MANAGEMENT AND

DISEASES OF WILD
ANIMALS
Week 14
Mammal Medicine

Sesion 27
Learning outcome
At the end of the session, the student knows and
applies the concepts of mammals medicine and
therapeutics.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

Reflection from experience

Where can we place an IV for fluid

therapy? Is lethargic and anorexic.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

Development of the topic

1. INTRODUCTION ………..¿Que le paso?
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

a. Quarantine
Quarantine Procedure
Facility for each class (primates).
Duration:
CLASE DIAS
Mamíferos 30-40
Primates 90

Protocol
• Coproparasitological examinations (3 v).
• Deworming.
• Vaccination.
• Physical examination (marking).
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

Complementary tests
• Tuberculin test.
• Hematology and biochemistry.
• Culture: Salmonella, Shigella and
Campylobacter.
• Serology: Leptospira, Brucella,
Mycobacterium,
• Radiography.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

b. Vaccination
-Lack of specific studies.
-Value the risk of contracting one's own disease with that of contracting the associated
disease.
-Inactivated virus vaccines.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

c. Monitoreo diary
• Importante función de los cuidadores.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

d. Sanitary control
• Frequency: annual or biannual, depending on the species.
• Procedures similar to examinations such as quarantine.
• Others: dentistry, radiology, reproductive evaluation, etc.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

Frecuen Previa Actividades

cia
1-2 t/y Parasitological analysis Weight
Fasting Clinical Examination
Coordination Biometrics
(equipment and
materials)
Sampling
Deworming (int and ext)
Vitamins, acc.
Vaccination
Dental Cleaning
Nail trimming/ear cleaning
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

Biometry

• Total length.
• Tail length.
• Leg length.
• Ear length.
• Height.
• Axillary circumference.
*Peso.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

II. PRIMATE DISEASES

1. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

• Related to ingestion of infected rodents.

• Signs: general weakness, anorexia,
respiratory distress, pleuropericardial
effusion, increased liver enzymes and
convulsions.
• Diagnosis: histopathology and
immunohistochemistry.
• Treatment and prevention.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

2. Influenza

• Type A (Machines).

• Highly contagious.

• Non-specific signs, fever, nasal

discharge, conguntivitis,
depression, anorexia, lethargy and
gastrointestinal signs.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

3. Rabies
• Transmission.
• Signs: self-mutilation, irritability and paralysis of
pharynx and pelvic muscles.
• Treatment? And Prevention.

4. Paramyxovirus
• P. sanguinus.
• Signs: Enterocolitis anorexia, diarrhea and
dehydration.
• Death within 24 hours and 10% mortality.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

5. Hepatitis A

• L. lagothricha

• Spontaneous or human-acquired
infection.

• Asymptomatic, anorexia, vomiting, fever,

diarrhea, lethargy, jaundice, and high ALT,
AST and bilirubin levels.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

6. Herpevirus simplex

H. simplex: HSV-1 and HSV-2

Herpesvirus hominis (tamarins or noctuids), H.

tamarinus (Hepesvirus T) H. saimiris and H ateles.

Natural reservoirs.

Susceptibility in Sanguinus and Aotus.

Signs: vesicles or oral ulcers, encephalitis and death.

SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

7. Bordetellosis

• Signs: mucopurulent nasal discharge,

dyspnea and death.
• Diagnosis: culture and isolation.
• Treatment: Antibiotic therapy
(amoxicillin).
• Prevention: avoid transport stress,
overpopulation and poor environmental
conditions.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

8. Tuberculosis

• H-@ transmission.

• 3 types of presentations: pulmonary,

digestive and cutaneous.

• Weight loss, lethargy, cough,

pneumonia, splenomegaly and
hepatomegaly.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

9. Shigellosis
• Signs: Foul-smelling diarrhea, abundant
water, mucoid or non-mucoid dysentery,
weakness, dehydration, fever, signs of
abdominal pain and rapid loss of BCS.

10. Campylobacter, Salmonella,

Colibacillosis
• Signs Pracial anorexia, semi-solid or muco-
bloody stools. Watery to muco bloody
diarrhea and depression.
• Colibacillosis: Diarrhea, pneumonia and
menigitis.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

11. Chronic wasting syndrome in titis

• Multifactorial ethology.
• Predisposing factors:
a. Nutritional: protein deficiency, excessive fruit in the diet, excess
of simple sugars, and conversely, insufficient simple sugars in
the diet.
b. Stress
c. Overcrowding
d. Infectious agents
e. Food allergies.
f. Inadequate natural light source.
g. Autoimmune diseases.
h. Anorexia
*Trichospirura.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

12. Toxoplasmosis

• Toxoplasma gondii.
• Sporadic but highly susceptible.
• Predisposition: cats and rodents (cysts).
• Transmission: ingestion of oocysts (cats or HI), cysts,
transplacental, transfusion and wound contamination.
• Signs: respiratory distress, pulmonary edema or
sudden death (acute toxoplasmosis) --1 to 10 d.
• Forms: enteric and pulmonary.
• Diagnosis: IFA, HI and histopathology.
• Treatment: supportive and specific.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

13. Other parasitosis

• Entamoeba histolytica
• Balantidium coli
• Plasmodium brasilianum
• Trypanosomas sp.
• Trichospirura leptostoma
• Gongylonema pulchrum
• Prosthenorchis elegans
• Cuterebras pp.
• Dermatobia hominis
• Demodex spp
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

