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सुरुमा अङ्रेजी र त्यसपछि नेपालीमा छिइएको ि, फाइल हेिै नहेरी नेपालीमा छिएन नभन्नुहोला । -Krishna Niraula (CA)
Book Keeping and Accounting
1. Explain the concept of Book Keeping and differentiate it with accounting. (5+5)
Bookkeeping is the recording, on a day-to-day basis, of the financial transactions and information
pertaining to a business. It ensures that records of the individual financial transactions are correct,
up-to-date and comprehensive.
There may be several transactions in any business, like:
• Expense payments to suppliers
• Loan payments
• Customer payments for invoices
• Monitoring asset depreciation
• Generating financial reports, etc.
Purpose To store and organize the To analyze the financial data and make
financial data of a company future financial decisions accordingly.
Financial The financial statement is not The financial statement is prepared
statement prepared using the information using accounting information.
obtained from bookkeeping.
Types Single entry and double entry. There are different accounting types
apart from Cost accounting and
managerial accounting.
2. Explain Double Entry System and differentiate it with Single Entry System. (5+5)
Double entry system refers to such an accounting system under which every financial transaction
is recorded into two separate accounts with equal amounts to determine the true profit or loss and
financial position of the business.
Lewis and Gillespie explain that "The specific technique which reflects the concept of duality is
known as double entry book- keeping."
The fundamental principles of double entry system are as follows:
a. Every transaction involves two parties – debit and credit.
b. Every transaction must have one giver and one receiver.
c. The amount of money of a transaction the party gives is equal to the amount the party
receives.
d. Business is treated as a separate entity from the owner. Here the business is considered
as a separate entity.
e. Every transaction is divided into two aspects. The left side of the transaction debit and the
right side is credit.
f. Totality of debit is equal to the totality of credit.
g. It is a scientific and complete accounting system.
The process of keeping accounts under the double-entry system is given below:
1. At first, transactions are recorded in the primary book of accounting called a journal.
2. In the second phase, transactions are classified and recorded permanently in the ledger
in brief.
3. In the third phase, the arithmetical accuracy of the account is verified through the
preparation of the trial balance.
4. In the fourth or final stage through financial statements, the results of all the financial
activities of a year are determined.
Hence, the double entry system is a complete, comprehensive and the most scientific method of
accounting.
The differences of double entry system with single entry system are:
Ledger Personal and Cash Account Personal, Real and Nominal Account
3. Explain the accounting cycle and the importances of double entry system. (4+6)
Accounting cycle means the overall steps involved in accounting of transactions and records. It
involves the following main steps:
a. Identifying and Recording
b. Classifying
c. Summarizing
d. Analysis & Interpretation, and
e. Communication
The major steps mentioned above involve following accounting process as given in the diagram
below:
5. Explain the rules of debit and credit with suitable examples. (10)
The principles of debit and credit are based on Traditional Approach and Modern Approach.
A. Traditional Approach
There are mainly three types of accounts in accounting: Real, Personal and Nominal accounts,
personal accounts are classified into three subcategories: Artificial, Natural, and Representative.
1. Real Accounts
All assets of a firm, which are tangible or intangible, fall under the category “Real Accounts“.
Tangible real accounts are related to things that can be touched and felt physically. Eg: building,
machinery, stock, land, etc.
Intangible real accounts are related to things that can’t be touched and felt physically. Eg: goodwill,
patents, trademarks, etc.
2. Personal Accounts
These accounts are related to individuals, firms, companies, etc. Eg: include debtors, creditors, banks,
outstanding/prepaid accounts, accounts of credit customers, accounts of goods suppliers, capital,
drawings, etc.
a. Natural personal accounts: This type of personal accounts is the simplest to understand out
of all and includes all natural people. E.g. Kumar’s A/C, Adam’s A/C, etc.
b. Artificial personal accounts: Personal accounts which are created artificially by law, such as
corporate bodies and institutions, are called Artificial personal accounts. E.g. Pvt Ltd companies, LLCs,
LLPs, clubs, schools, etc.
c. Representative personal accounts: Accounts which represent a certain person or a group
directly or indirectly. E.g. wages outstanding, prepaid expenses, advance income, etc.
Golden rule for personal accounts
Example
Unreal Pvt Ltd. A/C Debit Artificial Personal – Dr. the receiver
3. Nominal Accounts
Accounts which are related to expenses, losses, incomes or gains are called Nominal accounts. E.g.
