MATHEMATICS

BINOMIAL THEOREM
IIT-JEE Syllabus : Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.

INDEX
1. Binomial expression
2. Binomial theorem
3 General term
4. Number of terms in expansion
5. Middle term
6. Numerically greatest term
7. Applications of binomial theorem
8. Properties of binomial coefficients
9. Summation of series
10. Miscellaneous problems on summation
11. Multinomial theorem
12. Multinomial theorem for negative and fractional index
13. Approximation

1 st LECTURE
1. BINOMIAL EXPRESSION :
An algebraic expression consisting of two different terms is called a Binomial Expression.
1
e.g. (i) x + y (ii) x – y (iii) 3x – 2y (iv) x2  (v) (x + y)n
x2
Note :
(i) x + 3x is not a binomial; it is a monomial
(ii) x + y + z is trinomial.
(iii) The expression containing more than two different terms is multinomial.
2. BINOMIAL THEOREM :
The formula by which any positive integral index (power) of a binomial expression can be expanded
in the form of a series is known as Binomial Theorem . (This theorem was given by Newton)
Binomial Theorem

n N Any index (not in JEE)

(JEE) (negative or fractional index)
(C.B.S.E.)
Observations :

(x+y)0 1 1
(x+y)1
x+y 1 1
(x+y)2 2
x + 2xy + y 2
1 2 1
3
x + 3x y + 3xy + y
3 2 2 3
1 3 3 1
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(x+y)
(x+y)4 4 3 2 2
x + 4x y + 6x y + 4xy + y 3 3
1 4 6 4 1

Pascal’s Triangle
(i) Pascal's triangle - A triangular arrangement of numbers as shown. The numbers give the binomial
coefficients for the expansion of (x + y) n. The first row is for n = 0, the second for n = 1, etc. Each
row has 1 as its first and last number. Other numbers are generated by adding the two numbers immediately
to the left and right in the row above.
(ii) Pascal triangle is formed by binomial coefficient.
(iii) The number of terms in the expansion of (x+y) n is (n + 1) i.e. one more than the index.
(iv) The sum of the indices of x & y in each term is n.
(v) Power of first variable (x) decreases while of second variable (y) increases.

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(vi) Binomial coefficients are also called combinatorial coefficients.
(vii) Binomial coefficients of the terms equidistant from the begining and end are equal.
(viii) rth term from the beginning in the expansion of (x + y) n
is same as r th term from end in the expansion
of (y + x) .n

(ix) rth term from the end in (x + y) n

is (n – r + 2) th
term from the beginning .
GENERAL EXPANSION OF BINOMIAL THEOREM :
Statement : n N
n
(x + y) = C 0 x n + nC 1 x n1 y + nC 2 xn2 y2 + ..... +
n n n
C r xnryr + ..... + n
C nyn =  n Cr x y.
nr r

Proof : (Desirable)
 (x + y 1 ) (x + y 2 ) ...........
Put y 1 = y 2 = ........ =
and number of terms in
 (x + y)n = x n + nC 1 yxn–1
r 0
(x + y n) = x n + ( y1 )xn–1 + ( y1 y2 )xn–2 + .............+ (y 1 y2 ........y n)
y n =y
y1 is nC 1 , number of terms in y1 y2 is nC 2 and so on.
+ nC 2 y2 xn–2 + .......... + n C nyn.

10 1
E(1) Find the sum  ( 1)r 10 Cr .2r 1 . [Ans.
2
]
r 0

(18 3 + 7 3 + 3.18.7.25)
E(2). The value of [Ans. 1]
1 + 6.243.2 +15.81.4 + 20.27.8 +15.9.16 + 6.3.32 + 64

