Radio -Based Instruction (RBI)

LORETA N. GAUAT
TEACHER III
Radio- Based Instruction (RBI)
Primarily used as a form of distance learning to
teach learners who are unable to attend face
to face- to-face lessons or who are in remote
areas,radio-based instruction enables them to
continue their education despite these
challenges.
Principles of radio scriptwriting and
the basic radio script format
Dr. Trina Leah T. Mendoza,UPLB-CDC

Treatments/approaches in developing scripts

 Guides on how to put flesh into script
 A short paragraph to justify or explain the
choice of treatment
 A detailed summary designed to share the
writer’s ( screen writers’) plan for the script
with others before an actual script is written.
 Kinds of treatment
1. Straight narration/teacher approach
 Includes narration of facts and messages in a
straightforward manner
 Usually written in the third person
 Most formal and basic way of presenting the
subject matter
2. Dramatic Approach
 Consist of characters depicting various roles
 Presentation has a conflict, climax or anti-
climax and a resolution.
3. You Approach
 Audiences are addressed directly by the word “YOU”
 Employs the second person point of view
 Script is written as if the writer is talking directly to the viewers.
4. Dialog Approach
 Basic element: conversation
5. Documentary Approach
 Combination of approaches, with the use of voice clips, sound
effects to make the presentation more realistic and credible
6. Abstract/Symbolic Approach
 Include sounds and abstract visuals
 Ideas may not be stated explicitly and audience makes own
interpretation of the information presented.
 Good for the arts, but not for scientific and technical information
 Principles in writing for Radio
1. Abstract/Symbolic Approach=Broadcasting is constrained by
time
• Ex: Radio news- 60 seconds
2. Personalize
• Knowing your audience is essential to be able to reach them
effectively.
• Gather information about your audience
• Adjust the style, languages, and content of your writing to your
intended audience.
• Ex: mothers, farmers, children
3. Be clear:
• Choose simple words
• Avoid a long word when a short word will do.
4. Be Precise
• Use words carefully to provide specific meaning
• “Say what you mean”
• Use contractions.
• Contractions sound more natural and familiar and easier to
read aloud.
Examples:
Examples:
• Will not – Won’t
• Will
• Donot-
not Won’t
– Don’t
• Do not- Don’t
• Avoid contractions when you want to emphasize an
important point, especially when writing news.
Example:
Examples
The senator does not support the Freedom of
• The senator does notinformation
support the Freedom of information
bill.S
bill.
5. Be concise
• Every word used must have a purpose for being
there
• Replace a series of words or phrases with one word
means the same.
Examples:
• “once a week” to “weekly”
• “give testimony” to “testify”
6. Be concrete
• Avoid vague and abstract words.
• Words must elicit tangible images.

Examples:
• Five- storey building
• Two-hundred-pound women
• But, don’t use too many adjectives.
7. Be Informal and Conversational.
• Speak to the audience, not read to them
• Involve the listeners, talk to them in a normal conversation.
• Write for the ear, not for reading
8. Be Readable
• Broadcast copy must be smooth and readable.
• Avoid sibilant words (words with letters “s” and
• “z” and tongue-twisters.
• Avoid alliterations(repetition of usually initial consonant
sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.
• (common feature in poetry, songs, raps, and other kinds of
writings)
Examples:
• Wild, woolly
• Threatening throngs
• Seven sisters
• Avoid homonyms (each of the two or more words
having the same spelling or pronunciation but
different meaning and origins)
• Examples:
Examples:
• address ( to speak to/ location)
Address
•• bright (to orspeak
(very smart to/ filled
intelligent/ location)
with light)
• fair (equitable/ beautiful)
• Bright (very smart or intelligent/filled with light
• fair (equitable/ beautiful)
• Avoid tongue-twisters (words or phrases which are
difficult to read) by reading the copy a loud.
9. Observe the one-idea-one-sentence rule.
• Avoid “overcrowding” (too many ideas in one
sentence).
• The more ideas included in one sentence. The more
difficult it is for the audience to understand the
information presented.
10. Attributed sources at the start of the sentence.
• Use the active voice
Examples:
Catanduanes representative has called for an investigation of the
reported leakage of this year’s nursing licensure examination

11. Prefer the indirect quotation. This helps in creating a

smoother, readable copy
• Weak: The president said “agriculture needs to be improved
throughout the country.”
• Better: The president said that agriculture needs to be
improved throughout the country.
12. Provide phonetic spelling for unfamiliar words or jargon.
• Illustrate/explain difficult Example:
concepts
Example:
Ang LaMesa Watershed ay isang reservoir
(RE-SER-VWA)
Ang LaMesa o imbakan o mapagkukunan
Watershed ng tubig…
ay isang reservoir
(RE-SER-VWA)
13. Use transition words.
Example:
Likewse, adminitrators of the country’s nursing
school support Santiago’s call for investigation.
14.Repeat the message if necessary. This will make it more
memorable for the audience.

