Journal Pre-proof

Adsorption of methyl orange: A review on adsorbent performance

Kingsley O. Iwuozor, Joshua O. Ighalo, Ebuka Chizitere Emenike, Lawal Adewale

Ogunfowora, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe

PII: S2666-0865(21)00126-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100179
Reference: CRGSC 100179

To appear in: Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry

Received Date: 29 July 2021

Revised Date: 7 September 2021
Accepted Date: 18 September 2021

Please cite this article as: K.O. Iwuozor, J.O. Ighalo, E.C. Emenike, L.A. Ogunfowora, C.A. Igwegbe,
Adsorption of methyl orange: A review on adsorbent performance, Current Research in Green and
Sustainable Chemistry (2021), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100179.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition
of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of
record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published
in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that,
during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal
disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

 Adsorption of Methyl Orange: A Review on Adsorbent Performance

Kingsley O. Iwuozor1, 2*, Joshua O. Ighalo3, 4**, Ebuka Chizitere Emenike2, Lawal

Adewale Ogunfowora5, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe3

1
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 1029, Lagos, Nigeria.
2
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025,

Awka, Nigeria.
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka,

Nigeria

f
oo
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

r
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
*
-p
Corresponding author, Email address: kingsleyiwuozor5@gmail.com
re
**
Corresponding author, Email address: oshea.ighalo@yahoo.com
lP
na

ORCID
ur

Kingsley O. Iwuozor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-2147

Joshua O. Ighalo, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-100X

Jo

Ebuka Chizitere Emenike, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-3265

Lawal Adewale Ogunfowora, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-3582

Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-7047

Highlights

 The performance of various adsorbent groups for MO adsorption was reviewed.

 Composites were the most frequently used (>40%) adsorbent group for MO adsorption

 Nanoparticles and polymers were the most frequently used constituents in the composite

 Nanoparticles were the best adsorbents for MO uptake

1
 Clays and minerals had the greatest proportion of adsorbents with >1000 mg/g capacity

Graphical abstract

f
r oo
-p
re
lP

Abstract
na

Adsorption as a technique is preferred to these other methods in the mitigation of

ur

methyl orange (MO) because of its simplicity in design and operation, indifferent sensitivity
Jo

towards toxicants and low operational cost. This study is aimed at evaluating the performance

of various adsorbent groups in the mitigation of MO from aqueous solutions. It will help reduce

the arbitrary choice of adsorbent types for MO adsorption leading to a reduction in the amount

of published literature with little/incremental contributions to the field. The study was based

on an analysis of over 240 published works of literature on the subject within the last 5 years.

The adsorbents were classified into the following seven groups based on their chemical

composition; biosorbents, activated carbon, biochar, clays and minerals, polymers and resins,

nanoparticles, and composites. In terms of frequency of utilisation of adsorbent group,

composites were the most frequently used (>40%). It was observed that nanoparticles and

polymers were the most frequently used constituents in the manufacture of composite

2
adsorbents for MO. The choice of nanoparticles in composite adsorbents could be due to their

flexibility in going into the matrices of other material types due to their small sizes. Polymers

also act as good matrices for immobilising other composite constituents. Nanoparticles was the

best adsorbent group for MO uptake. Clays and minerals had the greatest proportion of

adsorbents with MO uptake capacity greater than the 1000 mg/g threshold.

Keywords: Adsorption; Biochar; Methyl orange; Nanoparticles; Water pollution

f
1. Introduction

oo
The importance of water in the sustenance of life cannot be overstated as it is present

r
in high amounts in all biomass [1-3]. Unfortunately, the contribution of man’s activities has/is
-p
decreasing the supply of clean water through the introduction of pollutants into water bodies
re
[4-6]. Water pollution is caused by several pollutants such as resource mining, oil spills,
lP

agricultural practices, nuclear waste leakages and wastes from industries [7-9]. One such
na

industry is the textile industry that utilises a great deal of water for its processes especially for
ur

wet processing of materials and also releases a large volume of effluent into the environment
Jo

[10, 11]. The treatment of the industrial effluent is a great concern for the industry in a bid to

make their process environmentally friendly [12-15]. Being the largest consumer of colourants,

the effluent from this industry contain large quantities of dyes (which are toxic, carcinogenic,

mutagenic and pose great threat to humans) used during the process and researchers have spent

a great deal of time in its mitigation from water bodies to make the water less hazardous to the

environment [16-20].

Various authors have used different treatment approaches based on their strengths and

weaknesses for the mitigation of dyes from the environment [21-23]. Due to the disadvantages

of other remediation approaches, adsorption is preferred for dye removal from aqueous

environments [24]. Precipitation and coagulation use a lot of chemicals and produce toxic

3
sludge beds [25, 26], whereas electrodialysis is linked with high running costs and corrosion

[26, 27]. Adsorption is a common method for removing dyes from wastewater. Its benefits over

other treatments include its flexibility, ease of operation and design, low volume sludge and

low cost of set-up [28-34]. However, some of the drawbacks of the adsorption process include

toxicity of wastes from spent adsorbents, the use of chemicals for desorption, and the transfer

of the pollution load rather than its elimination [35].

Methyl Orange (MO) is one of the most common dyes used in the textile industry [36-

f
38]. It is also used as a pH indicator for titrations [39-41]. Its chemical structure and properties

oo
are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1 respectively. Different methods can be utilised for the

r
-p
removal of MO dye from solutions, and examples of such techniques include; advanced

oxidation processes [42-44], photocatalytic degradation [45-47], ultra-filtration [48-50],

re
electrochemical degradation [51-54], and coagulation-flocculation [55-57]. However, the
lP

above-listed methods have disadvantages such as complexity, high operational cost and time-
na

consuming unit operations as stated above [58]. Adsorption as a technique is preferred to these
ur

other methods in the mitigation of MO because of its simplicity in design and operation,
Jo

indifferent sensitivity towards toxicants and low operational cost [59, 60].

Table 1. Characteristics of MO [61].

Property Value
IUPAC name Sodium-4-(4-dimethylamino phenyl diazenyl) benzenesulfonate
Molecular formula C14H14N3SO3Na
Molecular weight 327.34 g/mol
pKa 3.4
Colour & form Orange-yellow powder or crystalline scales
Melting point > 300 ℃
Solubility Less than 1 mg/mL at 18 C

4
 f
Figure 1. Chemical structure of MO

oo
From the exhaustive search of the authors’, it was discovered that even though a large

r
-p
amount of research has been done on the adsorption of MO, there is yet to be any review on
re
the subject matter. The reason for using MO as the adsorbate in this study is due to its popularity
lP

as a dye and pH indicator [62, 63]. This study is aimed at evaluating the performance of various

adsorbent groups in the mitigation of MO from aqueous solutions. The novelty of this study is
na

centred on the study of the different adsorbents that have been used in the removal of MO from
ur

aqueous solution within the last five years with emphasis on their adsorbent capacity, making
Jo

comparison amongst them and drawing inferences. This study would be able to give more

insight into the adsorption of MO, to better inform future researches. It will also help reduce

the arbitrary choice of adsorbent types for MO adsorption leading to a reduction in the amount

of published literature with little/incremental contributions to the field.

2. Methodology

This study utilised recent articles that have been published on the adsorption of MO

from aqueous solutions. The articles were obtained from the Google Scholar search engine and

the search was restricted to all papers on the subject matter published in the past five years

(2016-2021). Our reason for this was to engage the most recent research and advances that
5
have been made on the subject matter. Over 240 published articles were obtained that have

been published within this time frame. The papers were scrutinised to study the performance

of the various adsorbents that have been used for MO uptake. The adsorption capacity was used

as the yardstick for measuring the performance of the various adsorbents. The percentage

removal efficiency was documented from articles where it was reported but it was not used as

the basis or indicator for measuring the performance of the various adsorbents because it is

dependent on the dosage of the adsorbent as well as the adsorbate’s concentration [64]. For

better comparison and analysis, the adsorbents were group into seven different groups based

f
oo
on their chemical composition or make-up. The groups are;

r
 Group A: Biosorbents

 Group B: Activated carbon

-p
re
 Group C: Biochar
lP

 Group D: Clays and Minerals

na

 Group E: Polymers and resins


ur

Group F: Nanoparticles


Jo

Group G: Composites

Figure 2 shows a summary of the different precursors used for the preparation of the various

adsorbent types considered in this study. Besides polymeric adsorbents and composites, the

preparation of most other adsorbent types are quite simple. With the exception of polymers and

nanoparticles precursors, most of the other precursors are low-cost and readily available. The

availability of precursors from agricultural residues may be limited to the farming/processing

season, or the possibility of cultivation of the original crops in such area based on climatic

limitations.

6
 f
r oo
-p
re
lP
na
ur
Jo

Figure 2. Summary of adsorbent types considered in the study and potential precursors for

their synthesis

Besides the stipulation of removal efficiency (RE%) and adsorption capacity (𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ), the

method of determination of the adsorption capacity was reported, the optimum pH and

temperature were also reported for each of the adsorbents as they are process parameters that

7
 greatly influence the capacity of any given adsorbent. The specific surface area of the adsorbent

was also reported. The 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 was reported in four significant figures in order of decreasing

adsorption capacity. With the aid of the current classification, the adsorbent performance was

analysed and inferences were drawn. A comparison was also made across the various groups

to investigate their performance for MO uptake.

3. Empirical results of the various adsorbent groups

3.1 Group A: Biosorbent

f
oo
Biosorbents are materials of biological origin that have been thermo-chemically

r
decomposed and is used for the sequestration of pollutants from the environment through
-p
adsorption [65]. Biosorbents are very popular adsorbents as most of them are cheap and readily
re
available [66]. Another reason for this is that it does not form intermediate products and there
lP

is a large array of materials that can be used as biosorbents [67]. According to El-Sayed and
na

El-Sayed [68], biosorbents can be classified into four major classes and which have been

utilised in the mitigation of MO from aqueous solution; living biomass that is made up of fungi
ur

[69-71], Algae [72-74], and other microbial cultures [75-77]; Dead biomass [71, 78];
Jo

agricultural wastes such as fibers [79, 80], leaves [81-83], fruit peels [84-86], tree barks [87,

88], and plant straws [89, 90]; and Industrial solid waste [91]. The mechanism of uptake of

dyes by biosorbents include physical sorption such as Van der Waals force or ion exchange

electrostatic interaction, chemical sorption by micro-precipitation and complexation/chelation

[92-94]. The performance of the various sorbents which include both modified and unmodified

biosorbents that have been used in the removal of MO from solutions is given in Table 2.

Table 2. Adsorption performance of MO by Group A adsorbents

Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.

RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) determination
Polyethyleneimine-modified persimmon tannin 97.6 877.2 4.00 50.0 8.130 Langmuir [95]
Aminated pumpkin seed powder - 200.3 3.00 45.0 - Langmuir [96]

8
Coffee waste/cetylpyridinium chloride - 62.50 3.50 25.0 - Langmuir [97]
Coffee waste/cetyltrimethyl ammonium - 58.82 3.50 25.0 - Langmuir [97]
bromide
Sulfactant-modified pineapple leaf - 47.62 3.00 - - Langmuir [98]
Epiphyton biofilm 99.8 - 7.00 30.0 - - [99]

3.2 Group B: Activated carbon (AC)

Activated carbons are carbon-based materials such as charcoal, coal, carbonised plant

matter, peat and lignite that have undergone physical or chemical treatment to increase their

surface area as well as porosity in a bid to boost the sorption capacity of the material [100-

102]. AC is produced from carbon-based materials at very high temperatures, usually above

f
oo
700 ℃ with activated gas such as flue gas or steam. Activated carbon is a popular choice for

r
the adsorption of MO because they are characterised by high surface area, high adsorption
-p
capacity, active free valences, porous structure, thermal stability, surface reactivity and
re
inertness [103-105]. As a result of these properties and more, AC has become the most versatile
lP

type of adsorbent for the removal of dyes from solution and also due to its very high affinity
na

for different types of dyes [106, 107]. The two major forms of AC are granulated activated

carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) [108, 109]. Examples of materials that
ur

have been used in the fabrication of AC for the mitigation of MO dye from aqueous solution
Jo

include; coal [110], egg shells [111, 112], coconut shells [113], wood [114], lignin [115], and

date stones [116]. The adsorption capacity in four significant figures of the various AC which

include both chemically modified and unmodified activated carbon that has been used in the

removal of MO from solutions is given in Table 3.

Table 3. Adsorption performance of MO by Group B adsorbents

Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.

RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) determination
Rayon-based AC fibers - 7000 6.00 - 2126 Langmuir [117]
AC from coffee waste - 1017 3.00 30.0 - Dubinin- [118]
Radushkevich
AC from popcorn 48.5 969.0 - 25.0 3291 Experiments [119]
Pomelo peel-derived porous carbon - 680.3 3.00 50.0 1892 Langmuir [120]
AC from waste tire rubber 80.0 588.0 3.60 23.0 - Langmuir [121]
AC from aloe vera - 196.1 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [82]

9
AC from sugarcane mills boiler residue - 161.8 5.0 25.0 1073 Langmuir [122]
AC from coconut shell 100 3.000 - 25.0 1640 Experiments [123]

3.3 Group C: Biochar

Biochar is described as the solid carbonaceous product of the carbonisation, pyrolysis

or gasification of biomass in the absence or presence of oxygen [124-126]. It is common as an

adsorbent due to its surface area, porous nature and large amounts of surface functional groups

[127-129]. Biochar is made from biomass at a lower temperature than AC which is usually less

than 700 ℃ under anaerobic conditions. Even though its surface area is not as high as that of

f
oo
AC, it has more surface functional groups than AC. Feedstock that has been utilised in the

production of biochars used for the removal of MO from aqueous solution include; forestry

r
-p
waste [130, 131], manure [132, 133], and agricultural waste [134-136]. Table 4 shows the
re
various biochars that have been used in the mitigation of MO in decreasing order of adsorption
lP

capacity.
na

Table 4. Adsorption performance of MO by Group C adsorbents

ur

Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of Ref.

RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
determination
Jo

Protonated amine-modified hydrochar - 909.1 - - 11.76 Langmuir [137]

Biochar from hazelnut shell - 181.8 - - 23.01 Langmuir [138]
Biochar from cellulose - 166.7 - - 12.87 Langmuir [138]
Activated biochar from pomelo peel 99.9 163.1 3.00 25.0 75.32 Langmuir [85]
waste
Biochar from glucose - 147.1 - - 5.440 Langmuir [138]
Biochar from chicken manure 100 41.49 6.50 45.0 - Langmuir [139]

3.4 Group D: Clays and minerals

Clays can be described as a group of microcrystalline secondary minerals with various

phyllosilicate minerals having sheet-like structures and different amounts of structural water

[140]. Apart from being low-cost, clays are also readily available as adsorbents and can

therefore be a replacement for more expensive adsorbents in the treatment of water [141]. Due

to their ability to adsorb water in their interlayer sites, and their high surface area, clays are

10
 highly valued as adsorbents [142]. Common types of clay minerals used as adsorbents in the

removal of MO from solutions include; bentonite [143-145], montmorillonite [146-148] and

kaolin [149, 150]. Another mineral that has been utilised as an adsorbent is zeolite. Original

zeolite crystals are made up of aluminate polyatomic ions. Due to the high number of spaces

within the structure of zeolites, it makes it easier for it to remove pollutants in the environment

by ion exchange [151-153]. The adsorption capacity in four significant figures of the various

Clays and minerals that have been used in the removal of MO from solutions is given in Table

5.

f
oo
Table 5. Adsorption performance of MO by Group D adsorbents

r
Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.