3. GENERAL TERM :
General term in the expansion of (x + y) n
is T r + 1 = n
C r . x n r . y r , 0  r  n
Examples :
9
 4x 5  1
E(1) Find the 7 th
term in the expansion of  5  2x  [Ans. 9
C6 . 5 3 . ]
x3
7
 3 x3  35 6
E(2)  2   find 4 th term from the end [ Ans. x ]
x 6  48
E(3) Find the coefficient of x 9
in (1 + 3x + 3x 2
+ x 3 )15 . [Ans. 45
C9]
15
 4 1 
E(4) (a) Find the coefficient of x 32
in the expansion of x  3  [Ans. 15
C4]
 x 
9
 3x 2 1 
(b) Find the term independent of 'x' in the expansion of    [Ans. T 7 ]
 2 3x 
21
 a b 
E(5)  3   find the term contain same power of a and b. Find the power also. [ Ans. 10 th , 5/2]
 b 3
a 
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

10
 1
E(6) Find the coefficient of x 2
in the expansion of (1 – x +2x 2
) x   [Ans. 714]
 x
n
 1 1
  1
E(7) Find 'n' if ratio of 7 th
term from beginning and 7 th
term from end in the expansion of  2 3 3 3
 
  6

[Ans. n=9]
1
E(8) If 6 th , 7 th , 8 th terms in the expansion of (x + y) n
are respectively 112,7 and . Find x, y, n
4

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 MATHEMATICS
1
] [Ans. n = 8, x = 4, y
2
E(9) Find the coefficient of x m in (1 + x) m + (1 + x) m + 1 + ....... + (1 + x) n, m  n. [Ans. n+1 C m+1 ]
E(10) Let n be the coefficient of x in (1 – x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x ) , when expanded in powers of 'x'. The value
6 3 5 2 4 4 8

n
of   is (where [.] denotes greatest integer function) [Ans. 2]
 19 
E(11) Let ƒ(x) is a polynomial in x defined as ƒ(x) = (1 + x + x 2 )(1 + x)5 (1 + x 2 )5 , then find
(a) coefficient of x 17 in ƒ(x). [Ans. 1]
(b) coefficient of x 16 in ƒ(x). [Ans. 6]
(c) coefficient of x in ƒ(x). [ Ans. 6]
E(12) Coefficient of x 12 in the expansion of (1 + x 2 )4 .(1 + x 3 )7 .(1 + x 4 )12 is [Ans. 1755]

15  P 
E(13) Coefficient of x 10
in     x i   is [Ans. 15
C5 ]
P 10  i 0 
E(14) If absolute value of coefficient of x 11 in the expansion of (1 + x 2 )4 (x3 – 1) 7 (2 + x 4 )12 is 2 a 3 b7 c,
a,b,c  N, then the value of |a – b – c| is [ Ans. 7]
E(15) Let (x + 3) 2 (x + 4) 3 (x + 5) 4 = (x + 1) 9 + a 1 (x + 1) 8 + a 2 (x + 1) 7 +..... + a 9 , then a 2 – 365 is equal to
[Ans. 6]
D(16) If in the expansion of (1 – x) 2n–1
, the coefficient of x r is denoted by a r, then prove that a r–1
+ a 2n–r =0
9
5  1 1 
D(17) (a)  x2 / 3  4x1 / 3  4   1/ 3  2/3  find the term independent of x. [ Ans. 168]
 x  1 x  x1 / 3 1 

(b) Find the coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion

10
 x 1 x 1 
of  2 / 3 1/ 3
  [Ans. 210]
x x  1 x  1x/ 2 

10
 p 
D(18) Find 'p' so that term independent of x in  x 2 is 405. [ Ans. ±3]
 x 
n
 1
D(19) Find the term independent of x in (1 + x) 1  x  . [Ans. C n]
m m+n

 
1 1
D(20) Find the greatest value of the term independent of x in (x sin cos )10 ,   R . [ Ans.
+ 10
C5. ]
x 25
Home Work : .....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

2 nd LECTURE
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4. NUMBER OF TERMS IN EXPENSION :

Some important expansions :
(i) (x + y)n = nC 0 xn + nC 1 xn –1 y + ...... + C rxn – r yr + ..... + n C nyn
n