14. Emergency conditions

a. Gastric dilatation
Reasons unknown.
Trocarize and supportive treatment.
b. Hypoglycemia
Weak and/or pulled animals.
Immediate treatment

15. Surgeries
Cesarean section: dystocia, placenta
previa, Endometriosis.
Traumatology.
Vasectomy.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

II. FELINE DISEASES

16. Feline viral rhinotracheitis

• Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus and Revirus

(Parainfluenza and Mycoplasma).
• High morbidity with low mortality.
• Signs: sneezing, mucopurulent nasal and ocular
discharge, excessive salivation, anorexia and
fever, possible herpetic keratitis and proliferative
skin lesions.
• Course 14-28 d if there are no complications.
• Treatment.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

17. Feline panleukopenia

• Coronavirus.
• Preventive treatment: vaccination.
• Signs: Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia
and possible hypoplasia or hydrocephalus.

18. Feline infectious peritonitis

• Cheetahs.
• Lesions : fibrinopurulent peritonitis, pleuritis
and vasculitis and granulomatous reaction.
• No vaccination.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

19. Distemper
Infection by canines or mustelids.
Mortality outbreaks (Lions).

20. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Various retroviruses.
Diagnostic problems.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

21. Helicobacter gastritis

Effects in cheetahs.
Signs: chronic vomiting, weight loss and anorexia.
Important factor: stress.
Treatment.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

22. Hepatopathies
Causes mortality.
Various causes: tumors, diffuse necrotic hepatitis, toxic
degenerative hepatitis.
Signs: depression, anorexia, ataxia, ascites and coma.

23. Renal disease

Causes mortality in geriatric felines.
Cause: malformations, trauma, nephrosis due to toxicity
and FIP, leptospira, obstruction of the uterus or urethra
and inadequate diet.
Signs: depression, vomiting and anorexia.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

24. Parasitosis
• Toxocara spp. y Toxoplasma gondii.

25. Others
• Licking alopecia
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

III. MUSTELID DISEASES

26. Canine dysterper*.

27. Peritonitis and rectal prolapse.
28. Hemorrhagic enteritis (stress).
29. Respiratory infections
30. Traumatic injuries.
31. Dystocia.
32. Neoplasms.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

IV. PROCYONID DISEASES

33. Canine distemper**.

34. Clostridiosis.
35. Dental diseases.
36. Hypothyroidism.
37. Renal or hepatic disease.
38. Cardiomegaly.
39. Nutritional osteodystrophy or
secondary nutritional
hyperparathyroidism.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

V. URSID DISEASES

40. Infectious canine hepatitis: Anorexia, lethargy,

convulsions and paralysis.
41. Parvovirus: Vomiting, anorexia, lethargy,
hemorrhagic diarrhea and dehydration.
42. Hepatic and bile duct neoplasia.
43. Arthritis.
44. Dematopathies: Atopic alopecia, demodicosis,
fungal.
45. Ocular diseases (conjunctivitis and cataract).
46. Yersiniosis, Listeriosis and Campylobacteriosis.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

VI. CANINE DISEASES

40. Erlichiosis: Tronbocitopenia, anemia and

leukopenia. Epistaxis and anorexia.
41. Canine distemper
42. Parvovirus
43. Rabies
44. Canine infectious hepatitis.
45. Dermatopathies (fungi and mites)
46. Osteosarcomas and lymphosarcomas.

Parque Nacional Bosque de Fray Jorge.

SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

VII. CERVID DISEASES

46. Chronic wasting disease: Depression,

behavioral changes and progressive weight
loss.
47. Epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease:
Transmitted by Culicoides spp. Pyrexia,
mucopurulent nasal discharge, tongue swelling,
subcutaneous edema and death.
48. Paratuberculosis/Tuberculosis
49. Enteritis: Salmonella/ Yersinia
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

VIII. PERISODACTYLOS DISEASES

50. Diarrhea: Giardia, Salmonella and

Campylobacter.
51. Colic.
52. Rectal prolapse.
53. Mandibular abscesses.
54. Skin and paw problems: Vesicular skin
disease. Allergic dermatitis.
55. Acute laminitis.
56. Parasitosis: Babesia, Strongylus,
Strongyloides, Sarcoptes equi.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

IX. XENARTHRAL DISEASES

57. Bacterial pneumonia

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
Environmental factors and stress.
Nasal discharge, sunken eyes, weight loss,
anorexia and depression.

58. Leprosis
M. leprae
Granulomas in skin, liver, lung,
stomach and spleen.
SECCIÓN DE REFERENCIA

59. Gastrointestinal obstruction.

60. Hypovitaminosis K.
61. Abrasions.
62. Glossitis.
63. Dilated cardiomyopathy (taurine).
64. Renal calculi.
65. Parasoitosis: Toxoplasma, Coccidiosis, Trichuris
and Ascaris.
Let's apply what we have
learned
Collaborative work:

Clinical case
Integrate what we have
learned

• What did we learn today?

• From the previous dynamics:

• What criteria do we have for fluid therapy?

• What diseases are most common in

mammals?
Bibliographic sources

• Martin M. (2021). Common Disorders and Procedures of Zoo Animals. MSD Manual
Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/zoo-
animals/common-disorders-and-procedures-of-zoo-animals

• Simmons J, Gibson S. (2012). Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases of Nonhuman

Primates. https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-
B978012381366400002X/first-page-pdf
THANK YOU VERY MUCH