Organosilica
Starch-modified ZnMgAl LDH
RE%
-
-
-p (mg/g)
1708
1555
3.00
(oC)
-
25.0
(m2/g)
10.00
76.80
determination
-
Langmuir
[154]
[155]
re
CoFe LDH 80.0 1290 7.50 25.0 108.8 Langmuir [156]
Calcined glycerol-modified nanocrystallined 95.0 1062 4.50 25.0 170.3 Langmuir [157]
lP

MgAl LDH
CoAl/Cl LDH 98.3 827.5 7.00 20.0 19.70 Langmuir [158]
MnOx-decorated MgAl LDH 90.5 555.6 - 30.0 - Langmuir [159]
Flower-like NiAl LDH - 500.6 3.00 25.0 133.0 Langmuir [160]
na

NiCO-LDH 98.0 497.0 - - - Langmuir [161]

Uncalcined glycerol-modified nanocrystallined 93.0 443.5 4.50 25.0 71.40 Langmuir [157]
MgAl LDH
ur

Trimeric surfactant-modified Na - 368.6 3.00 20.0 7.750 Langmuir [162]

montmorillonite
Jo

Hydrotalcite-like modified bentonite - 333.3 6.50 24.0 83.24 Langmuir [163]

Dimeric surfactant-modified Na - 313.3 3.00 20.0 10.72 Langmuir [162]
montmorillonite
Stone-like NiAl LDH - 292.0 3.00 25.0 90.00 Langmuir [160]
Gemini surfactant-modified Na-montmorillonite - 282.4 300 - 6.700 Langmuir [164]
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/H2O2-clay 98.0 268.7 3.00 25.0 21.16 Dubinin- [165]
Radushkevich
HDPy+-clay - 227.3 3.00 - 94.93 Langmuir [166]
NiFe LDH 96.5 205.8 - - 17.85 Langmuir [167]
MgAl LDH - 197.6 - 25.0 - Experiments [168]
Bimorphic Mg-Al mixed metal oxides 99.7 182.8 - 25.0 - Langmuir [169]
Blast furnace slag acid-alkaline precipitate 100 167.0 13.0 25.0 3.450 Langmuir [170]
Organo vermiculite - 157.0 6.90 55.0 - Langmuir [171]
Cd-zeolite imidazolate framework (Cd-ZIF-8) 92.0 145.4 2.00 50.0 1281 Langmuir [172]
CuMgAl LDH 98.0 123.5 7.00 25.0 60.00 Langmuir [173]
Palygorskite - 109.4 7.00 25.0 - Langmuir [174]
Goethite - 55.00 3.00 25.0 4.370 Langmuir [175]
Organic matter-rich clays from Egypt 96.4 41.67 2.00 25.0 59.14 Langmuir [176]
Calcinated organic matter-rich clays from Egypt 92.9 34.48 2.00 25.0 48.32 Langmuir [176]
Biofunctional BiOCl3I solid 100 5.000 - - 29.34 Experiments [177]
CuAl LDH 100 - - 40.0 - - [178]
Tungstosilisic acid/zeolites 85.0 - 2.50 - 362.0 - [179]
Fly ash 66.0 - 8.50 25.0 1.180 - [180]

11
 3.5 Group E: Polymers and resins

Polymers can be described as any chemical substance having a large number of

molecules that are composed of repeating subunits called monomers [181]. Polymeric-based

adsorbents can be used either in their natural form or in their modified form. The presence of

modifiable functional groups present in the chemical structure of polymers makes polymers a

good adsorbent material [182, 183]. There are two major reactions through which polymers

can be modified to increase their adsorption efficiency and resistance in extreme media

f
oo
conditions, and they are; cross-linking reactions (in which macromolecular chains are united

r
with each other) and grafting (in which new functional groups are inserted into the original
-p
material, thereby increasing the number of active sites present on the surface of the polymer)
re
[184, 185]. Polymeric adsorbents are preferred to conventional adsorbents due to the simplicity
lP

in their processing, the possibility to shape them into other forms such as membranes and beads,
na

and their relatively easy regeneration. Polymeric adsorbents could either be natural or synthetic

[186, 187]. Natural polymers which have been used for the adsorption of MO include
ur

polysaccharides such as chitosan [188-190], cellulose, starch [191-193], alginate [194-196],

Jo

and cyclodextrin [197-199]. The adsorption capacity in four significant figures of the various

polymers and resins that have been used in the removal of MO from solutions is given in Table

6.

Table 6. Adsorption performance of MO by Group E adsorbents

Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.

RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) determination
UiO-66 MOF - 4545 12.0 25.0 1276 Langmuir [200]
Polyethyleneimine-functionalised graphene - 3059 3.00 - - Langmuir [201]
aerogel
MOF-derived nanoporous carbon - 872.0 6.00 - 1731 Langmuir [202]
N-acyl thiolated chitosan 88.0 588.2 7.00 26.0 10.00 Langmuir [203]
Viologen-based β-cyclodextrin polymer 77.0 370.0 - - 22.00 Langmuir [204]
Epibromohydrin-modified polyamine resin 99.0 358.3 - - - Langmuir [205]
Amine-modified PIM-1 fibrous membrane - 312.5 - - 15.00 Langmuir [206]

12
3D scaffolds from thiol group-modified 90.0 305.0 7.00 - - Langmuir [207]
chitosan
Chitosan microspheres - 207.0 3.10 - - Langmuir [208]
Protonated cross-linked chitosan - 180.2 4.50 45.0 - Langmuir [209]
Cd-based MOF - 166.7 7.00 25.0 384.0 Langmuir [210]
Amino groups functionalised UiO-66 MOF 87.4 148.4 5.0 25.0 9.527 Experiments [211]
Polyaniline powder - 147.0 7.00 29.0 11.80 Langmuir [212]
Polyvinylene fluoride/PEDOT mats 75.0 146.2 3.00 20.0 5.691 Langmuir [213]
Acid promoted UiO-66 - 84.80 - - 1090 Experiments [214]
Poly-melamine formaldehyde - 81.20 - - 979.9 Experiments [215]
Immobilised polyaniline 97.6 77.50 6.50 30.0 8.500 Langmuir [216]
Chitosan beads - 73.00 3.00 25.0 10.81 Langmuir [175]
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based ionic - 64.80 - 25.0 - Langmuir [217]
hydrogels
Salecan polyssacharides 93.0 56.20 - - - Experiments [218]
Ionic-liquid-crafted zeolite - 38.00 - - - Langmuir [219]
Mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite 94.3 25.00 1.00 30.0 - Langmuir [220]
Chitosan schiff bases - 20.00 8.00 80.0 - Experiments [221]

f
Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 - 18.00 - - 1007 Langmuir [222]

oo
Cellulose from Stipa tenacissina L - 16.94 3.70 25.0 - Langmuir [223]
ZIF-67 - 16.30 - - 989.0 Experiments [224]
Surfactant-added ZIF-8 - 10.10 - - 891.0 Experiments [225]

r
Banana pseudo steam-based hydrogel - 9.470 7.00 - - Experiments [226]
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)
Multifunctional Cd(ll) MOFs
-
100
-p
9.200
-
-
-
-
-
1007
517.0
Experiments
-
[224]
[227]
re
Methylsilsesquioxane aerogels 95.0 - - - - [228]
Cadmium MOFs 39.0 - - - - - [229]
Zirconium MOF (UiO-66) 31.0 - 2.00 25.0 - - [230]
lP

3.6 Group F: Nanoparticles

na

Nanoparticles are materials with a size less than 100 nm [231, 232]. Due to their very
ur

small size, they have gained popularity not just in the adsorption of dyes from solutions but
Jo

also in the removal of different varieties of pollutants from the environment [233, 234].

Nanoparticles both from organic or inorganic sources exhibit intrinsic surface activity, high

surface areas and reactive atoms or functional groups that enable them to bind strongly with

the dye molecules [235]. Its small size, surface structure and inter-particle interaction make

nanoparticles to be efficient adsorbents [236, 237]. The adsorption capacity in four significant

figures of the various nanoparticles that have been used in the removal of MO from solutions

is given in Table 7.

Table 7. Adsorption performance of MO by Group F adsorbents

Adsorbent Name Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.

RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) determination

13
Mesoporous carbon - 9091 3.00 - 2944 Langmuir [238]
Magnetic nanoporous Fe/MCM-41 96.7 5000 2.00 20.0 1216 Langmuir [239]
Magnetic hierarchical porous carbon 99.9 1523 - 30.0 603.0 Langmuir [240]
sphere
Mesoporous MCM-41 92.0 1000 2.00 20.0 1451 Langmuir [239]
Bismuth nitrate NP 97.0 730.0 - - 5.290 Langmuir [241]
Cu2O/Ag - 709.2 - - 55.36 Langmuir [242]
Copper hydroxide nitrate nanosheets - 428.8 - - - Experiments [243]
MnO2 deposited diatomic nanosheets 95.0 420.2 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [244]
Carbon nanostructure from Bengal gram - 418.4 - - 1710 Langmuir [245]
bean husk
NiO NPs - 370.4 8.00 60.0 78.37 Langmuir [246]
Amino-functionalised magnetic multi- 99.6 355.8 6.00 50.0 598.0 Langmuir [247]
MOF
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon - 337.8 7.10 20.0 1259 Langmuir [248]
pTSA-PANI/PLLA nanofiber mat 70.0 333.0 6.00 25.0 1276 Langmuir [249]
MnO2 deposited diatomic nanowires 99.0 324.7 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [244]
p-CNTs/chlorine chloride - 310.2 2.00 - 197.8 Langmuir [250]

f
Sulfamic acid/Cr-MIL-101 70.0 291.5 2.00 25.0 944.0 Langmuir [62]

oo
p-CNTs/N,N-diethylethanol ammonium - 263.1 2.00 - 169.7 Langmuir [250]
chloride
Reduced graphene oxide - 243.9 7.00 - - Langmuir [251]

r
Cobalt hydroxide NPs 87.0 234.0 5.00 - - Langmuir [252]
MgAL-LDHs nanosheets
Nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon
-
95.2
-p
229.8
222.2
-
6.00
-
25.0
65.94
1152
Experiments
Langmuir
[253]
[254]
re
CuO NPs - 217.4 6.50 60.0 6.188 Langmuir [246]
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon - 202.4 - 25.0 968.0 Langmuir [255]
NiO nanoflakes 84.6 165.8 2.00 - 9.720 Langmuir [256]
lP

CuO nanoflakes 93.2 158.7 2.00 - 69.27 Langmuir [256]

Mesoporous MCM-41/microfiltration 99.0 151.5 4.00 25.00 1451 Langmuir [257]
membrane
na

Mesoporous carbon nanofibers - 126.6 7.00 45.0 392.3 Langmuir [258]

Magnetic lignin-based CNPs 90.7 113.0 5.00 20.0 82.80 Langmuir [259]
Non-functionalised CNTs (p-CNTs) - 110.4 2.00 - 123.5 Langmuir [250]
ur

Cu2O particles - 96.42 - - 1.130 Langmuir [260]

Polyaniline nano-adsorbent 98.2 75.90 10.0 65.0 10.44 Langmuir [261]
Polyanilined-based nanoadsorbent 97.0 75.90 6.00 45.0 10.34 Langmuir [262]
Jo

ZIF-67 nanostructure 70.2 75.59 - - 593.6 Langmuir [263]

Porous Al-doped ZnO nanosheets 99.3 74.57 7.00 25.0 34.30 Langmuir [264]
Al-doped CNTs 99.4 69.70 4.50 - 118.8 Langmuir [265]
β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructures 20.6 48.14 - - - Experiments [266]
Co3O4 NPs - 46.08 6.00 - - Langmuir [267]
nanodiamond - 41.74 - - 282.0 Experiments [268]
Flower-like MoSe2 microspheres - 36.91 - - 25.00 Langmuir [269]
α-Fe2O3 NPs 90.0 28.90 2.00 25.0 - Langmuir [270]
Amorphous CNTs 99.9 21.51 3.00 25.0 Langmuir [271]
Amorphous CNTs 95.0 21.39 - - - Langmuir [272]
Nanoporous carbon 100 18.80 - 25.0 814.0 Langmuir [273]
Graphene oxide - 16.83 3.00 25.0 1330 Langmuir [274]
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 - 14.10 - 20.2 232.4 Langmuir [275]
CuO nanostructures 100 - - 65.0 24.10 - [276]
Cu2O NPs 100 - - - 6.150 - [277]
Palladium nanocubes/MWCNTs 99.3 - - - - - [278]
Porous ZnO spheres 96.3 - - - 114.6 - [279]
Scoria-Ni/TiO2 NPs 95.9 - 7.00 - - - [280]
Ag3PO4 91.8 - 9.00 - - [281]
Mesoporous silica NPs 91.1 - 3.00 70.0 - - [282]
Nickel hydroxide nanocatalyst 80.0 - - 30.0 87.00 - [283]

14
 3.7 Group G: Composites

The search for more efficient and cost-effective adsorbents have led scientists to

develop an array of composite adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants from the

environment. Composite adsorbents are a distinct category of adsorbents that comprise two or

more materials or categories of other adsorbents [284, 285]. The characteristics of the

individual adsorbent are usually distinct from the properties of the composite material formed

by them. Such materials usually have better adsorption properties than the individual

compound used to make up the composite [286, 287]. The adsorption capacity in four

f
oo
significant figures of the various composites that have been used in the removal of MO from

r
solutions is given in Table 8.
-p
Table 8. Adsorption performance of MO by Group G adsorbents
re
Adsorbent Name Adsorbent Highest 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 pH Temp SSA Method of 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 Ref.
lP

Class RE% (mg/g) (oC) (m2/g) determination

Waste straws/citric acid group/acrylamide G(B-E) 80.0 3053 3.00 - - Langmuir [288]
Ni-Co-S/hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide G(E-F) 99.0 2355 - 25.0 12.73 Langmuir [289]
na

CoFe2O3/MgAl-hydrotalcite G(D-F) - 1220 6.00 25.0 - Langmuir [290]

Mesoporous ZIF-67/LDH G(D-E) 98.0 1030 6.00 30.0 172.3 Langmuir [291]
Chitosan/chitosan-sodium zeolites G(E-E) 95.5 909.0 8.00 30.0 - Langmuir [292]
Chitosan/Fe3O4 G(E-F) 95.0 758.0 7.00 25.0 - Langmuir [293]
ur

Fe3O4/poly(stylenesulfonate)/ZIF-67 G(E-F) 92.0 738.0 8.00 25.0 1042 Experiments [294]

Graphene oxide/ZnO G(F-F) 75.0 714.3 7.00 - - Langmuir [295]
Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite G(F-F) - 714.3 6.00 - - Langmuir [296]
Jo

Cellulose nanofiber/chitosan G(E-F) 96.3 655.2 5.00 25.0 - Langmuir [297]

Graphene oxide/NiFe LDH G(D-F) - 438.0 - - 145.0 - [298]
Chitosan/PVA/TiO2 G(E-E-F) - 425.0 - - - Langmuir [299]
Chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 G(E-F-F) 96.0 419.0 6.00 25.0 21.87 Experiments [300]
Amine/Fe3O4-resin G(E-F) - 416.7 5.50 45.0 - Langmuir [301]
Ni-Al LDH/AC G(B-D) - 412.8 4.50 30.0 1158 Sips [302]
Al-doped MOF/grapheme oxide G(E-F) - 400.0 8.00 - 1309 Langmuir [303]
NDA88 MOF/Cu G(E-F) - 398.8 - - 370.4 Langmuir [304]
Chitosan/β-cyclodextrin polymer G(E-E) 90.7 392.0 5.00 25.0 - Langmuir [305]
Starch/NiFe LDH G(A-D) 99.0 387.6 3.00 25.00 - Langmuir [306]
Calcium ferrite/zirconia G(F-F) 98.9 370.4 2.00 30.0 95.32 Langmuir [307]
Fe2O3/AC G(B-F) 80.0 362.0 3.00 20.0 1110 Langmuir [308]
ZnO/CuO G(F-F) 93.0 341.0 - 25.0 - Experiments [309]
Graphene/β-cyclodextrin G(E-F) - 328.2 - - - Experiments [310]
Fe2O3/Mn3O4 magnetic nanocomposites G(F-F) 97.7 322.6 2.00 25.0 178.3 Langmuir [311]
Chitosan/Fe(OH)3 beads G(D-E) 91.1 314.5 3.00 - 10.20 Langmuir [312]
Chitosan/PVA/TiO2 nanofiber G(E-E-F) 94.0 314.0 - - - Langmuir [313]
Reduced graphene oxide/NiCr-CO3 LDH G(D-F) - 312.5 - - - Langmuir [314]
Manganese ferrite/hausmannite NP G(F-F) 97.4 303.0 2.00 25.0 100.6 Langmuir [315]
Chitosan/H2O2 activated anthracite G(D-E) 98.8 297.3 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [316]
Polyaniline/AC G(B-E) 70.0 285.0 6.50 - 36.00 Langmuir [317]
Zn-Al LDH/ZnO G(D-F) 96.9 276.6 - - - Langmuir [318]
Ni NPs/porous carbon-carbon nanotubes G(F-F) - 274.0 - - 999.0 Langmuir [319]
Zn-Al LDH/SiO2 G(D-F) 88.9 266.5 - - - Langmuir [318]