(ii) (x – y)n = nC 0 xn – nC 1 xn –1 y + ...... + n

C rxn – r (–y)r + ..... + (–1) n. n C nyn
(iii) (1 + x)n = nC 0 + nC 1 x + nC 2 x2 + ........ + n
C nxn.
(iv) (1 – x)n = nC 0 – nC 1 x + nC 2 x2 + ........ + (–1) n
. n C n xn .
Note : The coefficient of x r
in (1+x) n = nC r & that of in (1–x) n = (–1) r . nC r
Total number of terms in

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n n
n is even  +1 n is even 
2 2
(a) (x + a) n + (x – a) n – (b) (x + a)n – (x – a) n –
n+1 n+1
n is odd  n is odd 
2 2
Examples :
E(1) Find the number of terms in expansion of (1 + 4x + 6x 2
+ 4x 3 + x 4 )10 [Ans. 41]
E(2) Find the number of terms in expansion of (x + 1) 100
+ (x – 1) 100 [Ans. 51]
E(3) Find the number of terms in expansion of (x + 1) 200
– (x – 1) 200 [Ans. 100]
E(4) Find the number of terms in expansion of (x + 2) 99
+ (x – 2) 99 [Ans. 50]
E(5) Find the number of terms in expansion of (x + 2) 199
– (x – 2) 199 [Ans. 100]
E(6) Find the number of terms in expansion of (1 + x + x 2
+ x 3 )200 . [Ans. 601]

E(7) Express (x  x  1)6  (x x 1)6 as a polynomial over x.

[Ans. 2(x 6 + 15x 5 – 29x 3 + 12x 2 +3x – 1)]
Questions related with binomial coefficient (combinatorial coefficient) or coefficient :
E(1) (a) Find the sum of the coefficient in the expansion of (5p + 4q) n
, n  N. [Ans. 9 n]
(b) If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (2 + 3cx + c x ) vanishes then c equals.
2 2 12

[Ans. c = –2, –1]

E(2) Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (3x – 4y + 5z) 10
[Ans. 2 20 ]
E(3) Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (2 + 3x + 4x )
2 20
[Ans. 3 40 ]

E(4) Find the sum of the coefficient of all the integral powers of 'x' in the expansion of (1 + 2 x )40

3 40 1
[Ans. S = ]
2
Questions related with rational / integral terms :
1024
1/ 2
E(1) Find the number of integral terms in the expansion of 5  71 / 8  [ Ans. 129]
500
E(2) Find the number of terms in the expansion of  4
9  68  which are integers. [ Ans. 251]
E(3) Find the sum of all rational terms in the expansion of (3 1/5
+ 2 1/3 )15 . [Ans. 59]

5. MIDDLE TERM :
 Tn when n is even
 2 1
Middle term in the expansion of (x + y) n
is 
 Tn 1 & Tn 3 when n is odd
 2 2
Explanation :
If n is even then number of terms are odd and in this case  only one middle term
When n = 2m then number of terms = 2m + 1  T m+1 is middle term
similarly, if n is odd then number of terms are even and in this case  2 middle terms.
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n = 2m + 1 then number of terms = 2m + 2  T m+1 & T m+2 are 2 middle terms.
Examples :
6
 1
E(1) Find the middle term in the expansion of  x  x [Ans. C 3 x–3/2 ]
–6

 
7
E(2) Find the middle term in the expansion of  2 1 . [Ans. –7
C 3 (16)x5 & 7 C 4 8x 2 ]
 2x  x 
 
Important Note :
Middle term has greatest binomial coefficient and if there are 2 middle terms their coefficients will be equal.

