves

(b) Reduced flower, fruit s and seed product ion

Advantages of P:

1. Encourage cell division

2. Hast ens mat urit y, offset t ing quick growt h caused by N
3. Encourage root growt h
4. Increase disease resist ance

Phosphorous in excess

1. Causes dehydrat ion of root s

2. Increase soluble salt cont ent of medium

POTASSIUM:

Major fertilizers containining K:

 1. Pot assium chloride (Pot ash)
2. Pot assium nit rat e (KNO3)

Preparation:

It is t he sevent h most abundant element found in eart h’s crust . Pot assium chloride which is
principal commercial form of pot ash and some KNO3 is also used for product ion of pot ash
fert ilizer.

Potassium deficiencies:

1. Leaves appear dry and scorched

2. Irregular yellow areas on t he surface

Advantages of K:

1. Increase disease resist ance

2. Encourage healt hy root and st ems
3. Essent ial for st arch format ion
4. Efficient use of CO2

Potassium in excess

1. Affect s soil acidit y

2. Reduced flower, fruit and seed product ion

Fertilisers- V

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Take a pinch of fert ilizer + few drops of dil. No react ion Dil. group absent
H2SO4
2. Take a pinch of fert ilizer + few drops of No react ion Conc. group absent
conc. H2SO4
3. Take 1 ml of soda ext ract and acidify it wit h No react ion Volat ile group absent
dil HCl. Add few drops of BaCl2 soln. t o it .
4. A pinch of fert ilizer + few drops of NaOH No react ion Zero group absent
soln. Heat it .
5. Take 1 ml of O.S (original solut ion)* in a No react ion 1st group absent
solut ion and t o it add few drops of dil. HCl
6. Take 1 ml of O.S (original solut ion) in a No react ion 2nd group absent
solut ion, t o it add few drops of dil. HCl.
Warm t he solut ion, and pass H2S gas.
7. Take 1 ml of O.S (original solut ion) in a No react ion 3rd group absent
solut ion and t o it add few drops of dil. HCl
.add few drops of conc. HNO3.heat it . Cool
it . Add a pinch of solid NH4Cl followed by
excess of NH4OH.
8. Take 1 ml of O.S (original solut ion) in a No react ion IV group absent
solut ion and t o it add few drops of dil. HCl. 
Add a pinch of solid NH4Cl followed by
excess of NH4OH. Warm t he solut ion and
pass H2S gas.
9. Take 1 ml of OS + few drops of dil. HCl + a Whit e ppt V group present , may be
pinch of solid NH4Cl + 1 or 2 ml of Ba2+ , Kr2+ or Ca2+
(NH4)2CO3
10. Filt er t he whit e precipit at e, t ake a part of it , Whit e ppt Ca2+ confirmed.
and dissolve it in minimum amount of
CH3COOH. Now add (NH4)2C2O4
11. Flame t est Brick red flame Ca2+ confirmed.

RESULT- Fert ilizer has Ca2+ as cat ion. (The fert ilizer det ect ed is Vermi Compost ).

*****

Fertilizer–III

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Take 1 ml of Lassaigne Solut ion (L.S.)* in a Prussian blue Nit rogen present in
t est t ube and t o it add few drops of freshly colour element al form.
prepared ferrous sulphat e solut ion. Heat it .
Cool it . Add few drops of conc. H2SO4

RESULT- The given fert ilizer has N in element al form. (The fert ilizer det ect ed is urea).

*****

(Urea)

O.C.N + Na            NaCN

FERTILIZER 5(vermi compost )

Ca2+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)              CaCO3 (s) + 2CH3COOH

2CH3COOH + CaCO3          Ca [CH3COO]2 + H2O +CO2

Ca2+ (aq) +C2O42-             CaC2O4(s)

Reading of microscope focused on

Coin wit hout wat er Coin wit h wat er Paper in wat er

M.S.R. V. div Reading M.S.R. V. div Reading M.S.R. V. div Reading
coinciding coinciding coinciding n
(M) cm + n X L.C (M) cm + n X LC = (M) cm + nXLC =
(n) (n)
= r1 r2 r3

1. 5.2 5 5.205 5.9 40 5.940 8.15 12 8.162

2. 5.1 40 5.140 5.80 39 5.839 7.95 10 7.400
3. 5.05 20 5.070 5.75 36 5.789 8.00 20 8.020



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