15
Polydopamine/cellulose nanofibril/polyethylene- G(E-F) - 265.9 4.00 25.0 - Langmuir [320]
imine
Date palm ash/MgAl-LDH G(C-D) 93.0 243.0 3.00 25.0 140.7 Langmuir [321]
ZnO/polyaniline G(E-F) 99.1 240.8 4.00 - 63.17 Langmuir [322]
Polydopamine/polyethyleneimine/graphene oxide G(E-E-F) - 237.5 - 40.00 - Langmuir [323]
Chitosan/graphene nanoplates G(E-F) 96.0 230.9 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [324]
Immobilised Fe/chitosan G(E-F) - 205.0 4.00 50.0 - Langmuir [58]
Polyethyleneimine/β-cyclodextrin/Fe3O4 G(D-E) - 192.2 1.00 30.0 17.51 Langmuir [325]
Catechol/amine resin G(E-E) 94.5 189.4 - 30.0 13.13 Langmuir [326]
Chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofiber G(E-F) - 183.0 - - - Langmuir [327]
Carbon dots/ZnFe2O4 G(F-F) - 181.2 5.00 20.0 161.8 Langmuir [328]
ZIF-67/CoAl-LDH G(D-E) 72.3 180.5 - - 274.3 Langmuir [263]
Silica daisogel/vinylbenzyl N,N-diethyl 2- G(D-E) 100 180.3 5.50 25.0 - Langmuir [329]
hydroxyethyl ammonium moieties
AC/polytetrafluoroethylene G(B-E) - 176.0 - 25.0 700.0 Experiments [330]
Mg NP/modified nanosized Si2-Al2O3 G(D-F) 89.3 167.2 6.50 25.0 101.0 Sips [331]
Immobilised chitosan/montmorillonite G(D-E) 94.6 154.4 6.30 30.0 4.380 Langmuir [332]
Chitosan/PVA/zeolite electrospun s membrane G(E-E-F) - 153.0 - - - Langmuir [333]
Fe3O4/AC G(B-F) - 150.4 7.00 25.0 1200 Liu [334]
Fe3O4/polypyrrole G(E-F) - 149.5 - 25.0 - Langmuir [335]

f
Activated organic-bentonite/sodium alginate G(D-E) - 141.2 11.0 23.0 80.00 Langmuir [336]

oo
Chitosan/bentonite G(D-E) 99.7 136.8 3.00 25.0 - Langmuir [337]
Nitrilotriacetic acid/β-cyclodextrin/chitosan G(E-E) 94.0 132.5 - - - Sips [338]
Chitosan/ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether biofilm G(E-E) - 131.2 3.00 30.0 0.820 Langmuir [339]

r
Copper sulphide NPs/AC G(B-F) 99.0 122.0 5.00 25.0 1286 Langmuir [340]
Chitosan/ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether beads
Magnetic pectin/chlorella vulagaris
NiFe LDH nanoflakes/montmorillonite
G(E-E)
G(A-F)
G(D-E)
-p -
-
91.8
112.4
109.1
108.8
-
-
30.0
30.0
25.0
-
-
103.9
Langmuir
Langmuir
Langmuir
[341]
[342]
[343]
re
Co3O4 nanocube/polyaniline G(E-F) 94.0 107.0 7.00 25.0 43.00 Experiments [344]
Amino-functionalised magnetic bacterial G(B-F) 82.8 103.3 3.00 45.0 - Langmuir [345]
cellulose/AC
lP

MgO/carbon nanocomposites G(F-F) - 101.8 - - 59.34 Langmuir [346]

Polyaniline/glass plates G(E-E) 100 93.00 7.00 29.0 3.700 Langmuir [212]
Ag-N-ZnO/coconut husk AC G(B-F) 98.8 90.42 - - 472.0 Experiments [347]
Magnetic pressler/chitosan/Fe3O4 G(E-F-F) 97.0 88.50 6.00 45.0 - Langmuir [348]
na

Goethite/chitosan beads G(D-E) - 84.00 3.00 25.0 17.81 Langmuir [175]

Graphene oxide/isophorone diisocyanate/β- G(E-E-F) 92.4 83.40 6.00 25.0 32.13 Langmuir [349]
cyclodextrin
ur

γ-Fe2O3/2C nanocomposites G(F-F) 99.9 72.68 4.80 25.0 394.1 Langmuir [350]
UiO-66/nanocellulose aerogels G(F-F) - 71.70 - - 826.0 Experiments [351]
Spent tea leaves/polyethyleneimine G(A-E) 91.1 62.11 3.00 25.0 2.330 Langmuir [352]
Jo

NaX/MgO-TiO2 zeolite G(E-F) 95.0 53.76 6.50 45.0 - Langmuir [353]

Chitosan/rectorite/CNTs G(D-E-F) 80.5 50.75 5.00 8.303 Langmuir [354]
Functionalised CNTs/TiO2 G(F-F) 100 42.68 6.50 25.0 - Langmuir [355]
Chitosan/diatomic G(D-E) 88.4 35.12 5.00 20.0 - Langmuir [356]
Fe2O3/mesoporous carbon G(F-F) 26.50 3.00 20.0 69.00 Langmuir [308]
LDH/Fe3O4/polyvinyl alcohol G(A-F) 97.0 19.59 6.00 25.0 87.00 Langmuir [357]
Nanofibrillated cellulose-based cryogel/N-doped G(A-D-F) 99.0 17.60 - 20.0 - Langmuir [358]
TiO2
Bi2O3/TiO2/powdered AC G(B-F) - 16.33 - - 83.30 Experiments [359]
Fe2O3/biochar G(C-F) 100 16.05 2.86 25.0 15.30 Langmuir [360]
Fe2O3/polypeptidylated hemoglobin G(E-F) - 15.20 25.0 - Langmuir [361]
AgGaO2 nanocomposites G(F-F) - 11.39 7.50 25.0 23.35 Experiments [362]
Starch/ascorbic acid-modified MWCNTs G(A-F) 70.0 11.11 2.00 - - Langmuir [363]
Chitosan/PVA/Na-titanate/TiO2 G(E-E-E-F) 99.9 6.860 - - - Experiments [364]
Fe NPs/SiO2-NH2/glycerol G(A-D-F) 100 3.020 3.00 25.0 171.0 Experiments [365]
Fe NPs/SiO2-NH2/black tea extract G(A-D-F) 100 2.970 3.00 25.0 89.10 Experiments [365]
Fe NPs/SiO2-NH2/yerba mate extract G(A-D-F) 100 2.840 3.00 25.0 113.1 Experiments [365]
Fe3O4/CNTs G(F-F) - 2.760 - - - Experiments [366]
Fe3O4/polydopamine G(E-F) - 2.070 - - - Experiments [366]
Cellulose acetate/polyurethane G(E-E) 25.5 0.185 - - - Langmuir [367]
Silver NP/zeolite X G(E-F) 100 - 5.00 - 552.6 - [368]
TiO2/aluminosilicate zeolite (ZSM-5) G(E-F) 99.6 - 7.50 1151 - [369]
Graphene/Fe3O4 G(F-F) 99.2 - - - - - [370]
Chitosan/polyaniline/copper(ll) oxide G(E-E-F) 98.9 - 4.00 - - - [371]
Au/Cu2O G(F-F) 98.8 - - - 16.00 - [372]
Fe-based MOF/graphene oxide G(E-F) 98.0 - 3.00 30.0 1602 - [373]

16
Biochar from waste walnut shells/TiO2 G(C-F) 96.9 - - - 66.06 - [374]
Pisum sativum peels/Fe3O4 NPs G(A-F) 96.2 - 6.00 - 17.60 - [375]
NiFe2O4/LDH composite G(D-F) 94.3 - - 25.0 - - [376]
Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/zeolite G(E-E-E) 94.0 - - - - - [377]
Chitosan/Co-MCM-15 G(E-F) 76.0 - 8.00 - - - [378]
TiO2/pure calcium silicate G(D-F) 60.0 - - - 126.0 - [379]
TiO2/slag-made calcium silicate G(D-F) 43.7 - - - 149.0 - [379]

4. Discussion on the performance of the various adsorbent groups

The frequency of the various adsorbents that have been employed by researchers in the

past five years for the mitigation of MO from aqueous solutions as shown in Figure 3 in

decreasing order is given by; composites > nanoparticles > polymers and resins > clay and

f
oo
minerals > activated carbon > biosorbents > biochars. The most frequently used adsorbent

group are the composite adsorbents (>40%). This may be due to its perceived high adsorption

r
-p
ability which is contributed by the individual adsorbents that make up the composite. Other
re
adsorbent groups also used are nanoparticles, which may be due to their increasing popularity
lP

as a result of their very small size. This contributes to their high surface area which invariably

increases their adsorption capacity.

na

From Figure 4, it was observed that nanoparticles were the most frequently used in the
ur

manufacture of composite adsorbents for MO uptake in the past five years. The choice of
Jo

nanoparticles in composite adsorbents could be due to their flexibility in going into the matrices

of other material types due to their small sizes. Even though the composite material formed

have distinct properties from its parent material, the parent materials also contribute to the

excellent properties of the composite material. Another group of adsorbents frequently used

for this same purpose in the past five years are clays and minerals. This could be due to their

ability to adsorb water in their interlayer sites, and their high surface area which are properties

of a good adsorbent.

For Table 9, we will have to ignore the results for groups 1-3 because their data (based

on published papers in the last 5 years) is not large enough to be statistically significant. Hence

it would be erroneous to draw generic or specific inferences from such results. Considering the

17
other four classes of adsorbents, nanoparticles have the second highest mean performance for

MO uptake. However, clays and minerals have the greatest proportion of adsorbents with MO

uptake capacity greater than the 1000 mg/g threshold.

f
r oo
-p
re
lP

Figure 3. Frequency of the various groups of adsorbents used for the mitigation of MO in the

last five years.

na
ur
Jo

Figure 4. Frequency of the individual groups of adsorbents used for the synthesis of composite

adsorbents used for the mitigation of MO in the last five years.

18
 Table 9. Mean adsorption capacity for various adsorbent types (The ranking is shown in the

parenthesis and was done in decreasing order of magnitude)

Class Name Mean (mg/g) % with 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 1000 mg/g

A Biosorbents 249.3 (7th) 0%
B Activated carbon 1327 (1st) 25%
C Biochar 268.2 (6th) 0%
D Clays and mineral 426.8 (4th) 14%
E Polymers and resins 514.0 (3rd) 6.9%
F Nanoparticles 552.1 (2nd) 8.8%
G Composites 291.8 (5th) 4.5%

5. Mechanism of MO adsorption

f
In this section, we discuss the mechanism of MO adsorption firstly based on the nature

oo
of the molecule itself, then on the nature of the adsorbent material. Studying the chemical

r
-p
nature of the adsorbent and adsorbate can help to elucidate the specific physico-chemical
re
mechanisms that are involved in the adsorptive uptake [380]. MO is a polycyclic aromatic

compound hence can have electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions with adsorbents with
lP

some amount of aromaticity. These physical interactions can be in the form of π - π (8 – 12

na

kJ/mol), cation – π (8 – 25 kJ/mol) and anion – π (20 – 50 kJ/mol) [381]. These are some of
ur

the strongest physical interaction forces for MO uptake. Adsorbents like biochar, activated
Jo

carbons and carbon-based nanoparticles (e.g. SWCNTs and MWCNTs) are strongly aromatic

hence can interact in this way with MO. MO is also able to interact with adsorbents by hydrogen

bonds (4 – 40 kJ/mol) due to the presence of hetero-atoms on its structure. The dimethyl

substituted nitrogen atom on one end and the sodium substituted sulphur atom on the other end

are good points for weak interactions with hydrogen species on adsorbents (See MO structure

in Figure 1). Since MO is an ionisable molecule with a pKa of 3.4, it follows that it can form

strong electrostatic interactions with adsorbents that are not at their isoelectric point.

Electrostatic interactions are strong chemical interactions that can account for a significant

amount of MO uptake in adsorptive systems. The major caveat is the pH which must not be at

the adsorbents’ isoelectric point thereby preventing its electrical neutrality in aqueous media.

19
 The type of adsorbent materials also influences the nature of MO uptake interactions.

Biosorbent possesses lower surface areas and porosity but is capable of adsorptive performance

because they possess numerous functional groups that can facilitate different physico-chemical

interactions [382, 383]. The rise of biosorbent utility in adsorption has strengthened the

argument that adsorption is more of a chemical process than a physical one. Activated carbons

and biochar have higher surface areas and are more porous. The surface area ensures the greater

availability of active surface/sites for MO uptake. Based on the dimensions of the pores, the

intra-particle diffusion could be slow hence making it the rate-limiting step [384]. Clays and

f
oo
minerals and well-ordered crystalline inorganic minerals. The sheet-like nature of clays means

r
it can be pillared and intercalated to preserve its adsorptive potential and prevent swelling in
-p
contact with water [385, 386]. It also follows that these clays can adsorb MO by ion exchange.
re
Polymers, resins and nanoparticles usually also interact with MO following the usual physico
lP

chemical interactions explained above. The greatest advantage of nanoparticles is their reduced
na

sizes leading to very large specific surface areas. Their greatest disadvantage is their

ecotoxicology [387]. Nanoparticles, polymers and resins have similar issues of low
ur

environmental friendliness and high cost and are hence only developed for targeted
Jo

environmental applications.

6. Conclusion

Based on this investigation, several conclusions regarding MO adsorption were derived.

In terms of frequency of utilisation of adsorbent group, composites were the most frequently

used group (>40%). It was observed that nanoparticles and polymers were the most frequently

used constituents in the manufacture of composite adsorbents for MO uptake in the past five

years. The choice of nanoparticles in composite adsorbents could be due to their flexibility in

going into the matrices of other material types due to their small sizes. Polymers also act as

20
good matrices for immobilising other composite constituents. Nanoparticles was the best

adsorbent group for MO uptake. However, clays and minerals have the greatest proportion of

adsorbents with uptake capacity greater than the 1000 mg/g threshold. This study is important

as regards future work on MO adsorption. It will be able to guide researchers on the reasonable

choice of adsorbent type that would be suitable for the uptake of MO. Furthermore, researchers

interested in developing composite adsorbents can have a good base for making informed

decisions on constituent types based on our findings. This will also help reduce the arbitrary

choice of adsorbent types for MO adsorption leading to a reduction in the amount of published

f
oo
literature with little/incremental contributions to the field.

r
Disclosure statements
-p
re
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
lP

Funding: There was no external funding for the study.

na

Compliance with Ethical Standards: This article does not contain any studies involving human

or animal subjects.
ur
Jo

Author contributions

Kingsley O. Iwuozor, Conceptualisation; Methodology; Data curation; Writing - original draft;

Writing - review & editing; Validation; Supervision

Joshua O. Ighalo, Conceptualisation; Methodology; Writing - original draft; Writing - review

& editing; Validation; Supervision

Ebuka Chizitere Emenike, Data curation; Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing;

Validation

Lawal Adewale Ogunfowora, Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; Validation

Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing; Validation

21
References

1. Awomeso J, Taiwo A, Gbadebo A, Adenowo J. Studies on the pollution of water body

by textile industry effluents in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of applied sciences in environmental
sanitation. 2010;5(4):353-9.
2. Iwuozor KO. Removal of Heavy Metals from Their Solution Using Polystyrene
Adsorbent (Foil Take-Away Disposable Plates). International Journal of Environmental
Chemistry. 2018;2(2):10.
3. Iwuozor KO, Gold EE. Physico-chemical parameters of industrial effluents from a

f
brewery industry in Imo state, Nigeria. Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section A.

oo
2018;1(2):66-78.
4. Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Adeniran JA, Ogunniyi S. A systematic literature analysis of

r
-p
the nature and regional distribution of water pollution sources in Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 2020;283:124566.
re
5. Iloamaeke IM, Iwuozor OK. Quality assessment of selected paracetamol tablets sold at
lP

bridge head market, Onitsha, Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research.
2018;3(5):8.
na

6. Iwuozor KO. Quality assessment of selected Vitamin C tablets sold at Bridge Head
Market, Onitsha. Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 2018;3(3):47-50.
ur

7. Gao Q, Xu J, Bu X-H. Recent advances about metal–organic frameworks in the removal

Jo

of pollutants from wastewater. Coord Chem Rev. 2019;378:17-31.

8. Ogemdi IK. Heavy Metal Concentration of Aphrodisiac Herbs Locally Sold in the
South-Eastern Region of Nigeria. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2019;3(1):22.
9. Ogemdi IK. Properties and Uses of Colloids: A Review. Colloid and Surface Science.
2019;4(2):24.
10. Hasanbeigi A, Price L. A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and
water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production.
2015;95:30-44.
11. Zhul-quarnain A, Ogemdi IK, Modupe I, Gold E, Chidubem EE. Adsorption of
malachite green dye using orange peel. Journal of Biomaterials. 2018;2(2):31-40.
12. Ighalo JO, Igwegbe CA, Aniagor CO, Oba SN. A Review of Methods for the Removal
of Penicillins from Water. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2021;39:101886.

