2020 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM)
Machine learning approaches in reliability and
maintenance: classifications of recent literature
Shaomin Wu Di Wu
Kent Business School School of Management
University of Kent Xi’an Jiaotong University
Canterbury, UK Xi’an, China
s.m.wu@kent.ac.uk blessudwu@gmail.com
Abstract—Reliability and maintenance (R&M) engineering is
conventionally notorious for a lack of sufficient failure data to
develop robust statistical models. The increasing miniaturization
of data collection devices such as wireless sensors has provided
a promising infrastructure for gathering information about
parameters of the physical systems, which enable practitioners
and researchers to apply machine learning (ML) algorithms to
improve the efficiency of R&M analysis. The number of published
papers on ML in R&M is enormous, this paper will therefore
categorizes those papers that were published between 2017 to
16/May/2020, that are written in English, that have received a
top 5% number of citations in the year published, and that use
support vector methods, random forests, and cluster analysis.
Index Terms—Machine learning; Reliability estimation; Con-
dition monitoring; Fault diagnosis; Maintenance policy
I. I NTRODUCTION
Machine learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science
that designs algorithms for extracting useful information from
data. It has been a thematic research area in the last two
decades and found applications in many industrial sectors
and academic disciplines. ML algorithms have therefore been
used in many disciplines, including reliability and maintenance
(R&M), on which this paper gives a brief review of its state-
of-the-art development.
The advance of data collection technologies makes it pos-
sible to monitor the conditions of physical systems. As a
result, large volumes of reliability and maintenance related
data can be collected. ML algorithms have therefore gradually
been adapted in reliability analysis and maintenance policy
optimisation.
In the literature, two other terms data mining and artifi-
cial intelligence have similar meanings and coverage similar
research areas as machine learning and they are commonly
exchangeably used.
ML chiefly covers three subdisciplines: supervised learning,
unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning.
Supervised Learning Supervised learning is performed
based on the observations {xi , yi }ni=1 of the input-output
pair x and y, based on which it aims to learn a
The first author would like to acknowledge support from the ESRC Grant
with No. ES/L011859/1, UK.
978-1-7281-7102-9/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Rui Peng
School of Economics and Management
Beijing University of Technology
Chaoyang, Beijing 100124, China
pengrui1988@bjut.edu.cn
relationship /function between x and y. It can be further
categorised to regression modelling and classification
modelling. The main difference between the regression
and classification modelling techniques is the levels of
measurement of y: the supervised learning is regression
modelling if y is a continuous variable; the supervised
learning is a task of classification modelling if y is a
discrete variable.
Some modelling techniques are specifically designed for
these two tasks, respectively. For example, many machine
learning text books include linear regression modelling
and logistic regression modelling methods, which are typ-
ical examples of regression and classification modelling
methods, respectively. Nevertheless, some ML algorithms
can also be used for both regression and classification
modelling, for example, support vector methods and
decision trees (e.g., random forests).
Unsupervised Learning In case the output y in the input-
output pair x and y is unknown, unsupervised learning
may be applied. Examples of unsupervised learning tasks
include cluster analysis and others.
Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement learning is de-
signed to learn actions in an uncertain, potentially com-
plex environment to maximise reward.
The reader is also referred to [1]–[3] for machine learning
textbooks, [4]–[7] for a review papers on the applications of
machine learning in R&M.
The number of publications on the application of ML
algorithms in R&M is vast. It is unlikely for us to be able
to review all of the existing publications on the subject topic.
Nevertheless, based on the evaluation of 179 classification
algorithms which are tested on 121 datasets, [8] concludes
that, within the 179 algorithms, SVM and random forests out-
perform the others, whereas nearest neighbours and Bayesian
underperform. To gain a rough impression of the numbers of
the papers published, we run six queries in www.scopus.com,
with the following conditions:
(a) indexed by www.scopus.com;
(b) published between 2017 and 16/May/2020;
(c) written in English;
(d) published in journals;
The 9th Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and
Maintenance Modeling (APARM 2020 – Vancouver)
978-1-7281-7102-9/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
 2020 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM)