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When r= n if n is even
2
  nC r will be maximum
n–1 n+1
When r= or if n is odd
2 2
 The term containing greatest binomial coefficient will be middle term in the expansion of (1 +x) n

Explanation : Let (r + 1) th term is the term containing the greatest binomial coefficient in (1 + x) n

n 1
n
C r > nC r+1 ....(1)  r+1> n–r  r
2
n 1
& n
C r > nC r–1 ....(2)  n–r+1> r  r<
2
Now, if n is odd n = 2m + 1  m < r < m+1  r = m & r=m+1
1 1 n
& Now, if n is even n = 2m r > m  &r< m   r=m=
2 2 2
Example :
2n
 1
E(1) Find the greatest binomial coefficient in the expansion of  x  x  [Ans. C n]
2n

Home Work : .....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
rd
3 LECTURE
6. NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM :
Let numerically greatest term in the expansion of (a + b) n
be T r+1 .

|T r |1 T r
  where T r+1
= nC ra n–r br
 Tr 1  Tr 2

n 1 n 1
Solving above inequalities we get 1  r 
a a
1 1
b b

n 1
Case I : When a is an integer equal to m, then T m
and T m+1 will be numerically greatest term.
1
b

n 1
Case II : When a is not an integer and its integral part is m, then T m+1
will be the numerically
1
b
greatest term.
Examples :
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1
E(1) If x  , find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 + 4x) 8
.
3
5
8
4
[Ans. Numerically greatest terms is T 6
and its value is C5   ]
3

E(2) If x=1, find the greatest term in the expansion of (3 – 2x) 9

. [Ans. 4 th and 5 th
terms]
10
 3x 
E(3) Given T 4 in the expansion of  2   has maximum numerical value. Find the range of 'x'.
8

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 MATHEMATICS
 64   64 
[ Ans. x   , 2   2, ]
 21   21 
n
3 x  1
E(4) In the expansion of    when x = , it is known that 6 th
term is the greatest term. Find the
 2 3  2
possible integral values of n. [ Ans. n = 49, 50,.......59]
7. APPLICATION OF BINOMIAL THEOREM :
(i) Divisibility problems :
(a) (xn – y n) n  N is always divisible by (x – y)
(b) (xn + y n ) n  odd natural number is always divisible by (x + y)
E(1) (a) Prove that 2 4n – 2 n(7n +1) is always divisible by square of 14, n  N.
(b) Prove that 3 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64  n  N.
2n+2

E(2) Prove that : 53 53

– 33 is divisible by 10.
33

E(3) Prove that 25 – 20 n – 8 n + 3 n is divisible by 85, where n  N.

n

(ii) Remainder problems :

E(1) Find the remainder when 6 n – 5n is divided by 25, where n  N. [Ans. 1]
E(2) Find the remainder when
(a) 232 divided by 3 [ Ans. 1] (b) 231 divided by 3 [ Ans. 2]
(c) 2 divided by 9
123
[ Ans. 8] (d) 2125 divided by 9 [ Ans. 5]
E(3) Find the remainder when
(a) 7103 divided by 25 [ Ans. 18] (b) 2 2010 divided by 17 [ Ans. 4]
E(4) Find last digit, last two digits and last three digits in 9 50 . [Ans. 1,01,001]

R  m  n, n  m  n
E(5) If R  m, n    , then R(7 2016
,4) is [Ans. 1]
 m mn

Home Work : .....................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
th
4 LECTURE
(iii) An important concept using Pseudo function :
n
E(1) If n is a natural number, then show that the integral part of the number N   3  7  is an odd integer
and N(1–F) =2 n
where F is fractional part of N.
2n 1
E(2) Show that the integral part of the number N  3 3 5  is an even integer NF= 2 2n+1
where F is
fractional part of N.
n
E(3) If x  2  3  , where [x] is an integral part and {x} is fractional part, n is a natural number. Find the
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

value of x–x 2 + x [x]. [Ans. 1]

n
E(4) N  3  5  : n is a nutural number & N I F
If  denotes the rational part and  denotes the irrational part of same number then prove that
1 1
(i)   (I  1) (ii)   (I  2F  1)
2 2
8. PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT :
(1 + x) n = C 0 + C 1 x + C 2 x2 ....... C nxn