22
13. Al-Musawi TJ, Rajiv P, Mengelizadeh N, Mohammed IA, Balarak D. Development of
sonophotocatalytic process for degradation of acid orange 7 dye by using titanium dioxide
nanoparticles/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a catalyst. Journal of environmental
management. 2021;292:112777.
14. Balarak D, Zafariyan M, Igwegbe CA, Onyechi KK, Ighalo JO. Adsorption of Acid
Blue 92 Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Isothermal,
Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies. Environmental Processes. 2021;8(2):869-88.
15. Al-Musawi TJ, Mengelizadeh N, Al Rawi O, Balarak D. Capacity and Modeling of
Acid Blue 113 Dye Adsorption onto Chitosan Magnetized by Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. Journal of
Polymers and the Environment. 2021:1-16.

f
16. Panda N, Sahoo H, Mohapatra S. Decolourization of methyl orange using Fenton-like

oo
mesoporous Fe2O3–SiO2 composite. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011;185(1):359-65.

r
17. Mohammad F. Natural colorants in the presence of anchors so-called mordants as
-p
promising coloring and antimicrobial agents for textile materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry
re
& Engineering. 2015;3(10):2361-75.
18. Butola B, Mohammad F. Silver nanomaterials as future colorants and potential
lP

antimicrobial agents for natural and synthetic textile materials. RSC advances.
2016;6(50):44232-47.
na

19. Balarak D, Al-Musawi TJ, Mohammed IA, Abasizadeh H. The eradication of reactive
ur

black 5 dye liquid wastes using Azolla filiculoides aquatic fern as a good and an economical
biosorption agent. SN Applied Sciences. 2020;2(6):1-11.
Jo

20. Balarak D, Ganji F, Choi SS, Lee SM, Shim MJ. Effects of operational parameters on
the removal of acid blue 25 dye from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation. Applied
Chemistry for Engineering. 2019;30(6):742-8.
21. Abdulhameed AS, Firdaus NNM, Rangabhashiyam S, Jawad AH, Wilson LD, Yaseen
ZM, et al. Statistical modeling and mechanistic pathway for methylene blue dye removal by
high surface area and mesoporous grass-based activated carbon using K2CO3 activator.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021:105530.
22. Rajarathinam N, Arunachalam T, Raja S, Selvasembian R. Fenalan Yellow G
adsorption using surface-functionalized green nanoceria: An insight into mechanism and
statistical modelling. Environ Res. 2020;181:108920.
23. Igwegbe CA, Onukwuli OD, Ighalo JO, Okoye PU. Adsorption of Cationic Dyes on
Dacryodes Edulis Seeds Activated Carbon Modified Using Phosphoric Acid and Sodium
Chloride. Environmental Processes. 2020;7(4):1151-71.

23
24. Ighalo JO, Ajala OJ, Adeniyi AG, Babatunde EO, Ajala MA. Ecotoxicology of
Glyphosate and Recent Advances in its Mitigation by Adsorption. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research. 2021;28(3):2655–68.
25. Zhou Y, Xing X-H, Liu Z, Cui L, Yu A, Feng Q, et al. Enhanced coagulation of ferric
chloride aided by tannic acid for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Chemosphere.
2008;72(2):290-8.
26. Pan Z, An L. Removal of heavy metal from wastewater using ion exchange membranes.
Applications of ion exchange materials in the environment: Springer; 2019. p. 25-46.
27. S.K. G. Methods of Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater. Journal of
Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies. 2015;1(1):7.

f
28. Selvasembian R, Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Mthembu S. Recent advances in the

oo
polyurethane-based adsorbents for the decontamination of hazardous wastewater pollutants. J

r
Hazard Mater. 2021:125960.
29.
-p
Rangabhashiyam S, Vijayaraghavan K, Jawad AH, Singh P. Sustainable approach of
re
batch and continuous biosorptive systems for praseodymium and thulium ions removal in mono
and binary aqueous solutions. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021;23:101581.
lP

30. Gunarathne V, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Alessi DS, Selvasembian R, Naushad M,

et al. Hydrometallurgical processes for heavy metals recovery from industrial sludges. Crit Rev
na

Environ Sci Technol. 2020:1-41.

ur

31. Hariharan A, Harini V, Sandhya S, Rangabhashiyam S. Waste Musa acuminata residue

as a potential biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic wastewater.
Jo

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020:1-14.

32. Rangabhashiyam S, Vijayaraghavan K. Biosorption of Tm (III) by free and
polysulfone-immobilized Turbinaria conoides biomass. Journal of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry. 2019;80:318-24.
33. Selvakumar A, Rangabhashiyam S. Biosorption of Rhodamine B onto novel
biosorbents from Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria salicornia and Gracilaria edulis. Environ
Pollut. 2019;255:113291.
34. Adithya G, Rangabhashiyam S, Sivasankari C. Lanthanum‑iron binary oxide
nanoparticles: As cost-effective fluoride adsorbent and oxygen gas sensor. Microchemical
Journal. 2019;148:364-73.
35. Iwuozor KO, Oyekunle IP, Oladunjoye IO, Ibitogbe EM, Olorunfemi TS. A Review on
the Mitigation of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution using Sugarcane Bagasse. SugarTech.
2021;Accepted Manuscript.

24
36. Bazrafshan E, Zarei AA, Nadi H, Zazouli MA. Adsorptive removal of Methyl Orange
and Reactive Red 198 dyes by Moringa peregrina ash. 2014.
37. Mo JH, Lee YH, Kim J, Jeong JY, Jegal J. Treatment of dye aqueous solutions using
nanofiltration polyamide composite membranes for the dye wastewater reuse. Dyes and
Pigments. 2008;76(2):429-34.
38. Balarak D, Mahdavi Y, Bazrafshan E, Mahvi AH. Kinetic, isotherms and
thermodynamic modeling for adsorption of Acid Blue 92 (AB92) from aqueous solution by
modified Azolla filicoloides. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2016;25(5):1322-31.
39. Zaggout FR, El-Ashgar NM, Zourab SM, El-Nahhal IM, Motaweh H. Encapsulation of
methyl orange pH-indicator into a sol-gel matrix. Materials Letters. 2005;59(23):2928-31.

f
40. Guo J, Qiu L, Deng Z, Yan F. Plastic reusable pH indicator strips: preparation via anion-

oo
exchange of poly (ionic liquids) with anionic dyes. Polymer Chemistry. 2013;4(5):1309-12.

r
41. Krüger R, Pfenninger A, Fournier I, Glückmann M, Karas M. Analyte incorporation
-p
and ionization in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization visualized by pH indicator
re
molecular probes. Analytical chemistry. 2001;73(24):5812-21.
42. Haji S, Benstaali B, Al-Bastaki N. Degradation of methyl orange by UV/H2O2
lP

advanced oxidation process. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011;168(1):134-9.

43. Jiang B, Zheng J, Liu Q, Wu M. Degradation of azo dye using non-thermal plasma
na

advanced oxidation process in a circulatory airtight reactor system. Chemical Engineering

ur

Journal. 2012;204:32-9.
44. Guin JP, Bhardwaj Y, Varshney L. Mineralization and biodegradability enhancement
Jo

of Methyl Orange dye by an effective advanced oxidation process. Applied Radiation and
Isotopes. 2017;122:153-7.
45. Adeel M, Saeed M, Khan I, Muneer M, Akram N. Synthesis and characterization of
Co–ZnO and evaluation of its photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of methyl orange.
ACS omega. 2021;6(2):1426-35.
46. Luo J, Zhou X, Ma L, Xu X, Wu J, Liang H. Enhanced photodegradation activity of
methyl orange over Ag2CrO4/SnS2 composites under visible light irradiation. Materials
Research Bulletin. 2016;77:291-9.
47. Cao J, Li X, Lin H, Xu B, Chen S, Guan Q. Surface acid etching of (BiO) 2CO3 to
construct (BiO) 2CO3/BiOX (X= Cl, Br, I) heterostructure for methyl orange removal under
visible light. Applied surface science. 2013;266:294-9.
48. Fradj AB, Boubakri A, Hafiane A, Hamouda SB. Removal of azoic dyes from aqueous
solutions by chitosan enhanced ultrafiltration. Results in Chemistry. 2020;2:100017.

25
49. Majewska-Nowak K. The effect of a polyelectrolyte on the efficiency of dye-surfactant
solution treatment by ultrafiltration. Desalination. 2008;221(1-3):395-404.
50. Omi FR, Choudhury MR, Anwar N, Bakr AR, Rahaman MS. Highly conductive
ultrafiltration membrane via vacuum filtration assisted layer-by-layer deposition of
functionalized carbon nanotubes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.
2017;56(30):8474-84.
51. Li S-H, Zhao Y, Chu J, Li W-W, Yu H-Q, Liu G. Electrochemical degradation of
methyl orange on Pt–Bi/C nanostructured electrode by a square-wave potential method.
Electrochimica Acta. 2013;92:93-101.
52. Islam MM, Basu S. Effect of morphology and pH on (photo) electrochemical

f
degradation of methyl orange using TiO2/Ti mesh photocathode under visible light. Journal of

oo
Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2015;3(4):2323-30.

r
53. Ma H, Wang B, Luo X. Studies on degradation of methyl orange wastewater by
-p
combined electrochemical process. Journal of hazardous materials. 2007;149(2):492-8.
re
54. Igwegbe CA, Onukwuli OD, Ighalo JO, Umembamalu CJ, Adeniyi AG. Comparative
Analysis on the Electrochemical Reduction of Colour, COD and Turbidity from Municipal
lP

Solid Waste Leachate using Aluminium, Iron and Hybrid Electrodes. Sustainable Water
Resources Management. 2021;7(3):39.
na

55. Igwegbe CA, Onukwuli OD, Ighalo JO, Umembamalu CJ. Electrocoagulation-
ur

flocculation of aquaculture effluent using hybrid iron and aluminium electrodes: A comparative
study. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. 2021;6:100107.
Jo

56. Igwegbe CA, Onukwuli OD, Ighalo JO, Menkiti MC. Bio-coagulation-flocculation
(BCF) of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate using Picralima Nitida Extract: RSM and ANN
Modelling. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 2021;4:100078.
57. Iwuozor KO. Prospects and Challenges of Using Coagulation-Flocculation method in
the treatment of Effluents. Advanced Journal of Chemistry-Section A. 2019;2(2):105-27.
58. Abdul Mubarak NS, Chuan TW, Khor HP, Jawad AH, Wilson LD, Sabar S.
Immobilized Fe-Loaded Chitosan Film for Methyl Orange Dye Removal: Competitive Ions,
Reusability, and Mechanism. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2020;29(4):1050-62.
59. Muharrem I, Ince OK. An overview of adsorption technique for heavy metal removal
from water/wastewater: a critical review. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences.
2017;3(2):10-9.
60. Kyzas GZ, Fu J, Matis KA. The change from past to future for adsorbent materials in
treatment of dyeing wastewaters. Materials. 2013;6(11):5131-58.

26
61. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23673835, Methyl orange [Internet]. 2021
[cited July 14, 2021]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methyl-
orange.
62. El-Hakam SA, Samra SE, El-Dafrawy Shady M, Ibrahim AA, Salama RS, Ahmed AI.
Synthesis of sulfamic acid supported on Cr-MIL-101 as a heterogeneous acid catalyst and
efficient adsorbent for methyl orange dye. RSC Advances. 2018;8(37):20517-33.
63. Jiang R, Fu YQ, Zhu HY, Yao J, Xiao L. Removal of methyl orange from aqueous
solutions by magnetic maghemite/chitosan nanocomposite films: adsorption kinetics and
equilibrium. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2012;125(S2):E540-E9.
64. Iwuozor KO, Ighalo JO, Ogunfowora LA, Adeniyi AG, Igwegbe CA. An Empirical

f
Literature Analysis of Adsorbent Performance for Methylene Blue Uptake from Aqueous

oo
Media. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021:105658.

r
65. Ighalo JO, Eletta AAO. Response Surface Modelling of the Biosorption of Zn(II) and
-p
Pb(II) onto Micropogonias Undulates Scales: Box-Behnken Experimental Approach. Applied
re
Water Science. 2020;10(8):197-209.
66. Shamim S. Biosorption of heavy metals. Biosorption. 2018;2:21-49.
lP

67. Adewuyi A. Chemically modified biosorbents and their role in the removal of emerging
pharmaceutical waste in the water system. Water. 2020;12(6):1551.
na

68. El-Sayed HE, El-Sayed MM. Assessment of food processing and pharmaceutical
ur

industrial wastes as potential biosorbents: a review. BioMed research international. 2014;2014.

69. Purnomo A, Mauliddawati V, Khoirudin M, Yonda A, Nawfa R, Putra S. Bio-
Jo

decolorization and novel bio-transformation of methyl orange by brown-rot fungi. International

Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2019;16(11):7555-64.
70. Seyis I, Subasioglu T. Comparison of live and dead biomass of fungi on decolorization
of methyl orange. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7(12).
71. Rajalakshmi G, Sudha S. Decolourisation of methyl orange and methyl red by live and
dead biomass of fungi. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences. 2011;2(4):569-74.
72. El-Naggar NE-A, Hamouda RA, Saddiq AA, Alkinani MH. Simultaneous
bioremediation of cationic copper ions and anionic methyl orange azo dye by brown marine
alga Fucus vesiculosus. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-19.
73. Maruthanayagam A, Mani P, Kaliappan K, Chinnappan S. In vitro and in silico studies
on the removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using Oedogonium subplagiostomum
AP1. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2020;231(5):1-21.

27
74. Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari I, Gami B. Spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopy
studies of bioaccumulation of pollutants by algae. Current microbiology. 2006;53(2):148-57.
75. Carolin CF, Kumar PS, Joshiba GJ. Sustainable approach to decolourize methyl orange
dye from aqueous solution using novel bacterial strain and its metabolites characterization.
Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2021;23(1):173-81.
76. Akansha K, Chakraborty D, Sachan SG. Decolorization and degradation of methyl
orange by Bacillus stratosphericus SCA1007. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.
2019;18:101044.
77. Murali V, Ong S-A, Ho L-N, Wong Y-S. Evaluation of integrated anaerobic–aerobic
biofilm reactor for degradation of azo dye methyl orange. Bioresource technology.

f
2013;143:104-11.

oo
78. Subasioglu T, Bilkay IS. Determination of biosorption conditions of Methyl Orange by

r
Humicola fuscoatra. 2009.
79.
-p
Delsy E, Kazanah F, editors. Utilization of composite membrane polyethyleneglycol-
re
polystyrene-cellulose acetate from pineapple leaf fibers in lowering levels of methyl orange
batik waste. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2017: IOP Publishing.
lP

80. Gapusan RB, Balela MDL. Adsorption of anionic methyl orange dye and lead (II) heavy
metal ion by polyaniline-kapok fiber nanocomposite. Materials Chemistry and Physics.
na

2020;243:122682.
ur

81. Gawade V, Gavade N, Shinde H, Babar S, Kadam A, Garadkar K. Green synthesis of

ZnO nanoparticles by using Calotropis procera leaves for the photodegradation of methyl
Jo

orange. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2017;28(18):14033-9.

82. Khaniabadi YO, Heydari R, Nourmoradi H, Basiri H, Basiri H. Low-cost sorbent for
the removal of aniline and methyl orange from liquid-phase: Aloe Vera leaves wastes. Journal
of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2016;68:90-8.
83. Fadhil OH, Eisa MY. Removal of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solutions by
Adsorption Using Corn Leaves as Adsorbent Material. Journal of Engineering. 2019;25(4):55-
69.
84. Tao X, Wu Y, Cha L. Shaddock peels-based activated carbon as cost-saving adsorbents
for efficient removal of Cr (VI) and methyl orange. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research. 2019;26(19):19828-42.
85. Zhang B, Wu Y, Cha L. Removal of methyl orange dye using activated biochar derived
from pomelo peel wastes: performance, isotherm, and kinetic studies. Journal of Dispersion
Science and Technology. 2019;41(1):125-36.

28
86. Mohamad DF, Osman NS, Nazri MKHM, Mazlan AA, Hanafi MF, Esa YAM, et al.
Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticle from banana peel ash for removal of phenol and
methyl orange in aqueous solution. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;19:1119-25.
87. DIM PE. Adsorption of methyl red and methyl orange using different tree bark powder.
Adsorption. 2013;4(1):330-8.
88. Saed UA, Ali MH, Atshan AA. Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Wastewater onto
Cane Papyrus.
89. Neelamegam R, Baskaran V, Dhanasekar R, Viruthagiri T. Decolourization of synthetic
dyes using rice straw attached Pleurotus ostreatus. 2004.
90. Su Y, Jiao Y, Dou C, Han R. Biosorption of methyl orange from aqueous solutions

f
using cationic surfactant-modified wheat straw in batch mode. Desalination and Water

oo
Treatment. 2014;52(31-33):6145-55.

r
91. Saleh TA, Al-Saadi AA, Gupta VK. Carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from waste tires:
-p
experimental and computational evaluations of organic dye methyl orange. Journal of
re
Molecular Liquids. 2014;191:85-91.
92. Chen H, Zhao J, Wu J, Dai G. Isotherm, thermodynamic, kinetics and adsorption
lP

mechanism studies of methyl orange by surfactant modified silkworm exuviae. Journal of

hazardous materials. 2011;192(1):246-54.
na

93. Haddadian Z, SHAVANDI MA, ABIDIN ZZ, FAKHRU’L-RAZI A, Ismail MHS.

ur

Removal methyl orange from aqueous solutions using dragon fruit (Hylocereusundatus)
foliage. Chemical Science Transactions. 2013;2(3):900-10.
Jo

94. Yu JX, Chi RA, He ZY, Qi YF, Zhan G, Guo J. Combination of biosorption and
photodegradation to remove methyl orange from aqueous solutions. Engineering in Life
Sciences. 2011;11(3):309-15.
95. Li X, Wang Z, Ning J, Gao M, Jiang W, Zhou Z, et al. Preparation and characterization
of a novel polyethyleneimine cation-modified persimmon tannin bioadsorbent for anionic dye
adsorption. Journal of environmental management. 2018;217:305-14.
96. Subbaiah MV, Kim DS. Adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution by
aminated pumpkin seed powder: Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2016;128:109-17.
97. Lafi R, Hafiane A. Removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution using
cationic surfactants modified coffee waste (MCWs). Journal of the Taiwan Institute of
Chemical Engineers. 2016;58:424-33.

