M1 Lesson 1 Introduction to

Science, Technology and Society

STS explores in rich and compelling ways what difference it makes to human societies
that we, collectively, are producers and users of science and technology. STS research,
teaching, and outreach offer citizens of modern, high-tech societies the resources with
which to evaluate—analytically, aesthetically, and ethically—the benefits and the risks,
the perils and the promises, of notable advances in science and technology.

What is science?
The most basic definition of science is "it is a systematic knowledge of nature through
repeatable observation and experimentation." Its aim is the discovery of the laws that
govern natural phenomena.
Science developed from the observation of regularity in the natural world such as the
return of spring after winter, the setting of the sun at a day's end, the falling of the ebb
tide after high water. Regularity suggests that nature is not all chaos but follows rules.
Defined in this way science has been a human activity well before the development of
the first civilizations. The oldest civilizations are believed to have emerged sometime
before 3000 BC, but excavations from Catal Hüyük in Anatolia have shown that the
people in today's Turkey had developed advanced skills in measurement and accurate
mapping as early as 6200 BC.

What is technology?
The word technology has changed its meaning several times since it came into use in
Europe during the 17th century. In the most general terms, it can be defined as the
application of knowledge about nature to the practical aims of human endeavor. If this
definition is accepted it follows that technological development occurred at least as early
as the first scientific study: Stone-age humans realized that flintstone produces better
cutting tools than sandstone. They made that discovery and used their new knowledge
well before someone found the scientific explanation for the phenomenon.

What is society?
Society is the organizational form in which individuals of a species live together. Even
the animal world contains many examples of different societies. But Humans are the
only creatures that live in evolving societies because they can restructure their societies
in response to changes in environmental and economic conditions.
Society and ethics
An important aspect of the development of societies is that interaction between many
individuals is impossible without rules of socially acceptable behavior. The establishment
of a moral code is therefore a natural product of the evolution of societies (Singer,
1995). It is a widespread belief that moral codes are based on religious foundations and
that without religion there can be no agreement on what is right and what is wrong. The
comparative study of humans and animal societies shows that moral codes are a natural
ingredient and regulator of life in all societies. Any group of humans or animals falls apart
if its members make frequent recourse to totally unrestrained attacks.

What is civilization?
Civilization requires that the society has developed a central institution responsible for
the organization of daily life support, for example, the maintenance of a water supply or
a transportation system. This requires an advanced administration, which is not found
before the development of cities. A civilization is therefore always sustained by an urban
society, although the majority of its people may (and often do) live in an agricultural
society structure in the countryside.
The existence of prehistoric art demonstrates that human societies developed a culture
before they developed civilization. The point where a culture evolved into civilization is
difficult to determine, and the boundaries between the two concepts are indeed blurred.
If culture is behaviour, civilization is structure. One approach to defining civilization lists
a few conditions that have to be met before society is considered a civilization.
Civilization is characterized by

1. the existence of cities;

2. advanced division of labour based on specialized occupational groups;
3. social classes, including a ruling class that is exempt from work for basic
subsistence;
4. an administration that can collect "social surplus" (taxes or tribute);
5. public buildings not designed as dwellings but for communal purposes; and
6. record-keeping in written form.

Not all civilizations satisfy all of these criteria, but to be considered a civilization they
have to satisfy the majority of them.
Thus defined, civilizations are large structures that can contain many cultures. The
boundaries between different civilizations are sometimes not well defined, particularly
when one civilization evolved from another. It is therefore not possible to state with
certitude a definite number for all civilizations of the world, but the number is small,
much smaller than the number of languages, nations or art styles. There are a few
thousand languages and hundreds of cultures but only about a dozen civilizations.
In Summary

• Science is a system of knowledge based on repeatable observation and

experiment. Religion is a system of knowledge based on unverifiable belief.
• Technology is the application of knowledge about nature to the practical aims
of human endeavor.
• Technology and science began as parallel developments but became
eventually inseparable.
• Society is the organizational form in which individuals of a species live
together.
• Human society is the only evolving society; its structure changes in response
to environmental and economic conditions from the hunter-gatherer society
through the agricultural society to urban society.
• The development of cities was accompanied by a division of labour and by the
development of classes.
• The structure of the basic social unit (family) of the human society evolves in
response to changes in society, and its role differs between its classes.
• Civilization requires a central institution responsible for the organization of
daily life and an advanced administration.
• Civilization is structure; culture is behaviour.

Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

• Prepared by: Mrs. Perla P. Separo
• Physical Sciences and Math Department
Definitions:
• Science developed from
• the observation of regularity in the natural world:
a) The return of spring after
winter,
b) the setting of the sun at a
day's end,
c) the falling of the ebb tide
after high water.
Regularity suggests that nature is not all chaos but follows rules. Science has been a human
activity well before the development of the first civilizations.
• The oldest civilizations are believed to have emerged some time before 3000 BC; but
excavations from Catal Hüyük in Anatolia have shown that the people in today's Turkey
had developed advanced skills in measurement and accurate mapping as early as 6200
BC.
Linking Science & Religion
• In early societies scientific study was undertaken by priests and monks, and scientific
knowledge was taught in temples and monasteries.
• As civilizations developed, the link between science and religion weakened and science
became the domain of philosophy.
• A clear distinction between science and religion did not develop until well into the 18th
century.
Religion
• Religion, like science, attempts to establish a system of knowledge about nature.
• All religions are based on the belief that gods act in an orderly fashion and make sure that
nature follows rules.
• The human mind is opposed to chaos; it can only make sense of an ordered world and
finds order to meet its needs, even where order may not exist.
Separation of Science & Religion
• Science is a system of knowledge based on repeatable observation and experiment.
• Religion is a system of knowledge based on unverifiable belief.
• Early societies had only limited means of experimentation, and their endeavour to
discover the laws of nature had to rely on a range of unverifiable assumptions.
• As human knowledge progressed, the need for unverifiable assumptions decreased
progressively, and eventually science and religion separated.
• Religious belief can still stimulate scientific discovery today.
• Einstein's famous words "God does not play dice" expressed the belief in a God who
loves order, a belief that influenced his approach to scientific study and led to new
scientific insight.
• People in early human societies had to spend much of their time procuring food and
shelter and could not afford to put much effort into non-essential activities. If science was
practiced in the earliest societies it must have been for a purpose; in other words, science
was undertaken for practical applications. The fruits of science translated into new
technological developments.
• The word technology has changed its meaning several times since it came into use in
Europe during the 17th century. In the most general terms it can be defined as the
application of knowledge about nature to practical aims of human endeavour.
• If this definition is accepted it follows that technological development occurred at least as
early as first scientific study: Stone-age humans realized that flintstone produces better
cutting tools than sandstone.
• They made that discovery and used their new knowledge well before someone found the
scientific explanation for the phenomenon.
• Long periods of human history were characterized by the mastering of technologies such
as the smelting of copper, bronze or iron, without much knowledge of the underlying
scientific principles. In some societies this lack of scientific understanding gave
technology mystical qualities and lead to misguided activities such as medieval
European alchemy (unscientific attempts to convert lead or other low value metals into
silver or gold) or the quest for immortality through chemical concoctions in ancient
China.
• Society is the organizational form in which individuals of a species live together. The
animal world contains many examples of different societies. Bears have a large daily
food intake requirement but live in an environment where the food supply is scattered
over a wide region; as a consequence bears live solitary lives through most of the year.
• Lions and wolves rely on collaborative hunting and therefore live in small hunting
parties. In both cases the internal structure of their societies is determined by the
environmental conditions and the survival needs of the species. Their societies cannot
evolve; bears could not survive in groups, nor could lions live solitary lives.
• The earliest human society was the hunter-gatherer society. It relied on food availability
from the land and could therefore only support very small kinship groups. Larger
gatherings of many people could be sustained only on festive (religious) occasions and
then only for a few days.
• The agricultural society is still widespread today and probably the most common society
structure across the globe. It coexists with the more advanced form of the urban society,
which developed when the division of labour reached the stage where individuals
specialized in trades and had to receive food and other subsistence in exchange for
products of their work.
What is a Civilization?
• Civilization requires that the society has developed a central institution responsible for
the organization of daily life support, for example the maintenance of a water supply or a
transportation system.
• This requires an advanced administration, which is not found before the development of
cities.
 • A civilization is therefore always sustained by an urban society, although the majority of
its people may (and often do) live in an agricultural society structure in the countryside.
Description of Different Civilizations
Different civilizations are described based mainly on their
• cultural achievements
• spiritual achievements
• artistic achievements
Culture Defined
• The classic definition of culture goes back to 1871, when the English anthropologist
Edward Burnett Tylor wrote in his work Primitive Culture that "culture ... is that complex
whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
• Culture is behaviour; it includes language, rituals, social customs and many other
elements of expression.
• Ex. Neolithic Culture- is an artistic expressions of stone-
age humans.
French culture - “French way of life”; which is a major
consideration in the formation of today's nation.
The existence of prehistoric art demonstrates that human societies developed culture before they
developed civilization.