(e) included one of the following keyword combinations: A. Support vector methods
(i) “support vector” AND (reliability OR maintenance); Support vector methods, including support vector regression
(ii) “random forest” AND (reliability OR maintenance); (SVR) and support vector machine (SVM), are a supervised
(iii) “cluster analysis” AND (reliability OR maintenance). ML technique. SVR is a modelling algorithm for regression
We search http://www.scopus.com and found the and SVM is for classification. The main difference between
numbers of publication shown in Table I. For statistical methods (such as multiple linear regression and
example, the last row was obtained by using the logistic regression) and the support vector methods lie in the
query string ((TITLE-ABS-KEY(”cluster analysis”)) use of the loss function: Unlike the multiple linear regression
AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY(reliability) OR TITLE-ABS- in which the least squares function is used as the loss function
KEY(maintenance)) AND (LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR,2020) and the logistic regression whose loss function is the softmax
OR LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR,2019) OR LIMIT- function, support vector methods use the -intensive loss
TO(PUBYEAR,2018) OR LIMIT-TO(PUBYEAR,2017)) function.
AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE,”English”)) AND (LIMIT- We have reviewed 25 papers, each of which has received
TO(SRCTYPE,”j”))) and we have some papers in other a good number of citations and listed their applications,
research fields such as earth science. methods, and sources of the dataset used in the paper in Table
II.
TABLE I
T HE NUMBERS OF PAPERS WITH SOME OF THE ABOVE - MENTIONED TABLE II
CONDITIONS . S UPPORT VECTOR METHODS IN R&M.
Search condition Number of papers Applications Methods Dataset
(a) AND (e).(i) 937 Assessment of health state SVR [14] Real-world [14]
(a) AND (e).(ii) 146 Estimation of remaining SVR [15]–[18] Turbofan [15],
(a) AND (e).(iii) 275 useful life Real-world [16],
(a) AND (b) AND (c) AND (d) AND (e).(i) 473 [17], Simulation
(a) AND (b) AND (c) AND (d) AND (e).(ii) 100 [18]
(a) AND (b) AND (c) AND (d) AND (e).(iii) 85 Fault diagnosis / detection one-class SVM [19], Simulation [21],
[20], binary tree SVM Real-world [19]–
[21], SVM [22]–[25], [27]
Table I shows that the number of application of ML relating SVR [26], [27]
to R&M is vast. Th existing literature also shows that the main Information fusion SVR [28], [29] Real-world [28],
[29]
application of ML relating to R&M are in reliability assess- Reliability assessment / Adaptive SVM [30], Simulation [30],
ment, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, and maintenance fault prediction SVR [31]–[34], [32], [34], [35],
scheduling. As such, this paper gives a brief review on the wavelet SVM [35], Real-world [31],
least squares SVM [33], [36]
applications of ML in these four areas (despite the fact that [36]
in some cases those four areas may not have clear boarders) Vibration trend prediction least square SVM Real-world [37],
based on the papers satisfying conditions (a–d) and the two [37], SVR [38] [38]
following conditions.
(f) received a top 5% number of citations in the year pub- B. Random forests
lished; and
(g) focused on R&M of physical systems. Decision trees are a popular supervised ML technique. It
learns a tree-like structured graph from a training dataset. A
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section
random forest is an ensemble of trees that are learnt from the
II categorises the literature on the applications of support
data sampled (without replacement) from the training dataset.
vector methods, random forests, and cluster analysis in R&M,
As [8] concludes that, within the 179 algorithms, random
respectively. Section III closes the paper and suggests further
forests have outstanding performance. However, it seems it is
research.
not so popular as the support vector methods in R&M. Table
II. T HREE ML TECHNIQUES IN R&M III lists its applications in R&M.

In this section, literatures on the applications of support TABLE III

vector methods, random forests, and cluster analysis methods R ANDOM FOREST METHODS IN R&M.
such as the k-means method in R&M will be categorised and
Applications Methods Dataset
discussed. We present a table describing the applications, ML Assessment of health state RF [39] Real-world [39]
methods, and the source of the dataset used in the respective Fault diagnosis / fault de- RF [40]–[43] Real-world [40]–
paper, where the datasets can be (1) Real-world data, which are tection [43]
Performance assessment RF [44], [45] Real-world [44],
collected by the authors from their labs or by others, including [45]
online open datasets (see Turbofan datasets [9]), for example; Reliability assessment / RF [46]–[51] Real-world [46]–
or (2) simulation data, which are artificially generated based fault prediction [51]
on some models (see [10]–[13], for example).

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Maintenance Modeling (APARM 2020 – Vancouver)

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 2020 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM)

C. Cluster analysis networks, which may be built based on either expert

Cluster analysis aims to cluster observations into different knowledge or historical data or their combination.
groups by minimising the distances between observations Interpretability Some ML algorithms such as neural net-
in a group and maximising the distances between groups. works have poor interpretability. Nevertheless, a model
Cluster analysis has found its applications in recommendation with too many variables in R&M may not be manageable
systems, targeted marketing, and customer profiling. Typical for the practitioner as it is often necessary to interpret the
clustering methods include k-means, k-medoids, clustering al- model for a better R&M analysis and management.
gorithms based on randomised search (CLARANS), balanced Specificity It can be seen that most of the above-reviewed
iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies (BIRCH), papers borrowed the existing ML algorithms and applied
and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise them to R&M analysis. Few publications developed their
(DBSCAN). Table IV lists its applications in R&M. own algorithms specifically for R&M tasks. It should
be noted that reliability data have their own trait. For
TABLE IV example, failure data are commonly incomplete data as
C LUSTER ANALYSIS METHODS IN R&M. they may be censored. As such, there is a need to develop
ML algorithms specifically for R&M tasks.
Applications Methods Dataset
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 2020 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM)

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The 9th Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and

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