Purchase A/C, Salary A/C, Sales A/C, Commission received A/C, etc.
The final result of all nominal accounts is either profit or loss which is then transferred to the capital
account.
Example
B. Modern Approach
Thus, by understanding the above rules of debit and credit, any transaction becomes simple and easy
to understand.
लेखा अभिलेखन तथा लेखाांकन (Book Keeping and Accounting)
1. Book Keeping को अवधारणाको व्याख्या गननह
ु ोस ् र यसको Accounting सँगको भिन्नता
छनट्याउननहोस ्। (५+५)
लेखा अभिलेखन िनेको दै ननक रुपमा हुने कारोबारसँग सम्बन्धित वित्तीय कारोबार र जानकारीको अभिलेखन
हो। यसले व्यन्ततगत िा संस्थागत वित्तीय कारोबारको रे कर्ड सही, अप-टु-र्ेट र व्यापक छ िधने कुरा
सुननन्चित गदड छ ।
कुनै पनन व्यिसाय मा िेरै कारोबारहरु हुन सतदछन ्, जस्तै:
• आपूनतडकताडहरुलाई खिड िुततान
• ऋण िुततानी
• ग्राहकबाट हुने बबलका लागग ित
ु तानीहरू
• सम्पवत्तको ह्रासकट्टी
• वित्तीय ररपोटड हरू उत्पधन गने, आदद ।
लेखा अभिलेखनको महत्त्ि दे हायबमोन्जम सि
ू ीबद्ि गनड सककधछः
१. प्रमुख खिडहरूको लागग योजना गदै लैजाने
२. खिड ट्र्याककं ग हुने
३. बबलको भमनत र रकमको ट्रयाक राख्ने
४. व्यिसाय द्िारा कमाईएको लािको बारे मा अध्ययन गनड सककने
५. व्यिसायको िद्
ृ गि मल
ू यांकन गनड मद्दत गदड छ
६. कम्पनीको वित्तीय अिस्था को खाता राख्छ
७. करको दहसाब ननकालन मद्दत गदड छ
८. नगद प्रिाहको अध्ययन गनड सककधछ
९. अडर्ट ट्रे लमा मद्दत गदड छ
१०. ननणडय भलनमा मद्दत गदड छ, आदद ।
Book Keeping र Accounting को भिधनता दे हायबमोन्जम हे नड सककधछ ।
पररिाषा कुनै पनन व्यिसायको वित्तीय र्ेटा रे कडर्डङ, लेखा त्यस्तो प्रकिया हो जसमा कम्पनीको
मापन, र पदहिान गनड सम्बन्धित छ। वित्तीय र्ेटा सारांभित छ, र यसको लागग
एक ररपोटड तयार गररधछ।
व्यिस्थापन Book keeping को विचलेषण गरे र लेखांकन द्िारा प्राप्त सारांि ररपोटड
व्यिस्थापनले कुनै वित्तीय ननणडय भलदै न। पढे पनछ व्यिस्थापनले वित्तीय
ननणडयहरूमा ननणडय भलधछ।
उद्दे चय कम्पनीको वित्तीय र्ेटा िण्र्ारण र व्यिन्स्थत वित्तीय र्ेटाको विचलेषण गने र िविष्यमा
गने वित्तीय ननणडयहरू सोही अनुसार गने।
वित्तीय वित्तीय वििरण तयार गनड Book Keeping बाट वित्तीय वििरण Accounting बाट प्राप्त
वििरण प्राप्त जानकारी प्रयोग गररँदैन । जानकारी प्रयोग गरे र तयार गररधछ।
कौिलता Book keeping मा Book Keeper ले वित्तीय Accounting मा लेखापाललाई रे कर्ड गनड,
रे कर्डहरू handle गनड र व्यिन्स्थत गनड कुनै व्याख्या गनड र ररपोटड गनड वित्तीय र्ेटा
पनन वििेष कौिलताकोआिचयक पदै न । विचलेषण गनड वििेष कौिल आिचयक
पदड छ।
विचलेषण कुनै पनन विचलेषण गररँदैन । लेखांकनले बुक ककपुङको रे कर्ड प्रयोग गरी
