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Elektromagnet I – PAP2108
Semester Ganjil 2021/2022

Electrics Fields in Matter (2)

Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Jurusan Fisika, Fakultas MIPA – Universitas Andalas
Outline
The Field of Polarized Object

❑ Bound Charges
❑ Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges
❑ The Filed Inside a Dielectric

Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan dipol listrik, polarisasi pada
bahan dielektrik, muatan bebas dan muatan terikat dan
mampu menentukan medan oleh dipol listrik dan medan
oleh bahan dielektrik.

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 2
The Field of a Polarized Object

4.2.1. Bound Charges

What is the field produced by P in a polarized material?
(not the field that may have caused the polarization, but the field the polarization itself
causes)

The polarization P can produces bound volume and surface charges.

b = −  P
b = P n

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 3
 What is Bound Charges?

❑ Bound charges does not mean charges should be at rest.

❑ Electons revolve around the positive nucleus in certain
fixed orbits.
❑ If an electron on recieving some energy can leave its orbit
and become free then we call it to be a free electron that
may help in conduction of electricity.
❑ However, if an electron is so tightly bound with the
nucleus that it does not leave its orbit then we call that
charge to be bound in nature!!!

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 4 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 Bound Charges

For a single dipole p, the potential is,

A dipole moment in each volume element d‘:

 the differentiation is with respect to source (r')

the coordinates

Integrating by parts
,

Using the divergence

theorem,

: Volume charge
density
: Surface charge
density

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 5 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 Potential induced by polarization

Example 4.2 Find the electric field produced by a uniformly sphere of radius R.
polarized
b = 0, since P is uniform.
From Eqs. (3.85), (3.86), and (3.87) in 3.9,
Example

The field inside the sphere is uniform,

since

Outside the sphere the potential is identical

E
to
that of a perfect dipole at the origin,

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 6 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 4.2.2. Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges

-q +q

If the ends have been sliced off For an oblique

perpendicularly, cut,

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 7 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 Electric field produced by a uniformly polarized sphere

Example 4.3 Another way of analyzing the uniformly polarized sphere.

(Example 4.2) Electric field produced by a uniformly sphere.
polarized

Consider two spheres of charge:

A positive sphere and a negative sphere.
E
The field inside a uniformly charged sphere
is

The field in the region of overlap between two uniformly charged is

spheres d

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 8 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 4.3.2. The Field Inside a Dielectric

The electric field inside matter must be very complicated, on the microscopic
level
Moreover, an instant later, as the atoms move about, the field will have altered entirely.
→ This true microscopic field would be utterly impossible to calculate!
Therefore, consider the macroscopic field defined as the average field over regions
large enough to contain many thousands of atoms.
➔ The field inside matter means the macroscopic field in usual.
Suppose the macroscopic field at some point r within a dielectric.
For a small sphere about r, of radius, say, a thousand times the size of a
molecule.
The macroscopic field at r, then, consists of two parts:
→ the average field over the sphere due to all charges
outside,
→ plus the average due to all charges inside:
Inside the sphere, we know already the
field:
Outside the sphere, the potential
is
by assumption the sphere is small enough that P does not vary significantly volume,
over

➔ The macroscopic field, then, is given by the

potential:

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 9 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

 The Field Inside a Dielectric

The field inside matter means the macroscopic field in usual.

➔ The macroscopic field, then, is given by the potential:

where the integral runs over the entire

volume.
➔ The macroscopic field is certainly independent of the geometry of the averaging
region

➔ Therefore, the field inside a dielectric can be determined from Eq. (4.13):

Problem 4.10 A sphere of radius R carries a

polarization

Elektromagnet I – PAP2108 10 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.