29
98. Kamaru AA, Sani NS, Malek NANN. Raw and surfactant-modified pineapple leaf as
adsorbent for removal of methylene blue and methyl orange from aqueous solution.
Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015;57(40):18836-50.
99. Shabbir S, Faheem M, Ali N, Kerr PG, Wu Y. Periphyton biofilms: A novel and natural
biological system for the effective removal of sulphonated azo dye methyl orange by
synergistic mechanism. Chemosphere. 2017;167:236-46.
100. Bhatnagar A, Hogland W, Marques M, Sillanpää M. An overview of the modification
methods of activated carbon for its water treatment applications. Chem Eng J. 2013;219:499-
511.
101. Baker FS, Miller CE, Repik AJ, Tolles ED. Activated carbon. Kirk‐Othmer

f
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 2000.

oo
102. Çeçen F. Activated carbon. Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.

r
2000:1-34.
103.
-p
Heidarinejad Z, Dehghani MH, Heidari M, Javedan G, Ali I, Sillanpää M. Methods for
re
preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters.
2020;18(2):393-415.
lP

104. Ioannidou O, Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon

production—a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2007;11(9):1966-2005.
na

105. Lee T, Ooi C-H, Othman R, Yeoh F-Y. Activated carbon fiber-the hybrid of carbon
ur

fiber and activated carbon. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2014;36(2):118-36.

106. Xiong J, Jiao C, Li C, Zhang D, Lin H, Chen Y. A versatile amphiprotic cotton fiber
Jo

for the removal of dyes and metal ions. Cellulose. 2014;21(4):3073-87.

107. Senthilkumaar S, Kalaamani P, Porkodi K, Varadarajan P, Subburaam C. Adsorption
of dissolved reactive red dye from aqueous phase onto activated carbon prepared from
agricultural waste. Bioresource technology. 2006;97(14):1618-25.
108. Wasewar KL, Prasad B, Gulipalli S. Removal of selenium by adsorption onto granular
activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water.
2009;37(11):872-83.
109. Tancredi N, Medero N, Möller F, Píriz J, Plada C, Cordero T. Phenol adsorption onto
powdered and granular activated carbon, prepared from Eucalyptus wood. Journal of colloid
and interface science. 2004;279(2):357-63.
110. Zhuannian L, Anning Z, Guirong W, Xiaoguang Z. Adsorption behavior of methyl
orange onto modified ultrafine coal powder. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering.
2009;17(6):942-8.

30
111. Ogunlaja SA, Alade SO, Eng M, Oladipo YF. Preparation of Co-Mo Catalyst using
Activated Carbon Produced from Egg Shell and SiO2 as Support.
112. Ogunlaja AS, Alade OS, Oladipo FY. Preparation of Co-Mo catalyst using activated
carbon produced from egg shell and SiO2 as support–A hydrogenation study. Orbital: The
Electronic Journal of Chemistry. 2010;2(2):140-50.
113. Cobb A, Warms M, Maurer EP, Chiesa S. Low-tech coconut shell activated charcoal
production. 2012.
114. Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MNM, Sulaiman O. Characterization of physically
activated acacia mangium wood-based carbon for the removal of methyl orange dye.
BioResources. 2013;8(3):4323-39.

f
115. Mahmoudi K, Hamdi N, Kriaa A, Srasra E. Adsorption of methyl orange using

oo
activated carbon prepared from lignin by ZnCl 2 treatment. Russian Journal of Physical

r
Chemistry A. 2012;86(8):1294-300.
116.
-p
Alqaragully MB. Removal of textile dyes (maxilon blue, and methyl orange) by date
re
stones activated carbon. Int J Adv Res Chem Sci. 2014;1(1):48-59.
117. Prajapati YN, Bhaduri B, Joshi HC, Srivastava A, Verma N. Aqueous phase adsorption
lP

of different sized molecules on activated carbon fibers: Effect of textural properties.

Chemosphere. 2016;155:62-9.
na

118. Rattanapana S, Srikrama J, Kongsune P. Adsorption of Methyl Orange on Coffee

ur

grounds Activated Carbon. Energy Procedia. 2017;138:6.

119. Yu Y, Qiao N, Wang D, Zhu Q, Fu F, Cao R, et al. Fluffy honeycomb-like activated
Jo

carbon from popcorn with high surface area and well-developed porosity for ultra-high
efficiency adsorption of organic dyes. Bioresource technology. 2019;285:121340.
120. Li H, Sun Z, Zhang L, Tian Y, Cui G, Yan S. A cost-effective porous carbon derived
from pomelo peel for the removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution. Colloids and
Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2016;489:191-9.
121. Islam MT, Saenz-Arana R, Hernandez C, Guinto T, Ahsan MA, Bragg DT, et al.
Conversion of waste tire rubber into a high-capacity adsorbent for the removal of methylene
blue, methyl orange, and tetracycline from water. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering. 2018;6(2):3070-82.
122. Martini BK, Daniel TG, Corazza MZ, de Carvalho AE. Methyl orange and tartrazine
yellow adsorption on activated carbon prepared from boiler residue: Kinetics, isotherms,
thermodynamics studies and material characterization. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering. 2018;6(5):6669-79.

31
123. Islam MS, Ang BC, Gharehkhani S, Afif ABM. Adsorption capability of activated
carbon synthesized from coconut shell. Carbon Letters. 2016;20:9.
124. Sewu DD, Boakye P, Woo SH. Highly efficient adsorption of cationic dye by biochar
produced with Korean cabbage waste. Bioresource Technology. 2017;224:206-13.
125. Weber K, Quicker P. Properties of biochar. Fuel. 2018;217:240-61.
126. Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S. Sustainable biochar to
mitigate global climate change. Nature communications. 2010;1(1):1-9.
127. Downie A, Crosky A, Munroe P. Physical properties of biochar. Biochar for
environmental management: Routledge; 2012. p. 45-64.
128. Wang J, Wang S. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar:

f
a review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;227:1002-22.

oo
129. Qian K, Kumar A, Zhang H, Bellmer D, Huhnke R. Recent advances in utilization of

r
biochar. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015;42:1055-64.
130.
-p
Wang N, Hou Y, Peng J, Dai J, Cai C. Research progress on sorption of organic
re
contaminants to biochar. Environmental Chemistry. 2012;31(3):287-95.
131. Zhang D, Ji JB, Song CF, Shan SD, editors. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Bamboo Residues
lP

for Composite Biochar and Bamboo Oil. Applied Mechanics and Materials; 2014: Trans Tech
Publ.
na

132. Lu Y, Chen J, Bai Y, Gao J, Peng M. Adsorption properties of methyl orange in water
ur

by sheep manure biochar. Pol J Environ Stud. 2019;28:3791.

133. Yang G, Wang Z, Xian Q, Shen F, Sun C, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of pyrolysis
Jo

temperature on the physicochemical properties of biochar derived from vermicompost and its
potential use as an environmental amendment. Rsc Advances. 2015;5(50):40117-25.
134. Leng L, Yuan X, Zeng G, Shao J, Chen X, Wu Z, et al. Surface characterization of rice
husk bio-char produced by liquefaction and application for cationic dye (Malachite green)
adsorption. Fuel. 2015;155:77-85.
135. Xu R-k, Xiao S-c, Yuan J-h, Zhao A-z. Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous
solutions by the biochars derived from crop residues. Bioresource technology.
2011;102(22):10293-8.
136. Feiyue L, Yue X, Lei S, Xiaoliang L, Fenru L, Jianfei W. Adsorption of ammonia
nitrogen in waste water using rice husk derived biochar, J. Chinese Journal of Environmental
Engineering. 2015;9(3):1221-6.
137. Li B, Wang Q, Guo J-Z, Huan W-W, Liu L. Sorption of methyl orange from aqueous
solution by protonated amine modified hydrochar. Bioresource Technology. 2018;268:454-9.

32
138. ÇAĞLar E, Donar YO, SinaĞ A, BİRoĞLu İ, BİLge S, Aydincak K, et al. Adsorption
of anionic and cationic dyes on biochars, produced by hydrothermal carbonization of waste
biomass: effect of surface functionalization and ionic strength. Turkish Journal of Chemistry.
2018;42:86-99.
139. Yu J, Zhang X, Wang D, Li P. Adsorption of methyl orange dye onto biochar adsorbent
prepared from chicken manure. Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research. 2018;77(5-6):1303-12.
140. Ma Q, Shen F, Lu X, Bao W, Ma H. Studies on the adsorption behavior of methyl
orange from dye wastewater onto activated clay. Desalination and Water Treatment.
2013;51(19-21):3700-9.

f
141. Toor M, Jin B. Adsorption characteristics, isotherm, kinetics, and diffusion of modified

oo
natural bentonite for removing diazo dye. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2012;187:79-88.

r
142. Yu C, Han X, editors. Adsorbent Material Used In Water Treatment-A Review. 2015
-p
2nd International Workshop on Materials Engineering and Computer Sciences Atlantis Press;
re
2015.
143. Kan T, Jiang X, Zhou L, Yang M, Duan M, Liu P, et al. Removal of methyl orange
lP

from aqueous solutions using a bentonite modified with a new gemini surfactant. Applied clay
science. 2011;54(2):184-7.
na

144. Leodopoulos C, Doulia D, Gimouhopoulos K, Triantis T. Single and simultaneous

ur

adsorption of methyl orange and humic acid onto bentonite. Applied Clay Science. 2012;70:84-
90.
Jo

145. Zhang L, Hu P, Wang J, Liu Q, Huang R. Adsorption of methyl orange (MO) by Zr

(IV)-immobilized cross-linked chitosan/bentonite composite. International journal of
biological macromolecules. 2015;81:818-27.
146. Chen D, Chen J, Luan X, Ji H, Xia Z. Characterization of anion–cationic surfactants
modified montmorillonite and its application for the removal of methyl orange. Chemical
engineering journal. 2011;171(3):1150-8.
147. Liu B, Wang X, Yang B, Sun R. Rapid modification of montmorillonite with novel
cationic Gemini surfactants and its adsorption for methyl orange. Materials Chemistry and
Physics. 2011;130(3):1220-6.
148. Umpuch C, Sakaew S. Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solutions by adsorption
using chitosan intercalated montmorillonite. Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology.
2013;35(4).

33
149. He W, Ma Q, Wang J, Yu J, Bao W, Ma H, et al. Preparation of novel kaolin-based
particle electrodes for treating methyl orange wastewater. Applied clay science. 2014;99:178-
86.
150. Qisheng LSW. PREPARATION ON 5A ZEOLITE FROM COAL-MEASURE
KAOLIN AND ADSORPTION PROPERTIES. Environmental Engineering. 2010:S1.
151. Naderpour H, Noroozifar M, Khorasani-Motlagh M. Photodegradation of methyl
orange catalyzed by nanoscale zerovalent iron particles supported on natural zeolite. Journal
of the Iranian Chemical Society. 2013;10(3):471-9.
152. Amokrane S, Aid A, Nibou D, Trari M. Adsorption of methyl orange on nanoparticles
of a synthetic zeolite NaA/CuO. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2015;18(3):336-44.

f
153. Afifah N, Adriani S, Djaja NF, Saleh R, editors. Photocatalytic degradation of

oo
methylene blue and methyl orange with Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles modified with natural

r
zeolite and montmorillonite: comparative study. Advanced Materials Research; 2015: Trans
Tech Publ.
-p
re
154. Rekha P, Muhammad R, Sharma V, Ramtekeb M, Paritosh Mohanty P. Unprecedented
adsorptive removal of Cr2O7 by a low surface area organosilica. Journal of Materials
lP

Chemistry A. 2016:9.
155. Tao X, Liu D, Cong W, Huang L. Controllable synthesis of starch-modified ZnMgAl-
na

LDHs for adsorption property improvement. Applied Surface Science. 2018;457:572-9.

ur

156. Ling F, Fang L, Lu Y, Gao J, Wu F, Zhou M, et al. A novel CoFe layered double
hydroxides adsorbent: High adsorption amount for methyl orange dye and fast removal of
Jo

Cr(VI). Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2016;234:230-8.

157. Yao W, Yu S, Wang J, Zou Y, Lu S, Ai Y, et al. Enhanced removal of methyl orange
on calcined glycerol-modified nanocrystallined Mg/Al layered double hydroxides. Chemical
Engineering Journal. 2017;307:476-86.
158. Chen Y, Jing C, Zhang X, Jiang D, Liu X, Dong B, et al. Acid-salt treated CoAl layered
double hydroxide nanosheets with enhanced adsorption capacity of methyl orange dye. Journal
of colloid and interface science. 2019;548:100-9.
159. Peng HH, Chen J, Jiang de Y, Guo XL, Chen H, Zhang YX. Merging of memory effect
and anion intercalation: MnOx-decorated MgAl-LDO as a high-performance nano-adsorbent
for the removal of methyl orange. Dalton transactions. 2016;45(26):10530-8.
160. El Hassani K, Beakou BH, Kalnina D, Oukani E, Anouar A. Effect of morphological
properties of layered double hydroxides on adsorption of azo dye Methyl Orange: A
comparative study. Applied Clay Science. 2017;140:124-31.

34
161. Guan T, Fang L, Lu Y, Wu F, Ling F, Gao J, et al. A facile approach to synthesize 3D
flower-like hierarchical NiCo layered double hydroxide microspheres and their enhanced
adsorption capability. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects.
2017;529:907-15.
162. Liang Y, Li H. A comparison of trimeric surfactant intercalated montmorillonite with
its gemini modified one: Characterization and application in methyl orange removal. Journal
of Molecular Liquids. 2017;227:139-46.
163. Chen Y, Peng J, Xiao H, Peng H, Bu L, Pan Z, et al. Adsorption behavior of
hydrotalcite-like modified bentonite for Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ and methyl orange removal from water.
Applied Surface Science. 2017;420:773-81.

f
164. Ren H-P, Tian S-P, Zhu M, Zhao Y-Z, Li K-X, Ma Q, et al. Modification of

oo
montmorillonite by Gemini surfactants with different chain lengths and its adsorption behavior

r
for methyl orange. Applied Clay Science. 2018;151:29-36.
165.
-p
Mobarak M, Selim AQ, Mohamed EA, Seliem MK. A superior adsorbent of
re
CTAB/H2O2 solution−modified organic carbon rich-clay for hexavalent chromium and methyl
orange uptake from solutions. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018;259:384-97.
lP

166. Gamoudi S, Srasra E. Adsorption of organic dyes by HDPy+-modified clay: Effect of

molecular structure on the adsorption. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2019;1193:522-31.
na

167. Lu Y, Jiang B, Fang L, Ling F, Gao J, Wu F, et al. High performance NiFe layered
ur

double hydroxide for methyl orange dye and Cr(VI) adsorption. Chemosphere. 2016;152:415-
22.
Jo

168. Zaghloul A, Benhiti R, Ait Ichou A, Carja G, Soudani A, Zerbet M, et al.

Characterization and application of MgAl layered double hydroxide for methyl orange removal
from aqueous solution. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;37:3793-7.
169. Gao L, Li Q, Hu X, Wang X, Song H, Yan L, et al. One-pot synthesis of biomorphic
Mg-Al mixed metal oxides with enhanced methyl orange adsorption properties. Applied Clay
Science. 2016;126:299-305.
170. Gao H, Song Z, Zhang W, Yang X, Wang X, Wang D. Synthesis of highly effective
absorbents with waste quenching blast furnace slag to remove Methyl Orange from aqueous
solution. Journal of environmental sciences. 2017;53:68-77.
171. Zang W, Gao M, Shen T, Ding F, Wang J. Facile modification of homoionic-
vermiculites by a gemini surfactant: Comparative adsorption exemplified by methyl orange.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017;533:99-108.

35
172. Ba Mohammed B, Lgaz H, Alrashdi AA, Yamni K, Tijani N, Dehmani Y, et al. Insights
into methyl orange adsorption behavior on a cadmium zeolitic-imidazolate framework Cd-ZIF-
8: A joint experimental and theoretical study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
2021;14(1):102897.
173. Bharali D, Deka RC. Preferential adsorption of various anionic and cationic dyes from
aqueous solution over ternary CuMgAl layered double hydroxide. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017;525:64-76.
174. Yang R, Li D, Li A, Yang H. Adsorption properties and mechanisms of palygorskite
for removal of various ionic dyes from water. Applied Clay Science. 2018;151:20-8.
175. Munagapati VS, Yarramuthi V, Kim D-S. Methyl orange removal from aqueous

f
solution using goethite, chitosan beads and goethite impregnated with chitosan beads. Journal

oo
of Molecular Liquids. 2017;240:329-39.

r
176. Zayed AM, Abdel Wahed MSM, Mohamed EA, Sillanpää M. Insights on the role of
-p
organic matters of some Egyptian clays in methyl orange adsorption: Isotherm and kinetic
re
studies. Applied Clay Science. 2018;166:49-60.
177. Zhang Y, Sun X, Yang G, Zhu Y, Si H, Zhang J, et al. Preparation and characterization
lP

of bifunctional BiOCl x I y solid solutions with excellent adsorption and photocatalytic abilities
for removal of organic dyes. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2016;41:193-9.
na

178. Li J, Zhang S, Chen Y, Liu T, Liu C, Zhang X, et al. A novel three-dimensional

ur

hierarchical CuAl layered double hydroxide with excellent catalytic activity for degradation of
methyl orange. RSC Advances. 2017;7(46):29051-7.
Jo

179. Leal Marchena C, Lerici L, Renzini S, Pierella L, Pizzio L. Synthesis and

characterization of a novel tungstosilicic acid immobilized on zeolites catalyst for the
photodegradation of methyl orange. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2016;188:23-30.
180. Patra G, Barnwal R, Behera SK, Meikap BC. Removal of dyes from aqueous solution
by sorption with fly ash using a hydrocyclone. Journal of Environmental Chemical
Engineering. 2018;6(4):5204-11.
181. Onyekachi OE, Iwuozor KO. Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of
Polymeric Compounds. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
2019;3(2):36-46.
182. Lu J-L, Wu M-Y, Yang X-L, Dong Z-B, Ye J-H, Borthakur D, et al. Decaffeination of
tea extracts by using poly (acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate) as adsorbent.
Journal of Food Engineering. 2010;97(4):555-62.