विचलेषण गदै प्रनतिेदनहरु तयार गदड छ ।
प्रकारहरु एकोहोरो लेखा प्रणाली र दोहोरो लेखा प्रणाली लागत लेखांकन र व्यिस्थापकीय
लेखांकन लगायत अधय थुप्रै प्रकार
हुधछन ्
प्रविष्टी एक बुकककपरले दै ननक आिारमा वित्तीय र्ेटा लेखाकारले ररपोटड को प्रकार र कम्पनीको
रे कर्ड गदड छ। मागहरूको आिारमा मदहनाको अधत्यमा
िा िावषडक आिारमा वित्तीय सारांि तयार
गदड छ, ।
अथड लेखा प्रणाली जसमा वित्तीय कारोबार रे कर्ड लेखा प्रणाली, जसमा प्रत्येक कारोबारले दई
ु
गनड केिल एकतफी प्रविष्टी आिचयक खाताहरूलाई एक साथ प्रिावित गदड छ,
हुधछ, त्सयलाई एकल प्रविष्टी प्रणाली त्यसलाई दोहोरो प्रविष्टी प्रणाली िननधछ।
िननधछ ।
उपयत
ु तता स-साना व्यिसाय िूला व्यिसाय
यसैले, एकल प्रविष्टी प्रणालीले नगद प्रिाहको आिारमा कारोबार रे कर्ड गदड छ, जबकक दोहोरो प्रविन्ष्ट प्रणाली
"DEAD CLIC" ननयम पछ्याउँ दछ, अथाडत ् र्ेबबटमा व्यय (Expenses) सम्पवत्त (Assets) र ड्रइङ (Drawing)
र िेडर्टमा दानयत्ि (Liabilities), आय (Income) र पँज
ू ी (Capital) ।
२. व्यष्क्तगत खाताहरू
यी खाताहरू व्यन्तत, फमडहरू, कम्पनीहरू, इत्याददसँग सम्बन्धित छन ्। उदाहरण: आसामी, लेनदार, बैंक, बाँकी/
अगग्रम िुततानी खाताहरू, िेडर्ट ग्राहकहरूको खाताहरू, सामान आपनू तडकताडको खाताहरू, पूंजी, ड्रइङ, आदद।
a. प्राकृनतक व्यष्क्तगत खाताहरू: यस प्रकारको व्यन्ततगत खाताहरू सबैलाई बुझ्नको लागग सबैिधदा
सरल हो र यी खाताहरुमा मानि जानत पदड छन ् । जस्तै Kumar’s A/c, Adam’s A/c, आदद।
b. कृबिि व्यष्क्तगत खाताहरू: कानन
ू द्िारा कृबत्रम रूपमा भसजडना गररने जस्तै कपोरे ट ननकायहरू र
संस्थाहरूलाई, कृबत्रम व्यन्ततगत खाताहरू िननधछ। जस्तै प्रा.भल. कम्पनीहरू, LLCs, LLPs, तलबहरू,
स्कूलहरू, आदद।
c. प्रनतननगध व्यष्क्तगत खाताहरू: खाताहरू जसले ननन्चित व्यन्तत िा समह
ू प्रत्यक्ष िा अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा
प्रनतननगित्ि गदड छ। जस्तै बाँकी ज्याला, अगग्रम िुततानी खिड, अगग्रम आय, आदद।
व्यष्क्तगत खाताहरूको लागग गोल्सडन ननयि
ररसीिरलाई र्ेबबट गने, ददनेलाई िेडर्ट गने
उदाहरणः
Unreal Pvt Ltd. A/C Debit Artificial Personal – Dr. the receiver
ख. आधनननक दृष्ष्टकोण
परम्परागत ढाँिाका अलािा कारोबार प्रविष्टी गदाड आिुननक िारणा अनुसार दे हायबमोन्जम प्रविन्ष्टका ननयम
हुधछन ् ।
a. सम्पवत्त, घाटा र खिडमा िद्
ृ गि िएमा र्ेबबट गररधछ र घटे मा िेडर्ट गरधछ।
b. पंज
ू ी, दानयत्ि, आय र लाि िद्
ृ गि िएमा िेडर्ट गररधछ र घटे मा र्ेबबट गररधछ।
उदाहरण: १५,००० नगदमा न्जधसी खरीद ियो। यहाँ, खरीद खिड बढे को छ, र नगद घटाइएको छ।
यसैले,
Purchase A/C Dr. 15,000
तसथड र्ेबबट र िेडर्टका ननयमहरु मागथ उललेणखत बमोन्जम गरे मा कारोबारको लेखांकन बुझ्न सरल र
सहज हुधछ ।