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n
n
(i)  C r  C 0  C1  C 2 ........C n 2 (put x = 1)
r 0

n 1
(ii)  C2r  C0  C2 C4 ....... 2 (Put x = 1, then x = –1 & add)
r 0
n 1
(iii)  C 2r 1  C1  C3  C5 ....... 2 (Put x = 1, then x = –1 & substract)
r 1
Examples :
11
E(1) Evaluate :  23 C r [Ans. 2 22 ]
r 0
11
24 2 24 24 C 12
E(2) Evaluate :  Cr [Ans. ]
r 0 2
 C 0  C 1  C1  C 2 C 2 C 3  C n 1 Cn  (n  1)n
E(3) Evaluate :     .........   [Ans. ]
 C 0  C 1  C 2   C n 1  n!
m
E(4) Evaluate : C m  m 1 C m  .......  nC m
[Ans. n 1
C m 1 ]
[Hint : n
C r + nC r–1 = n+1
Cr ]

1n
2 2n 1
E(5) Prove that  
r o (2r)!(2n  2r)! (2n)!

 100  2n
E(6) For integer n > 1, the digit at units place in the number   r!   2 is Ans. 0
 r 0 

n n
Cr 3
D(7) Evaluate :  ( 1)r
r 0
r 3
Cr
[Ans.
n 3
]

9. SUMMATION OF SERIES :
(a) (i) Using differentiation :
E(1) 1. nC 1 + 2. nC 2 + 3. nC 3 + ......... + n. nC n [Ans. n. 2 n–1]
]
[Sol. Method-I (Calculus Method) :
(1 + x) n = nC 0 + nC 1 x + nC 2 x2 +........ + nC nxn
Differentiate both the sides, we get
n(1+x) n–1 = nC 1 + 2. nC 2 x + 3. nC 3 x2 + .......+ n. nC nxn–1
Put x = 1
n.2 n–1 = nC 1 + 2. nC 2 + 3. nC 3 + ........... + n. nC n]
Method-II :
r.n! r.(n 1)!
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

n n
n
 T   r. r Cr     n  n 1C r 1
r 1 r!(n  r)! (r  1)!(n r)! r 1
= n[ C 0 + C 1 + C 2 + ...... n–1 C n–1 ] = n. 2 n–1
n–1 n–1 n–1

Method-III :
S = 0. nC 0 + 1. nC 1 + 2. nC 2 + ........+ n. nCn
S = 0. nC 0 + (n–1). nC 1 + (n–1). nC 2 + ........+ n. nCn
------------------------------------------------------------------
2S = n(C 0 + C 1 + C 2 + ..........C n)
= n.2 n  S = n.2 n–1
E(2) n
C 0 + 3 nC 1 + 5 nC 2 +........+ (2n+1) n
Cn [Ans. (n+1)2 n]

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MATHEMATICS
E(3) C 3 + 2C 4 + 3C 5 + ...........+ (n – 2)C n
[Ans. (n–4)2 n–1 + n + 2]
(ii) Using multiple differentiation :
E(1) (1.2)C 2 + (2.3)C 3 + .................... + ((n – 1)n)C n
[Ans. n(n–1)2 n–2 ]
E(2) 1 2 .C 1 + 2 2 .C 2 + 3 2 . C 3 + ........... + n 2 . C n [Ans. n(n+1)2 n–2 ]
n(n  1)
E(3) Prove that : ab –n(a–1) (b–1) + (a–2) (b–2).........+(–1) n(a–n) (b–n) = 0 (n  N)
1.2
E(4) If p+q = 1, prove that :
n n
n r n r
(i)  r. C .p .q
r 0
r = np (ii) r . 2 n
C rp rq n r npq n 2p 2