Example:
The number to dial is 5-3-6-2-4-3-3. Again, call us at
15.Use abbreviation/acronyms aparingly and properly.
5-3-6-2-4-3-3.

Example:
• The D-O-H budget was cut down to…
• The International Monetary Fund or I-M-F has
approved..
16. Handle figures properly. Round off figures.
Example:
• Almost a hundred graduates have also filed a petition
• A budget of 5 thousand 9 hundred eighty was allocated to
the municipality.

• Avoid beginning sentences with a person’s age,

and in general, with any number.
• Spell-out “dollar,” “cents” “peso,” “percent,”
kilogram, ” and “meters.”
• Spell-out fractions like one-half, five and a half.
• Spell-out numbers which are used at the
beginning of sentences.
• Spell-out numbers from one to tens and use
numerals for 11 to 999.
 Guidelines in Preparing the radio script
1. Page layout
• One-inch left margin
• Sources of Sound column
• Copy blocks
2. Spacing
• Double- spaced
3. Page Numbering
• Put page number at the right corner, maximum of
three repetitions.
• Put slash or ellipsis after the number.
• Write first two or three words of title.
Example:
222… Sa Kabukiran
4. Line Numbering
• Line numbers are at the far left hand side of the page.
• Make sure that the numbers corresponds to the lines.
5. Sources of Sounds
• Can be found at the left portion of the page
• Indicate the type of sound to appear.
• Use ANNCR (for announcer) or NARR ( for narration).
• For multiple voices, type the names of the characters (e.g.,
TRISTAN, CARL., GWEN).
• Names of characters should all be typed in capital letters.
6. Music Cues
• “MUSIC” or “MSC” appears on the source of sound
column.
• Description of music appears in copy block.
• All instructions for music are in ALL CAPS and underlined
7. Sound Cues
• “SFX appears on the source of sound column.
• Description appear in the copy block.
Example:
SFX : ZIPPER OF BAG OPENS
8. Copy block
• Words to be spoken- type in uppercase and
lowercase.
• Everything that will not be spoken- ALL CAPS.
• Directions to actors or talents: ALL CAPS, in
parentheses, but not all underlined.
Example:
FERNAN : (SHOUTS) STAMP FEET)
 9. Dividing Words
• Never divide a word across a page or a word
between lines.
• If a paragraph or sentence carries over to the next
page, try to break the copy at a comma or natural
pause-newscaster can change pages more easily.

Example:
NARRATOR: For instance, the core group of Aroroy received 2.6
Million pesos budget for nutrition, Milagros received an increaced
budget for 2016 as well.
10. End Marks -More-

• Use “-END-” to signify the end of the script.

 SOA for Remote Teaching and Learning
Dr. Benjamina Paula G. Flor, UPLB-CDC

Function of Radio
• Entertain
• Inform
• Educate
What is a School-on-the-air?
By definition:
• A specially designed radio program where subject
matter is presented systematically and in
progressive manner with the ultimate goal of
achieving desired results under a teaching-
learning situation.
 Techniques employed are instructional although broadcasts are
not under classroom conditions.
Students listen in their homes by themselves or in groups.

-Felix Librero

Characteristic of SOA
1. Has a set of clearly-defined behavioral objectives
• what do we want to achieve?
• what do we want our “students” to be able to perform
after “graduating” from the SOA?

Understand the principles Describe

Of photosynthesis photosynthesis
2.Well-planned
• everything must be prepared and complete before the
start of the “school term”
3. Composed of a single, definite subject matter

/
Unit 2 Unit 1
Week 3 Week 1
Lesson 1 Lesson 1
4. Subject matter is presented in a progressive manner.
Topics should be systematic in successive order
5. A cooperative project of radio station and a cooperating
agency

Pre- Broadcast Post-

Broadcast Proper Broadcast
activities activities activities
Pre-broadcast activites
1. Preparation of course syllabus
2. Enrolment campaign
3. Pre-broadcast examination
4. Writing of radio scripts
5. Recording of lessons/lecture
Broadcast proper activities
6. Orientation broadcast
7. Motivating students
8. In- broadcast test
9. Monitoring student’s progress
10.Modification of broadcast methods
11.Visits to students/enrollees
Post-broadcast activities
12.General course review
13.Post broadcast examination
14.Graduation
15.Conduct of follow-up activities Evaluation of the SOA program
16.Evaluation of the SOA program
Sample SOA format for a 30-minutes lesson
Program Opening/ Intro 1 minute
Feedback Portion 5 minutes
Review of Previous Lesson 5 minutes
Musical Break 2-3 minutes
Lecture for the Day 10 minutes
Brief Review of the day’s Lesson 3 minutes
Announcement/Reminders 2 minutes
Closing (Extro) 1 minute
Feedback mechanism
1. Letters
2. Feedback forms
3. Station visits
4. Material incentives
5. Text
Thank you for
listening