ABBREVIATIONS AND

SYMBOLS
GAC007 UNIT 5
1.WHAT ARE ABBREVIATIONS: SHORTEN
WORDS AND SYMBOLS: SIGNS, SHAPES?
2.WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

• Abbreviations: a shortened form of word or phrase.

• Symbols: a thing that represents or stands for something else,
especially a material object representing something abstract.
• They are commonly used in taking notes, texting, and any other
kind of writing that requires us to write rapidly.
• By using abbreviations and symbols, we can save time and jot down
lots of information when taking notes.
• Make sure we understand the meaning of each abbreviation and
symbols.
DO TASK 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
GAC007 PP. 115-117. 8:20 DISCUSS
 MATCH!
TASK 5.4
GAC007 P.115
1.P 11. N 21.V
2.E 12.S 22.U
3.G 13.L 23.O
4.W 14. K 24.H
5.D 15. B 25.C
6.J 16. A
7.X 17. T
8.R 18.Q
9.Y 19.I
10.F 20.M
LET’S TRY! TASK 5.5
GAC007 P.116
1.Problem w (with) computer – won’t switch on.
2. Max. (maximum) number in elevator 10.
3. Next assignment: 1500 wds.
4. Homework: read Ch./p. 9, pp. 79-82.
5. Museum statue dates to c. (around) 750 BCE.
6. Urgent – ring Steve asap.
7. The important Q is how much would it cost?
 MATCH! TASK 5.6 GAC007 P.117
Symbol Meaning Answer
1 → At 6, leads to
2 ← Less than 9, comes from
3 ↑ Increased, increasing, goes up, rises 3, increased
4 ↓ And 5, decreased
5 & Decreased, decreasing, lowering 4, and
6 @ Leads to, produces, causes, makes 1, at
7 / Plus, in addition, and, also 14, per
8 ? Since 12, question
9 Comes from, results from, is a result of 10, therefore
10 + Therefore 7, plus
11 = Equals, is equal to, is the same as 11, equals
12 > Question 13, greater than
13 < Greater than 2, less than
14 per 8, since
LET’S TRY.
TASK 5.7 GAC007 P.117
1.Inflation is likely to increase ↑ next month.
2.These calculators are on sale at @ $7 each.
3.The population fell ↓ by 2.4% last year.
4.Soil erosion results from ← deforestation.
5.There were more than > 5,000 people at the concert.
6.Heavy smoking leads to → lung cancer.
7.Trainees are paid $20 per / hour.
8.The ice-caps are melting. Therefore , sea levels are rising ↑.
PRACTICE LISTENING AND NOTE TAKING
USING SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
• You’ll hear a six minute conversation.
• Listen to the audio and write a note about the conversation
using symbols and abbreviations.
• Pay attention to:
• What the conversation is about
• The reason why we forget something.
• What rules that are mentioned in the conversation? What are
they about?
• Write in padlet.
PARAPHRASING AND
SUMMARISING
 A. (Author’s LAST name, year)
MATCH! B. Explaining a piece of what the author
says in your own words.
1. Paraphrase B
C. Topic sentence, main topic of the
2. Summary G paragraph.
3. Main Idea C D. A word that has the same meaning
4. Supporting Details F with another word.
E. A word that has different meaning.
5. Synonym D
F. More information that support the
6. Antonym E topic of a paragraph.
7. Citation A G. Shorten the whole passage in your
own words.
ORIGINAL TEXT
PARAPHRASING
Original Text
“And when he grew old, he
divided the kingdom among
his four sons, that they
should be the pillars on which
the peace of the land rested.”
• Author: Elinor Young
• Book: Brave
• Year: 2021
Paraphrase
When the king grew old,
he gave a piece of his
land to each of his four
sons, so they could rule
the kingdom together.
(Young, 2021)
TIPS ON PARAPHRASING
1. Read the text carefully and make sure you understand the main
ideas.
2. Write down the original text’s main ideas in your own words. Try
not to look at the original text.
3. Use synonyms to write the original text’s words differently. You
can consult a thesaurus or dictionary to find more synonyms.
4. Compare your paraphrased writing to the original text.
Remember:
Paraphrasing is explaining a piece of what the author says in your
own words.
SUMMARIZING
Original Text Summary
An ancient king divided his land
among his four sons, but the
oldest prince took the land for
himself and drove the kingdom to
ruin. (Young, n.d.)
Note:
-n.d. = No date
-If there’s no author = write the
webpage or book’s title in italics.
Exp: (Brave, n.d.)
TIPS ON SUMMARIZING
• Read and understand the main ideas of the text/audio.
• Pay attention to the main points of the text/audio.
• If its an essay, notice the thesis statement, main ideas, and supporting
details.
• Write main points of the text/audio in your own words. Try not to
look at the original text.
• Use synonyms.
Remember:
In summarizing, you shorten the whole passage in your own words.
ARE WE ALLOWED TO COPY-
PASTE A SMALL PASSAGE OF A
TEXT?
YES OR NO
DIRECT QUOTATION