r 0
2012
E(5) If C0 , C1 ,......, C2012 are binomial coefficients in the expansion of 1  x  and a0 , a1 ,...., a2012
are real numbers in arithmetic progression then value of a0 C0  a1C1  a2C2  a3C3  .....  a2012C2012 ,
is [Ans. 0]
(b) (i) Using integration :
C1
Cn C2 C3 2 n 1 1
E(1) Find the sum of the following series : C0 
 ........    [Ans. ]
2 3 4 n 1 n 1
[Sol. Method-I : (1 + x) n = C 0 + C 1 x + C 2 x2 + C 3 x3 + ......... + C nxn
Integrating both the sides
x x
 (1  x)n 1   x2 x3 x4 xn 1 
    C 0 x  C1  C2  C3 ...... C n 
 n  1 0  2 3 4 n 1 0
(1  x)n 1 1 x2 x3 x4 xn 1
  C 0 x  C1  C2 C3 .... C n
n 1 n 1 2 3 4 n  1
n 1
C1 C 2 C 3 Cn 2 1
put x =1, C 0     .....  
2 3 4 n 1 n 1
Method-II :
1 (n  1) (n  1) (n  1) 
S (n  1)C 0  C1  C 2 ....  Cn 
n 1  2 3 n 1 
1 1
S= 1  n 1C 1  n 1 C 2 ..........  n C
1
n
  S [2 n 1  1] ]
n 1  n 1
C1 C 2 C 1
E(2) C0    ........ ( 1) n n [Ans. ]
2 3 n 1 n 1
10 10 10
C1 C2 C10 4 11  1
E(3) 3. 10C 0 3 2. 3 3. ...... 3 11
[Ans. ]
2 3 11 11
(ii) Using muliple integration :
C 0 C2 C Cn 2 n 2  n  3
E(1) Show that :   2  ....... 
1.2 2.3 3.4 (n 1)(n
 2)
 (n  1)(n 2)
Home Work : .....................................................................................................
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5 LECTURE
(c) When two binomial coefficients are in multiplication :
(i) When sum of the suffixes is constant :
E(1) If C0 , C 1 ,C 2 ,........C n are binomial coefficients in the expansion (1 + x) n
then prove that -
(i) C0 C n + C 1 C n–1 + C 2 C n – 2 ........ C nC 0 = 2n C n
(ii) C0Cn–1 + C 1 C n–2 + C 2 C n–3 + ........ C n–1 C 0 = 2n C n–1
(iii) m+n C r = m C rnC 0 + m C r–1 . nC 1 + m C r–2 . n C 2 + .........+ m C 0 . nC r
E(2) Prove that :
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 MATHEMATICS
 20  15  20 15
  20
 15
   35
(i)           ..........       C 25
10 0
      9 1  10
0  

25
r  30  30 
(ii)  ( 1)   0
r 0  r  25 r 
(ii) When differnce of the suffixes is constant :
E(1) If C0 , C 1 ,C 2 ,........C n are binomial coefficients in the expansion (1 + x) n
then prove that :
2n!
(i) C0 C 1 + C 1 C 2 + C 2 C 3 +........C Cn = 2n
C n–1 or 2n
C n+1 =
n–1 (n  1)!(n  1)!
2n!
(ii) C0 C r + C 1 C r+1 + C 2 C r+2 +........C Cn = 2n
C n–r or 2n
C n+r =
n–r (n  r)!(n  r)!
(2n)!
(iii) C 20  C12  C 22 C 32 ..... C 2n  2nC n 
n!n!
 0 if n is odd
(iv) C0 2 – C 1 2 + C 2 2 .......................+(–1) n
C n2 = ( 1)n / 2 n C if n is even
 n /2

n n
E(2) (i) Find the value of  C C
j 0 i 0
i j [Ans. 2 2n ]

(ii) Find the sum of the products, two at a time of the coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x) n
,
1 (2n)!
n is a positive integer. OR    C iC j [Ans. 2 2n–1 – . ]
0 i  jn 2 n!n!