36
183. Abdel-Halim E, Al-Deyab SS. Chemically modified cellulosic adsorbent for divalent
cations removal from aqueous solutions. Carbohydrate polymers. 2012;87(2):1863-8.
184. Panic VV, Seslija SI, Nešić A, Veličković SJ. Adsorption of azo dyes on polymer
materials. Hemijska industrija. 2013;67(6):881-900.
185. Dehghani MH, Tajik S, Panahi A, Khezri M, Zarei A, Heidarinejad Z, et al. Adsorptive
removal of noxious cadmium from aqueous solutions using poly urea-formaldehyde: a novel
polymer adsorbent. MethodsX. 2018;5:1148-55.
186. Guan X, Zhao C, Liu X, Zhang H. Hyperbranched polymers containing stereocontorted
cores as on-line solid-phase microextraction adsorbent for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Journal of Chromatography A. 2013;1302:28-33.

f
187. Wang W-Q, Wang J, Chen J-G, Fan X-S, Liu Z-T, Liu Z-W, et al. Synthesis of novel

oo
hyper-cross-linked polymers as adsorbent for removing organic pollutants from humid streams.

r
Chemical engineering journal. 2015;281:34-41.
188.
-p
Tapan Kumar S. Adsorption of methyl orange onto chitosan from aqueous solution.
re
Journal of water resource and protection. 2010;2010.
189. Zeng L, Xie M, Zhang Q, Kang Y, Guo X, Xiao H, et al. Chitosan/organic rectorite
lP

composite for the magnetic uptake of methylene blue and methyl orange. Carbohydrate
polymers. 2015;123:89-98.
na

190. Allouche F-N, Yassaa N, Lounici H. Sorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution
ur

on chitosan biomass. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. 2015;15:596-601.

191. Chang PR, Zheng P, Liu B, Anderson DP, Yu J, Ma X. Characterization of magnetic
Jo

soluble starch-functionalized carbon nanotubes and its application for the adsorption of the
dyes. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011;186(2-3):2144-50.
192. Zhou G, Luo Z, Fu X. Preparation and characterization of starch nanoparticles in ionic
liquid-in-oil microemulsions system. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;52:105-10.
193. Aly AA, Hebeish AA. Development of starch-based cationic adsorbents for removal of
anionic dyes from aqueous systems. Science. 2015;4(8).
194. Zhao K, Feng L, Lin H, Fu Y, Lin B, Cui W, et al. Adsorption and photocatalytic
degradation of methyl orange imprinted composite membranes using TiO2/calcium alginate
hydrogel as matrix. Catalysis Today. 2014;236:127-34.
195. Li Y, Sui K, Liu R, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Liang H, et al. Removal of methyl orange from
aqueous solution by calcium alginate/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite fibers. Energy
Procedia. 2012;16:863-8.

37
196. Li G, Du Y, Tao Y, Deng H, Luo X, Yang J. Iron (II) cross-linked chitin-based gel
beads: Preparation, magnetic property and adsorption of methyl orange. Carbohydrate
polymers. 2010;82(3):706-13.
197. Wang S, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang F, Zhang G. β-Cyclodextrin functionalized graphene
oxide: an efficient and recyclable adsorbent for the removal of dye pollutants. Frontiers of
Chemical Science and Engineering. 2015;9(1):77-83.
198. Ghemati D, Aliouche D. Dye adsorption behavior of polyvinyl
alcohol/glutaraldehyde/β-cyclodextrin polymer membranes. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy.
2014;81(2):257-63.
199. Mallard I, Städe LW, Ruellan S, Jacobsen PAL, Larsen KL, Fourmentin S. Synthesis,

f
characterization and sorption capacities toward organic pollutants of new β-cyclodextrin

oo
modified zeolite derivatives. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering

r
Aspects. 2015;482:50-7.
200.
-p
Ahmadijokani F, Mohammadkhani R, Ahmadipouya S, Shokrgozar A, Rezakazemi M,
re
Molavi H, et al. Superior chemical stability of UiO-66 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for
selective dye adsorption. Chem Eng J. 2020;399:125346.
lP

201. Shu D, Feng F, Han H, Ma Z. Prominent adsorption performance of amino-

functionalized ultra-light graphene aerogel for methyl orange and amaranth. Chemical
na

Engineering Journal. 2017;324:1-9.

ur

202. Li X, Yuan H, Quan X, Chen S, You S. Effective adsorption of sulfamethoxazole,

bisphenol A and methyl orange on nanoporous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks.
Jo

Journal of environmental sciences. 2018;63:250-9.

203. Borsagli FGLM, Ciminelli VST, Ladeira CL, Haas DJ, Lage AP, Mansur HS. Multi-
functional eco-friendly 3D scaffolds based on N-acyl thiolated chitosan for potential adsorption
of methyl orange and antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of
Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019;7(5):103286.
204. Li X, Zhou M, Jia J, Jia Q. A water-insoluble viologen-based β -cyclodextrin polymer
for selective adsorption toward anionic dyes. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 2018;126:20-
6.
205. Manzar MS, Waheed A, Qazi IW, Blaisi NI, Ullah N. Synthesis of a novel
epibromohydrin modified crosslinked polyamine resin for highly efficient removal of methyl
orange and eriochrome black T. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.
2019;97:424-32.

38
206. Satilmis B, Uyar T. Amine modified electrospun PIM-1 ultrafine fibers for an efficient
removal of methyl orange from an aqueous system. Applied Surface Science. 2018;453:220-9.
207. Medeiros Borsagli FGL. A green 3D scaffolds based on chitosan with thiol group as a
model for adsorption of hazardous organic dye pollutants. Desalination and Water Treatment.
2019;169:395-411.
208. Zhai L, Bai Z, Zhu Y, Wang B, Luo W. Fabrication of chitosan microspheres for
efficient adsorption of methyl orange. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering.
2018;26(3):657-66.
209. Huang R, Liu Q, Huo J, Yang B. Adsorption of methyl orange onto protonated cross-
linked chitosan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017;10(1):24-32.

f
210. Tella AC, Olawale MD, Neuburger M, Obaleye JA. Synthesis and crystal structure of

oo
Cd-based metal-organic framework for removal of methyl-orange from aqueous solution.

r
Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2017;255:157-66.
211.
-p
Lv S-W, Liu J-M, Ma H, Wang Z-H, Li C-Y, Zhao N, et al. Simultaneous adsorption
re
of methyl orange and methylene blue from aqueous solution using amino functionalized Zr-
based MOFs. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2019;282:179-87.
lP

212. Haitham K, Razak S, Nawi MA. Kinetics and isotherm studies of methyl orange
adsorption by a highly recyclable immobilized polyaniline on a glass plate. Arabian Journal of
na

Chemistry. 2019;12(7):1595-606.
ur

213. da Silva RJ, Mojica-Sanchez LC, Gorza FDS, Pedro GC, Maciel BG, Ratkovski GP, et
al. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies of Methyl Orange removal by polyvinylidene fluoride-
Jo

PEDOT mats. Journal of environmental sciences. 2021;100:62-73.

214. Qiu J, Feng Y, Zhang X, Jia M, Yao J. Acid-promoted synthesis of UiO-66 for highly
selective adsorption of anionic dyes: Adsorption performance and mechanisms. J Colloid
Interface Sci. 2017;499:151-8.
215. Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Tang S, Guo C, Wu J, et al. Anionic and cationic dyes
adsorption on porous poly-melamine-formaldehyde polymer. Chemical Engineering Research
and Design. 2016;114:258-67.
216. Bahrudin NN, Nawi MA, Ismail WINW. Physical and adsorptive characterizations of
immobilized polyaniline for the removal of methyl orange dye. Korean Journal of Chemical
Engineering. 2018;35(7):1450-61.
217. Zhou X, Wang J, Nie J, Du B. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based ionic hydrogels:
synthesis, swelling properties, interfacial adsorption and release of dyes. Polymer Journal.
2016;48(4):431-8.

39
218. Qi X, Wu L, Su T, Zhang J, Dong W. Polysaccharide-based cationic hydrogels for dye
adsorption. Colloids and surfaces B, Biointerfaces. 2018;170:364-72.
219. Xing X, Chang P-H, Lv G, Jiang W-T, Jean J-S, Liao L, et al. Ionic-liquid-crafted
zeolite for the removal of anionic dye methyl orange. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of
Chemical Engineers. 2016;59:237-43.
220. Radoor S, Karayil J, Jayakumar A, Parameswaranpillai J, Siengchin S. Efficient
removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite: Synthesis,
kinetics and isotherm studies. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects. 2021;611:125852.
221. El-Sayed EM, Tamer TM, Omer AM, Mohy Eldin MS. Development of novel chitosan

f
schiff base derivatives for cationic dye removal: methyl orange model. Desalination and Water

oo
Treatment. 2016;57(47):22632-45.

r
222. Feng Y, Li Y, Xu M, Liu S, Yao J. Fast adsorption of methyl blue on zeolitic
-p
imidazolate framework-8 and its adsorption mechanism. RSC advances. 2016;6(111):109608-
re
12.
223. Lafi R, Abdellaoui L, Montasser I, Hafiane A. Removal of methyl orange from aqueous
lP

solution onto modified extracted cellulose from Stipa Tenacissima L. International Journal of
Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020:1-17.
na

224. Li Y, Zhou K, He M, Yao J. Synthesis of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 using mixed-base and their
ur

dye adsorption. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2016;234:287-92.

225. Tran BL, Chin H-Y, Chang BK, Chiang AST. Dye adsorption in ZIF-8: The importance
Jo

of external surface area. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2019;277:5.

226. Bello K, Sarojini BK, Narayana B, Rao A, Byrappa K. A study on adsorption behavior
of newly synthesized banana pseudo-stem derived superabsorbent hydrogels for cationic and
anionic dye removal from effluents. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;181:605-15.
227. Li YL, Zhao Y, Wang P, Kang YS, Liu Q, Zhang XD, et al. Multifunctional Metal-
Organic Frameworks with Fluorescent Sensing and Selective Adsorption Properties. Inorganic
chemistry. 2016;55(22):11821-30.
228. Guo X, Shan J, Lai Z, Lei W, Ding R, Zhang Y, et al. Facile Synthesis of Flexible
Methylsilsesquioxane Aerogels with Surface Modifications for Sound- Absorbance, Fast Dye
Adsorption and Oil/Water Separation. Molecules. 2018;23(4).
229. Ji WJ, Hao RQ, Pei WW, Feng L, Zhai QG. Design of two isoreticular Cd-
biphenyltetracarboxylate frameworks for dye adsorption, separation and photocatalytic
degradation. Dalton transactions. 2018;47(3):700-7.

40
230. Embaby MS, Elwany SD, Setyaningsih W, Saber MR. The adsorptive Properties of
UiO-66 towards Organic Dyes: A Record Adsorption Capacity for the Anionic Dye Alizarin
Red S. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2017:31.
231. Eletta OAA, Adeniyi AG, Magaji MM, Ighalo JO. A Mini-Review on the Application
of Alumina Nano-Particles for Water Treatment. FUOYE science conference; Oye-ekiti,
Nigeria2019. p. 4-8.
232. Iwuozor KO, Ogunfowora LA, Oyekunle IP. Review on Sugarcane-Mediated
Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Green Approach. SugarTech. 2021:Accepted Manuscript.
233. Tanhaei B, Ayati A, Lahtinen M, Sillanpää M. Preparation and characterization of a
novel chitosan/Al2O3/magnetite nanoparticles composite adsorbent for kinetic,

f
thermodynamic and isotherm studies of Methyl Orange adsorption. Chemical Engineering

oo
Journal. 2015;259:1-10.

r
234. Bhargavi RJ, Maheshwari U, Gupta S. Synthesis and use of alumina nanoparticles as
-p
an adsorbent for the removal of Zn (II) and CBG dye from wastewater. International Journal
re
of Industrial Chemistry. 2015;6(1):31-41.
235. Chi Y, Geng W, Zhao L, Yan X, Yuan Q, Li N, et al. Comprehensive study of
lP

mesoporous carbon functionalized with carboxylate groups and magnetic nanoparticles as a

promising adsorbent. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2012;369(1):366-72.
na

236. Asfaram A, Ghaedi M, Agarwal S, Tyagi I, Gupta VK. Removal of basic dye
ur

Auramine-O by ZnS: Cu nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon: optimization of parameters

using response surface methodology with central composite design. RSC advances.
Jo

2015;5(24):18438-50.
237. Ighalo JO, Iwuozor KO, Igwegbe CA, Adeniyi AG. Verification of Pore Size Effect on
Aqueous-Phase Adsorption Kinetics: A Case Study of Methylene Blue. Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2021:127119.
238. Ali I, Burakova I, Galunin E, Burakov A, Mkrtchyan E, Melezhik A, et al. High-Speed
and High-Capacity Removal of Methyl Orange and Malachite Green in Water Using Newly
Developed Mesoporous Carbon: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies. ACS omega.
2019;4(21):19293-306.
239. Albayati TM, Alwan GM, Mahdy OS. High performance methyl orange capture on
magnetic nanoporous MCM-41 prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. Korean
Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2016;34(1):259-65.

41
240. Siyasukh A, Chimupala Y, Tonanon N. Preparation of magnetic hierarchical porous
carbon spheres with graphitic features for high methyl orange adsorption capacity. Carbon.
2018;134:207-21.
241. Pang J, Han Q, Liu W, Shen Z, Wang X, Zhu J. Two basic bismuth nitrates:
[Bi6O6(OH)2](NO3)4· 2H2O with superior photodegradation activity for rhodamine B and
[Bi6O5(OH)3](NO3)5· 3H2O with ultrahigh adsorption capacity for methyl orange. Applied
Surface Science. 2017;422:283-94.
242. Sasmal AK, Pal J, Sahoo R, Kartikeya P, Dutta S, Pal T. Superb Dye Adsorption and
Dye-Sensitized Change in Cu2O–Ag Crystal Faces in the Dark. The Journal of Physical
Chemistry C. 2016;120(38):21580-8.

f
243. Di L, Duan D, Zhan Z, Zhang X. Gas-Liquid Cold Plasma for Synthesizing Copper

oo
Hydroxide Nitrate Nanosheets with High Adsorption Capacity. Advanced Materials Interfaces.

r
2016;3(24):1600760.
244.
-p
Peng HH, Chen J, Jiang Y, Li M, Feng L, Losic D, et al. Synergistic effect of manganese
re
dioxide and diatomite for fast decolorization and high removal capacity of methyl orange. J
Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;484:1-9.
lP

245. Gupta K, Gupta D, Khatri OP. Graphene-like porous carbon nanostructure from Bengal
gram bean husk and its application for fast and efficient adsorption of organic dyes. Applied
na

Surface Science. 2019;476:647-57.

ur

246. Darwish AAA, Rashad M, Al-Aoh HA. Methyl orange adsorption comparison on
nanoparticles: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. Dyes and Pigments.
Jo

2019;160:563-71.
247. Bao S, Li K, Ning P, Peng J, Jin X, Tang L. Synthesis of amino-functionalization
magnetic multi-metal organic framework (Fe 3 O 4 /MIL-101(Al 0.9 Fe 0.1 )/NH 2 ) for
efficient removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of
Chemical Engineers. 2018;87:64-72.
248. Sun B, Yuan Y, Li H, Li X, Zhang C, Guo F, et al. Waste-cellulose-derived porous
carbon adsorbents for methyl orange removal. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2019;371:55-63.
249. Al-Qassar Bani Al-Marjeh R, Atassi Y, Mohammad N, Badour Y. Adsorption of
methyl orange onto electrospun nanofiber membranes of PLLA coated with pTSA-PANI.
Environmental science and pollution research international. 2019;26(36):37282-95.
250. Ibrahim RK, El-Shafie A, Hin LS, Mohd NSB, Aljumaily MM, Ibraim S, et al. A clean
approach for functionalized carbon nanotubes by deep eutectic solvents and their performance