• Neolithic Culture French Culture

• If culture is behaviour, civilization is structure.
• One approach at defining civilization lists a few conditions that have to be met before a
society is considered a civilization.
• Not all civilizations satisfy all of these criteria, but to be considered a civilization they
have to satisfy the majority of them.
• Conditions for a society to become a Civilization
• 1.the existence of cities;
• 2.advanced division of labour based on specialized occupational groups;
• 3.social classes, including a ruling class that is exempt from work for basic subsistence;
 • 4.an administration that can collect "social surplus" (taxes or tribute);
• 5.public buildings not designed as dwellings but for communal purposes; and
• 6.record keeping in written form.
• Civilizations therefore are large structures that can contain many cultures.
• The boundaries between different civilizations are sometimes not well defined,
particularly when one civilization evolved from another.
• It is therefore not possible to state with certitude a definite number for all civilizations of
the world, but the number is small, much smaller than the number of languages, nations
or art styles.
• There are a few thousand languages and hundreds of cultures but only about a dozen
civilizations.

The world of the 21st century has become so interconnected that the phrase "the global
village" has become acceptable as a term to describe modern society. Today information
technology links people and places from all civilizations, and national economies have
become increasingly interconnected.
Whether it is commerce or media, manufacturing, or agriculture, the advancing
globalization of human activity would be unthinkable without the development of
science and technology. The contributions from science have not always been beneficial;
indeed, many would argue that science is to be blamed for the deterioration of the global
environment that we are witnessing today. But is it science that, through its applications,
leads to global warming, the ozone hole, weapons of mass destruction, and widespread
poverty? Or do these developments occur through actions of those who control science
and use its findings for their own aims?
This course will ponder such questions by studying the interaction between science,
technology, civilization, and society through the millennia, beginning with the earliest
human societies and ending at the dawn of the current century. It will ask what drives
people to scientific study, how they can afford the time they spend on their studies
when others have to work on the fields, in factories, or in offices to secure their
livelihood, and who benefits from the results of scientific studies. It will investigate the
degree to which civilization depends on its scientists and trace the development of
global science from its infancy to today.
Interrelatedness of Science, Technology and Society
• Prepared by: Mrs. Perla P. Separo
• Physical Sciences & Math Dept.
• Long periods of human history were characterized by the mastering of technologies such
as the smelting of copper, bronze or iron, without much knowledge of the underlying
scientific principles.
• In some societies this lack of scientific understanding gave technology mystical qualities
and lead to misguided activities such as medieval European alchemy (unscientific
attempts to convert lead or other low value metals into silver or gold) or the quest
for immortality through chemical concoctions in ancient China.
• Today the relationship is the reverse:
• Most new technology is the result of scientific research that preceded it.
• It is also generally accepted that today science and technology are closely linked and that
science provides the theoretical underpinning for its technological applications.