1  (4n)!  (2n)!  
D(3) Evaluate 2n
C20  2n C22  2n C24 ........ 2n C 2 2n [Ans.  2
 ( 1)n  2   ]
2  {(2n)!}  (n!)  
(d) If each term is the product of two binomial coefficients divided or multiplied by an integer.
E(1) If C0 , C 1 ,C 2 ,........C n are binomial coefficients in the expansion (1 + x) n then prove that :
(2n  1)!
C12  2C 22 3C 23 ........ 
nC 2
n 
((n  1)!)2
E(2) Evaluate : 1( nC 0 )2 + 3( nC 1 )2 + 5( nC 2 )2 +......... + (2n+1) ( n
C n)2 [Ans. (n+1) 2n C n]

2 C12 C 22 C2 (2n  1)!

E(3) Evaluate : C 0    ......  n [ Ans. ]
2 3 n 1 {(n 1)!}2
10. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ON SUMMATION (DESIRABLE) :
Examples :
r r r r
n  1   3  7  15   2 mn 1
(1) Prove that  ( 1)r n
C 
r     
       .....  m terms   mn n
r 0  2   4  8  16   2 (2 1)
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

r r
n
r n
1  n 3 
[Sol. 
r 0
( 1) Cr     ( 1)r
 2  r 1
n
Cr    .... up to m terms
4 
r r r
n  1  1   1  
  n C 0 ( 1)r n
Cr 1    1  2  ....  1  m  
r 0  2  2   2  
n n n n n n n
 1  3  2 m 1  1  1  1  1 
  1    1   .......  1  .......
            m 
 2   4   2 m
2 4 8 2 

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 MATHEMATICS
m
  1 n 
2 3 n 1  
n n
 1    1    1  
n
1 
m
1    
 2    2 1
mn

              .......    n     n mn n
]
 2    2    2   2  2  1  2 (2 1)
1  
2 
n
 n n m  n n
(2) Prove that :    C m C P   3 2
P 1  m P 
n n
P
[Sol. 
P 1
n
C P .n C P n C P 1. P 1
C P ....  nC n. nC P   cofficient of x Pin
P 1
C
n
P 1 x  n
....  C (1
n x) n

n
  cofficient of x Pin
P 1
C
n
0  nC 1(1 x) ......  nC P(1 x) P n
..... C (1
n  x)n 
n n
  cofficient of x Pin(1  (1  x))n   n
C P 2n.P ]
P 1 P 1

(3) Prove that nC 0 . 2n C n – nC 1 . 2n–2

C n + nC 2 . 2n–n
C n –...............= 2 n
.

[Hint. Coefficient of x n is {nC 0 (1 + x) 2n – nC 1 (1 + x) 2n – 2 .........}]

Home Work : .....................................................................................................

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6 LECTURE
11. MULTINOMIAL THEOREM :
n
Using binomial theorem, we have (x + a) n
=  n C r x n r a r , n N
r 0

n
n! n! s r
=  (n  r)!r!xn r ar =  x a , where s + r = n
r 0 r s  n r!s!

This result can be generalized in the following form.

n!
(x1 + x 2 + ...... + x k)n =  xr1 x r2 ......x krk
r1  r2 ..... r k n r1 !r2 !.....r k ! 1 2

n! r
The general term in the above expansion .x r1 x r2 x 3 ......x krk
r1 !r2 !r3 !.....rk ! 1 2 3

The number of terms in the above expansion is equal to the number of non-negative integral solution of the
equation r 1 + r 2 + ....... + r k = n because each solution of this equation gives a term in the above expansion.
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

n k 1
The number of such solutions is C k 1
Particular cases :
n! r s t
(i) (x + y + z)n =  xyz
r s  t n r!s!t!
n + 3 –1 n+ 2
The above expansion has C3 – 1 = C 2 terms
n!
(ii) (x + y + z + u) n =  xp yq zr us
p q r s n p!q!r!s!
n+4–1 n+3
There are C 4–1 = C 3 terms in the above expansion.

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Examples :

2
10!
E(1) Find the coefficient of x y3 z5 in (x + y + z) 10 [Ans. ]
2!3!5!