42
in the adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution. Journal of environmental
management. 2019;235:521-34.
251. C.R M, M L, Y.L J, L S, R.T RK. Adsorption behaviour of reduced graphene oxide
towards cationic and anionic dyes: Co-action of electrostatic and π – π interactions. materials
Chemistry and Physics. 2017.
252. Zolgharnein J, Rastgordani M. Optimization of simultaneous removal of binary mixture
of indigo carmine and methyl orange dyes by cobalt hydroxide nano-particles through Taguchi
method. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018;262:405-14.
253. Li J, Cui H, Song X, Zhang G, Wang X, Song Q, et al. Adsorption and Intercalation of
Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metal Ions into MgAl-LDHs Nanosheets with Super High

f
Capacity. RSC Advances. 2016:10.

oo
254. Abo El Naga AO, Shaban SA, El Kady FYA. Metal organic framework-derived

r
nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon as an efficient adsorbent for methyl orange removal from
-p
aqueous solution. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2018;93:363-73.
re
255. Li H, An N, Liu G, Li J, Liu N, Jia M, et al. Adsorption behaviors of methyl orange dye
on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon materials. Journal of colloid and interface science.
lP

2016;466:343-51.
256. Yogesh Kumar K, Archana S, Vinuth Raj TN, Prasana BP, Raghu MS, Muralidhara
na

HB. Superb adsorption capacity of hydrothermally synthesized copper oxide and nickel oxide
ur

nanoflakes towards anionic and cationic dyes. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and
Devices. 2017;2(2):183-91.
Jo

257. Albayati TM. Application of nanoporous material MCM-41 in a membrane adsorption

reactor (MAR) as a hybrid process for removal of methyl orange. Desalination and Water
Treatment. 2019;151:138-44.
258. Li S, Jia Z, Li Z, Li Y, Zhu R. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous carbon
nanofibers and its adsorption for dye in wastewater. Adv Powder Technol. 2016;27(2):591-8.
259. Ma Y-z, Zheng D-f, Mo Z-y, Dong R-j, Qiu X-q. Magnetic lignin-based carbon
nanoparticles and the adsorption for removal of methyl orange. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2018;559:226-34.
260. Ho WCJ, Tay Q, Qi H, Huang Z, Li J, Chen Z. Photocatalytic and Adsorption
Performances of Faceted Cuprous Oxide (Cu(2)O) Particles for the Removal of Methyl Orange
(MO) from Aqueous Media. Molecules. 2017;22(4).
261. Tanzifi M, Hosseini SH, Kiadehi AD, Olazar M, Karimipour K, Rezaiemehr R, et al.
Artificial neural network optimization for methyl orange adsorption onto polyaniline nano-

43
adsorbent: Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids.
2017;244:189-200.
262. Karri RR, Tanzifi M, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Sahu JN. Optimization and modeling of
methyl orange adsorption onto polyaniline nano-adsorbent through response surface
methodology and differential evolution embedded neural network. Journal of environmental
management. 2018;223:517-29.
263. Nazir MA, Khan NA, Cheng C, Shah SSA, Najam T, Arshad M, et al. Surface induced
growth of ZIF-67 at Co-layered double hydroxide: Removal of methylene blue and methyl
orange from water. Applied Clay Science. 2020;190:105564.
264. Sun X, Luo W, Chen L, Zheng L, Bao C, Sun P, et al. Synthesis of porous Al doped

f
ZnO nanosheets with high adsorption and photodecolorizative activity and the key role of Al

oo
doping for methyl orange removal. RSC Advances. 2016:44.

r
265. Kang D, Yu X, Ge M, Xiao F, Xu H. Novel Al-doped carbon nanotubes with adsorption
-p
and coagulation promotion for organic pollutant removal. Journal of environmental sciences.
re
2017;54:1-12.
266. Jiao S, Jin Y, Du Q, Zhu C, Gao S, Wang D, et al. Preparation of hierarchical β-Ni(OH)
lP

2 nanostructures and adsorption characterization of methyl orange dye. Solid State Sciences.
2018;79:79-84.
na

267. Uddin MK, Baig U. Synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles and their performance towards
ur

methyl orange dye removal: Characterisation, adsorption and response surface methodology.
Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;211:1141-53.
Jo

268. Molavi H, Shojaei A, Pourghaderi A. Rapid and tunable selective adsorption of dyes
using thermally oxidized nanodiamond. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;524:52-64.
269. Tang H, Huang H, Wang X, Wu K, Tang G, Li C. Hydrothermal synthesis of 3D
hierarchical flower-like MoSe2 microspheres and their adsorption performances for methyl
orange. Applied Surface Science. 2016;379:296-303.
270. Debnath A, Deb K, Chattopadhyay KK, Saha B. Methyl orange adsorption onto simple
chemical route synthesized crystalline α-Fe2O3nanoparticles: kinetic, equilibrium isotherm,
and neural network modeling. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015;57(29):13549-60.
271. Banerjee D, Bhowmick P, Pahari D, Santra S, Sarkar S, Das B, et al. Pseudo first
ordered adsorption of noxious textile dyes by low-temperature synthesized amorphous carbon
nanotubes. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2017;87:68-76.

44
272. Dutta AK, Ghorai UK, Chattopadhyay KK, Banerjee D. Removal of textile dyes by
carbon nanotubes: A comparison between adsorption and UV assisted photocatalysis. Physica
E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2018;99:10.
273. Kundu S, Chowdhury IH, Naskar MK. Synthesis of hexagonal shaped nanoporous
carbon for efficient adsorption of methyl orange dye. Journal of Molecular Liquids.
2017;234:417-23.
274. Robati D, Mirza B, Rajabi M, Moradi O, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, et al. Removal of
hazardous dyes-BR 12 and methyl orange using graphene oxide as an adsorbent from aqueous
phase. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016;284:687-97.
275. Fan J, Zhao Z, Liu W, Xue Y, Yin S. Solvothermal synthesis of different phase N-TiO2

f
and their kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of methyl orange. J

oo
Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;470:229-36.

r
276. Deka P, Hazarika A, Deka RC, Bharali P. Influence of CuO morphology on the
-p
enhanced catalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange. RSC Advances.
re
2016;6(97):95292-305.
277. Zhang F, Dong G, Wang M, Zeng Y, Wang C. Efficient removal of methyl orange using
lP

Cu2O as a dual function catalyst. Applied Surface Science. 2018;444:559-68.

278. Arciniega Cano O, Rodríguez González CA, Hernández Paz JF, Amezaga Madrid P,
na

García Casillas PE, Martínez Hernández AL, et al. Catalytic activity of palladium
ur

nanocubes/multiwalled carbon nanotubes structures for methyl orange dye removal. Catalysis
Today. 2017;282:168-73.
Jo

279. Tripathy N, Ahmad R, Kuk H, Lee DH, Hahn YB, Khang G. Rapid methyl orange
degradation using porous ZnO spheres photocatalyst. Journal of photochemistry and
photobiology B, Biology. 2016;161:312-7.
280. Pirsaheb M, Hossaini H, Nasseri S, Azizi N, Shahmoradi B, Khosravi T. Optimization
of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using immobilized scoria-Ni/TiO2
nanoparticles. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2020;10(2):143-59.
281. Li R, Song X, Huang Y, Fang Y, Jia M, Ma W. Visible-light photocatalytic degradation
of azo dyes in water by Ag3PO4: An unusual dependency between adsorption and the
degradation rate on pH value. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 2016;421:57-65.
282. Mohamad DF, Osman NS, Nazri MKHM, Mazlan AA, Hanafi MF, Esa YAM, et al.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle from Banana Peel Ash for Removal of Phenol
and Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solution. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;19:1119-25.

45
283. Saeed M, Adeel S, Ilyas M, Shahzad MA, Usman M, Haq E-u, et al. Oxidative
degradation of Methyl Orange catalyzed by lab prepared nickel hydroxide in aqueous medium.
Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015;57(27):12804-13.
284. Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA. A review on
Luffa fibres and their polymer composites. Journal of Materials Science. 2020:1-17.
285. Adeniyi A, Adeoye S, Ighalo J. Sansevieria Trifasciata Fibre and Composites: A
Review of Recent Developments. International Polymer Processing. 2020;35(4):344-54.
286. Shahat A, Hassan HM, El-Shahat M, El Shahawy O, Awual MR. Visual nickel (II) ions
treatment in petroleum samples using a mesoporous composite adsorbent. Chemical
Engineering Journal. 2018;334:957-67.

f
287. Ji J, Wang R, Li L. New composite adsorbent for solar-driven fresh water production

oo
from the atmosphere. Desalination. 2007;212(1-3):176-82.

r
288. Liu Q, Li Y, Chen H, Lu J, Yu G, Moslang M, et al. Superior adsorption capacity of
-p
functionalised straw adsorbent for dyes and heavy-metal ions. J Hazard Mater.
re
2020;382:121040.
289. Chowdhury A, Kumari S, Khan AA, Hussain S. Selective removal of anionic dyes with
lP

exceptionally high adsorption capacity and removal of dichromate (Cr2O7(2-)) anion using Ni-
Co-S/CTAB nanocomposites and its adsorption mechanism. Journal of hazardous materials.
na

2020;385:121602.
ur

290. Deng L, Shi Z, Peng X, Zhou S. Magnetic calcinated cobalt ferrite/magnesium

aluminum hydrotalcite composite for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange. Journal of Alloys
Jo

and Compounds. 2016;688:101-12.

291. Saghir S, Xiao Z. Hierarchical mesoporous ZIF-67@LDH for efficient adsorption of
aqueous Methyl Orange and Alizarine Red S. Powder Technology. 2021;377:453-63.
292. Hussain S, Kamran M, Khan SA, Shaheen K, Shah Z, Suo H, et al. Adsorption, kinetics
and thermodynamics studies of methyl orange dye sequestration through chitosan composites
films. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2021;168:383-94.
293. Yang D, Qiu L, Yang Y. Efficient Adsorption of Methyl Orange Using a Modified
Chitosan Magnetic Composite Adsorbent. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data.
2016;61(11):3933-40.
294. Yang Q, Ren S, Zhao Q, Lu R, Hang C, Chen Z, et al. Selective separation of methyl
orange from water using magnetic ZIF-67 composites. Chemical Engineering Journal.
2018;333:49-57.

46
295. Archana S, Kumar KY, Jayanna BK, Olivera S, Anand A, Prashanth MK, et al.
Versatile Graphene oxide decorated by star shaped Zinc oxide nanocomposites with superior
adsorption capacity and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and
Devices. 2018;3(2):167-74.
296. Khajeh M, Barkhordar A. Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide Composite for Adsorption of
Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange in Water Treatment. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy.
2020;87(4):701-7.
297. Huo MX, Jin YL, Sun ZF, Ren F, Pei L, Ren PG. Facile synthesis of chitosan-based
acid-resistant composite films for efficient selective adsorption properties towards anionic
dyes. Carbohydrate polymers. 2021;254:117473.

f
298. Zheng Y, Cheng B, You W, Yu J, Ho W. 3D hierarchical graphene oxide-NiFe LDH

oo
composite with enhanced adsorption affinity to Congo red, methyl orange and Cr(VI) ions.

r
Journal of hazardous materials. 2019;369:214-25.
299.
-p
Habiba U, Joo TC, Siddique TA, Salleh A, Ang BC, Afifi AM. Effect of degree of
re
deacetylation of chitosan on adsorption capacity and reusability of chitosan/polyvinyl
alcohol/TiO2 nano composite. International journal of biological macromolecules.
lP

2017;104(Pt A):1133-42.
300. Tanhaei B, Ayati A, Lahtinen M, Vaziri BM, Sillanp€a M. A magnetic mesoporous
na

chitosan based core‐shells biopolymer for anionic dye adsorption Kinetic and isothermal study
ur

and application of ANN. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016:11.

301. Song W, Gao B, Xu X, Xing L, Han S, Duan P, et al. Adsorption-desorption behavior
Jo

of magnetic amine/Fe3O4 functionalized biopolymer resin towards anionic dyes from

wastewater. Bioresour Technol. 2016;210:123-30.
302. Chen S, Huang Y, Han X, Wu Z, Lai C, Wang J, et al. Simultaneous and efficient
removal of Cr(VI) and methyl orange on LDHs decorated porous carbons. Chemical
Engineering Journal. 2018;352:306-15.
303. Wu S-c, Yu L-l, Xiao F-f, You X, Yang C, Cheng J-h. Synthesis of aluminum-based
MOF/graphite oxide composite and enhanced removal of methyl orange. Journal of Alloys and
Compounds. 2017;724:625-32.
304. Shen J, Wang X, Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang W, Tian Z, et al. Size-selective adsorption of
methyl orange using a novel nano-composite by encapsulating HKUST-1 in hyper-crosslinked
polystyrene networks. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;184:949-58.

47
305. Jiang Y, Liu B, Xu J, Pan K, Hou H, Hu J, et al. Cross-linked chitosan/beta-cyclodextrin
composite for selective removal of methyl orange: Adsorption performance and mechanism.
Carbohydrate polymers. 2018;182:106-14.
306. Zubair M, Jarrah N, Ihsanullah, Khalid A, Manzar MS, Kazeem TS, et al. Starch-NiFe-
layered double hydroxide composites: Efficient removal of methyl orange from aqueous phase.
Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018;249:254-64.
307. Bhowmik M, Debnath A, Saha B. Fabrication of mixed phase calcium ferrite and
zirconia nanocomposite for abatement of methyl orange dye from aqua matrix: Optimization
of process parameters. Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2018;32(12):e4607.
308. Xiao Y, Hill JM. Impact of Pore Size on Fenton Oxidation of Methyl Orange Adsorbed

f
on Magnetic Carbon Materials: Trade-Off between Capacity and Regenerability.

oo
Environmental science & technology. 2017;51(8):4567-75.

r
309. Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA, Motlagh MM, Salahshour S. Synthesis of ZnO/CuO
-p
nanocomposite immobilized on γ-Al2O3 and application for removal of methyl orange.
re
Applied Surface Science. 2016;384:237-43.
310. Tan P, Hu Y. Improved synthesis of graphene/β-cyclodextrin composite for highly
lP

efficient dye adsorption and removal. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2017;242:181-9.

311. Bhowmik M, Deb K, Debnath A, Saha B. Mixed phase Fe2O3/Mn3O magnetic
na

nanocomposite for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange dye: Neural network modeling and
ur

response surface methodology optimization. Applied Organometallic Chemistry.

2017;32(3):e4186.
Jo

312. XinxinYang, Li Y, Gao H, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhou H. One-step fabrication of

chitosan-Fe(OH)3 beads for efficient adsorption of anionic dyes. International journal of
biological macromolecules. 2018;117:30-41.
313. Habiba U, Lee JJL, Joo TC, Ang BC, Afifi AM. Degradation of methyl orange and
congo red by using chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/TiO2 electrospun nanofibrous membrane.
International journal of biological macromolecules. 2019;131:821-7.
314. Ruan X, Chen Y, Chen H, Qian G, Frost RL. Sorption behavior of methyl orange from
aqueous solution on organic matter and reduced graphene oxides modified Ni–Cr layered
double hydroxides. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016;297:295-303.
315. Bhowmik KL, Debnath A, Nath RK, Das S, Chattopadhyay KK, Saha B. Synthesis and
characterization of mixed phase manganese ferrite and hausmannite magnetic nanoparticle as
potential adsorbent for methyl orange from aqueous media: Artificial neural network modeling.
Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016;219:1010-22.

48
316. Mohamed EA, Selim AQ, Ahmed SA, Sellaoui L, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Erto A, et al.
H2O2-activated anthracite impregnated with chitosan as a novel composite for Cr(VI) and
methyl orange adsorption in single-compound and binary systems: Modeling and mechanism
interpretation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2020;380:122445.
317. Hasan M, Rashid MM, Hossain MM, Al Mesfer MK, Arshad M, Danish M, et al.
Fabrication of polyaniline/activated carbon composite and its testing for methyl orange
removal: Optimization, equilibrium, isotherm and kinetic study. Polymer Testing.
2019;77:105909.
318. Ai Z, Liu C, Zhang Q, Qu J, Li Z, He X. Adding ZnO and SiO2 to scatter the
agglomeration of mechanochemically prepared Zn-Al LDH precursor and promote its

f
adsorption toward methyl orange. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018;763:342-8.

oo
319. Jin L, Zhao X, Qian X, Dong M. Nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in porous carbon

r
and carbon nanotube hybrids from bimetallic metal-organic-frameworks for highly efficient
-p
adsorption of dyes. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;509:245-53.
re
320. Tang J, Song Y, Zhao F, Spinney S, da Silva Bernardes J, Tam KC. Compressible
cellulose nanofibril (CNF) based aerogels produced via a bio-inspired strategy for heavy metal
lP

ion and dye removal. Carbohydrate polymers. 2019;208:404-12.