Yes, we can copy-paste. BUT DON’T FORGET TO CITE THE AUTHOR.
How to direct quote:
1. Copy-paste the section of text.
2. Use quotation marks (“ “) around the text that you copy-paste.
3. Then cite the author with (author’s last name, year, page).
• Example: (Nagaseta, 2020, p.30)
• Keep in mind:
• The amount of copy-paste is maximum 1 paragraph. Longer than that
please paraphrase or summary.
• Use reliable sources. No Wikipedia and personal blogs.
DIRECT QUOTATION
Original Text Direct Quotation
“And when he grew old, he divided
the kingdom among his four sons,
that they should be the pillars on
which the peace of the land rested.”
(Young, n.d., p.30)
Note:
-n.d. = No date
-If there’s no author = write the
webpage or book’s title in italics.
Exp: (Brave, n.d.)
-For direct quotation: write the page
number.
DO TASK 5.10
REPLACE THE BOLDED WORDS WITH
SYNONYMS IN THE BOX
GAC008 PP. 143-144
Solving the Problem of Unemployment in Rural Areas
In many 1.locations in the world 2.nowadays, the poor are getting
poorer while the 3.wealthy are getting 4.wealthier. This 5.gap in income
exists in 6.industrialised countries but its 7.effects are most 8.evident in
poorer parts of the world, and 9.particularly among the rural population
of such countries.
What is the 10.usual state of the poor living in rural areas in developing
countries? Their 11.chances of finding a job are so limited that they
cannot work their way out of their situation. There is no hope for them
in 12.country areas, so they 13.move intothe big cities where their
chances of finding some work appear to be greater than in their villages.
Unfortunately, in the city, there are often neither jobs nor adequate
housing for them and they end up far worse off than before. Rural
unemployment, then, 14.causes mass-migration into the cities where
rural unemployment becomes urband unemployment.
What can be done to 15.stimulate economic growth in small towns and
villages which 16.house the majority of the total population? The
17.most important, basic first step is to build factories to maximize work
opportunities for the 18.jobless. The greatest need of any human being
is meaningful, productive work to do. Even if such work is poorly paid,
rather than a small number of people creating a huge amount. It is
18.crucial that 19.everyone should 20.create something, rather than a
21.a small number people creating a 22.huge amount. Bringing
technology to the country, rather than relocating people to the city is the
only logical long-term solution to this problem.
Solving the Problem of Unemployment in Rural Areas
In many 1.locations in the world 2.nowadays, the poor are getting
poorer while the 3.wealthy are getting 4.wealthier. This 5.gap in income
exists in 6.industrialised countries but its 7.effects are most 8.evident in
poorer parts of the world, and 9.particularly among the rural population
of such countries.
What is the 10.usual state of the poor living in rural areas in developing
countries? Their 11.chances of finding a job are so limited that they
cannot work their way out of their situation. There is no hope for them
in 12.country areas, so they 13.move intothe big cities where their
chances of finding some work appear to be greater than in their villages.
Unfortunately, in the city, there are often neither jobs nor adequate
housing for them and they end up far worse off than before. Rural
unemployment, then, 14.causes mass-migration into the cities where
rural unemployment becomes urband unemployment.
What can be done to 15.stimulate economic growth in small towns and
villages which 16.house the majority of the total population? The
17.most important, basic first step is to build factories to maximize work
opportunities for the 18.jobless. The greatest need of any human being
is meaningful, productive work to do. Even if such work is poorly paid,
rather than a small number of people creating a huge amount. It is
18.crucial that 19.everyone should 20.create something, rather than a
21.a small number people creating a 22.huge amount. Bringing
technology to the country, rather than relocating people to the city is the
only logical long-term solution to this problem.
 TASK 1
1.On the next slide, you’re going to see a screenshot of
a webpage.
2.Write paraphrase of the webpage for around 1
paragraph.
3.Write the intext citation of the paraphrase that
consists of (author’s last name, year).
4.Write in LMS.
 TASK 2
1.On the next slide, you’re going to see a screenshot of
a webpage.
2.Write a summary of the webpage for around 2 or 3
sentences.
3.Write the intext citation of the summary that consists
of (author’s last name, year).
4.Write in LMS.