E(2) (a) Find the coefficient of x 4 in (1 + x + x 2 )10 [Ans. 375]

(b) Coefficient of x 4 in the expansion of (2–x + 3x )

2 6
[Ans. 3660]
E(3) If (1 + x + 2x ) = a 0 + a 1 x+ a 2 x + .........+ a
2 20 2
40
x , then find the value of a
40
0
+ a 2 + a 4 +......+a 38 +a 40
[Ans. 2 19 (220 + 1)]

D(4) If (1 + x + x 2 )n = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x2 + ..........a 2n
x2n , then prove that a 0
2
– a 1 2 + a 2 2 – a 3 2 + .......+a 2n
2
= a n.
Home Work : .....................................................................................................
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th
7 LECTURE

12. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL INDEX (NOT IN JEE)

n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)

(1  x)n  1  nx  x2  x3  .......   .
2! 3!
Note :
(i) Expansion is valid when |x| < 1 when n is any rational number other than a whole number.
4/3
x
For e.g. (8  x)4 / 3  16 1  
 8

 4 4  
 
4  x  3 3  1  2
 x
 x 
 16 1       ......   , is valid when 8  1  –8 < x < 8
 8 8  2! 8  

(ii) The number of terms in the expansion are infinite when n is a negative integer or a fraction.
(iii) General term in the expansion of (1 + x) n
-

n(n  1)(n  2).............. n (r

 1)
  r
Tr 1  x
r!
(iv) Important expansion for n Q
n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
(a) (1  x)n  1  nx  x2  x 3  ........ 
2! 3!

( n)( n  1) ( n)( n 1)( n 2)

D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM

(b) (1  x) n  1  ( n)x  x2  x3  ........ 

2! 3!

n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)

(c) (1  x)n  1  n(  x)  ( x)2  3
( x)
  ........
2! 3!
( n)( n  1) ( n)( n 1)( n 2)
(d) (1  x) n  1  ( n)( x)  2
( x)  3
( x)  ........
2! 3!
(v) Remember the following expansions :
(i) (1+x)–1 = 1 – x + x 2
– x 3 + x 4 – x 5 ......... 

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 MATHEMATICS
(ii) (1–x)–1 = 1 + x + x 2
+ x 3 + x 4 + x 5 ......... 
(iii) (1+x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x 2
– 4x 3 + 5x 4 ......... 
(iv) (1–x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2
+ 4x 3 ......... 
(v) (1+x)–3 = 1 – 3x + 6x 2
– 10x 3 ......... 
(vi) (1–x)–3 = 1 + 3x + 6x 2
+ 10x 3 ......... 
(vi) An important result :
Coefficient of x r in the expansion of (1–x) –n
: n  N ; |x| < 1 is n+r–1
Cr

n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  1)!

Proof : (1–x)–n  1  nx  x2  x 3 ......
2! 3!

n(n  1)(n  2)..........(n r 1) (n 1)! (n  r  1)! n r 1

coefficient of x r in (1 – x) –n =    Cr
r! (n  1)! (n  1)!r!

Examples :

E(1) Find general term of (1–x) –3

. [Ans. r 2
C r xr ]

1.3.5....13
E(2) Write the 8 th
term in the expansion of (1 + 3x) –1/2
[Ans. T8  ( 1)7 x7 ]
2 7.7!

E(3) Find the coefficient of x 100

in (3 – 5x) (1 – x) –2 [Ans. –197 ]
2
1 x 
E(4) Find the coefficient of x n
in   . [Ans. 4n ]
1 x 
D(5) If x is a proper fraction |x| < 1 then prove that
x x3 x5 x x3 x5
   ....    .....
1 x2 1 x 6 1 x 10 1 x 2 1 x 6 1 x 10
13. APPROXIMATION (NOT IN JEE) :
If x is so small so that its square and higher power can be neglected & n  Q.
(1 + x) n
 1 + nx
Examples :
5
 2x 
1    (4  2x)
1/ 2
 59 
E(1) Find the value of 3  (A  Bx) [Ans. 4 3 / 4 1  x  ]
(4  x)3 / 2  24 

1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 2
E(2) Sum of series : S  1  .  . . .....  
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\BINOMIAL THEOREM


2 2 2.4 2 2
2.4.6 2 3
3
1 1.3 1.3.5
E(3) If S     .........  , then prove that S 2
+ 2S – 2 = 0
3 3.6 3.6.9
Home Work : .....................................................................................................
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