321. Blaisi NI, Zubair M, Ihsanullah, Ali S, Kazeem TS, Manzar MS, et al. Date palm ash-
na

MgAl-layered double hydroxide composite: sustainable adsorbent for effective removal of

ur

methyl orange and eriochrome black-T from aqueous phase. Environmental science and
pollution research international. 2018;25(34):34319-31.
Jo

322. Deb A, Kanmani M, Debnath A, Bhowmik KL, Saha B. Ultrasonic assisted enhanced
adsorption of methyl orange dye onto polyaniline impregnated zinc oxide nanoparticles:
Kinetic, isotherm and optimization of process parameters. Ultrasonics sonochemistry.
2019;54:290-301.
323. Xu J, Du P, Bi W, Yao G, Li S, Liu H. Graphene oxide aerogels co-functionalized with
polydopamine and polyethylenimine for the adsorption of anionic dyes and organic solvents.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2020;154:192-202.
324. Zhang C, Chen Z, Guo W, Zhu C, Zou Y. Simple fabrication of Chitosan/Graphene
nanoplates composite spheres for efficient adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solution.
International journal of biological macromolecules. 2018;112:1048-54.
325. Chen B, Chen S, Zhao H, Liu Y, Long F, Pan X. A versatile beta-cyclodextrin and
polyethyleneimine bi-functionalized magnetic nanoadsorbent for simultaneous capture of
methyl orange and Pb(II) from complex wastewater. Chemosphere. 2019;216:605-16.

49
326. Liu Q, Liu Q, Wu Z, Wu Y, Gao T, Yao J. Efficient Removal of Methyl Orange and
Alizarin Red S from pH-Unregulated Aqueous Solution by the Catechol–Amine Resin
Composite Using Hydrocellulose as Precursor. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.
2017;5(2):1871-80.
327. Habiba U, Siddique TA, Talebian S, Lee JJL, Salleh A, Ang BC, et al. Effect of
deacetylation on property of electrospun chitosan/PVA nanofibrous membrane and removal of
methyl orange, Fe(III) and Cr(VI) ions. Carbohydrate polymers. 2017;177:32-9.
328. Shi W, Guo F, Wang H, Liu C, Fu Y, Yuan S, et al. Carbon dots decorated magnetic
ZnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles with enhanced adsorption capacity for the removal of dye from
aqueous solution. Applied Surface Science. 2018;433:790-7.

f
329. Dragan ES, Dinu MV. Spectacular Selectivity in the Capture of Methyl Orange by

oo
Composite Anion Exchangers with the Organic Part Hosted by DAISOGEL Microspheres.

r
ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2018;10(24):20499-511.
330.
-p
Xiao Y, Hill JM. Benefit of Hydrophilicity for Adsorption of Methyl Orange and
re
Electro-Fenton Regeneration of Activated Carbon-Polytetrafluoroethylene Electrodes.
Environmental science & technology. 2018;52(20):11760-8.
lP

331. Arshadi M, Mousavinia F, Amiri MJ, Faraji AR. Adsorption of methyl orange and
salicylic acid on a nano-transition metal composite: Kinetics, thermodynamic and
na

electrochemical studies. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2016;483:118-31.

ur

332. Bahrudin NN, Nawi MA, Jawad AH, Sabar S. Adsorption Characteristics and
Mechanistic Study of Immobilized Chitosan-Montmorillonite Composite for Methyl Orange
Jo

removal. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2020;28(7):1901-13.

333. Habiba U, Siddique TA, Li Lee JJ, Joo TC, Ang BC, Afifi AM. Adsorption study of
methyl orange by chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/zeolite electrospun composite nanofibrous
membrane. Carbohydrate polymers. 2018;191:79-85.
334. Liu X, Tian J, Li Y, Sun N, Mi S, Xie Y, et al. Enhanced dyes adsorption from
wastewater via Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized activated carbon. Journal of hazardous
materials. 2019;373:397-407.
335. Zhang M, Yu Z, Yu H. Adsorption of Eosin Y, methyl orange and brilliant green from
aqueous solution using ferroferric oxide/polypyrrole magnetic composite. Polymer Bulletin.
2019;77(2):1049-66.
336. Belhouchat N, Zaghouane-Boudiaf H, Viseras C. Removal of anionic and cationic dyes
from aqueous solution with activated organo-bentonite/sodium alginate encapsulated beads.
Applied Clay Science. 2017;135:9-15.

50
337. Zhang L, Liu Q, Hu P, Huang R. Adsorptive removal of methyl orange using enhanced
cross-linked chitosan/bentonite composite. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015:1-12.
338. Usman M, Ahmed A, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Simultaneous adsorption of
heavy metals and organic dyes by beta-Cyclodextrin-Chitosan based cross-linked adsorbent.
Carbohydrate polymers. 2021;255:117486.
339. Jawad AH, Mamat NFH, Hameed BH, Ismail K. Biofilm of cross-linked Chitosan-
Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether for removal of Reactive Red 120 and Methyl Orange:
Adsorption and mechanism studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.
2019;7(2):102965.
340. Mokhtari P, Ghaedi M, Dashtian K, Rahimi MR, Purkait MK. Removal of methyl

f
orange by copper sulfide nanoparticles loaded activated carbon: Kinetic and isotherm

oo
investigation. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016;219:299-305.

r
341. Jawad AH. Adsorption and mechanism study for methyl orange dye by cross-linked
-p
chitosan-ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether beads. Desalination and Water Treatment.
re
2019;166:10.
342. Khorasani AC, Shojaosadati SA. Magnetic pectin-Chlorella vulgaris biosorbent for the
lP

adsorption of dyes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019;7(3):103062.

343. Jiang B, Jing C, Yuan Y, Feng L, Liu X, Dong F, et al. 2D-2D growth of NiFe LDH
na

nanoflakes on montmorillonite for cationic and anionic dye adsorption performance. J Colloid
ur

Interface Sci. 2019;540:398-409.

344. Shahabuddin S, Sarih NM, Mohamad S, Atika Baharin SN. Synthesis and
Jo

characterization of Co3O4 nanocube-doped polyaniline nanocomposites with enhanced methyl

orange adsorption from aqueous solution. RSC Advances. 2016;6(49):43388-400.
345. Huang X, Zhan X, Wen C, Xu F, Luo L. Amino-functionalized magnetic bacterial
cellulose/activated carbon composite for Pb 2+ and methyl orange sorption from aqueous
solution. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2018;34(5):855-63.
346. Zheng X, Huang M, You Y, Fu X, Liu Y, Wen J. One-pot synthesis of sandwich-like
MgO@Carbon with enhanced sorption capacity of organic dye. Chemical Engineering Journal.
2018;334:1399-409.
347. Chen X, Wu Z, Gao Z, Ye BC. Effect of Different Activated Carbon as Carrier on the
Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-N-ZnO Photocatalyst for Methyl Orange Degradation under
Visible Light Irradiation. Nanomaterials. 2017;7(9).

51
348. Tanhaei B, Ayati A, Bamoharram FF, Lahtinen M, Sillanpää M. A novel magnetic
Preyssler acid grafted chitosan nano adsorbent: synthesis, characterization and adsorption
activity. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2016;91(5):1452-60.
349. Yan J, Zhu Y, Qiu F, Zhao H, Yang D, Wang J, et al. Kinetic, isotherm and
thermodynamic studies for removal of methyl orange using a novel β-cyclodextrin
functionalized graphene oxide-isophorone diisocyanate composites. Chemical Engineering
Research and Design. 2016;106:10.
350. Istratie R, Stoia M, Păcurariu C, Locovei C. Single and simultaneous adsorption of
methyl orange and phenol onto magnetic iron oxide/carbon nanocomposites. Arabian Journal
of Chemistry. 2019;12(8):3704-22.

f
351. Wang Z, Song L, Wang Y, Zhang X-F, Hao D, Feng Y, et al. Lightweight UiO-

oo
66/cellulose aerogels constructed through self-crosslinking strategy for adsorption

r
applications. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2019;371:138-44.
352.
-p
Wong S, Tumari HH, Ngadi N, Mohamed NB, Hassan O, Mat R, et al. Adsorption of
re
anionic dyes on spent tea leaves modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI-STL). Journal of
Cleaner Production. 2019;206:394-406.
lP

353. Mirzaei D, Zabardasti A, Mansourpanah Y, Sadeghi M, Farhadi S. Efficacy of Novel

NaX/MgO–TiO2 Zeolite Nanocomposite for the Adsorption of Methyl Orange (MO) Dye:
na

Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic

ur

Polymers and Materials. 2019;30(6):2067-80.

354. Chen J, Shi X, Zhan Y, Qiu X, Du Y, Deng H. Construction of horizontal stratum
Jo

landform-like composite foams and their methyl orange adsorption capacity. Applied Surface
Science. 2017;397:133-43.
355. Ahmad A, Razali MH, Mamat M, Mehamod FSB, Anuar Mat Amin K. Adsorption of
methyl orange by synthesized and functionalized-CNTs with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
loaded TiO2 nanocomposites. Chemosphere. 2017;168:474-82.
356. Zhao P, Zhang R, Wang J. Adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution using
chitosan/diatomite composite. Water science and technology : a journal of the International
Association on Water Pollution Research. 2017;75(7-8):1633-42.
357. Mallakpour S, Hatami M. An effective, low-cost and recyclable bio-adsorbent having
amino acid intercalated LDH@Fe3O4/PVA magnetic nanocomposites for removal of methyl
orange from aqueous solution. Applied Clay Science. 2019;174:127-37.

52
358. Chen Y, Liu H, Geng B, Ru J, Cheng C, Zhao Y, et al. A reusable surface-quaternized
nanocellulose-based hybrid cryogel loaded with N-doped TiO2 for self-integrated
adsorption/photo-degradation of methyl orange dye. RSC Advances. 2017;7(28):17279-88.
359. Shang Y, Li X, Yang Y, Wang N, Zhuang X, Zhou Z. Optimized photocatalytic
regeneration of adsorption-photocatalysis bifunctional composite saturated with Methyl
Orange. Journal of environmental sciences. 2020;94:40-51.
360. Chaukura N, Murimba EC, Gwenzi W. Synthesis, characterisation and methyl orange
adsorption capacity of ferric oxide–biochar nano-composites derived from pulp and paper
sludge. Applied Water Science. 2016;7(5):2175-86.
361. Essandoh M, Garcia RA, Palochik VL, Gayle MR, Liang C. Simultaneous adsorption

f
of acidic and basic dyes onto magnetized polypeptidylated-Hb composites. Separation and

oo
Purification Technology. 2021;255:117701.

r
362. Alhaji NMI, Nathiya D, Kaviyarasu K, Meshram M, Ayeshamariam A. A comparative
-p
study of structural and photocatalytic mechanism of AgGaO2 nanocomposites for equilibrium
re
and kinetics evaluation of adsorption parameters. Surfaces and Interfaces. 2019;17:100375.
363. Mallakpour S, Rashidimoghadam S. Starch/MWCNT-vitamin C nanocomposites:
lP

Electrical, thermal properties and their utilization for removal of methyl orange. Carbohydrate
polymers. 2017;169:23-32.
na

364. Habiba U, Islam MS, Siddique TA, Afifi AM, Ang BC. Adsorption and photocatalytic
ur

degradation of anionic dyes on Chitosan/PVA/Na-Titanate/TiO2 composites synthesized by

solution casting method. Carbohydrate polymers. 2016;149:317-31.
Jo

365. Perrotti TC, Freitas NS, Alzamora M, Sánchez DR, Carvalho NMF. Green iron
nanoparticles supported on amino-functionalized silica for removal of the dye methyl orange.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019;7(4):103237.
366. Zhou Z, Liu R. Fe3O4@polydopamine and derived Fe3O4@carbon core–shell
nanoparticles: Comparison in adsorption for cationic and anionic dyes. Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2017;522:260-5.
367. Iqhrammullah M, Marlina, Nur S. Adsorption Behaviour of Hazardous Dye (Methyl
Orange) on Cellulose-Acetate Polyurethane Sheets. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science
and Engineering. 2020;845:012035.
368. Zainal Abidin A, Abu Bakar NHH, Ng EP, Tan WL. Rapid Degradation of Methyl
Orange by Ag Doped Zeolite X in the Presence of Borohydride. Journal of Taibah University
for Science. 2018;11(6):1070-9.

53
369. Znad H, Abbas K, Hena S, Awual MR. Synthesis a novel multilamellar mesoporous
TiO2/ZSM-5 for photo-catalytic degradation of methyl orange dye in aqueous media. Journal
of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2018;6(1):218-27.
370. Arshad A, Iqbal J, Ahmad I, Israr M. Graphene/Fe3O4 nanocomposite: Interplay
between photo-Fenton type reaction, and carbon purity for the removal of methyl orange.
Ceramics International. 2018;44(3):2643-8.
371. Rathore BS, Chauhan NPS, Rawal MK, Ameta SC, Ameta R. Chitosan–polyaniline–
copper(II) oxide hybrid composite for the removal of methyl orange dye. Polymer Bulletin.
2019;77(9):4833-50.
372. Wu X, Cai J, Li S, Zheng F, Lai Z, Zhu L, et al. Au@Cu2O stellated polytope with

f
core-shelled nanostructure for high-performance adsorption and visible-light-driven

oo
photodegradation of cationic and anionic dyes. Journal of colloid and interface science.

r
2016;469:138-46.
373.
-p
Tang J, Wang J. Fe-based metal organic framework/graphene oxide composite as an
re
efficient catalyst for Fenton-like degradation of methyl orange. RSC Advances.
2017;7(80):50829-37.
lP

374. Lu L, Shan R, Shi Y, Wang S, Yuan H. A novel TiO2/biochar composite catalysts for
photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. Chemosphere. 2019;222:391-8.
na

375. Prasad C, Yuvaraja G, Venkateswarlu P. Biogenic synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 magnetic

ur

nanoparticles using Pisum sativum peels extract and its effect on magnetic and Methyl orange
dye degradation studies. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2017;424:376-81.
Jo

376. Valencia-Lopez C, Zafra-Calvo M, Martín de Vidales M, Blanco-Gutierrez V, Atanes-

Sanchez E, Merayo N, et al. Synthesis of NiFe2O4-LDH Composites with High Adsorption
and Photocatalytic Activity for Methyl Orange Degradation. Inorganics. 2018;6(3):98.
377. Habiba U, Siddique TA, Joo TC, Salleh A, Ang BC, Afifi AM. Synthesis of
chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/zeolite composite for removal of methyl orange, Congo red and
chromium(VI) by flocculation/adsorption. Carbohydrate polymers. 2017;157:1568-76.
378. Khan SA, Khan SB, Kamal T, Yasir M, Asiri AM. Antibacterial nanocomposites based
on chitosan/Co-MCM as a selective and efficient adsorbent for organic dyes. International
journal of biological macromolecules. 2016;91:744-51.
379. Shi J, Kuwahara Y, An T, Yamashita H. The fabrication of TiO2 supported on slag-
made calcium silicate as low-cost photocatalyst with high adsorption ability for the degradation
of dye pollutants in water. Catalysis Today. 2017;281:21-8.

54
380. Igwegbe CA, Aniagor CO, Oba SN, Yap P-S, Iwuchukwu FU, Liu T, et al.
Environmental Protection by the Adsorptive Elimination of Acetaminophen from Water: A
Comprehensive Review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2021:1-56.
381. Igwegbe CA, Ighalo JO, Ghosh S, Ahmadi S, Ugonabo VI. Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
Waste as Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Biomass Conversion and
Biorefinery. 2021:1-18.
382. Hevira L, Zilfa, Rahmayeni, Ighalo JO, Aziz H, Zein R. Terminalia catappa shell as
low-cost biosorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Journal of
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2021;97:188-99.
383. Souza EC, Pimenta AS, Silva AJF, Nascimento PFP, Ighalo JO. HNO3-treated

f
Eucalyptus Charcoal: A Sustainable Biosorbent for Removing Heavy Metals from Aqueous

oo
Solutions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2021:1-15.

r
384. Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Adelodun AA. Recent Advances on the Adsorption of
-p
Herbicides and Pesticides from Polluted Waters: Performance Evaluation via Physical
re
Attributes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2021;93:117-37.
385. Yadav VB, Gadi R, Kalra S. Clay based nanocomposites for removal of heavy metals
lP

from water: a review. J Environ Manage. 2019;232:803-17.

386. Kausar A, Iqbal M, Javed A, Aftab K, Bhatti HN, Nouren S. Dyes adsorption using
na

clay and modified clay: a review. J Mol Liq. 2018;256:395-407.

ur

387. Ighalo JO, Sagboye PA, Umenweke G, Ajala JO, Omoarukhe FO, Adeyanju CA, et al.
CuO Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for Water Treatment: A Review of Recent Advances.
Jo

Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management. 2021;15:100443.

55
 Highlights
 The performance of various adsorbent groups for MO adsorption was reviewed.

 Composites were the most frequently used (>40%) adsorbent group for MO adsorption

 Nanoparticles and polymers were the most frequently used constituents in the composite

 Nanoparticles were the best adsorbents for MO uptake

 Clays and minerals had the greatest proportion of adsorbents with >1000 mg/g capacity

f
r oo
-p
re
lP
na
ur
Jo
Declaration of interests

☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:

of
ro
-p
re
lP
na
ur
Jo