• The symbol of this symbiosis is probably Thomas Alva Edison, the first engineer to
establish a factory for inventions just before the 20th century.
• In the context of this course technology and science have to be seen as closely related,
since both require systematic thinking and experimentation.
• They began as parallel developments, initially more or less independent of each other, but
grew closer as the centuries progressed, and became eventually inseparable.
• Science and technology are activities exclusive to the species Homo sapiens.
• But it is not science that sets humans visibly apart from the animal world, because
scientific research produces invisible results, and it is impossible to tell whether an
animal can think and reach scientific conclusions or not.
• The proof is not in the thought but in the action. Some animals have been observed to use
tools, for example a stick to poke into a bees' nest or to reach a fruit on a tree; but no
animal fashions general tools and keeps them for later use.
• This is the essence of technology, and if proof is required that Homo sapiens differs from
all other animal species, technology can provide it.
• The rise of the urban society is a clear example of the interaction between technology and
society.
• Increased division of labour resulted from new technological developments and allowed
people to live in communities of a size that could not be sustained before.
• Technology also defined the size of the new cities: Everything required for daily life had
to be reached by foot, and living quarters had to be within reasonable distance of the
public water supply.
• Ancient cities were therefore usually small but extremely crowded.
• Evidence obtained from excavations from before 2000 BC suggests that cities of up to
20,000 people occupied less than half a kilometre square, a population density nearly
twice that of today's most crowded cities such as Kolkata (Calcutta) or Shanghai.
• Technological innovation offered opportunities to take up a trade, but these innovations
affected mainly the way in which people hunt or build houses and not so much the way in
which people prepare meals.
• It was therefore mostly the men who took up a trade and began to bring money into the
family.
• As a result the development of the urban society increased the economic dependence of
women, and women became more and more disadvantaged.
• Societies cannot ignore prevailing economic conditions, but there can be choices in their
response to economic change.
• Village societies in Europe and in the South Pacific existed under similar economic
conditions but developed quite different social structures.
• The economic conditions of 21st century capitalism can offer economic independence for
all; they do not prescribe a society of isolated individuals connected through electronic
technology.
• It is possible to imagine a new form of community living in which financially
independent individuals of all age groups come into daily contact with each other in
meaningful exchange, respect each other and care for each other.
• Who uses technology?
• EVERY ONE!
• College Students
• Working Adults
• The children
• The elderly
• The relationship between technology and society is reciprocal. Society drives
technological change, while changing technologies in turn shape society.
• Technological decisions should take into account both costs and benefits.
 • Everyone should observe how the technological changes are driven by the needs of
society, and
• they should be able to predict what some of the consequences of those new technologies
might be.
• Examples of technological changes include: new kinds of media, computers, and
communication systems; the development of more fuel-efficient cars; the construction of
new or improved buildings, roads, and bridges; and new foods and types of clothing.

M1 Lesson 3
Importance/Applications of Science
and Technology to Society
For every nation to get developed, the application of both science and
technology has to go hand in hand. Villages are developed into towns and
towns to cities and cities are expanding to greater horizons. This expansion
has occurred through the expansion of science and technology over the
years passed and will be more in the coming years.
The role that science and technology have played in improving the life
conditions across the globe is vivid, but the benefit has been harvested
maximum by all countries. Science and technology have made life a lot
easier and also a lot better with the advancement of medicines and analysis
on diseases. Apart from the medical side, there has been a remarkable
development in education, communication, agriculture, industry, etc. the
global economic output has increased 17 folds in the 20th century. In spite
of the advancements in almost all sectors, still, the world is not free from
hunger, disease, pollution, illiteracy, and poverty. The gap between the rich
and the poor has widened. By the 21st century, with the right applications
of research, development, and implications of science and technology a
major difference could be brought about.
M1 Lesson 4 Development of
Technology and its Benefits to the
Society
From personalized computers in our pockets to self-driving cars, the world is at our
fingertips today thanks to technology. Technology has advanced into many areas of our
lives, making information more accessible, improving communication, changing
transportation, and the list goes on. While it is easy to sit back and benefit from a
plethora of technological advancements, it is crucial we do not become blind to its
effects on society. Today, society is hugely reliant on technology and showing no signs
of curtailing its dependence. When thinking about technology impacting our lives, what
comes to mind may be more extreme than what is currently at play. Small aspects of
everyday life in society are changing, or have already changed so drastically that it is
merely just a societal norm.
We may not have flying cars yet, and artificial intelligence has not taken over the world,
but technology is still influencing society. Something simple to notice on the surface of
technological effects is that people no longer memorize phone numbers. Smartphones
and most phones today, in general, can carry hundreds of phone numbers that are all a
click away. If you lost your cell phone, and all its contacts, you’d have no idea how to get
in touch with anyone.
How often when you see a beautiful sunset do you take out your phone and take a few
pictures? With such easy access to phones, especially smartphones, people aren’t living
in the moment. When seeing something we like, or want to remember, we remove
ourselves from the moment to snap a picture and share it with our friends. Slowly we are
living in hundreds of other people’s special moments instead of our own. Small invasions
of technology like this are not something that will be the end of the human race as we
know it, but small encroachments of technology into our lives is slowly changing society.
Technology can make our lives easier, but with each benefit comes a potential cost. We
can still advance technologically without impacting society too immensely by
understanding these costs and minimizing them. There is a balance that needs to be
found between correctly using technology but knowing when to turn it off. Finding this
balance is in the hands of the people though, and will ultimately influence our society for
generations to come.
M2 - Lesson 1 : Historical
Antecedents in the World
An antecedent is a thing that comes before anything else.
In about 4000 BC, the Mesopotamians tried to explain their observations by
suggesting that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and that the other heavenly
bodies moved around it. Humans have always been interested in the nature and origins
of this Universe.
THE GREEKS were the first people to try and develop the theory behind their
observations. People such as Pythagoras concentrated on a mathematical view of the
world. Similarly, Aristotle and Plato developed logical methods for examining the world
around them.
It was the Greeks who first suggested that matter was made up of atoms - fundamental
particles that could not be broken down further.
But it wasn't only the Greeks who moved science on. Science was also being developed
in India, China, the Middle East and South America. Despite having their own cultural
view of the world, they each independently developed materials such as gunpowder,
soap and paper.
However, it wasn't until the 13th century that much of this scientific work was brought
together in European universities, and that it started to look more like science as we
know it today.
Progress was relatively slow at first. For example, it took until the 16th century
for Copernicus to revolutionize (literally) the way that we look at the Universe, and
for Harvey to put forward his ideas on how blood circulated around the human body.
This slow progress was sometimes the result of religious dogma, but it was also a
product of troubled times!
THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
It was in the 17th century that modern science was really born, and the world began to
be examined more closely, using instruments such as the telescope, microscope, clock
and barometer. It was also at this time that scientific laws started to be put forward for
such phenomena as gravity and the way that the volume, pressure and temperature of a
gas are related.
In the 18th century much of basic biology and chemistry was developed as part of the
Age of Enlightenment.
The 19th century saw some of the great names of science: people like the chemist John
Dalton, who developed the atomic theory of matter, Michael Faraday and James
Maxwell who both put forward theories concerning electricity and magnetism,
and Charles Darwin, who proposed the (still) controversial theory of evolution. Each of
these developments forced scientists radically to re-examine their views of the way in
which the world worked.
The last century brought discoveries such as relativity and quantum mechanics, which,
again, required scientists to look at things in a completely different way. It makes you
wonder what the iconoclastic discoveries of this century will be.
M2 - Lesson 2 : Historical
Antecedents in the Philippines
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippines, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology, Filipinos were
already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Rice Terraces are
among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipino.
Brief History Of Science And Technology In The Philippines

Science
In pre- Spanish Philippines, science is embedded in the way of life of the Filipinos.
Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their crops that provide them
food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks and for food productions.

Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They used
science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient culture,
they discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology
Is used by people in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can
use in everyday life. They develop tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing, for
fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts, and for transportation, both on land
and on water ways. They also develop technologies in creating musical instruments.
Stone Age
Archaeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over
land across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
Subsequently, they formed settlements in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros,
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan, and Cagayan.
Inventions
They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of
sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C
By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery.
Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon
they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments.

Iron Age
The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C to 11 th century A.D .During this period
Filipinos were engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores until the
importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.
Inventions / Discoveries
They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and
dike fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions.
They also learned to build boats for trading purposes.
Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for interisland
trade raids.
10th Century A.D
Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with champa [Vietnam] and those from Ma-1
[Mindoro] with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the
Philippines. These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between
the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to
the 15th century A.D.
Trading
The people of Ma-1 and San- Hsu [Palawan] traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads,
fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron, pots, iron needles and fin.

Before The Spaniards

Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices related to science forming
primitive or first wave technology. Included were the curative values of some plant and
the technology on how to extract medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a system
of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. They had no calendar, but
the years were determined by the period of the moon and the period from one harvest
to another.

Science and Technology in the Philippines

• Pre- Colonial Period

Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the Pre-

Colonial Period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino
settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming
and animal- raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed
different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when
they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to
cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an
irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an
elaborate farming system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional,
show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise
unfriendly environments.
Colonial Period
Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of
construction. Wall, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructure were built using some
of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish
government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the principal
class
 The American occupation modernized almost all aspect of life in the Philippines.
They established a government Agency, the Bureau of Science ,for the sole purpose of
Nurturing Development in the field of science and technology.
Science and Technology during the American Period
Science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly during the American regime.
This was made possible by the simultaneous government encouragement and support
for an extensive public education system, the granting of scholarships for higher
education in science and engineering, the organization of science research agencies and
establishment of science based public services.
In 1947, the Bureau of Science was recognized into an Institute of Science. In the
same year, an Institute of Nutrition, and in 1952, the Science Foundation of the
Philippines [SFP] were created and placed [along with the Institute of Science] under the
Office of the President.

M2 - Lesson 3 : Different Filipino

Inventions
This lesson discusses top Filipino inventions and discoveries.
1.FLORESCENT BY AGAPITO FLORES
Agapito Flores (Links to an external site.) is the reason why the world becomes
brighter. A Filipino Inventor (Links to an external site.) who is known for his funnel of
the Fluorescent light tube invention – one of the most commonly used lighting devices
in the world.

2. INCUBATOR BY FE DEL MUNDO

The first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard University’s School of Medicine
is also credited for her studies that lead to the invention of incubator (Links to an
external site.) and jaundice relieving device.
3.KARAOKE BY ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO
Roberto del Rosario is the president of the Trebel Music Corporation and the inventor of
the Karaoke (Links to an external site.) Sing Along System in 1975.
4.LUNAR ROVER BY EDWARDO SAN JUAN
He is the inventor of the Moon Buggy or the Lunar Rover (Links to an external site.).
This Moon buggy was the car used by Neil Armstrong and other astronauts when they
first explored the moon in 1969.

5.VIDEOPHONE BY GREGORIO ZARA

Gregorio Zara (Links to an external site.) was born in Lipa City Philippines, invented the
videophone in 1955 and referred to as a Photophone separator signal. Gregorio Zara
invented 30 Patented products includingThe Compass in 1929, Wooden Microscope,
Vapor Chamber and Robot that talked walked, and responded to a given command. Etc…
6.ERYTHROMYCIN BY ABELARDO AGUILAR
Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from the Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949 and sent
samples to Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly Co. The drug firm allegedly
registered the propriety name Iloson for the antibiotic in honor of Iloilo province where
Aguilar discovered it. Erythromycin (Links to an external site.), the generic name of
Iloson, was reportedly the first successful macrolide antibiotic introduced in the US.

7. ALCO-DIESEL, LAN-GAS, AND SUPERBUNKER FORMULA L BY RUDY

LANTANO SR.
In 1996, Rudy Lantano Sr (Links to an external site.)., a revolutionary fuel half-
composed of water. The mix burns faster and emits pollutants, 95 percent less than
those released to the air by traditional fuel products. The inventor said his invention is a
result of blending new ingredients and additives with ordinary oil products through
agitation and mixing, which is a very safe process.

8.FEMININE HYGIENE BY DR. VIRGILIO MALANG

Dr. Virgilio “Billy” Malang is one of the renowned Filipino inventors. One of his famous
inventions (Links to an external site.) was the Feminine Hygiene (Links to an external
site.) or The External Vaginal Cleanser.
9.SINGLE-CHIP GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
ACCELERATOR BY DIOSDADO BANATAO
– introduced the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator (Links to an
external site.) that made computers work a lot faster and for helping develop
the Ethernet controller chip that made the Internet possible. In 1989, he pioneered
the local bus concept for personal computers and in the following year developed the
First Windows accelerator chip. Intel is now using the chips and technologies developed
by Banatao. He now runs his own semiconductor company, Mostron, and Chips &
Technology, which is based in California’s Silicon Valley.
10. QUINK INK INVENTED BY FRANCISCO QUISUMBING
an innovative ink (Links to an external site.) at that time and was further developed to
work with Parker Pens. Aside from being quick-drying, it was also water-resistant, did
not clog the pen opening, does not blot, and will not fade. It is considered one of the
best selling ink for fountain pens of the millennium.

Fe del Mundo
Gregorio Y. Zara

Daniel Dingel
Eduardo San Juan

Angel Ancala
Julian Banzon

Roberto del Rosario

Ramon Barba
M2 - Lesson 4 : Intellectual
Revolution
The term "Intellectual Revolution“

• is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before
Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
• the alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first
philosophy"

There are three characteristic features of this form of speculation

• the world is a natural whole

• there is a natural

order
 • humans can discover those laws

Intellectual revolutions that defined society

1. (Links to an external site.)COPERNICAN • This caused the paradigm shift of
how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that
rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved
the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.)
2. (Links to an external site.)DARWINIAN • This has brought a great impact on
how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a different
than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles
Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that
humans are the result of an evolution.
3. FREUDIAN • This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund
Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the
human development contributes to his/her personality and also his
"psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
4. INFORMATION • This has been the era in which technology has been
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has brought so much
change on how are we living today.
5. MESO-AMERICAN • It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for
Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that
leads us to study more of it.
6. ASIAN • The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and
independent nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.
7. (Links to an external site.)MIDDLE EAST • The revolutions in the Middle East
were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism,
imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern
societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab
region.
8. AFRICAN • The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

THALES ca. 585 BCE

- argued that the primary substance was 'water' perhaps observing that water can be observed in
liquid, gas or solid form.
PYTHAGORAS

- perceived that the ultimate reality (arché) was not something material, but number.
Science and technology in Asia is varied depending on the country and time.
In the past, the Asian civilizations most notable for their contributions to science and
technology were India, China and the West Asian civilizations. At present, probably the most
notable country in Asia in terms of its technological and scientific achievement is Japan, which is
particularly known for its electronics and automobile products. In recent years, China and India
have also once again become major contributors to science and technology. Other countries are
also notable in other scientific fields such as chemical and physical achievements.

Africa has the world's oldest record of human technological achievement: the oldest
stone tools in the world have been found in eastern Africa, and later evidence for tool production
by our hominin ancestors has been found across Sub-Saharan Africa.The history of science and
technology in Africa since then has, however, received relatively little attention compared to
other regions of the world, despite notable African developments
in mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, and other fields.
Most of sub-Saharan Africa moved from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The Iron
Age and Bronze Age occurred simultaneously. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its
iron technology from the Near East and followed the Near Eastern pattern of development from
the Bronze Age to the Iron Age.